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# mssql/base.py
# Copyright (C) 2005-2015 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
# <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
"""
.. dialect:: mssql
:name: Microsoft SQL Server
Auto Increment Behavior
-----------------------
SQL Server provides so-called "auto incrementing" behavior using the
``IDENTITY`` construct, which can be placed on an integer primary key.
SQLAlchemy considers ``IDENTITY`` within its default "autoincrement" behavior,
described at :paramref:`.Column.autoincrement`; this means
that by default, the first integer primary key column in a :class:`.Table`
will be considered to be the identity column and will generate DDL as such::
from sqlalchemy import Table, MetaData, Column, Integer
m = MetaData()
t = Table('t', m,
Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
Column('x', Integer))
m.create_all(engine)
The above example will generate DDL as:
.. sourcecode:: sql
CREATE TABLE t (
id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY(1,1),
x INTEGER NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
)
For the case where this default generation of ``IDENTITY`` is not desired,
specify ``autoincrement=False`` on all integer primary key columns::
m = MetaData()
t = Table('t', m,
Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
Column('x', Integer))
m.create_all(engine)
.. note::
An INSERT statement which refers to an explicit value for such
a column is prohibited by SQL Server, however SQLAlchemy will detect this
and modify the ``IDENTITY_INSERT`` flag accordingly at statement execution
time. As this is not a high performing process, care should be taken to
set the ``autoincrement`` flag appropriately for columns that will not
actually require IDENTITY behavior.
Controlling "Start" and "Increment"
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Specific control over the parameters of the ``IDENTITY`` value is supported
using the :class:`.schema.Sequence` object. While this object normally
represents an explicit "sequence" for supporting backends, on SQL Server it is
re-purposed to specify behavior regarding the identity column, including
support of the "start" and "increment" values::
from sqlalchemy import Table, Integer, Sequence, Column
Table('test', metadata,
Column('id', Integer,
Sequence('blah', start=100, increment=10),
primary_key=True),
Column('name', String(20))
).create(some_engine)
would yield:
.. sourcecode:: sql
CREATE TABLE test (
id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY(100,10) PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(20) NULL,
)
Note that the ``start`` and ``increment`` values for sequences are
optional and will default to 1,1.
INSERT behavior
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Handling of the ``IDENTITY`` column at INSERT time involves two key
techniques. The most common is being able to fetch the "last inserted value"
for a given ``IDENTITY`` column, a process which SQLAlchemy performs
implicitly in many cases, most importantly within the ORM.
The process for fetching this value has several variants:
* In the vast majority of cases, RETURNING is used in conjunction with INSERT
statements on SQL Server in order to get newly generated primary key values:
.. sourcecode:: sql
INSERT INTO t (x) OUTPUT inserted.id VALUES (?)
* When RETURNING is not available or has been disabled via
``implicit_returning=False``, either the ``scope_identity()`` function or
the ``@@identity`` variable is used; behavior varies by backend:
* when using PyODBC, the phrase ``; select scope_identity()`` will be
appended to the end of the INSERT statement; a second result set will be
fetched in order to receive the value. Given a table as::
t = Table('t', m, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
Column('x', Integer),
implicit_returning=False)
an INSERT will look like:
.. sourcecode:: sql
INSERT INTO t (x) VALUES (?); select scope_identity()
* Other dialects such as pymssql will call upon
``SELECT scope_identity() AS lastrowid`` subsequent to an INSERT
statement. If the flag ``use_scope_identity=False`` is passed to
:func:`.create_engine`, the statement ``SELECT @@identity AS lastrowid``
is used instead.
A table that contains an ``IDENTITY`` column will prohibit an INSERT statement
that refers to the identity column explicitly. The SQLAlchemy dialect will
detect when an INSERT construct, created using a core :func:`.insert`
construct (not a plain string SQL), refers to the identity column, and
in this case will emit ``SET IDENTITY_INSERT ON`` prior to the insert
statement proceeding, and ``SET IDENTITY_INSERT OFF`` subsequent to the
execution. Given this example::
m = MetaData()
t = Table('t', m, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
Column('x', Integer))
m.create_all(engine)
engine.execute(t.insert(), {'id': 1, 'x':1}, {'id':2, 'x':2})
The above column will be created with IDENTITY, however the INSERT statement
we emit is specifying explicit values. In the echo output we can see
how SQLAlchemy handles this:
.. sourcecode:: sql
CREATE TABLE t (
id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY(1,1),
x INTEGER NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
)
COMMIT
SET IDENTITY_INSERT t ON
INSERT INTO t (id, x) VALUES (?, ?)
((1, 1), (2, 2))
SET IDENTITY_INSERT t OFF
COMMIT
This
is an auxilliary use case suitable for testing and bulk insert scenarios.
.. _legacy_schema_rendering:
Rendering of SQL statements that include schema qualifiers
---------------------------------------------------------
When using :class:`.Table` metadata that includes a "schema" qualifier,
such as::
account_table = Table(
'account', metadata,
Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
Column('info', String(100)),
schema="customer_schema"
)
The SQL Server dialect has a long-standing behavior that it will attempt
to turn a schema-qualified table name into an alias, such as::
>>> eng = create_engine("mssql+pymssql://mydsn")
>>> print(account_table.select().compile(eng))
SELECT account_1.id, account_1.info
FROM customer_schema.account AS account_1
This behavior is legacy, does not function correctly for many forms
of SQL statements, and will be disabled by default in the 1.1 series
of SQLAlchemy. As of 1.0.5, the above statement will produce the following
warning::
SAWarning: legacy_schema_aliasing flag is defaulted to True;
some schema-qualified queries may not function correctly.
Consider setting this flag to False for modern SQL Server versions;
this flag will default to False in version 1.1
This warning encourages the :class:`.Engine` to be created as follows::
>>> eng = create_engine("mssql+pymssql://mydsn", legacy_schema_aliasing=False)
Where the above SELECT statement will produce::
>>> print(account_table.select().compile(eng))
SELECT customer_schema.account.id, customer_schema.account.info
FROM customer_schema.account
The warning will not emit if the ``legacy_schema_aliasing`` flag is set
to either True or False.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.5 - Added the ``legacy_schema_aliasing`` flag to disable
the SQL Server dialect's legacy behavior with schema-qualified table
names. This flag will default to False in version 1.1.
Collation Support
-----------------
Character collations are supported by the base string types,
specified by the string argument "collation"::
from sqlalchemy import VARCHAR
Column('login', VARCHAR(32, collation='Latin1_General_CI_AS'))
When such a column is associated with a :class:`.Table`, the
CREATE TABLE statement for this column will yield::
login VARCHAR(32) COLLATE Latin1_General_CI_AS NULL
.. versionadded:: 0.8 Character collations are now part of the base string
types.
LIMIT/OFFSET Support
--------------------
MSSQL has no support for the LIMIT or OFFSET keywords. LIMIT is
supported directly through the ``TOP`` Transact SQL keyword::
select.limit
will yield::
SELECT TOP n
If using SQL Server 2005 or above, LIMIT with OFFSET
support is available through the ``ROW_NUMBER OVER`` construct.
For versions below 2005, LIMIT with OFFSET usage will fail.
Nullability
-----------
MSSQL has support for three levels of column nullability. The default
nullability allows nulls and is explicit in the CREATE TABLE
construct::
name VARCHAR(20) NULL
If ``nullable=None`` is specified then no specification is made. In
other words the database's configured default is used. This will
render::
name VARCHAR(20)
If ``nullable`` is ``True`` or ``False`` then the column will be
``NULL` or ``NOT NULL`` respectively.
Date / Time Handling
--------------------
DATE and TIME are supported. Bind parameters are converted
to datetime.datetime() objects as required by most MSSQL drivers,
and results are processed from strings if needed.
The DATE and TIME types are not available for MSSQL 2005 and
previous - if a server version below 2008 is detected, DDL
for these types will be issued as DATETIME.
.. _mssql_large_type_deprecation:
Large Text/Binary Type Deprecation
----------------------------------
Per `SQL Server 2012/2014 Documentation <http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms187993.aspx>`_,
the ``NTEXT``, ``TEXT`` and ``IMAGE`` datatypes are to be removed from SQL Server
in a future release. SQLAlchemy normally relates these types to the
:class:`.UnicodeText`, :class:`.Text` and :class:`.LargeBinary` datatypes.
In order to accommodate this change, a new flag ``deprecate_large_types``
is added to the dialect, which will be automatically set based on detection
of the server version in use, if not otherwise set by the user. The
behavior of this flag is as follows:
* When this flag is ``True``, the :class:`.UnicodeText`, :class:`.Text` and
:class:`.LargeBinary` datatypes, when used to render DDL, will render the
types ``NVARCHAR(max)``, ``VARCHAR(max)``, and ``VARBINARY(max)``,
respectively. This is a new behavior as of the addition of this flag.
* When this flag is ``False``, the :class:`.UnicodeText`, :class:`.Text` and
:class:`.LargeBinary` datatypes, when used to render DDL, will render the
types ``NTEXT``, ``TEXT``, and ``IMAGE``,
respectively. This is the long-standing behavior of these types.
* The flag begins with the value ``None``, before a database connection is
established. If the dialect is used to render DDL without the flag being
set, it is interpreted the same as ``False``.
* On first connection, the dialect detects if SQL Server version 2012 or greater
is in use; if the flag is still at ``None``, it sets it to ``True`` or
``False`` based on whether 2012 or greater is detected.
* The flag can be set to either ``True`` or ``False`` when the dialect
is created, typically via :func:`.create_engine`::
eng = create_engine("mssql+pymssql://user:pass@host/db",
deprecate_large_types=True)
* Complete control over whether the "old" or "new" types are rendered is
available in all SQLAlchemy versions by using the UPPERCASE type objects
instead: :class:`.NVARCHAR`, :class:`.VARCHAR`, :class:`.types.VARBINARY`,
:class:`.TEXT`, :class:`.mssql.NTEXT`, :class:`.mssql.IMAGE` will always remain
fixed and always output exactly that type.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
.. _mssql_indexes:
Clustered Index Support
-----------------------
The MSSQL dialect supports clustered indexes (and primary keys) via the
``mssql_clustered`` option. This option is available to :class:`.Index`,
:class:`.UniqueConstraint`. and :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`.
To generate a clustered index::
Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_clustered=True)
which renders the index as ``CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX my_index ON table (x)``.
.. versionadded:: 0.8
To generate a clustered primary key use::
Table('my_table', metadata,
Column('x', ...),
Column('y', ...),
PrimaryKeyConstraint("x", "y", mssql_clustered=True))
which will render the table, for example, as::
CREATE TABLE my_table (x INTEGER NOT NULL, y INTEGER NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (x, y))
Similarly, we can generate a clustered unique constraint using::
Table('my_table', metadata,
Column('x', ...),
Column('y', ...),
PrimaryKeyConstraint("x"),
UniqueConstraint("y", mssql_clustered=True),
)
.. versionadded:: 0.9.2
MSSQL-Specific Index Options
-----------------------------
In addition to clustering, the MSSQL dialect supports other special options
for :class:`.Index`.
INCLUDE
^^^^^^^
The ``mssql_include`` option renders INCLUDE(colname) for the given string
names::
Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_include=['y'])
would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x) INCLUDE (y)``
.. versionadded:: 0.8
Index ordering
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Index ordering is available via functional expressions, such as::
Index("my_index", table.c.x.desc())
would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x DESC)``
.. versionadded:: 0.8
.. seealso::
:ref:`schema_indexes_functional`
Compatibility Levels
--------------------
MSSQL supports the notion of setting compatibility levels at the
database level. This allows, for instance, to run a database that
is compatible with SQL2000 while running on a SQL2005 database
server. ``server_version_info`` will always return the database
server version information (in this case SQL2005) and not the
compatibility level information. Because of this, if running under
a backwards compatibility mode SQAlchemy may attempt to use T-SQL
statements that are unable to be parsed by the database server.
Triggers
--------
SQLAlchemy by default uses OUTPUT INSERTED to get at newly
generated primary key values via IDENTITY columns or other
server side defaults. MS-SQL does not
allow the usage of OUTPUT INSERTED on tables that have triggers.
To disable the usage of OUTPUT INSERTED on a per-table basis,
specify ``implicit_returning=False`` for each :class:`.Table`
which has triggers::
Table('mytable', metadata,
Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
# ...,
implicit_returning=False
)
Declarative form::
class MyClass(Base):
# ...
__table_args__ = {'implicit_returning':False}
This option can also be specified engine-wide using the
``implicit_returning=False`` argument on :func:`.create_engine`.
Enabling Snapshot Isolation
---------------------------
Not necessarily specific to SQLAlchemy, SQL Server has a default transaction
isolation mode that locks entire tables, and causes even mildly concurrent
applications to have long held locks and frequent deadlocks.
Enabling snapshot isolation for the database as a whole is recommended
for modern levels of concurrency support. This is accomplished via the
following ALTER DATABASE commands executed at the SQL prompt::
ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION ON
ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase SET READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT ON
Background on SQL Server snapshot isolation is available at
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms175095.aspx.
Known Issues
------------
* No support for more than one ``IDENTITY`` column per table
* reflection of indexes does not work with versions older than
SQL Server 2005
"""
import datetime
import operator
import re
from ... import sql, schema as sa_schema, exc, util
from ...sql import compiler, expression, util as sql_util
from ... import engine
from ...engine import reflection, default
from ... import types as sqltypes
from ...types import INTEGER, BIGINT, SMALLINT, DECIMAL, NUMERIC, \
FLOAT, TIMESTAMP, DATETIME, DATE, BINARY,\
TEXT, VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, CHAR, NCHAR
from ...util import update_wrapper
from . import information_schema as ischema
# http://sqlserverbuilds.blogspot.com/
MS_2012_VERSION = (11,)
MS_2008_VERSION = (10,)
MS_2005_VERSION = (9,)
MS_2000_VERSION = (8,)
RESERVED_WORDS = set(
['add', 'all', 'alter', 'and', 'any', 'as', 'asc', 'authorization',
'backup', 'begin', 'between', 'break', 'browse', 'bulk', 'by', 'cascade',
'case', 'check', 'checkpoint', 'close', 'clustered', 'coalesce',
'collate', 'column', 'commit', 'compute', 'constraint', 'contains',
'containstable', 'continue', 'convert', 'create', 'cross', 'current',
'current_date', 'current_time', 'current_timestamp', 'current_user',
'cursor', 'database', 'dbcc', 'deallocate', 'declare', 'default',
'delete', 'deny', 'desc', 'disk', 'distinct', 'distributed', 'double',
'drop', 'dump', 'else', 'end', 'errlvl', 'escape', 'except', 'exec',
'execute', 'exists', 'exit', 'external', 'fetch', 'file', 'fillfactor',
'for', 'foreign', 'freetext', 'freetexttable', 'from', 'full',
'function', 'goto', 'grant', 'group', 'having', 'holdlock', 'identity',
'identity_insert', 'identitycol', 'if', 'in', 'index', 'inner', 'insert',
'intersect', 'into', 'is', 'join', 'key', 'kill', 'left', 'like',
'lineno', 'load', 'merge', 'national', 'nocheck', 'nonclustered', 'not',
'null', 'nullif', 'of', 'off', 'offsets', 'on', 'open', 'opendatasource',
'openquery', 'openrowset', 'openxml', 'option', 'or', 'order', 'outer',
'over', 'percent', 'pivot', 'plan', 'precision', 'primary', 'print',
'proc', 'procedure', 'public', 'raiserror', 'read', 'readtext',
'reconfigure', 'references', 'replication', 'restore', 'restrict',
'return', 'revert', 'revoke', 'right', 'rollback', 'rowcount',
'rowguidcol', 'rule', 'save', 'schema', 'securityaudit', 'select',
'session_user', 'set', 'setuser', 'shutdown', 'some', 'statistics',
'system_user', 'table', 'tablesample', 'textsize', 'then', 'to', 'top',
'tran', 'transaction', 'trigger', 'truncate', 'tsequal', 'union',
'unique', 'unpivot', 'update', 'updatetext', 'use', 'user', 'values',
'varying', 'view', 'waitfor', 'when', 'where', 'while', 'with',
'writetext',
])
class REAL(sqltypes.REAL):
__visit_name__ = 'REAL'
def __init__(self, **kw):
# REAL is a synonym for FLOAT(24) on SQL server
kw['precision'] = 24
super(REAL, self).__init__(**kw)
class TINYINT(sqltypes.Integer):
__visit_name__ = 'TINYINT'
# MSSQL DATE/TIME types have varied behavior, sometimes returning
# strings. MSDate/TIME check for everything, and always
# filter bind parameters into datetime objects (required by pyodbc,
# not sure about other dialects).
class _MSDate(sqltypes.Date):
def bind_processor(self, dialect):
def process(value):
if type(value) == datetime.date:
return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
else:
return value
return process
_reg = re.compile(r"(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)")
def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
def process(value):
if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
return value.date()
elif isinstance(value, util.string_types):
m = self._reg.match(value)
if not m:
raise ValueError(
"could not parse %r as a date value" % (value, ))
return datetime.date(*[
int(x or 0)
for x in m.groups()
])
else:
return value
return process
class TIME(sqltypes.TIME):
def __init__(self, precision=None, **kwargs):
self.precision = precision
super(TIME, self).__init__()
__zero_date = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
def bind_processor(self, dialect):
def process(value):
if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
value = datetime.datetime.combine(
self.__zero_date, value.time())
elif isinstance(value, datetime.time):
value = datetime.datetime.combine(self.__zero_date, value)
return value
return process
_reg = re.compile(r"(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)(?:\.(\d{0,6}))?")
def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
def process(value):
if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
return value.time()
elif isinstance(value, util.string_types):
m = self._reg.match(value)
if not m:
raise ValueError(
"could not parse %r as a time value" % (value, ))
return datetime.time(*[
int(x or 0)
for x in m.groups()])
else:
return value
return process
_MSTime = TIME
class _DateTimeBase(object):
def bind_processor(self, dialect):
def process(value):
if type(value) == datetime.date:
return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
else:
return value
return process
class _MSDateTime(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
pass
class SMALLDATETIME(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
__visit_name__ = 'SMALLDATETIME'
class DATETIME2(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
__visit_name__ = 'DATETIME2'
def __init__(self, precision=None, **kw):
super(DATETIME2, self).__init__(**kw)
self.precision = precision
# TODO: is this not an Interval ?
class DATETIMEOFFSET(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
__visit_name__ = 'DATETIMEOFFSET'
def __init__(self, precision=None, **kwargs):
self.precision = precision
class _StringType(object):
"""Base for MSSQL string types."""
def __init__(self, collation=None):
super(_StringType, self).__init__(collation=collation)
class NTEXT(sqltypes.UnicodeText):
"""MSSQL NTEXT type, for variable-length unicode text up to 2^30
characters."""
__visit_name__ = 'NTEXT'
class VARBINARY(sqltypes.VARBINARY, sqltypes.LargeBinary):
"""The MSSQL VARBINARY type.
This type extends both :class:`.types.VARBINARY` and
:class:`.types.LargeBinary`. In "deprecate_large_types" mode,
the :class:`.types.LargeBinary` type will produce ``VARBINARY(max)``
on SQL Server.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
.. seealso::
:ref:`mssql_large_type_deprecation`
"""
__visit_name__ = 'VARBINARY'
class IMAGE(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
__visit_name__ = 'IMAGE'
class BIT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
__visit_name__ = 'BIT'
class MONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
__visit_name__ = 'MONEY'
class SMALLMONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
__visit_name__ = 'SMALLMONEY'
class UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
__visit_name__ = "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
class SQL_VARIANT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
__visit_name__ = 'SQL_VARIANT'
# old names.
MSDateTime = _MSDateTime
MSDate = _MSDate
MSReal = REAL
MSTinyInteger = TINYINT
MSTime = TIME
MSSmallDateTime = SMALLDATETIME
MSDateTime2 = DATETIME2
MSDateTimeOffset = DATETIMEOFFSET
MSText = TEXT
MSNText = NTEXT
MSString = VARCHAR
MSNVarchar = NVARCHAR
MSChar = CHAR
MSNChar = NCHAR
MSBinary = BINARY
MSVarBinary = VARBINARY
MSImage = IMAGE
MSBit = BIT
MSMoney = MONEY
MSSmallMoney = SMALLMONEY
MSUniqueIdentifier = UNIQUEIDENTIFIER
MSVariant = SQL_VARIANT
ischema_names = {
'int': INTEGER,
'bigint': BIGINT,
'smallint': SMALLINT,
'tinyint': TINYINT,
'varchar': VARCHAR,
'nvarchar': NVARCHAR,
'char': CHAR,
'nchar': NCHAR,
'text': TEXT,
'ntext': NTEXT,
'decimal': DECIMAL,
'numeric': NUMERIC,
'float': FLOAT,
'datetime': DATETIME,
'datetime2': DATETIME2,
'datetimeoffset': DATETIMEOFFSET,
'date': DATE,
'time': TIME,
'smalldatetime': SMALLDATETIME,
'binary': BINARY,
'varbinary': VARBINARY,
'bit': BIT,
'real': REAL,
'image': IMAGE,
'timestamp': TIMESTAMP,
'money': MONEY,
'smallmoney': SMALLMONEY,
'uniqueidentifier': UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
'sql_variant': SQL_VARIANT,
}
class MSTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
def _extend(self, spec, type_, length=None):
"""Extend a string-type declaration with standard SQL
COLLATE annotations.
"""
if getattr(type_, 'collation', None):
collation = 'COLLATE %s' % type_.collation
else:
collation = None
if not length:
length = type_.length
if length:
spec = spec + "(%s)" % length
return ' '.join([c for c in (spec, collation)
if c is not None])
def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
precision = getattr(type_, 'precision', None)
if precision is None:
return "FLOAT"
else:
return "FLOAT(%(precision)s)" % {'precision': precision}
def visit_TINYINT(self, type_, **kw):
return "TINYINT"
def visit_DATETIMEOFFSET(self, type_, **kw):
if type_.precision is not None:
return "DATETIMEOFFSET(%s)" % type_.precision
else:
return "DATETIMEOFFSET"
def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
precision = getattr(type_, 'precision', None)
if precision is not None:
return "TIME(%s)" % precision
else:
return "TIME"
def visit_DATETIME2(self, type_, **kw):
precision = getattr(type_, 'precision', None)
if precision is not None:
return "DATETIME2(%s)" % precision
else:
return "DATETIME2"
def visit_SMALLDATETIME(self, type_, **kw):
return "SMALLDATETIME"
def visit_unicode(self, type_, **kw):
return self.visit_NVARCHAR(type_, **kw)
def visit_text(self, type_, **kw):
if self.dialect.deprecate_large_types:
return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
else:
return self.visit_TEXT(type_, **kw)
def visit_unicode_text(self, type_, **kw):
if self.dialect.deprecate_large_types:
return self.visit_NVARCHAR(type_, **kw)
else:
return self.visit_NTEXT(type_, **kw)
def visit_NTEXT(self, type_, **kw):
return self._extend("NTEXT", type_)
def visit_TEXT(self, type_, **kw):
return self._extend("TEXT", type_)
def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
return self._extend("VARCHAR", type_, length=type_.length or 'max')
def visit_CHAR(self, type_, **kw):
return self._extend("CHAR", type_)
def visit_NCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
return self._extend("NCHAR", type_)
def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
return self._extend("NVARCHAR", type_, length=type_.length or 'max')
def visit_date(self, type_, **kw):
if self.dialect.server_version_info < MS_2008_VERSION:
return self.visit_DATETIME(type_, **kw)
else:
return self.visit_DATE(type_, **kw)
def visit_time(self, type_, **kw):
if self.dialect.server_version_info < MS_2008_VERSION:
return self.visit_DATETIME(type_, **kw)
else:
return self.visit_TIME(type_, **kw)
def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
if self.dialect.deprecate_large_types:
return self.visit_VARBINARY(type_, **kw)
else:
return self.visit_IMAGE(type_, **kw)
def visit_IMAGE(self, type_, **kw):
return "IMAGE"
def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_, **kw):
return self._extend(
"VARBINARY",
type_,
length=type_.length or 'max')
def visit_boolean(self, type_, **kw):
return self.visit_BIT(type_)
def visit_BIT(self, type_, **kw):
return "BIT"
def visit_MONEY(self, type_, **kw):
return "MONEY"
def visit_SMALLMONEY(self, type_, **kw):
return 'SMALLMONEY'
def visit_UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(self, type_, **kw):
return "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
def visit_SQL_VARIANT(self, type_, **kw):
return 'SQL_VARIANT'
class MSExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
_enable_identity_insert = False
_select_lastrowid = False
_result_proxy = None
_lastrowid = None
def _opt_encode(self, statement):
if not self.dialect.supports_unicode_statements:
return self.dialect._encoder(statement)[0]
else:
return statement
def pre_exec(self):
"""Activate IDENTITY_INSERT if needed."""
if self.isinsert:
tbl = self.compiled.statement.table
seq_column = tbl._autoincrement_column
insert_has_sequence = seq_column is not None
if insert_has_sequence:
self._enable_identity_insert = \
seq_column.key in self.compiled_parameters[0] or \
(
self.compiled.statement.parameters and (
(
self.compiled.statement._has_multi_parameters
and
seq_column.key in
self.compiled.statement.parameters[0]
) or (
not
self.compiled.statement._has_multi_parameters
and
seq_column.key in
self.compiled.statement.parameters
)
)
)
else:
self._enable_identity_insert = False
self._select_lastrowid = insert_has_sequence and \
not self.compiled.returning and \
not self._enable_identity_insert and \
not self.executemany
if self._enable_identity_insert:
self.root_connection._cursor_execute(
self.cursor,
self._opt_encode(
"SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s ON" %
self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_table(tbl)),
(),
self)
def post_exec(self):
"""Disable IDENTITY_INSERT if enabled."""
conn = self.root_connection
if self._select_lastrowid:
if self.dialect.use_scope_identity:
conn._cursor_execute(
self.cursor,
"SELECT scope_identity() AS lastrowid", (), self)
else:
conn._cursor_execute(self.cursor,
"SELECT @@identity AS lastrowid",
(),
self)
# fetchall() ensures the cursor is consumed without closing it
row = self.cursor.fetchall()[0]
self._lastrowid = int(row[0])
if (self.isinsert or self.isupdate or self.isdelete) and \
self.compiled.returning:
self._result_proxy = engine.FullyBufferedResultProxy(self)
if self._enable_identity_insert:
conn._cursor_execute(
self.cursor,
self._opt_encode(
"SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF" %
self.dialect.identifier_preparer. format_table(
self.compiled.statement.table)),
(),
self)
def get_lastrowid(self):
return self._lastrowid
def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
if self._enable_identity_insert:
try:
self.cursor.execute(
self._opt_encode(
"SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF" %
self.dialect.identifier_preparer. format_table(
self.compiled.statement.table)))
except Exception:
pass
def get_result_proxy(self):
if self._result_proxy:
return self._result_proxy
else:
return engine.ResultProxy(self)
class MSSQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
returning_precedes_values = True
extract_map = util.update_copy(
compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map,
{
'doy': 'dayofyear',
'dow': 'weekday',
'milliseconds': 'millisecond',
'microseconds': 'microsecond'
})
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.tablealiases = {}
super(MSSQLCompiler, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def _with_legacy_schema_aliasing(fn):
def decorate(self, *arg, **kw):
if self.dialect.legacy_schema_aliasing:
return fn(self, *arg, **kw)
else:
super_ = getattr(super(MSSQLCompiler, self), fn.__name__)
return super_(*arg, **kw)
return decorate
def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
def visit_current_date_func(self, fn, **kw):
return "GETDATE()"
def visit_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
return "LEN%s" % self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
return "LEN%s" % self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
def visit_concat_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
return "%s + %s" % \
(self.process(binary.left, **kw),
self.process(binary.right, **kw))
def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
return '1'
def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
return '0'
def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
return "CONTAINS (%s, %s)" % (
self.process(binary.left, **kw),
self.process(binary.right, **kw))
def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
""" MS-SQL puts TOP, it's version of LIMIT here """
s = ""
if select._distinct:
s += "DISTINCT "
if select._simple_int_limit and not select._offset:
# ODBC drivers and possibly others
# don't support bind params in the SELECT clause on SQL Server.
# so have to use literal here.
s += "TOP %d " % select._limit
if s:
return s
else:
return compiler.SQLCompiler.get_select_precolumns(
self, select, **kw)
def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
return text
def get_crud_hint_text(self, table, text):
return text
def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
# Limit in mssql is after the select keyword
return ""
def visit_select(self, select, **kwargs):
"""Look for ``LIMIT`` and OFFSET in a select statement, and if
so tries to wrap it in a subquery with ``row_number()`` criterion.
"""
if (
(
not select._simple_int_limit and
select._limit_clause is not None
) or (
select._offset_clause is not None and
not select._simple_int_offset or select._offset
)
) and not getattr(select, '_mssql_visit', None):
# to use ROW_NUMBER(), an ORDER BY is required.
if not select._order_by_clause.clauses:
raise exc.CompileError('MSSQL requires an order_by when '
'using an OFFSET or a non-simple '
'LIMIT clause')
_order_by_clauses = select._order_by_clause.clauses
limit_clause = select._limit_clause
offset_clause = select._offset_clause
kwargs['select_wraps_for'] = select
select = select._generate()
select._mssql_visit = True
select = select.column(
sql.func.ROW_NUMBER().over(order_by=_order_by_clauses)
.label("mssql_rn")).order_by(None).alias()
mssql_rn = sql.column('mssql_rn')
limitselect = sql.select([c for c in select.c if
c.key != 'mssql_rn'])
if offset_clause is not None:
limitselect.append_whereclause(mssql_rn > offset_clause)
if limit_clause is not None:
limitselect.append_whereclause(
mssql_rn <= (limit_clause + offset_clause))
else:
limitselect.append_whereclause(
mssql_rn <= (limit_clause))
return self.process(limitselect, **kwargs)
else:
return compiler.SQLCompiler.visit_select(self, select, **kwargs)
@_with_legacy_schema_aliasing
def visit_table(self, table, mssql_aliased=False, iscrud=False, **kwargs):
if mssql_aliased is table or iscrud:
return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_table(table, **kwargs)
# alias schema-qualified tables
alias = self._schema_aliased_table(table)
if alias is not None:
return self.process(alias, mssql_aliased=table, **kwargs)
else:
return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_table(table, **kwargs)
@_with_legacy_schema_aliasing
def visit_alias(self, alias, **kw):
# translate for schema-qualified table aliases
kw['mssql_aliased'] = alias.original
return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_alias(alias, **kw)
@_with_legacy_schema_aliasing
def visit_column(self, column, add_to_result_map=None, **kw):
if column.table is not None and \
(not self.isupdate and not self.isdelete) or \
self.is_subquery():
# translate for schema-qualified table aliases
t = self._schema_aliased_table(column.table)
if t is not None:
converted = expression._corresponding_column_or_error(
t, column)
if add_to_result_map is not None:
add_to_result_map(
column.name,
column.name,
(column, column.name, column.key),
column.type
)
return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).\
visit_column(converted, **kw)
return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_column(
column, add_to_result_map=add_to_result_map, **kw)
def _schema_aliased_table(self, table):
if getattr(table, 'schema', None) is not None:
if self.dialect._warn_schema_aliasing and \
table.schema.lower() != 'information_schema':
util.warn(
"legacy_schema_aliasing flag is defaulted to True; "
"some schema-qualified queries may not function "
"correctly. Consider setting this flag to False for "
"modern SQL Server versions; this flag will default to "
"False in version 1.1")
if table not in self.tablealiases:
self.tablealiases[table] = table.alias()
return self.tablealiases[table]
else:
return None
def visit_extract(self, extract, **kw):
field = self.extract_map.get(extract.field, extract.field)
return 'DATEPART("%s", %s)' % \
(field, self.process(extract.expr, **kw))
def visit_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt):
return "SAVE TRANSACTION %s" % \
self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt)
def visit_rollback_to_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt):
return ("ROLLBACK TRANSACTION %s"
% self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt))
def visit_binary(self, binary, **kwargs):
"""Move bind parameters to the right-hand side of an operator, where
possible.
"""
if (
isinstance(binary.left, expression.BindParameter)
and binary.operator == operator.eq
and not isinstance(binary.right, expression.BindParameter)
):
return self.process(
expression.BinaryExpression(binary.right,
binary.left,
binary.operator),
**kwargs)
return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_binary(binary, **kwargs)
def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
if self.isinsert or self.isupdate:
target = stmt.table.alias("inserted")
else:
target = stmt.table.alias("deleted")
adapter = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(target)
columns = [
self._label_select_column(None, adapter.traverse(c),
True, False, {})
for c in expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)
]
return 'OUTPUT ' + ', '.join(columns)
def get_cte_preamble(self, recursive):
# SQL Server finds it too inconvenient to accept
# an entirely optional, SQL standard specified,
# "RECURSIVE" word with their "WITH",
# so here we go
return "WITH"
def label_select_column(self, select, column, asfrom):
if isinstance(column, expression.Function):
return column.label(None)
else:
return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).\
label_select_column(select, column, asfrom)
def for_update_clause(self, select):
# "FOR UPDATE" is only allowed on "DECLARE CURSOR" which
# SQLAlchemy doesn't use
return ''
def order_by_clause(self, select, **kw):
order_by = self.process(select._order_by_clause, **kw)
# MSSQL only allows ORDER BY in subqueries if there is a LIMIT
if order_by and (not self.is_subquery() or select._limit):
return " ORDER BY " + order_by
else:
return ""
def update_from_clause(self, update_stmt,
from_table, extra_froms,
from_hints,
**kw):
"""Render the UPDATE..FROM clause specific to MSSQL.
In MSSQL, if the UPDATE statement involves an alias of the table to
be updated, then the table itself must be added to the FROM list as
well. Otherwise, it is optional. Here, we add it regardless.
"""
return "FROM " + ', '.join(
t._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True,
fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
for t in [from_table] + extra_froms)
class MSSQLStrictCompiler(MSSQLCompiler):
"""A subclass of MSSQLCompiler which disables the usage of bind
parameters where not allowed natively by MS-SQL.
A dialect may use this compiler on a platform where native
binds are used.
"""
ansi_bind_rules = True
def visit_in_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
kw['literal_binds'] = True
return "%s IN %s" % (
self.process(binary.left, **kw),
self.process(binary.right, **kw)
)
def visit_notin_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
kw['literal_binds'] = True
return "%s NOT IN %s" % (
self.process(binary.left, **kw),
self.process(binary.right, **kw)
)
def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
"""
For date and datetime values, convert to a string
format acceptable to MSSQL. That seems to be the
so-called ODBC canonical date format which looks
like this:
yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss.mmm(24h)
For other data types, call the base class implementation.
"""
# datetime and date are both subclasses of datetime.date
if issubclass(type(value), datetime.date):
# SQL Server wants single quotes around the date string.
return "'" + str(value) + "'"
else:
return super(MSSQLStrictCompiler, self).\
render_literal_value(value, type_)
class MSDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
colspec = (
self.preparer.format_column(column) + " "
+ self.dialect.type_compiler.process(
column.type, type_expression=column)
)
if column.nullable is not None:
if not column.nullable or column.primary_key or \
isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence):
colspec += " NOT NULL"
else:
colspec += " NULL"
if column.table is None:
raise exc.CompileError(
"mssql requires Table-bound columns "
"in order to generate DDL")
# install an IDENTITY Sequence if we either a sequence or an implicit
# IDENTITY column
if isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence):
if column.default.start == 0:
start = 0
else:
start = column.default.start or 1
colspec += " IDENTITY(%s,%s)" % (start,
column.default.increment or 1)
elif column is column.table._autoincrement_column:
colspec += " IDENTITY(1,1)"
else:
default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
if default is not None:
colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
return colspec
def visit_create_index(self, create, include_schema=False):
index = create.element
self._verify_index_table(index)
preparer = self.preparer
text = "CREATE "
if index.unique:
text += "UNIQUE "
# handle clustering option
if index.dialect_options['mssql']['clustered']:
text += "CLUSTERED "
text += "INDEX %s ON %s (%s)" \
% (
self._prepared_index_name(index,
include_schema=include_schema),
preparer.format_table(index.table),
', '.join(
self.sql_compiler.process(expr,
include_table=False,
literal_binds=True) for
expr in index.expressions)
)
# handle other included columns
if index.dialect_options['mssql']['include']:
inclusions = [index.table.c[col]
if isinstance(col, util.string_types) else col
for col in
index.dialect_options['mssql']['include']
]
text += " INCLUDE (%s)" \
% ', '.join([preparer.quote(c.name)
for c in inclusions])
return text
def visit_drop_index(self, drop):
return "\nDROP INDEX %s ON %s" % (
self._prepared_index_name(drop.element, include_schema=False),
self.preparer.format_table(drop.element.table)
)
def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint):
if len(constraint) == 0:
return ''
text = ""
if constraint.name is not None:
text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % \
self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
text += "PRIMARY KEY "
if constraint.dialect_options['mssql']['clustered']:
text += "CLUSTERED "
text += "(%s)" % ', '.join(self.preparer.quote(c.name)
for c in constraint)
text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
return text
def visit_unique_constraint(self, constraint):
if len(constraint) == 0:
return ''
text = ""
if constraint.name is not None:
text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % \
self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
text += "UNIQUE "
if constraint.dialect_options['mssql']['clustered']:
text += "CLUSTERED "
text += "(%s)" % ', '.join(self.preparer.quote(c.name)
for c in constraint)
text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
return text
class MSIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
def __init__(self, dialect):
super(MSIdentifierPreparer, self).__init__(dialect, initial_quote='[',
final_quote=']')
def _escape_identifier(self, value):
return value
def quote_schema(self, schema, force=None):
"""Prepare a quoted table and schema name."""
result = '.'.join([self.quote(x, force) for x in schema.split('.')])
return result
def _db_plus_owner_listing(fn):
def wrap(dialect, connection, schema=None, **kw):
dbname, owner = _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema)
return _switch_db(dbname, connection, fn, dialect, connection,
dbname, owner, schema, **kw)
return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
def _db_plus_owner(fn):
def wrap(dialect, connection, tablename, schema=None, **kw):
dbname, owner = _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema)
return _switch_db(dbname, connection, fn, dialect, connection,
tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw)
return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
def _switch_db(dbname, connection, fn, *arg, **kw):
if dbname:
current_db = connection.scalar("select db_name()")
connection.execute("use %s" % dbname)
try:
return fn(*arg, **kw)
finally:
if dbname:
connection.execute("use %s" % current_db)
def _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema):
if not schema:
return None, dialect.default_schema_name
elif "." in schema:
return schema.split(".", 1)
else:
return None, schema
class MSDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
name = 'mssql'
supports_default_values = True
supports_empty_insert = False
execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext
use_scope_identity = True
max_identifier_length = 128
schema_name = "dbo"
colspecs = {
sqltypes.DateTime: _MSDateTime,
sqltypes.Date: _MSDate,
sqltypes.Time: TIME,
}
engine_config_types = default.DefaultDialect.engine_config_types.union([
('legacy_schema_aliasing', util.asbool),
])
ischema_names = ischema_names
supports_native_boolean = False
supports_unicode_binds = True
postfetch_lastrowid = True
server_version_info = ()
statement_compiler = MSSQLCompiler
ddl_compiler = MSDDLCompiler
type_compiler = MSTypeCompiler
preparer = MSIdentifierPreparer
construct_arguments = [
(sa_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint, {
"clustered": False
}),
(sa_schema.UniqueConstraint, {
"clustered": False
}),
(sa_schema.Index, {
"clustered": False,
"include": None
})
]
def __init__(self,
query_timeout=None,
use_scope_identity=True,
max_identifier_length=None,
schema_name="dbo",
deprecate_large_types=None,
legacy_schema_aliasing=None, **opts):
self.query_timeout = int(query_timeout or 0)
self.schema_name = schema_name
self.use_scope_identity = use_scope_identity
self.max_identifier_length = int(max_identifier_length or 0) or \
self.max_identifier_length
self.deprecate_large_types = deprecate_large_types
if legacy_schema_aliasing is None:
self.legacy_schema_aliasing = True
self._warn_schema_aliasing = True
else:
self.legacy_schema_aliasing = legacy_schema_aliasing
self._warn_schema_aliasing = False
super(MSDialect, self).__init__(**opts)
def do_savepoint(self, connection, name):
# give the DBAPI a push
connection.execute("IF @@TRANCOUNT = 0 BEGIN TRANSACTION")
super(MSDialect, self).do_savepoint(connection, name)
def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
# SQL Server does not support RELEASE SAVEPOINT
pass
def initialize(self, connection):
super(MSDialect, self).initialize(connection)
self._setup_version_attributes()
def _setup_version_attributes(self):
if self.server_version_info[0] not in list(range(8, 17)):
# FreeTDS with version 4.2 seems to report here
# a number like "95.10.255". Don't know what
# that is. So emit warning.
# Use TDS Version 7.0 through 7.3, per the MS information here:
# https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd339982.aspx
# and FreeTDS information here (7.3 highest supported version):
# http://www.freetds.org/userguide/choosingtdsprotocol.htm
util.warn(
"Unrecognized server version info '%s'. Version specific "
"behaviors may not function properly. If using ODBC "
"with FreeTDS, ensure TDS_VERSION 7.0 through 7.3, not "
"4.2, is configured in the FreeTDS configuration." %
".".join(str(x) for x in self.server_version_info))
if self.server_version_info >= MS_2005_VERSION and \
'implicit_returning' not in self.__dict__:
self.implicit_returning = True
if self.server_version_info >= MS_2008_VERSION:
self.supports_multivalues_insert = True
if self.deprecate_large_types is None:
self.deprecate_large_types = \
self.server_version_info >= MS_2012_VERSION
def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
if self.server_version_info < MS_2005_VERSION:
return self.schema_name
query = sql.text("""
SELECT default_schema_name FROM
sys.database_principals
WHERE principal_id=database_principal_id()
""")
default_schema_name = connection.scalar(query)
if default_schema_name is not None:
return util.text_type(default_schema_name)
else:
return self.schema_name
@_db_plus_owner
def has_table(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema):
columns = ischema.columns
whereclause = columns.c.table_name == tablename
if owner:
whereclause = sql.and_(whereclause,
columns.c.table_schema == owner)
s = sql.select([columns], whereclause)
c = connection.execute(s)
return c.first() is not None
@reflection.cache
def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
s = sql.select([ischema.schemata.c.schema_name],
order_by=[ischema.schemata.c.schema_name]
)
schema_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
return schema_names
@reflection.cache
@_db_plus_owner_listing
def get_table_names(self, connection, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
tables = ischema.tables
s = sql.select([tables.c.table_name],
sql.and_(
tables.c.table_schema == owner,
tables.c.table_type == 'BASE TABLE'
),
order_by=[tables.c.table_name]
)
table_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
return table_names
@reflection.cache
@_db_plus_owner_listing
def get_view_names(self, connection, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
tables = ischema.tables
s = sql.select([tables.c.table_name],
sql.and_(
tables.c.table_schema == owner,
tables.c.table_type == 'VIEW'
),
order_by=[tables.c.table_name]
)
view_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
return view_names
@reflection.cache
@_db_plus_owner
def get_indexes(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
# using system catalogs, don't support index reflection
# below MS 2005
if self.server_version_info < MS_2005_VERSION:
return []
rp = connection.execute(
sql.text("select ind.index_id, ind.is_unique, ind.name "
"from sys.indexes as ind join sys.tables as tab on "
"ind.object_id=tab.object_id "
"join sys.schemas as sch on sch.schema_id=tab.schema_id "
"where tab.name = :tabname "
"and sch.name=:schname "
"and ind.is_primary_key=0",
bindparams=[
sql.bindparam('tabname', tablename,
sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True)),
sql.bindparam('schname', owner,
sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True))
],
typemap={
'name': sqltypes.Unicode()
}
)
)
indexes = {}
for row in rp:
indexes[row['index_id']] = {
'name': row['name'],
'unique': row['is_unique'] == 1,
'column_names': []
}
rp = connection.execute(
sql.text(
"select ind_col.index_id, ind_col.object_id, col.name "
"from sys.columns as col "
"join sys.tables as tab on tab.object_id=col.object_id "
"join sys.index_columns as ind_col on "
"(ind_col.column_id=col.column_id and "
"ind_col.object_id=tab.object_id) "
"join sys.schemas as sch on sch.schema_id=tab.schema_id "
"where tab.name=:tabname "
"and sch.name=:schname",
bindparams=[
sql.bindparam('tabname', tablename,
sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True)),
sql.bindparam('schname', owner,
sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True))
],
typemap={'name': sqltypes.Unicode()}
),
)
for row in rp:
if row['index_id'] in indexes:
indexes[row['index_id']]['column_names'].append(row['name'])
return list(indexes.values())
@reflection.cache
@_db_plus_owner
def get_view_definition(self, connection, viewname,
dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
rp = connection.execute(
sql.text(
"select definition from sys.sql_modules as mod, "
"sys.views as views, "
"sys.schemas as sch"
" where "
"mod.object_id=views.object_id and "
"views.schema_id=sch.schema_id and "
"views.name=:viewname and sch.name=:schname",
bindparams=[
sql.bindparam('viewname', viewname,
sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True)),
sql.bindparam('schname', owner,
sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True))
]
)
)
if rp:
view_def = rp.scalar()
return view_def
@reflection.cache
@_db_plus_owner
def get_columns(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
# Get base columns
columns = ischema.columns
if owner:
whereclause = sql.and_(columns.c.table_name == tablename,
columns.c.table_schema == owner)
else:
whereclause = columns.c.table_name == tablename
s = sql.select([columns], whereclause,
order_by=[columns.c.ordinal_position])
c = connection.execute(s)
cols = []
while True:
row = c.fetchone()
if row is None:
break
(name, type, nullable, charlen,
numericprec, numericscale, default, collation) = (
row[columns.c.column_name],
row[columns.c.data_type],
row[columns.c.is_nullable] == 'YES',
row[columns.c.character_maximum_length],
row[columns.c.numeric_precision],
row[columns.c.numeric_scale],
row[columns.c.column_default],
row[columns.c.collation_name]
)
coltype = self.ischema_names.get(type, None)
kwargs = {}
if coltype in (MSString, MSChar, MSNVarchar, MSNChar, MSText,
MSNText, MSBinary, MSVarBinary,
sqltypes.LargeBinary):
if charlen == -1:
charlen = 'max'
kwargs['length'] = charlen
if collation:
kwargs['collation'] = collation
if coltype is None:
util.warn(
"Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
(type, name))
coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
else:
if issubclass(coltype, sqltypes.Numeric) and \
coltype is not MSReal:
kwargs['scale'] = numericscale
kwargs['precision'] = numericprec
coltype = coltype(**kwargs)
cdict = {
'name': name,
'type': coltype,
'nullable': nullable,
'default': default,
'autoincrement': False,
}
cols.append(cdict)
# autoincrement and identity
colmap = {}
for col in cols:
colmap[col['name']] = col
# We also run an sp_columns to check for identity columns:
cursor = connection.execute("sp_columns @table_name = '%s', "
"@table_owner = '%s'"
% (tablename, owner))
ic = None
while True:
row = cursor.fetchone()
if row is None:
break
(col_name, type_name) = row[3], row[5]
if type_name.endswith("identity") and col_name in colmap:
ic = col_name
colmap[col_name]['autoincrement'] = True
colmap[col_name]['sequence'] = dict(
name='%s_identity' % col_name)
break
cursor.close()
if ic is not None and self.server_version_info >= MS_2005_VERSION:
table_fullname = "%s.%s" % (owner, tablename)
cursor = connection.execute(
"select ident_seed('%s'), ident_incr('%s')"
% (table_fullname, table_fullname)
)
row = cursor.first()
if row is not None and row[0] is not None:
colmap[ic]['sequence'].update({
'start': int(row[0]),
'increment': int(row[1])
})
return cols
@reflection.cache
@_db_plus_owner
def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, tablename,
dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
pkeys = []
TC = ischema.constraints
C = ischema.key_constraints.alias('C')
# Primary key constraints
s = sql.select([C.c.column_name,
TC.c.constraint_type,
C.c.constraint_name],
sql.and_(TC.c.constraint_name == C.c.constraint_name,
TC.c.table_schema == C.c.table_schema,
C.c.table_name == tablename,
C.c.table_schema == owner)
)
c = connection.execute(s)
constraint_name = None
for row in c:
if 'PRIMARY' in row[TC.c.constraint_type.name]:
pkeys.append(row[0])
if constraint_name is None:
constraint_name = row[C.c.constraint_name.name]
return {'constrained_columns': pkeys, 'name': constraint_name}
@reflection.cache
@_db_plus_owner
def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, tablename,
dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
RR = ischema.ref_constraints
C = ischema.key_constraints.alias('C')
R = ischema.key_constraints.alias('R')
# Foreign key constraints
s = sql.select([C.c.column_name,
R.c.table_schema, R.c.table_name, R.c.column_name,
RR.c.constraint_name, RR.c.match_option,
RR.c.update_rule,
RR.c.delete_rule],
sql.and_(C.c.table_name == tablename,
C.c.table_schema == owner,
C.c.constraint_name == RR.c.constraint_name,
R.c.constraint_name ==
RR.c.unique_constraint_name,
C.c.ordinal_position == R.c.ordinal_position
),
order_by=[RR.c.constraint_name, R.c.ordinal_position]
)
# group rows by constraint ID, to handle multi-column FKs
fkeys = []
fknm, scols, rcols = (None, [], [])
def fkey_rec():
return {
'name': None,
'constrained_columns': [],
'referred_schema': None,
'referred_table': None,
'referred_columns': []
}
fkeys = util.defaultdict(fkey_rec)
for r in connection.execute(s).fetchall():
scol, rschema, rtbl, rcol, rfknm, fkmatch, fkuprule, fkdelrule = r
rec = fkeys[rfknm]
rec['name'] = rfknm
if not rec['referred_table']:
rec['referred_table'] = rtbl
if schema is not None or owner != rschema:
if dbname:
rschema = dbname + "." + rschema
rec['referred_schema'] = rschema
local_cols, remote_cols = \
rec['constrained_columns'],\
rec['referred_columns']
local_cols.append(scol)
remote_cols.append(rcol)
return list(fkeys.values())
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