oxjs/source/Ox.js

// vim: et:ts=4:sw=4:sts=4:ft=js
// todo: check http://ejohn.org/blog/ecmascript-5-strict-mode-json-and-more/

Ox = function(val) {
    return Ox.wrap(val);
};

/*
================================================================================
Constants
================================================================================
*/

Ox.AMPM = ['AM', 'PM'];
//Ox.DAYS = [31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31];
Ox.DURATIONS = ['year', 'month', 'day', 'minute', 'second'];
Ox.EARTH_RADIUS = 6378137;
Ox.EARTH_CIRCUMFERENCE = Ox.EARTH_RADIUS * 2 * Math.PI;
Ox.HTML_ENTITIES = {
    '"': '&quot;', '&': '&amp;', "'": '&apos;', '<': '&lt;', '>': '&gt;'
};
Ox.KEYS = {
    SECTION: 0, BACKSPACE: 8, TAB: 9, CLEAR: 12, ENTER: 13,
    SHIFT: 16, CONTROL: 17, OPTION: 18, PAUSE: 19, CAPSLOCK: 20,
    ESCAPE: 27, SPACE: 32, PAGEUP: 33, PAGEDOWN: 34, END: 35, HOME: 36,
    LEFT: 37, UP: 38, RIGHT: 39, DOWN: 40, INSERT: 45, DELETE: 46, HELP: 47,
    0: 48, 1: 49, 2: 50, 3: 51, 4: 52, 5: 53, 6: 54, 7: 55, 8: 56, 9: 57,
    A: 65, B: 66, C: 67, D: 68, E: 69, F: 70, G: 71, H: 72, I: 73, J: 74,
    K: 75, L: 76, M: 77, N: 78, O: 79, P: 80, Q: 81, R: 82, S: 83, T: 84,
    U: 85, V: 86, W: 87, X: 88, Y: 89, Z: 90,
    META_LEFT: 91, META_RIGHT: 92, SELECT: 93,
    '0_NUMPAD': 96, '1_NUMPAD': 97, '2_NUMPAD': 98, '3_NUMPAD': 99,
    '4_NUMPAD': 100, '5_NUMPAD': 101, '6_NUMPAD': 102, '7_NUMPAD': 103,
    '8_NUMPAD': 104, '9_NUMPAD': 105, '*_NUMPAD': 106, '+_NUMPAD': 107,
    '\n_NUMPAD': 108, '-_NUMPAD': 109, '._NUMPAD': 110, '/_NUMPAD': 111,
    F1: 112, F2: 113, F3: 114, F4: 115, F5: 116, F6: 117, F7: 118,
    F8: 110, F9: 120, F10: 121, F11: 122, F12: 123, F13: 124, F14: 125,
    F15: 126, F16: 127, NUMLOCK: 144, SCROLLLOCK: 145,
    ';': 186, '=': 187, ',': 188, '-': 189, '.': 190, '/': 191, '`': 192,
    '(': 219, '\\': 220, ')': 221, '\'': 222 
};
Ox.MAP_TILE_SIZE = 256;
Ox.MONTHS = [
    'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June',
    'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'
];
Ox.SHORT_MONTHS = Ox.MONTHS.map(function(val) {
    return val.substr(0, 3);
});
Ox.PATH = Array.prototype.slice.apply(
    document.getElementsByTagName('script')
).filter(function(element) {
    return /Ox\.js$/.test(element.src);
})[0].src.replace('Ox.js', '');
Ox.PREFIXES = ['K', 'M', 'G', 'T', 'P'];
Ox.SYMBOLS = {
    DOLLAR: '\u0024', 
    CENT: '\u00A2', POUND: '\u00A3', CURRENCY: '\u00A4', YEN: '\u00A5',
    BULLET: '\u2022', ELLIPSIS: '\u2026', PERMILLE: '\u2030',
    COLON: '\u20A1', CRUZEIRO: '\u20A2', FRANC: '\u20A3', LIRA: '\u20A4',
    NAIRA: '\u20A6',  PESETA: '\u20A7', WON: '\u20A9', SHEQEL: '\u20AA',
    DONG: '\u20AB', EURO: '\u20AC', KIP: '\u20AD', TUGRIK: '\u20AE',
    DRACHMA: '\u20AF', PESO: '\u20B1', GUARANI: '\u20B2', AUSTRAL: '\u20B3',
    HRYVNIA: '\u20B4', CEDI: '\u20B5', TENGE: '\u20B8', RUPEE: '\u20B9',
    CELSIUS: '\u2103', FAHRENHEIT: '\u2109', POUNDS: '\u2114', OUNCE: '\u2125',
    OHM: '\u2126', KELVIN: '\u212A', ANGSTROM: '\u212B', INFO: '\u2139',
    LEFT: '\u2190', UP: '\u2191', RIGHT: '\u2192', DOWN: '\u2193',
    HOME: '\u2196', END: '\u2198', RETURN: '\u21A9',
    REDO: '\u21BA', UNDO: '\u21BB', PAGEUP: '\u21DE', PAGEDOWN: '\u21DF',
    CAPSLOCK: '\u21EA', TAB: '\u21E5', SHIFT: '\u21E7', INFINITY: '\u221E',
    CONTROL: '\u2303', COMMAND: '\u2318', ENTER: '\u2324', ALT: '\u2325',
    DELETE: '\u2326', CLEAR:'\u2327',BACKSPACE: '\u232B', OPTION: '\u2387',
    NAVIGATE: '\u2388', ESCAPE: '\u238B', EJECT: '\u23CF',
    SPACE: '\u2423', DIAMOND: '\u25C6',
    STAR: '\u2605', SOUND: '\u266B', TRASH: '\u267A', FLAG: '\u2691',
    ANCHOR: '\u2693', GEAR: '\u2699', ATOM: '\u269B', WARNING: '\u26A0',
    CUT: '\u2702', BACKUP: '\u2707', FLY: '\u2708', CHECK: '\u2713',
    CLOSE: '\u2715', BALLOT: '\u2717', WINDOWS: '\u2756',
    EDIT: '\uF802', CLICK: '\uF803', APPLE: '\uF8FF'
};
// local timezone offset in milliseconds
Ox.TYPES = [
    'Arguments', 'Array', 'Boolean', 'Date', 'Element', 'Function', 'Infinity',
    'NaN', 'Null', 'Number', 'Object', 'RegExp', 'String', 'Undefined'
];
Ox.VERSION = '0.1.2';
Ox.WEEKDAYS = [
    'Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday', 'Saturday', 'Sunday'
];
Ox.SHORT_WEEKDAYS = Ox.WEEKDAYS.map(function(val) {
    return val.substr(0, 3);
});

/*
================================================================================
Core functions
================================================================================
*/

Ox.getset = function(obj, args, callback, context) {
    /***
    Generic getter and setter function

    can be implemented like this:

    that.options = function() {
        return Ox.getset(options, arguments, setOption(key, val), that);
    }

    Ox.getset(obj, [])                                      returns obj
    Ox.getset(obj, [key])                                   returns obj.key
    Ox.getset(obj, [key, val], callback, context)
    Ox.getset(obj, [{key: val, ...}], callback, context)    sets obj.key to val,
                                                            calls callback(key, val)
                                                            for each changed value,
                                                            returns context
                                                            (for chaining)

    >>> o = new function() { var o = {}, s = function() {}, t = this; t.o = function() { return Ox['getset'](o, arguments, s, t); }; return t; }
    true
    >>> Ox.getset({}, []) && o.o('key', 'val').o('key')
    'val'
    >>> Ox.getset({}, []) && o.o({key: 'val', foo: 'bar'}).o().foo
    'bar'
    >>> Ox.getset({}, []) && typeof o.o({foo: undefined}).o('foo') == 'undefined'
    true
    >>> delete o
    true
    ***/
    var obj_ = Ox.clone(obj), ret;
    if (args.length == 0) {
        // getset([])
        ret = obj;
    } else if (args.length == 1 && !Ox.isObject(args[0])) {
        // getset([key])
        ret = obj[args[0]];
    } else {
        // getset([key, val]) or getset([{key: val, ...}])
        args = Ox.makeObject(args);
        // args = Ox.makeObject(Ox.isObject(args[0]) ? args[0] : args);
        obj = Ox.extend(obj, args);
        Ox.forEach(args, function(val, key) {
            if (!obj_ || !Ox.isEqual(obj_[key], val)) {
                callback && callback(key, val);
            }
        });
        ret = context;                            
    }
    return ret;
}

Ox.load = function(module, options, callback) {
    /***
    loads Ox modules
    fixme: no way to load multiple modules
    ***/
    callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
    options = arguments.length == 3 ? arguments[1] : {};
    Ox.loadFile(Ox.PATH + 'Ox.' + module + '/Ox.' + module + '.js', function() {
        Ox.load[module](options, callback);
    });
};

Ox.loadFile = (function() {
    /***
    loads stylesheets, scripts and images
    ***/
    var cache = {};
    return function (file, callback) {
        var element, request,
            type = file.split('.').pop();
        if (!cache[file]) {
            if (type == 'css' || type == 'js') {
                if (!findFileInHead()) {
                    element = document.createElement(type == 'css' ? 'link' : 'script');
                    element[type == 'css' ? 'href' : 'src'] = file;
                    element.type = type == 'css' ? 'text/css' : 'text/javascript';
                    if (type == 'css') {
                        element.rel = 'stylesheet';
                        waitForCSS();
                    } else {
                        element.onload = addFileToCache;
                    }
                    document.head.appendChild(element);
                } else {
                    addFileToCache();
                }
            } else {
                element = new Image();
                element.onload = addFileToCache;
                element.src = file;
            }
        } else {
            callback();
        }
        function addFileToCache() {
            type == 'svg' && Ox.print('addToCache', file)
            if (type == 'css' || type == 'js') {
                cache['file'] = true;
                callback();
            } else {
                cache['file'] = element;
                callback(element);
            }
        }
        function findFileInHead() {
            return Array.prototype.slice.apply(
                document.getElementsByTagName(type == 'css' ? 'link' : 'script')
            ).map(function(element) {
                return element[type == 'css' ? 'href' : 'src'] == file;
            }).reduce(function(prev, curr) {
                return prev || curr; 
            }, false);
        }
        function waitForCSS() {
            var error = false;
            try {
                element.sheet.cssRule;
            } catch(e) {
                error = true;
                setTimeout(function() {
                    waitForCSS();
                }, 25);
            }
            !error && addFileToCache();
        }
    };
}());

Ox.loadJSON = function(url, callback) {
    var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
    req.open('GET', url, true);
    req.onreadystatechange = function() {
        if (req.readyState == 4) {
            if (req.status == 200) {
                callback(JSON.parse(req.responseText));
            } else {
                throw new Error('URL ' + url + ', status ' + req.status);
            }
        }
    };
    req.send();                
};

Ox.print = function() {
    /*
    like console.log, but prepends timestamp and name of the caller function
    */
    if (window.console) {
        var args = Ox.makeArray(arguments),
            date = new Date();
        args.unshift(
            Ox.formatDate(date, '%H:%M:%S.') + (+date).toString().substr(-3),
            arguments.callee.caller.name || '(anonymous)'
        );
        window.console.log.apply(window.console, args);
    }
};

Ox.uid = (function() {
    /***
    returns a unique id
    >>> Ox.uid() != Ox.uid()
    true
    ***/
    var uid = 0;
    return function() {
        return uid++;
    };
}());

Ox.wrap = function(val, chained) {
    /***
    >>> Ox.wrap('foobar').reverse()
    'raboof'
    >>> Ox.wrap('foobar').chain().reverse().reverse().value()
    'foobar'
    ***/
    var wrapper = {
        chain: function() {
            wrapper.chained = true;
            return wrapper;
        },
        chained: chained || false,
        value: function() {
            return val;
        }
    };
    Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Ox).forEach(function(name) {
        if (name[0] == name[0].toLowerCase() && Ox.isFunction(Ox[name])) {
            wrapper[name] = function() {
                var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments), ret;
                args.unshift(val);
                ret = Ox[name].apply(Ox, args);
                return wrapper.chained ? Ox.wrap(ret, true) : ret;
            };
        }
    });
    return wrapper;
};

/*
================================================================================
Array and Object functions
================================================================================
*/

Ox.avg = function(obj) {
    /***
    returns the average of an array's values, or an object's properties
    >>> Ox.avg([-1, 0, 1])
    0
    >>> Ox.avg({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3})
    2
    ***/
    return Ox.sum(obj) / Ox.len(obj);
};

Ox.clone = function(obj) {
    /***
    returns a copy of an array or object
    >>> (function() { a = ['val']; b = Ox.clone(a); a[0] = null; return b[0]; }())
    'val'
    >>> (function() { a = {key: 'val'}; b = Ox.clone(a); a.key = null; return b.key; }())
    'val'
    ***/
    return Ox.isArray(obj) ? obj.slice() : Ox.extend({}, obj);
};

Ox.compact = function(arr) {
    /***
    returns an array without null or undefined values
    >>> Ox.compact([null,,1,,2,,3])
    [1, 2, 3]
    ***/
    return Ox.map(arr, function(val) {
        return Ox.isUndefined(val) ? null : val;
    });
};

Ox.count = function(arr) {
    /***
    >>> Ox.count(['foo', 'bar', 'foo']).foo
    2
    ***/
    var obj = {};
    arr.forEach(function(v) {
        obj[v] = (obj[v] || 0) + 1;
    });
    return obj;
};

Ox.each = function(obj, fn) {
    // fixme: deprecate!
    /*
    Ox.each() works for arrays, objects and strings,
    like $.each(), unlike [].forEach()
    >>> Ox.each([0, 1, 2], function(i, v) {})
    [0, 1, 2]
    >>> Ox.each({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}, function(k, v) {}).a
    1
    >>> Ox.each('foo', function(i, v) {})
    'foo'
    */
    var i, isArray = Ox.isArray(obj);
    for (i in obj) {
        i = isArray ? parseInt(i) : i;
        // fixme: should be (v, k), like [].forEach()
        if (fn(i, obj[i]) === false) {
            break;
        }
    }
    return obj;
};

Ox.every = function(obj, fn) {
    /*
    Ox.every() works for arrays, objects and strings, unlike [].every()
    >>> Ox.every([0, 1, 2], function(v, i) { return i == v; })
    true
    >>> Ox.every({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}, function(v) { return v == 1; })
    false
    >>> Ox.every("foo", function(v) { return v == 'f'; })
    false
    >>> Ox.every([true, true, true])
    true
    */
    return Ox.filter(Ox.values(obj), fn || function(v) {
        return v;
    }).length == Ox.len(obj);
};

Ox.extend = function() {
    /*
    >>> Ox.extend({a: 1, b: 1, c: 1}, {b: 2, c: 2}, {c: 3}).c
    3
    */
    var obj = arguments[0];
    Ox.forEach(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1), function(arg, i) {
        Ox.forEach(arg, function(val, key) {
            obj[key] = val;
        });
    });
    return obj;
};

Ox.filter = function(obj, fn) {
    /***
    Ox.filter works for arrays, objects and strings, unlike [].filter()
    >>> Ox.filter([2, 1, 0], function(v, i) { return v == i; })
    [1]
    >>> Ox.keys(Ox.filter({a: 'c', b: 'b', c: 'a'}, function(v, k) { return v == k; }))
    ['b']
    >>> Ox.filter(' hello world ', function(v) { return v != ' '; })
    'helloworld'
    ***/
    var type = Ox.typeOf(obj),
        ret = type == 'array' ? [] : type == 'object' ? {} : '';
    Ox.forEach(obj, function(v, k) {
        if (fn(v, k)) {
            if (type == 'array') {
                ret.push(v);
            } else if (type == 'object') {
                ret[k] = v;
            } else {
                ret += v;
            }
        }
    });
    return ret;
};

Ox.find = function(arr, str) {
    /*
    returns an array with two arrays as elements:
    an array of elements of arr that begin with str,
    and an array of elements of arr that contain,
    but do not begin with str
    >>> Ox.find(["foo", "bar", "foobar", "barfoo"], "foo")
    [["foo", "foobar"], ["barfoo"]]
    */
    var arrLowerCase = arr.map(function(v) {
            return v.toLowerCase();
        }),
        ret = [[], []];
    str && arrLowerCase.forEach(function(v, i) {
        var index = v.indexOf(str.toLowerCase());
        index > -1 && ret[index == 0 ? 0 : 1].push(arr[i]);
    });
    return ret;
};

Ox.flatten = function(arr) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.flatten([1, [2, [3], 4], 5])
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    */
    var ret = [];
    arr.forEach(function(v) {
        if (Ox.isArray(v)) {
            Ox.flatten(v).forEach(function(v) {
                ret.push(v);
            });
        } else {
            ret.push(v);
        }
    });
    return ret;
}

Ox.forEach = function(obj, fn) {
    /*
    Ox.forEach() works for arrays, objects and strings,
    like $.each(), unlike [].forEach()
    The arguments of the iterator function are (value, key),
    like [].forEach(), unlike $.each()
    >>> Ox.forEach('foo', function(v, i) {})
    'foo'
    >>> Ox.forEach([0, 1, 2], function(v, i) {})
    [0, 1, 2]
    >>> Ox.forEach({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}, function(v, k) {}).a
    1
    */
    var isObject = Ox.isObject(obj), key;
    for (key in obj) {
        key = isObject ? key : parseInt(key);
        if (/*hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key) && */fn(obj[key], key) === false) {
            break;
        }
    }
    return obj;
};

Ox.getObjectById = function(arr, id) {
    /***
    >>> Ox.getObjectById([{id: "foo", title: "Foo"}, {id: "bar", title: "Bar"}], "foo").title
    "Foo"
    ***/
    var ret = null;
    Ox.forEach(arr, function(v) {
        if (v.id == id) {
            ret = v;
            return false;
        }
    });
    return ret;
};

Ox.getPositionById = function(arr, id) {
    /***
    >>> Ox.getPositionById([{id: "foo", title: "Foo"}, {id: "bar", title: "Bar"}], "bar")
    1
    ***/
    var ret = -1;
    Ox.forEach(arr, function(v, i) {
        if (v.id == id) {
            ret = i;
            return false;
        }
    });
    return ret;
};

Ox.isEmpty = function(val) {
    return Ox.len(val) == 0;
};

Ox.isEqual = function(obj0, obj1) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isEqual(false, false)
    true
    >>> Ox.isEqual(0, 0)
    true
    >>> Ox.isEqual(NaN, NaN)
    false
    >>> Ox.isEqual('', '')
    true
    >>> Ox.isEqual([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3])
    true
    >>> Ox.isEqual({a: 1, b: [2, 3], c: {d: '4'}}, {a: 1, b: [2, 3], c: {d: '4'}})
    true
    >>> Ox.isEqual(function(arg) { return arg; }, function(arg) { return arg; });
    true
    */
    var ret = false;
    if (obj0 === obj1) {
        ret = true;
    } else if (typeof(obj0) == typeof(obj1)) {
        if (obj0 == obj1) {
            ret = true;
        } else if (Ox.isArray(obj0) && obj0.length == obj1.length) {
            ret = true;
            Ox.forEach(obj0, function(v, i) {
                ret = Ox.isEqual(v, obj1[i]);
                return ret;
            });
        } else if (Ox.isDate(obj0)) {
            ret = obj0.getTime() == obj1.getTime();
        } else if (Ox.isObject(obj0)) {
            ret = Ox.isEqual(Ox.keys(obj0), Ox.keys(obj1)) &&
                Ox.isEqual(Ox.values(obj0), Ox.values(obj1));
        } else if (Ox.isFunction(obj0)) {
            ret = obj0.toString() == obj1.toString();
        }
    }
    return ret;
};

Ox.keys = function(obj) {
    /*
    works for arrays, objects and strings, unlike Object.keys()
    >>> Ox.keys([1, 2, 3])
    [0, 1, 2]
    >>> Ox.keys({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3})
    ["a", "b", "c"]
    >>> Ox.keys('abc')
    [0, 1, 2]
    >>> Ox.keys([,])
    [0]
    */
    var keys = [];
    Ox.forEach(obj, function(v, k) {
        keys.push(k);
    });
    return keys.sort();
};

Ox.last = function(arr, val) {
    /***
    >>> Ox.last([1, 2, 3])
    3
    >>> Ox.last([1, 2, 3], 4)
    [1, 2, 4]
    ***/
    var ret;
    if (arguments.length == 1) {
        ret = arr[arr.length - 1];
    } else {
        arr[arr.length - 1] = val;
        ret = arr;
    }
    return ret;
};

Ox.len = function(obj) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.len([1, 2, 3])
    3
    >>> Ox.len({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3})
    3
    >>> Ox.len('abc')
    3
    >>> Ox.len(function(x, y) { return x + y; })
    2
    >>> Ox.len([,])
    1
    */
    return Ox.isObject(obj) ? Ox.values(obj).length : obj.length;
};

Ox.loop = function() {
    var length = arguments.length,
        fn = arguments[length - 1],
        step = length == 4 ? arguments[2] : 1,
        stop = arguments[length > 2 ? 1 : 0],
        start = length > 2 ? arguments[0] : 0,
        i;
    for (i = start; i < stop; i += step) {
        fn(i);
    }
};

Ox.makeArray = function(obj) {
    /*
    >>> (function() { return Ox.makeArray(arguments); }('foo', 'bar'))
    ['foo', 'bar']
    */
    return Array.prototype.slice.call(obj);
};

Ox.makeObject = function(obj) {
    /*
    >>> (function() { return Ox.makeObject(arguments); }({foo: 'bar'})).foo
    'bar'
    >>> (function() { return Ox.makeObject(arguments); }('foo', 'bar')).foo
    'bar'
    >>> (function() { return Ox.makeObject(arguments); }('foo')).foo
    undefined
    >>> (function() { return Ox.makeObject(arguments); }()).foo
    undefined
    */
    var ret = {};
    if (obj.length == 1) {
        // ({foo: 'bar'})
        ret = obj[0];
    } else if (obj.length == 2){
        // ('foo', 'bar')
        ret[obj[0]] = obj[1]
    }
    return ret;
};

Ox.map = function(obj, fn) {
    /*
    Ox.map() works for arrays, objects and strings,
    unlike [].map()
    >>> Ox.map([1, 1, 1], function(v, i) { return v == i; })
    [false, true, false]
    >>> Ox.map({a: 'a', b: 'a', c: 'a'}, function(v, k) { return v == k; }).a
    true
    >>> Ox.map("111", function(v, i) { return v == i; })
    [false, true, false]
    >>> Ox.map([,], function(v, i) { return i; })
    [0]
    */
    // fixme: return null to filter out is a bit esoteric
    var isObject = Ox.isObject(obj),
        ret = isObject ? {} : [];
    Ox.forEach(obj, function(val, key) {
        if ((v = fn(val, key)) !== null) {
            ret[isObject ? key : ret.length] = v;
        }
    });
    return ret;
};

Ox.max = function(obj) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.max([-1, 0, 1])
    1
    >>> Ox.max({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3})
    3
    */
    return Math.max.apply(Math, Ox.values(obj));
};

Ox.min = function(obj) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.min([-1, 0, 1])
    -1
    >>> Ox.min({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3})
    1
    */
    return Math.min.apply(Math, Ox.values(obj));
};

Ox.merge = function(arr) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.merge(['foo'], ['bar'], ['baz'])
    ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']
    */
    Ox.forEach(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1), function(arg) {
        Ox.forEach(arg, function(val) {
            arr.push(val);
        });
    });
    return arr;
};

Ox.range = function(start, stop, step) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.range(3)
    [0, 1, 2]
    >>> Ox.range(3, 0)
    [3, 2, 1]
    >>> Ox.range(1, 2, 0.5)
    [1, 1.5]
    */
    stop = arguments.length > 1 ? stop : arguments[0];
    start = arguments.length > 1 ? start : 0;
    step = step || (start <= stop ? 1 : -1);
    var arr = [], i;
    for (i = start; step > 0 ? i < stop : i > stop; i += step) {
        arr.push(i);
    }
    return arr;
};

Ox.serialize = function(obj) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.serialize({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3})
    'a=1&b=2&c=3'
    */
    var arr = [];
    Ox.forEach(obj, function(val, key) {
        val !== '' && arr.push(key + '=' + val);
    });
    return arr.join('&');
};

Ox.setPropertyOnce = function(arr, str) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.setPropertyOnce([{selected: false}, {selected: false}], 'selected')
    0
    >>> Ox.setPropertyOnce([{selected: false}, {selected: true}], 'selected')
    1
    >>> Ox.setPropertyOnce([{selected: true}, {selected: true}], 'selected')
    0
    */
    var pos = -1;
    Ox.forEach(arr, function(v, i) {
        if (pos == -1 && arr[i][str]) {
            pos = i;
        } else if (pos > -1 && arr[i][str]) {
            delete arr[i][str];
        }
    });
    if (pos == -1) {
        arr[0][str] = true;
        pos = 0;
    }
    return pos;
};

Ox.shuffle = function(arr) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.shuffle([1, 2, 3]).length
    3
    */
    var shuffle = arr;
    return shuffle.sort(function() {
        return Math.random() - 0.5;
    });
};

Ox.some = function(obj, fn) {
    /*
    Ox.some() works for arrays, objects and strings, unlike [].some()
    >>> Ox.some([2, 1, 0], function(i, v) { return i == v; })
    true
    >>> Ox.some({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}, function(v) { return v == 1; })
    true
    >>> Ox.some("foo", function(v) { return v == 'f'; })
    true
    */
    return Ox.filter(Ox.values(obj), fn).length > 0;
};

Ox.sort = function(arr) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.sort(['10', '9', 'B', 'a'])
    ['9', '10', 'a', 'B']
    */
    var len, matches = {}, sort = {};
    // find leading numbers
    arr.forEach(function(val, i) {
        var match = /^\d+/(val);
        matches[val] = match ? match[0] : '';
    });
    // get length of longest leading number
    len = Ox.max(Ox.map(matches, function(val) {
        return val.length;
    }));
    // pad leading numbers, and make lower case
    arr.forEach(function(val) {
        sort[val] = (
            matches[val] ?
            Ox.pad(matches[val], len) + val.toString().substr(matches[val].length) :
            val
        ).toLowerCase();
    });
    return arr.sort(function(a, b) {
        var ret = 0;
        if (sort[a] < sort[b]) {
            ret = -1;
        } else if (sort[a] > sort[b]) {
            ret = 1;
        }
        return ret;
    });
};

Ox.sum = function(obj) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.sum([-1, 0, 1])
    0
    >>> Ox.sum({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3})
    6
    */
    var sum = 0;
    Ox.forEach(obj, function(val) {
        sum += val;
    });
    return sum;
};

Ox.toArray = function(obj) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.toArray('foo')
    ['foo']
    >>> Ox.toArray(['foo'])
    ['foo']
    */
    var arr;
    if (Ox.isArray(obj)) {
        arr = obj;
    } else if (Ox.isArguments(obj)) {
        arr = Ox.makeArray(obj);
    } else {
        arr = [obj];
    }
    return arr;
};

Ox.unique = function(arr) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.unique([1, 2, 3, 1])
    [1, 2, 3]
    */
    var unique = [];
    Ox.forEach(arr, function(val) {
        unique.indexOf(val) == -1 && unique.push(val);
    });
    return unique;
};

Ox.unserialize = function(str) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.unserialize('a=1&b=2&c=3').c
    '3'
    */
    var arr, obj = {};
    Ox.forEach(str.split('&'), function(val) {
        arr = val.split('=');
        obj[arr[0]] = arr[1];
    });
    return obj;
};

Ox.values = function(obj) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.values([1, 2, 3])
    [1, 2, 3]
    >>> Ox.values({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3})
    [1, 2, 3]
    >>> Ox.values('abc')
    ['a', 'b', 'c']
    >>> Ox.values([1,])
    [1]
    */
    // fixme: why doesn't this use map?
    var values = [];
    Ox.forEach(obj, function(val) {
        values.push(val);
    });
    return values;
};

Ox.walk = function(obj, fn) {
    /*
    >>> a = 0; Ox.walk({a: 1, b: {c: 2, d: 3}}, function(v, k) { a += Ox.isNumber(v) ? v : 0}); a
    6
    */
    Ox.forEach(obj, function(val, key) {
        fn(val, key, obj);
        Ox.walk(obj[key], fn);
    });
};

Ox.zip = function() {
    /*
    >>> Ox.zip([[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]])
    [[0, 2, 4], [1, 3, 5]]
    >>> Ox.zip([0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5])
    [[0, 3], [1, 4], [2, 5]]
    */
    var args = arguments.length == 1 ? arguments[0] : Ox.makeArray(arguments),
        arr = [];
    args[0].forEach(function(v, i) {
        arr[i] = [];
        args.forEach(function(v_, i_) {
            arr[i].push(v_[i]);
        });
    });
    return arr;
};

/*
================================================================================
Color functions
================================================================================
*/

Ox.hsl = function(rgb) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.hsl([0, 0, 0])
    [0, 0, 0]
    >>> Ox.hsl([255, 255, 255])
    [0, 0, 1]
    >>> Ox.hsl([0, 255, 0])
    [120, 1, 0.5]
    */
    rgb = rgb.map(function(v) {
        return v / 255;
    });
    var max = Ox.max(rgb),
        min = Ox.min(rgb),
        hsl = [0, 0, 0];
    hsl[2] = 0.5 * (max + min);
    if (max == min) {
        hsl[0] = 0;
        hsl[1] = 0;
    } else {
        if (max == rgb[0]) {
            hsl[0] = (60 * (rgb[1] - rgb[2]) / (max - min) + 360) % 360;
        } else if (max == rgb[1]) {
            hsl[0] = 60 * (rgb[2] - rgb[0]) / (max - min) + 120;
        } else if (max == rgb[2]) {
            hsl[0] = 60 * (rgb[0] - rgb[1]) / (max - min) + 240;
        }
        if (hsl[2] <= 0.5) {
            hsl[1] = (max - min) / (2 * hsl[2]);
        } else {
            hsl[1] = (max - min) / (2 - 2 * hsl[2]);
        }
    }
    return hsl;
};

Ox.rgb = function(hsl) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.rgb([0, 0, 0])
    [0, 0, 0]
    >>> Ox.rgb([0, 0, 1])
    [255, 255, 255]
    >>> Ox.rgb([120, 1, 0.5])
    [0, 255, 0]
    */
    hsl[0] /= 360;
    var rgb = [0, 0, 0],
        v1, v2, v3;
    if (hsl[1] == 0) {
        rgb = [hsl[2], hsl[2], hsl[2]];
    } else {
        if (hsl[2] < 0.5) {
            v2 = hsl[2] * (1 + hsl[1]); 
        } else {
            v2 = hsl[1] + hsl[2] - (hsl[1] * hsl[2]);
        }
        v1 = 2 * hsl[2] - v2;
        rgb.forEach(function(v, i) {
            v3 = hsl[0] + (1 - i) * 1/3;
            if (v3 < 0) {
                v3++;
            } else if (v3 > 1) {
                v3--;
            }
            if (v3 < 1/6) {
                rgb[i] = v1 + ((v2 - v1) * 6 * v3);
            } else if (v3 < 0.5) {
                rgb[i] = v2;
            } else if (v3 < 2/3) {
                rgb[i] = v1 + ((v2 - v1) * 6 * (2/3 - v3));
            } else {
                rgb[i] = v1;
            }
        });
    }
    return rgb.map(function(v) {
        return v * 255;
    });
};

/*
================================================================================
Date functions
================================================================================
*/

Ox.getDateInWeek = function(date, weekday, utc) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.formatDate(Ox.getDateInWeek(new Date("January 1 2000"), "Sunday"), "%A, %B %e, %Y")
    "Sunday, January  2, 2000"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(Ox.getDateInWeek(new Date("Jan 1 2000"), "Fri"), "%A, %B %e, %Y")
    "Friday, December 31, 1999"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(Ox.getDateInWeek(new Date("1/1/2000"), 1), "%A, %B %e, %Y")
    "Monday, December 27, 1999"
    */
    date = Ox.makeDate(date);
    Ox.print(date, Ox.getDate(date, utc), Ox.formatDate(date, '%u', utc), date)
    var sourceWeekday = Ox.getISODay(date, utc),
        targetWeekday = Ox.isNumber(weekday) ? weekday :
            Ox.map(Ox.WEEKDAYS, function(v, i) {
                return v.substr(0, 3) == weekday.substr(0, 3) ? i + 1 : null;
            })[0];
    Ox.print(date, Ox.getDate(date, utc), sourceWeekday, targetWeekday)
    return Ox.setDate(date, Ox.getDate(date, utc) - sourceWeekday + targetWeekday, utc);
}

Ox.getDayOfTheYear = function(date, utc) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.getDayOfTheYear(new Date("12/31/2000"))
    366
    >>> Ox.getDayOfTheYear(new Date("12/31/2002"))
    365
    >>> Ox.getDayOfTheYear(new Date("12/31/2004"))
    366
    */
    date = Ox.makeDate(date);
    var month = Ox.getMonth(date, utc),
        year = Ox.getFullYear(date, utc);
    return Ox.sum(Ox.map(Ox.range(month), function(i) {
        return Ox.getDaysInMonth(year, i + 1);
    })) + Ox.getDate(date, utc);
};

Ox.getDaysInMonth = function(year, month, utc) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.getDaysInMonth(2000, 2)
    29
    >>> Ox.getDaysInMonth("2002", "Feb")
    28
    >>> Ox.getDaysInMonth(new Date('01/01/2004'), "February")
    29
    */
    year = Ox.makeYear(year);
    month = Ox.isNumber(month) ? month :
        Ox.map(Ox.MONTHS, function(v, i) {
            return v.substr(0, 3) == month.substr(0, 3) ? i + 1 : null;
        })[0];
    return new Date(year, month, 0).getDate();
}

Ox.getDaysInYear = function(year, utc) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.getDaysInYear(1900)
    365
    >>> Ox.getDaysInYear('2000')
    366
    >>> Ox.getDaysInYear(new Date('01/01/2004'))
    366
    */
    return 365 + Ox.isLeapYear(Ox.makeYear(year, utc));
};

Ox.getFirstDayOfTheYear = function(date, utc) {
    /*
    Decimal weekday of January 1 (0-6, Sunday as first day)
    >>> Ox.getFirstDayOfTheYear(new Date("01/01/2000"))
    6
    */
    date = Ox.makeDate(date);
    date = Ox.setMonth(date, 0, utc);
    date = Ox.setDate(date, 1, utc);
    return Ox.getDay(date, utc)
};

Ox.getISODate = function(date, utc) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.getISODate(new Date("01/01/2000"))
    "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"
    */
    return Ox.formatDate(Ox.makeDate(date), '%FT%TZ', utc);
};

Ox.getISODay = function(date, utc) {
    /*
    Decimal weekday (1-7, Monday as first day)
    >>> Ox.getISODay(new Date("01/01/2000"))
    6
    >>> Ox.getISODay(new Date("01/02/2000"))
    7
    >>> Ox.getISODay(new Date("01/03/2000"))
    1
    */
    return Ox.getDay(Ox.makeDate(date), utc) || 7;
};

Ox.getISOWeek = function(date, utc) {
    /*
    see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601
    >>> Ox.getISOWeek(new Date("01/01/2000"))
    52
    >>> Ox.getISOWeek(new Date("01/02/2000"))
    52
    >>> Ox.getISOWeek(new Date("01/03/2000"))
    1
    */
    date = Ox.makeDate(date);
    // set date to Thursday of the same week
    return Math.floor((Ox.getDayOfTheYear(Ox.setDate(
        date, Ox.getDate(date, utc) - Ox.getISODay(date, utc) + 4, utc
    ), utc) - 1) / 7) + 1;
};

Ox.getISOYear = function(date, utc) {
    /*
    see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601
    >>> Ox.getISOYear(new Date("01/01/2000"))
    1999
    >>> Ox.getISOYear(new Date("01/02/2000"))
    1999
    >>> Ox.getISOYear(new Date("01/03/2000"))
    2000
    */
    date = Ox.makeDate(date);
    // set date to Thursday of the same week
    return Ox.getFullYear(Ox.setDate(
        date, Ox.getDate(date, utc) - Ox.getISODay(date, utc) + 4, utc
    ));
};

Ox.getTime = function() {
    // fixme: needed?
    return +new Date();
}

Ox.getTimezoneOffset = function() {
    return new Date().getTimezoneOffset() * 60000;
}

Ox.getTimezoneOffsetString = function(date) {
    /*
    Time zone offset string ('-1200' - '+1200')
    >>> Ox.getTimezoneOffsetString(new Date('01/01/2000')).length
    5
    */
    var offset = (Ox.makeDate(date)).getTimezoneOffset();
    return (offset < 0 ? '+' : '-') +
        Ox.pad(Math.floor(Math.abs(offset) / 60), 2) +
        Ox.pad(Math.abs(offset) % 60, 2);
};

Ox.getWeek = function(date, utc) {
    /*
    Week of the year (0-53, Sunday as first day)
    >>> Ox.getWeek(new Date("01/01/2000"))
    0
    >>> Ox.getWeek(new Date("01/02/2000"))
    1
    >>> Ox.getWeek(new Date("01/03/2000"))
    1
    */
    date = Ox.makeDate(date);
    return Math.floor((Ox.getDayOfTheYear(date, utc) +
        Ox.getFirstDayOfTheYear(date, utc) - 1) / 7);
};

Ox.isLeapYear = function(year, utc) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isLeapYear(1900)
    false
    >>> Ox.isLeapYear('2000')
    true
    >>> Ox.isLeapYear(new Date('01/01/2004'))
    true
    */
    year = Ox.makeYear(year, utc);
    return year % 4 == 0 && (year % 100 != 0 || year % 400 == 0);
};

Ox.makeDate = function(date) {
    return Ox.isDate(date) ? date :
        Ox.isUndefined(date) ? new Date() : new Date(date);
};

Ox.makeYear = function(date, utc) {
    return Ox.isDate(date) ? Ox.getFullYear(date, utc) : parseInt(date);
};

[
    'FullYear', 'Month', 'Date', 'Day',
    'Hours', 'Minutes', 'Seconds', 'Milliseconds'
].forEach(function(noun) {
    Ox['get' + noun] = function(date, utc) {
        return Ox.makeDate(date)['get' + (utc ? 'UTC' : '') + noun]()
    }
    Ox['set' + noun] = function(date, num, utc) {
        // new Date(date) makes a clone, so that
        // setSomething() doesn't have side effects
        return new Date(
            Ox.makeDate(date)
        )['set' + (utc ? 'UTC' : '') + noun](num);
        // fixme: maybe we _want_ set to have side effects?
    }
});

/*
================================================================================
DOM functions
================================================================================
*/

Ox.canvas = function() {
    // Ox.canvas(img) or Ox.canvas(width, height)
    var c = {}, isImage = arguments.length == 1,
        image = isImage ? arguments[0] : {
            width: arguments[0], height: arguments[1]
        };
    c.context = (c.canvas = Ox.element('<canvas>').attr({
        width: image.width, height: image.height
    })[0]).getContext('2d');
    isImage && c.context.drawImage(image, 0, 0);
    c.data = (c.imageData = c.context.getImageData(
        0, 0, image.width, image.height
    )).data;
    return c;
};

Ox.documentReady = (function() {
    var callbacks = [];
    document.onreadystatechange = function() {
        if (document.readyState == 'complete') {
            //Ox.print('document has become ready', callbacks);
            callbacks.forEach(function(callback) {
                callback();
            });
            delete callbacks;
        }
    };
    return function(callback) {
        if (document.readyState == 'complete') {
            //Ox.print('document is ready')
            callback();
        } else {
            callbacks.push(callback);
            //Ox.print('document is not ready', callbacks)
        }
    }
}());

Ox.element = function(str) {
    /*
    Generic HTML element, mimics jQuery
    >>> Ox.element('div').attr({id: 'foo'}).attr('id')
    'foo'
    >>> Ox.element('div').css('color', 'red').css('color')
    'red'
    >>> Ox.element('div').html('foo').html()
    'foo'
    */
    return {
        0: str[0] == '<' ? document.createElement(str.substr(1, str.length - 2)) :
            str[0] == '.' ? document.getElementsByClassName(str.substr(1))[0] :
            str[0] == '#' ? document.getElementById(str.substr(1)) :
            document.getElementsByTagName(str)[0],
        addClass: function(str) {
            this[0].className += (this[0].className ? ' ' : '') + str;
            return this;
        },
        append: function(element) {
            this[0].appendChild(element[0]);
            return this;
        },
        appendTo: function(element) {
            element[0].appendChild(this[0]);
            return this;
        },
        attr: function() {
            var ret, that = this;
            if (arguments.length == 1 && Ox.isString(arguments[0])) {
                ret = this[0].getAttribute(arguments[0]);
            } else {
                Ox.forEach(Ox.makeObject(arguments), function(v, k) {
                    that[0].setAttribute(k, v);
                });
                ret = this;
            }
            return ret;
        },
        css: function() {
            var ret, that = this;
            if (arguments.length == 1 && Ox.isString(arguments[0])) {
                ret = this[0].style[arguments[0]];
            } else {
                Ox.forEach(Ox.makeObject(arguments), function(v, k) {
                    that[0].style[k] = v;
                });
                ret = this;
            }
            return ret;
        },
        html: function(str) {
            var ret;
            if (Ox.isUndefined(str)) {
                ret = this[0].innerHTML;
            } else {
                this[0].innerHTML = str;
                ret = this;
            }
            return ret;
        },
        mousedown: function(fn) {
            this[0].onmousedown = fn;
            return this;
        }
    }
};

/*
================================================================================
Encoding functions
================================================================================
*/

(function() {

    var aliases = {'I': '1', 'L': '1', 'O': '0', 'U': 'V'},
        digits = '0123456789ABCDEFGHJKMNPQRSTVWXYZ';

    function cap(width, height) {
        // returns maximum encoding capacity of an image
        return parseInt(width * height * 3/8) - 4;
    }

    function seek(data, px) {
        // returns this, or the next, opaque pixel
        while (data[px * 4 + 3] < 255) {
            if (++px * 4 == data.length) {
                throwPNGError('de');
            }
        }
        return px;
    }

    function xor(byte) {
        // returns "1"-bits-in-byte % 2
        var xor = 0;
        Ox.range(8).forEach(function(i) {
            xor ^= byte >> i & 1;
        });
        return xor;
    }

    function throwPNGError(str) {
        throw new RangeError(
            'PNG codec can\'t ' +
            (str == 'en' ? 'encode data' : 'decode image')
        );
    }

    function throwUTF8Error(byte, pos) {
        throw new RangeError(
            'UTF-8 codec can\'t decode byte 0x' +
            byte.toString(16).toUpperCase() + ' at position ' + pos
        );
    }

    Ox.encodeBase32 = function(num) {
        // see http://www.crockford.com/wrmg/base32.html
        /*
        >>> Ox.encodeBase32(15360)
        'F00'
        >>> Ox.encodeBase32(33819)
        '110V'
        */
        return Ox.map(num.toString(32), function(char) {
            return digits[parseInt(char, 32)];
        }).join('');
    }

    Ox.decodeBase32 = function(str) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.decodeBase32('foo')
        15360
        >>> Ox.decodeBase32('ilou')
        33819
        >>> Ox.decodeBase32('?').toString()
        'NaN'
        */
        return parseInt(Ox.map(str.toUpperCase(), function(char) {
            var index = digits.indexOf(aliases[char] || char);
            return (index == -1 ? ' ' : index).toString(32);
        }).join(''), 32);
    }

    Ox.encodeBase64 = function(num) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.encodeBase64(32394)
        'foo'
        */
        return btoa(Ox.encodeBase256(num)).replace(/=/g, "");
    }

    Ox.decodeBase64 = function(str) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.decodeBase64('foo')
        32394
        */
        return Ox.decodeBase256(atob(str));
    }

    Ox.encodeBase128 = function(num) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.encodeBase128(1685487)
        'foo'
        */
        var str = '';
        while (num) {
            str = Ox.char(num & 127) + str;
            num >>= 7;
        }
        return str;
    }

    Ox.decodeBase128 = function(str) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.decodeBase128('foo')
        1685487
        */
        var num = 0, len = str.length;
        Ox.forEach(str, function(char, i) {
            num += char.charCodeAt(0) << (len - i - 1) * 7;
        });
        return num;
    }

    Ox.encodeBase256 = function(num) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.encodeBase256(6713199)
        'foo'
        */
        var str = '';
        while (num) {
            str = Ox.char(num & 255) + str;
            num >>= 8;
        }
        return str;
    }

    Ox.decodeBase256 = function(str) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.decodeBase256('foo')
        6713199
        */
        var num = 0, len = str.length;
        Ox.forEach(str, function(char, i) {
            num += char.charCodeAt(0) << (len - i - 1) * 8;
        });
        return num;
    }

    Ox.encodeDeflate = function(str) {
        // encodes string, using deflate
        /*
        in fact, the string is written to the rgb channels of a canvas element,
        then the dataURL is decoded from base64, and some head and tail cut off
        */
        str = Ox.encodeUTF8(str);
        var len = str.length, c = Ox.canvas(Math.ceil((4 + len) / 3), 1), data;
        str = Ox.pad(Ox.encodeBase256(len), 4, Ox.char(0)) + str +
                Ox.repeat('\u00FF', (4 - len % 4) % 4); // simpler? Ox.pad()?
        /* fixme: why does map not work here?
        c.data = $.map(c.data, function(v, i) {
            return i % 4 < 3 ? str.charCodeAt(i - parseInt(i / 4)) : 255;
        });
        */
        for (i = 0; i < c.data.length; i += 1) {
            c.data[i] = i % 4 < 3 ? str.charCodeAt(i - parseInt(i / 4)) : 255;
        }
        c.context.putImageData(c.imageData, 0, 0);
        Ox.print(c.canvas.toDataURL())
        data = atob(c.canvas.toDataURL().split(',')[1]);
        Ox.print('data', data);
        return data.substr(8, data.length - 20);
    }

    Ox.decodeDeflate = function(str) {
        var image = new Image();
        image.src = 'data:image/png;base64,' + btoa('\u0089PNG\r\n\u001A\n' +
                str + Ox.repeat('\u0000', 4) + 'IEND\u00AEB`\u0082');
        Ox.print(image.src);
        while (!image.width) {} // block until image data is available
        str = Ox.map(Ox.canvas(image).data, function(v, i) {
            return i % 4 < 3 ? Ox.char(v) : '';
        }).join('');
        return Ox.decodeUTF8(str.substr(4, Ox.decodeBase256(str.substr(0, 4))));
    }

    Ox.encodeHTML = function(str) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.encodeHTML('\'<"&">\'')
        '&apos;&lt;&quot;&amp;&quot;&gt;&apos;'
        >>> Ox.encodeHTML('äbçdê')
        '&#x00E4;b&#x00E7;d&#x00EA;'
        */
        return Ox.map(str, function(v) {
            var code = v.charCodeAt(0);
            return code < 128 ? (v in Ox.HTML_ENTITIES ? Ox.HTML_ENTITIES[v] : v) :
                '&#x' + Ox.pad(code.toString(16).toUpperCase(), 4) + ';';
        }).join('');
    };

    Ox.decodeHTML = function(str) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.decodeHTML('&apos;&lt;&quot;&amp;&quot;&gt;&apos;')
        '\'<"&">\''
        >>> Ox.decodeHTML('&#x0027;&#x003C;&#x0022;&#x0026;&#x0022;&#x003E;&#x0027;')
        '\'<"&">\''
        >>> Ox.decodeHTML('&auml;b&ccedil;d&ecirc;')
        'äbçdê'
        >>> Ox.decodeHTML('&#x00E4;b&#x00E7;d&#x00EA;')
        'äbçdê'
        */
        // relies on dom, but shorter than using this:
        // http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/named-character-references.html 
        return Ox.element('<div>').html(str)[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue;
        //return $('<div/>').html(str)[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue;
    };

    Ox.encodePNG = function(img, str) {
        // encodes string into image, returns new image url
        /*
        the message is compressed with deflate (by proxy of canvas),
        then the string (four bytes length) + (length bytes message)
        is encoded bitwise into the r/g/b bytes of all opaque pixels
        by flipping, if necessary, the least significant bit, so that
        (number of "1"-bits of the byte) % 2 is the bit of the string
        wishlist:
        - only use deflate if it actually shortens the message
        - in deflate, strip and later re-insert the chunk types
        - encode a decoy message into the least significant bit
          (and flip the second least significant bit, if at all)
        - write an extra png chunk containing some key
        */
        //str = Ox.encodeDeflate(str); currently broken
        str = Ox.encodeUTF8(str);
        var c = Ox.canvas(img), len = str.length, px = 0;
        if (len == 0 || len > cap(img.width, img.height)) {
            throwPNGError('en')
        }
        len = Ox.pad(Ox.encodeBase256(len), 4, Ox.char(0));
        Ox.forEach(Ox.map(len + str, function(byte) {
            return Ox.map(Ox.range(8), function(i) {
                return byte.charCodeAt(0) >> 7 - i & 1;
            }).join('');
        }).join(''), function(bit, i) {
            var index = parseInt((px = seek(c.data, px)) * 4 + i % 3),
                byte = c.data[index];
            c.data[index] = bit == xor(byte) ? byte :
                    byte & 254 | !(byte & 1);
            px += i % 3 == 2;
        });
        c.context.putImageData(c.imageData, 0, 0);
        return c.canvas.toDataURL();
    }

    Ox.decodePNG = function(img) {
        // decodes image, returns string
        var bits = '', data = Ox.canvas(img).data, flag = false, i = 0,
            len = 4, max = cap(img.width, img.height), px = 0, str = '';
        do {
            bits += xor(data[parseInt((px = seek(data, px)) * 4 + i % 3)]);
            px += i % 3 == 2;
            if (++i % 8 == 0) {
                str += Ox.char(parseInt(bits, 2));
                bits = '';
                len--;
                if (len == 0 && !flag) {
                    len = Ox.decodeBase256(str);
                    if (len <= 0 || len > max) {
                        Ox.print(len);
                        throwPNGError('de');
                    }
                    str = '';
                    flag = true;
                }
            }
        } while (len);
        try {
            //return Ox.decodeDeflate(str); currently broken
            return Ox.decodeUTF8(str);
        } catch(e) {
            Ox.print(e.toString());
            throwPNGError('de');
        }
    }

    Ox.encodeUTF8 = function(str) {
        /*
        see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8
        >>> Ox.encodeUTF8('foo')
        'foo'
        >>> Ox.encodeUTF8('¥€$')
        '\u00C2\u00A5\u00E2\u0082\u00AC\u0024'
        */
        return Ox.map(str, function(chr) {
            var code = chr.charCodeAt(0),
                str = '';
            if (code < 128) {
                str = chr;
            } else if (code < 2048) {
                str = String.fromCharCode(code >> 6 | 192) +
                    String.fromCharCode(code & 63 | 128);
            } else {
                str = String.fromCharCode(code >> 12 | 224) +
                    String.fromCharCode(code >> 6 & 63 | 128) +
                    String.fromCharCode(code & 63 | 128);
            }
            return str;
        }).join('');
    }

    Ox.decodeUTF8 = function(str) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.decodeUTF8('foo')
        'foo'
        >>> Ox.decodeUTF8('\u00C2\u00A5\u00E2\u0082\u00AC\u0024')
        '¥€$'
        */
        var bytes = Ox.map(str, function(v) {
                return v.charCodeAt(0);
            }),
            i = 0,
            len = str.length,
            str = '';
        while (i < len) {
            if (bytes[i] <= 128) {
                str += String.fromCharCode(bytes[i]);
                i++;
            } else if (
                bytes[i] >= 192 && bytes[i] < 240 &&
                i < len - (bytes[i] < 224 ? 1 : 2)
            ) {
                if (bytes[i + 1] >= 128 && bytes[i + 1] < 192) {
                    if (bytes[i] < 224) {
                        str += String.fromCharCode((bytes[i] & 31) << 6 |
                            bytes[i + 1] & 63);
                        i += 2;
                    } else if (bytes[i + 2] >= 128 && bytes[i + 2] < 192) {
                        str += String.fromCharCode((bytes[i] & 15) << 12 |
                            (bytes[i + 1] & 63) << 6 | bytes[i + 2] & 63);
                        i += 3;
                    } else {
                        throwUTF8Error(bytes[i + 2], i + 2);
                    }
                } else {
                    throwUTF8Error(bytes[i + 1], i + 1);
                }
            } else {
                throwUTF8Error(bytes[i], i);
            }
        }
        return str;
    };

})();

/*
================================================================================
Format functions
================================================================================
*/

Ox.formatArea = function(num, dec) {
    return Ox.formatNumber(Ox.round(num / 1000000, dec)) + ' km\u00B2';
}

Ox.formatColor = function() {
    
};

Ox.formatCurrency = function(num, str, dec) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.formatCurrency(1000, '$', 2)
    '$1,000.00'
    */
    return str + Ox.formatNumber(num, dec);
};

Ox.formatDate = function(date, str, utc) {
    // fixme: date and utc are optional, date can be date, number or string

    /*
    See http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man3/strftime.3.html
    and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601
    >>> _date = new Date("2005-01-02 00:03:04")
    "Sun Jan 02 2005 00:03:04 GMT+0100 (CET)"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%A") // Full weekday
    "Sunday"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%a") // Abbreviated weekday
    "Sun"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%B") // Full month
    "January"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%b") // Abbreviated month
    "Jan"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%C") // Century
    "20"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%c") // US time and date
    "01/02/05 12:03:04 AM"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%D") // US date
    "01/02/05"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%d") // Zero-padded day of the month
    "02"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%e") // Space-padded day of the month
    " 2"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%F") // Date
    "2005-01-02"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%G") // Full ISO-8601 year
    "2004"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%g") // Abbreviated ISO-8601 year
    "04"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%H") // Zero-padded hour (24-hour clock)
    "00"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%h") // Abbreviated month
    "Jan"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%I") // Zero-padded hour (12-hour clock)
    "12"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%j") // Zero-padded day of the year
    "002"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%k") // Space-padded hour (24-hour clock)
    " 0"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%l") // Space-padded hour (12-hour clock)
    "12"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%M") // Zero-padded minute
    "03"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%m") // Zero-padded month
    "01"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%n") // Newline
    "\n"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%p") // AM or PM
    "AM"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%Q") // Quarter of the year
    "1"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%R") // Zero-padded hour and minute
    "00:03"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%r") // US time
    "12:03:04 AM"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%S") // Zero-padded second
    "04"
    >/> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%s") // Number of seconds since the Epoch
    "1104620584"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%T") // Time
    "00:03:04"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%t") // Tab
    "\t"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%U") // Zero-padded week of the year (00-53, Sunday as first day)
    "01"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%u") // Decimal weekday (1-7, Monday as first day)
    "7"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%V") // Zero-padded ISO-8601 week of the year
    "53"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%v") // Formatted date
    " 2-Jan-2005"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%W") // Zero-padded week of the year (00-53, Monday as first day)
    "00"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%w") // Decimal weekday (0-6, Sunday as first day)
    "0"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%X") // US time
    "12:03:04 AM"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%x") // US date
    "01/02/05"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%Y") // Full year
    "2005"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%y") // Abbreviated year
    "05"
    >/> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%Z") // Time zone name
    "CET"
    >/> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%z") // Time zone offset
    "+0100"
    >/> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%+") // Formatted date and time
    "Sun Jan  2 00:03:04 CET 2005"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(_date, "%%")
    "%"
    >>> delete _date
    true
    >>> Ox.formatDate(new Date("01/01/2000"), "%W")
    "00"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(new Date("01/02/2000"), "%W")
    "00"
    >>> Ox.formatDate(new Date("01/03/2000"), "%W")
    "01"
    */

    date = Ox.makeDate(date);
    var format = [
        ['%', function() {return '%{%}';}],
        ['c', function() {return '%x %X';}],
        ['X', function() {return '%r';}],
        ['x', function() {return '%D';}],
        ['D', function() {return '%m/%d/%y';}],
        ['F', function() {return '%Y-%m-%d';}],
        ['h', function() {return '%b';}],
        ['R', function() {return '%H:%M';}],
        ['r', function() {return '%I:%M:%S %p';}],
        ['T', function() {return '%H:%M:%S';}],
        ['v', function() {return '%e-%b-%Y';}],
        ['\\+', function() {return '%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y';}],
        ['A', function(d) {return Ox.WEEKDAYS[(Ox.getDay(d, utc) + 6) % 7];}],
        ['a', function(d) {return Ox.SHORT_WEEKDAYS[(Ox.getDay(d, utc) + 6) % 7];}],
        ['B', function(d) {return Ox.MONTHS[Ox.getMonth(d, utc)];}],
        ['b', function(d) {return Ox.SHORT_MONTHS[Ox.getMonth(d, utc)];}],
        ['C', function(d) {return Math.floor(Ox.getFullYear(d, utc) / 100).toString();}],
        ['d', function(d) {return Ox.pad(Ox.getDate(d, utc), 2);}],
        ['e', function(d) {return Ox.pad(Ox.getDate(d, utc), 2, ' ');}],
        ['G', function(d) {return Ox.getISOYear(d, utc);}],
        ['g', function(d) {return Ox.getISOYear(d, utc).toString().substr(-2);}],
        ['H', function(d) {return Ox.pad(Ox.getHours(d, utc), 2);}],
        ['I', function(d) {return Ox.pad((Ox.getHours(d, utc) + 11) % 12 + 1, 2);}],
        ['j', function(d) {return Ox.pad(Ox.getDayOfTheYear(d, utc), 3);}],
        ['k', function(d) {return Ox.pad(Ox.getHours(d, utc), 2, ' ');}],
        ['l', function(d) {return Ox.pad(((Ox.getHours(d, utc) + 11) % 12 + 1), 2, ' ');}],
        ['M', function(d) {return Ox.pad(Ox.getMinutes(d, utc), 2);}],
        ['m', function(d) {return Ox.pad((Ox.getMonth(d, utc) + 1), 2);}],
        ['p', function(d) {return Ox.AMPM[Math.floor(Ox.getHours(d, utc) / 12)];}],
        ['Q', function(d) {return Math.floor(Ox.getMonth(d, utc) / 4) + 1;}],
        ['S', function(d) {return Ox.pad(Ox.getSeconds(d, utc), 2);}],
        ['s', function(d) {return Math.floor(d.getTime() / 1000);}],
        ['U', function(d) {return Ox.pad(Ox.getWeek(d, utc), 2);}],
        ['u', function(d) {return Ox.getISODay(d, utc);}],
        ['V', function(d) {return Ox.pad(Ox.getISOWeek(d, utc), 2);}],
        ['W', function(d) {return Ox.pad(Math.floor((Ox.getDayOfTheYear(d, utc) +
            (Ox.getFirstDayOfTheYear(d, utc) || 7) - 2) / 7), 2);}],
        ['w', function(d) {return Ox.getDay(d, utc);}],
        ['Y', function(d) {return Ox.getFullYear(d, utc);}],
        ['y', function(d) {return Ox.getFullYear(d, utc).toString().substr(-2);}],
        ['Z', function(d) {return d.toString().split('(')[1].replace(')', '');}],
        ['z', function(d) {return Ox.getTimezoneOffsetString(d);}],
        ['n', function() {return '\n';}],
        ['t', function() {return '\t';}],
        ['\\{%\\}', function() {return '%';}]
    ];
    format.forEach(function(v) {
        var regexp = new RegExp('%' + v[0], 'g');
        if (regexp.test(str)) {
            str = str.replace(regexp, v[1](date));
        }
    });
    return str;
};

Ox.formatDuration = function(sec, dec, format) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.formatDuration(123456.789, 3)
    "1:10:17:36.789"
    >>> Ox.formatDuration(12345.6789)
    "03:25:46"
    >>> Ox.formatDuration(12345.6789, true)
    "0:03:25:46"
    >>> Ox.formatDuration(3599.999, 3)
    "00:59:59.999"
    >>> Ox.formatDuration(3599.999)
    "01:00:00"
    */
    var format = arguments.length == 3 ? format : (Ox.isString(dec) ? dec : "short"),
        dec = (arguments.length == 3 || Ox.isNumber(dec)) ? dec : 0,
        sec = dec ? sec : Math.round(sec),
        val = [
            Math.floor(sec / 31536000),
            Math.floor(sec % 31536000 / 86400),
            Math.floor(sec % 86400 / 3600),
            Math.floor(sec % 3600 / 60),
            format == "short" ? Ox.formatNumber(sec % 60, dec) : sec % 60
        ],
        str = {
            medium: ["y", "d", "h", "m", "s"],
            long: ["year", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"]
        },
        pad = [0, 3, 2, 2, dec ? dec + 3 : 2];
    while (!val[0] && val.length > (format == "short" ? 3 : 1)) {
        val.shift();
        str.medium.shift();
        str.long.shift();
        pad.shift();
    }
    while (format != "short" && !val[val.length - 1] && val.length > 1) {
        val.pop();
        str.medium.pop();
        str.long.pop();
    }
    return Ox.map(val, function(v, i) {
        return format == "short" ? Ox.pad(v, pad[i]) :
                v + (format == "long" ? " " : "") + str[format][i] +
                (format == "long" && v != 1 ? "s" : "");
    }).join(format == "short" ? ":" : " ");
};

Ox.formatNumber = function(num, dec) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.formatNumber(123456789, 3)
    "123,456,789.000"
    >>> Ox.formatNumber(-2000000 / 3, 3)
    "-666,666.667"
    >>> Ox.formatNumber(666666.666)
    "666,667"
    */
    var str = Math.abs(num).toFixed(dec || 0),
        spl = str.split('.'),
        arr = [];
    while (spl[0]) {
        arr.unshift(spl[0].substr(-3));
        spl[0] = spl[0].substr(0, spl[0].length - 3);
    }
    spl[0] = arr.join(',');
    return (num < 0 ? '-' : '') + spl.join('.');
};

Ox.formatOrdinal = function(num) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.formatOrdinal(1)
    "1st"
    >>> Ox.formatOrdinal(2)
    "2nd"
    >>> Ox.formatOrdinal(3)
    "3rd"
    >>> Ox.formatOrdinal(4)
    "4th"
    >>> Ox.formatOrdinal(11)
    "11th"
    >>> Ox.formatOrdinal(12)
    "12th"
    >>> Ox.formatOrdinal(13)
    "13th"
    */
    var str = num.toString(),
        end = str[str.length - 1],
        ten = str.length > 1 && str[str.length - 2] == '1';
    if (end == '1' && !ten) {
        str += 'st';
    } else if (end == '2' && !ten) {
        str += 'nd';
    } else if (end == '3' && !ten) {
        str += 'rd';
    } else {
        str += 'th';
    }
    return str;
};

Ox.formatPercent = function(num, total, dec) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.formatPercent(1, 1000, 2)
    "0.10%"
    */
    return Ox.formatNumber(num / total * 100, dec) + '%'
};

Ox.formatResolution = function(arr, str) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.formatResolution([1920, 1080], 'px')
    "1920 x 1080 px"
    */
    return arr[0] + ' x ' + arr[1] + (str ? ' ' + str : '');
}

Ox.formatString = function (str, obj) {
    /* 
    >>> Ox.formatString('{0}{1}', ['foo', 'bar'])
    "foobar"
    >>> Ox.formatString('{a}{b}', {a: 'foo', b: 'bar'})
    "foobar"
    */
    return str.replace(/\{([^}]+)\}/g, function(str, match) {
        return obj[match];
    });
}

Ox.formatValue = function(num, str, bin) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.formatValue(0, "B")
    "0 KB"
    >>> Ox.formatValue(123456789, "B")
    "123.5 MB"
    >>> Ox.formatValue(1234567890, "B", true)
    "1.15 GiB"
    */
    var base = bin ? 1024 : 1000,
        len = Ox.PREFIXES.length,
        val;
    Ox.forEach(Ox.PREFIXES, function(chr, i) {
        if (num < Math.pow(base, i + 2) || i == len - 1) {
            val = Ox.formatNumber(num / Math.pow(base, i + 1), i) +
                ' ' + chr + (bin ? 'i' : '') + str;
            return false;
        }
    });
    return val;
};

Ox.formatUnit = function(num, str) {
    return num + ' ' + str;
};

/*
================================================================================
Geo functions
================================================================================
*/

(function() {

    function rad(point) {
        return {
            lat: Ox.rad(point.lat),
            lng: Ox.rad(point.lng)
        };
    }

    Ox.crossesDateline = function(point0, point1) {
        return point0.lng > point1.lng;
    }

    Ox.getArea = function(point0, point1) {
        /*
            area of a ring between two latitudes:
            2 * PI * r^2 * abs(sin(lat0) - sin(lat1))
            see http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/63767.html
        */
        /*
        2 * Math.PI *
        Math.pow(Ox.EARTH_RADIUS, 2) *
        Math.abs(Math.sin(Ox.rad(0)) - Math.sin(Ox.rad(1))) *
        Math.abs(Ox.rad(0) - Ox.rad(1)) /
        (2 * Math.PI)
        */
        if (Ox.crossesDateline(point0, point1)) {
            point1.lng += 360;
        }
        var point0 = rad(point0),
            point1 = rad(point1);
        return Math.pow(Ox.EARTH_RADIUS, 2) *
            Math.abs(Math.sin(point0.lat) - Math.sin(point1.lat)) *
            Math.abs(point0.lng - point1.lng);
    };

    Ox.getBearing = function(point0, point1) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.getBearing({lat: -45, lng: 0}, {lat: 45, lng: 0})
        0
        */
        var point0 = rad(point0),
            point1 = rad(point1),
            x = Math.cos(point0.lat) * Math.sin(point1.lat) -
                Math.sin(point0.lat) * Math.cos(point1.lat) *
                Math.cos(point1.lng - point0.lng),
            y = Math.sin(point1.lng - point0.lng) *
                Math.cos(point1.lat);
        return (Ox.deg(Math.atan2(y, x)) + 360) % 360;
    };

    Ox.getCenter = function(point0, point1) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.values(Ox.getCenter({lat: -45, lng: -90}, {lat: 45, lng: 90}))
        [0, 0]
        */
        var point0 = rad(point0),
            point1 = rad(point1),
            x = Math.cos(point1.lat) *
                Math.cos(point1.lng - point0.lng),
            y = Math.cos(point1.lat) *
                Math.sin(point1.lng - point0.lng),
            d = Math.sqrt(
                Math.pow(Math.cos(point0.lat) + x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2)
            ),
            lat = Ox.deg(
                Math.atan2(Math.sin(point0.lat) + Math.sin(point1.lat), d)
            ),
            lng = Ox.deg(
                point0.lng + Math.atan2(y, Math.cos(point0.lat) + x)
            );
        return {lat: lat, lng: lng};
    };

    Ox.getDegreesPerMeter = function(lat) {
        /***
        return degrees per meter at a given latitude
        >>> Ox.EARTH_CIRCUMFERENCE == 360 / Ox.getDegreesPerMeter(0)
        true
        ***/
        return 360 / Ox.EARTH_CIRCUMFERENCE / Math.cos(lat * Math.PI / 180);
    };

    Ox.getDistance = function(point0, point1) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.EARTH_CIRCUMFERENCE == Ox.getDistance({lat: -45, lng: -90}, {lat: 45, lng: 90}) * 2
        true
        */
        var point0 = rad(point0),
            point1 = rad(point1);
        return Math.acos(
    	    Math.sin(point0.lat) * Math.sin(point1.lat) + 
    	    Math.cos(point0.lat) * Math.cos(point1.lat) *
    	    Math.cos(point1.lng - point0.lng)
    	) * Ox.EARTH_RADIUS;
    };

    Ox.getLatLngByXY = function(xy) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.values(Ox.getLatLngByXY({x: 0.5, y: 0.5}))
        [0, 0]
        */
        function getVal(val) {
            return (val - 0.5) * 2 * Math.PI;
        }
        return {
            lat: -Ox.deg(Math.atan(Ox.sinh(getVal(xy.y)))),
            lng: Ox.deg(getVal(xy.x))
        }
    };

    Ox.getMetersPerDegree = function(lat) {
        /***
        returns meters per degree at a given latitude
        >>> Ox.EARTH_CIRCUMFERENCE == Ox.getMetersPerDegree(0) * 360
        true
        ***/
        return Math.cos(lat * Math.PI / 180) * Ox.EARTH_CIRCUMFERENCE / 360;
    };

    Ox.getXYByLatLng = function(latlng) {
        /*
        >>> Ox.values(Ox.getXYByLatLng({lat: 0, lng: 0}))
        [0.5, 0.5]
        */
        function getVal(val) {
            return (val / (2 * Math.PI) + 0.5)
        }
        return {
            x: getVal(Ox.rad(latlng.lng)),
            y: getVal(Ox.asinh(Math.tan(Ox.rad(-latlng.lat))))
        };
    };

}());

Ox.Line = function(point0, point1) {

    var self = {
            points: [point0, point1]
        },
        that = this;

    function rad() {
        return self.points.map(function(point) {
            return {
                lat: Ox.rad(point.lat()),
                lng: Ox.rad(point.lng())
            };
        });
    }

    that.getArea = function() {
        
    };

    that.getBearing = function() {
    };

    that.getDistance = function() {
        var points = rad();
        return Math.acos(
    	    Math.sin(point[0].lat) * Math.sin(point[1].lat) + 
    	    Math.cos(point[0].lat) * Math.cos(point[1].lat) *
    	    Math.cos(point[1].lng - point[0].lng)
    	) * Ox.EARTH_RADIUS; 
    };

    that.getMidpoint = function() {
        var points = rad(),
            x = Math.cos(point[1].lat) *
                Math.cos(point[1].lng - point[0].lng),
            y = Math.cos(point[1].lat) *
                Math.sin(point[1].lng - point[0].lng),
            d = Math.sqrt(
                Math.pow(Math.cos(point[0].lat) + x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2)
            ),
            lat = Ox.deg(
                Math.atan2(Math.sin(points[0].lat) + Math.sin(points[1].lat), d)
            ),
            lng = Ox.deg(
                points[0].lng + Math.atan2(y, math.cos(points[0].lat) + x)
            );
        return new Point(lat, lng);
    };

    that.points = function() {
        
    };

    return that;

};

Ox.Point = function(lat, lng) {

    var self = {lat: lat, lng: lng},
        that = this;

    that.lat = function() {
        
    };

    that.latlng = function() {
        
    };

    that.lng = function() {
        
    };

    that.getMetersPerDegree = function() {
        return Math.cos(self.lat * Math.PI / 180) *
            Ox.EARTH_CIRCUMFERENCE / 360;
    }

    that.getXY = function() {
        return [
            getXY(Ox.rad(self.lng)),
            getXY(Ox.asinh(Math.tan(Ox.rad(-self.lat))))
        ];
    };

    return that;

};

Ox.Rectangle = function(point0, point1) {

    var self = {
            points: [
                new Point(
                    Math.min(point0.lat(), point1.lat()),
                    point0.lng()
                ),
                new Point(
                    Math.max(point0.lat(), point1.lat()),
                    point1.lng()
                )
            ]
        },
        that = this;

    that.contains = function(rectangle) {
        
    }

    that.crossesDateline = function() {
        return self.points[0].lng > self.points[1].lng;
    }

    that.getCenter = function() {
        return new Ox.Line(self.points[0], self.points[1]).getMidpoint();
    };

    that.intersects = function(rectangle) {
        
    };

    return that;

};


/*
================================================================================
HTML functions
================================================================================
*/

Ox.parseEmailAddresses = function(html) {
    return html.replace(
        /\b([0-9A-Z\.\+\-_]+@(?:[0-9A-Z\-]+\.)+[A-Z]{2,6})\b/gi,
        '<a href="mailto:$1" title="mailto:$1">$1</a>'
    );
};

Ox.parseHTML = (function() {
    /*
    >>> Ox.parseHTML('http://foo.com, bar')
    '<a href="http://foo.com" title="http://foo.com">foo.com</a>, bar'
    >>> Ox.parseHTML('(see: www.foo.com)')
    '(see: <a href="http://www.foo.com" title="http://www.foo.com">www.foo.com</a>)'
    >>> Ox.parseHTML('foo@bar.com')
    '<a href="mailto:foo@bar.com" title="mailto:foo@bar.com">foo@bar.com</a>'
    >>> Ox.parseHTML('<a href="http://foo.com" onmouseover="alert()">foo</a>')
    '<a href="http://foo.com" title="http://foo.com">foo</a>'
    >>> Ox.parseHTML('<a href="javascript:alert()">foo</a>')
    '&lt;a href=&quot;javascript:alert()&quot;&gt;foo&lt;/a&gt;'
    >>> Ox.parseHTML('[http://foo.com foo]')
    '<a href="http://foo.com" title="http://foo.com">foo</a>'
    >>> Ox.parseHTML('<rtl>foo</rtl>')
    '<div style="direction: rtl">foo</div>'
    >>> Ox.parseHTML('<script>alert()</script>')
    '&lt;script&gt;alert()&lt;/script&gt;'
    */
    var defaultTags = [
            'a', 'b', 'blockquote', 'cite', 'code', 'del',
            'em', 'i', 'img', 'ins', 'li', 'ol', 'q', 'rtl',
            's', 'strong', 'sub', 'sup', 'ul', '[]'
        ],
        parse = {
            a: {
                '<a [^<>]*?href="(https?:\/\/.+?)".*?>': '<a href="{1}" title="{1}">',
                '<\/a>': '</a>'
            },
            img: {
                '<img [^<>]*?src="(https?:\/\/.+?)".*?>': '<img src="{1}">'
            },
            rtl: {
                '<rtl>': '<div style="direction: rtl">',
                '<\/rtl>': '</div>'
            },
            '*': function(tag) {
                var ret = {};
                ret['<(/?' + tag + ')>'] = '<{1}>';
                return ret;
            }
        },
        tab = '\t';

    return function(html, tags, wikilinks) {
        var matches = [],
            tags = tags || defaultTags;
        html = Ox.clean(html);
        if (tags.indexOf('[]') > -1) {
            html = html.replace(/\[(https?:\/\/.+?) (.+?)\]/gi, '<a href="$1">$2</a>');
            tags = tags.filter(function(tag) {
                return tag != '[]';
            });
        }
        tags.forEach(function(tag) {
            var p = parse[tag] || parse['*'](tag);
            Ox.forEach(p, function(replace, regexp) {
                html = html.replace(new RegExp(regexp, 'gi'), function() {
                    matches.push(Ox.formatString(replace, arguments));
                    return tab + (matches.length - 1) + tab; 
                });
            });
        });
        html = Ox.encodeHTML(html);
        html = Ox.parseURLs(html);
        html = Ox.parseEmailAddresses(html);
        matches.forEach(function(match, i) {
            html = html.replace(new RegExp(tab + i + tab, 'gi'), match);
        });
        html = html.replace(/\n/g, '<br/>\n')
        // close extra opening (and remove extra closing) tags
        // return $('<div>').html(html).html();
        // fixme: this converts '&quot;' to '"' 
        return Ox.element('<div>').html(html).html();
    }

}());

Ox.parseURL = (function() {
    // fixme: leak memory, like now, or create every time? ... benchmark??
    var a = document.createElement('a'),
        keys = ['hash', 'host', 'hostname', 'origin',
            'pathname', 'port', 'protocol', 'search'];
    return function(str) {
        var ret = {};
        a.href = str;
        keys.forEach(function(key) {
            ret[key] = a[key];
        });
        return ret;
    };
}());

Ox.parseURLs = function(html) {
    return html.replace(
        /\b((https?:\/\/|www\.).+?)([\.,:;!\?\)\]]*?(\s|$))/gi,
        function(str, url, pre, end) {
            url = (pre == 'www.' ? 'http://' : '' ) + url;
            return Ox.formatString(
                '<a href="{url}" title="{url}">{host}</a>{end}',
                {
                    end: end,
                    host: Ox.parseURL(url).hostname,
                    url: url
                }
            );
        }
    );
};

/*
================================================================================
Math functions
================================================================================
*/

Ox.asinh = function(x) {
    /*
    fixme: no test
    */
    return Math.log(x + Math.sqrt(x * x + 1));
};

Ox.deg = function(rad) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.deg(2 * Math.PI)
    360
    */
    return rad * 180 / Math.PI;
};

Ox.divideInt = function(num, by) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.divideInt(100, 3)
    [33, 33, 34]
    >>> Ox.divideInt(100, 6)
    [16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 17]
    */
    var arr = [],
        div = parseInt(num / by),
        mod = num % by,
        i;
    for (i = 0; i < by; i++) {
        arr[i] = div + (i > by - 1 - mod);
    }
    return arr;
}

Ox.limit = function(num, min, max) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.limit(1, 2, 3)
    2
    >>> Ox.limit(2, 1)
    1
    */
    var len = arguments.length;
    max = arguments[len - 1];
    min = len == 3 ? min : 0;
    return Math.min(Math.max(num, min), max);
};

Ox.log = function(num, base) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.log(100, 10)
    2
    >>> Ox.log(Math.E)
    1
    */
    return Math.log(num) / Math.log(base || Math.E);
};

Ox.mod = function(num, by) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.mod(11, 10)
    1
    >>> Ox.mod(-11, 10)
    9
    */
    var mod = num % by;
    return mod >= 0 ? mod : mod + by;
};

Ox.rad = function(deg) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.rad(360)
    2 * Math.PI
    */
    return deg * Math.PI / 180;
};

Ox.random = function() {
    /*
    >>> Ox.random(3) in {0: 0, 1: 0, 2: 0, 3: 0}
    true
    >>> Ox.random(1, 2) in {1: 0, 2: 0}
    true
    */
    var len = arguments.length,
        min = len == 1 ? 0 : arguments[0],
        max = arguments[len - 1];
    return min + parseInt(Math.random() * (max - min + 1));
};

Ox.round = function(num, dec) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.round(2 / 3, 6)
    0.666667
    >>> Ox.round(1 / 2, 3)
    0.5
    */
    var pow = Math.pow(10, dec || 0);
    return Math.round(num * pow) / pow;
};

Ox.sinh = function(x) {
    /*
    fixme: no test
    */
    return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2;
};

Ox.MAX_LATITUDE = Ox.deg(Math.atan(Ox.sinh(Math.PI)));
Ox.MIN_LATITUDE = -Ox.MAX_LATITUDE;

/*
================================================================================
RegExp functions
================================================================================
*/

Ox.regexp = {
    'accents': '¨´`ˆ˜',
    'letters': 'a-z¨´`ˆ˜äåáàâãæçëéèèñïíìîöóòôõøœßúùûÿ'
};

/*
================================================================================
String functions
================================================================================
*/

Ox.basename = function(str) {
    /*
    fixme: this should go into Path functions
    >>> Ox.basename("foo/bar/foo.bar")
    "foo.bar"
    >>> Ox.basename("foo.bar")
    "foo.bar"
    */
    return str.replace(/^.*[\/\\]/g, '');
};

Ox.char = String.fromCharCode;

Ox.clean = function(str) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.clean("foo  bar")
    "foo bar"
    >>> Ox.clean(" foo  bar ")
    "foo bar"
    >>> Ox.clean(" foo \n bar ")
    "foo\nbar"
    */
    return Ox.map(str.split('\n'), function(str) {
        return Ox.trim(str.replace(/\s+/g, ' '));
    }).join('\n');
};

Ox.contains = function(str, chr) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.contains("foo", "bar")
    false
    >>> Ox.contains("foobar", "bar")
    true
    >>> Ox.contains(['foo', 'bar'], 'foo')
    true
    // fixme: rename to Ox.has or Ox.isIn?
    // then it'd become convenient for arrays
    */
    return str.indexOf(chr) > -1;
};

Ox.endsWith = function(str, sub) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.endsWith("foobar", "bar")
    true
    */
    return new RegExp(sub + '$').test(str);
};

Ox.highlight = function(txt, str) {
    // fixme: move to ox.ui
    return str ? txt.replace(
        new RegExp('(' + str + ')', 'ig'),
        '<span class="OxHighlight">$1</span>'
    ) : txt;
};

Ox.isValidEmail = function(str) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isValidEmail("foo@bar.com")
    true
    >>> Ox.isValidEmail("foo.bar@foobar.co.uk")
    true
    >>> Ox.isValidEmail("foo@bar")
    false
    >>> Ox.isValidEmail("foo@bar..com")
    false
    */
    return !!/^[0-9A-Z\.\+\-_]+@(?:[0-9A-Z\-]+\.)+[A-Z]{2,6}$/i(str);
}

Ox.pad = function(str, len, pad, pos) {
    // fixme: slighly obscure signature
    // fixme: weird for negative numbers
    /*
    >>> Ox.pad(1, 2)
    "01"
    >>> Ox.pad("abc", 6, ".", "right")
    "abc..."
    >>> Ox.pad("foobar", 3, ".", "right")
    "foo"
    >>> Ox.pad("abc", 6, "123456", "right")
    "abc123"
    >>> Ox.pad("abc", 6, "123456", "left")
    "456abc"
    */
    str = str.toString().substr(0, len);
    pad = Ox.repeat(pad || '0', len - str.length);
    pos = pos || 'left';
    str = pos == 'left' ? pad + str : str + pad;
    str = pos == 'left' ?
        str.substr(str.length - len, str.length) :
        str.substr(0, len);
    return str;
};

Ox.repeat = function(obj, num) {
    /*
    works for arrays, numbers and strings
    >>> Ox.repeat(1, 3)
    "111"
    >>> Ox.repeat("foo", 3)
    "foofoofoo"
    >>> Ox.repeat([1, 2], 3)
    [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]
    */
    var ret;
    if (Ox.isArray(obj)) {
        ret = num >= 1 ? Ox.map(Ox.range(obj.length * num), function(v, i) {
            return obj[i % obj.length]
        }) : [];
    } else {
        ret = num >= 1 ? new Array(num + 1).join(obj.toString()) : '';
    }
    return ret;
};

Ox.reverse = function(str) {
    /*
    Ox.reverse("foo")
    oof
    */
    return str.toString().split('').reverse().join('');
};

Ox.startsWith = function(str, sub) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.startsWith("foobar", "foo")
    true
    // fixme:
    // !!(/^sub/(str)) is shorter than
    // Ox.startsWith(str, sub) anyway
    */
    return new RegExp('^' + sub).test(str);
};

Ox.stripTags = function(str) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.stripTags("f<span>o</span>o")
    "foo"
    */
    return str.replace(/(<.*?>)/gi, '');
};

Ox.substr = function(str, start, stop) {
    /***
    Ox.substr behaves like str[start:stop] in Python
    (or like str.substring() with negative values for stop)
    // fixme: needed?
    >>> Ox.substr('foobar', 1)
    "oobar"
    >>> Ox.substr('foobar', -1)
    "r"
    >>> Ox.substr('foobar', 1, 3)
    "oo"
    >>> Ox.substr('foobar', -3, 5)
    "ba"
    >>> Ox.substr('foobar', 1, -2)
    "oob"
    >>> Ox.substr('foobar', -4, -1)
    "oba"
    ***/
    stop = Ox.isUndefined(stop) ? str.length : stop;
    return str.substring(
        start < 0 ? str.length + start : start,
        stop < 0 ? str.length + stop : stop
    );
};

Ox.toCamelCase = function(str) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.toCamelCase("foo-bar-baz")
    "fooBarBaz"
    >>> Ox.toCamelCase("foo/bar/baz")
    "fooBarBaz"
    >>> Ox.toCamelCase("foo_bar_baz")
    "fooBarBaz"
    */
    return str.replace(/[\-_\/][a-z]/g, function(str) {
        return str[1].toUpperCase();
    });
};

Ox.toDashes = function(str) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.toDashes("fooBarBaz")
    "foo-bar-baz"
    */
    return str.replace(/[A-Z]/g, function(str) {
        return '-' + str.toLowerCase();
    });
};

Ox.tokenize = (function() {

    // see https://github.com/mozilla/narcissus/blob/master/lib/jslex.js
    // and https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JavaScript/Reference

    var identifier = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ$_',
        linebreak = '\n\r',
        number = '0123456789',
        operator = [
            // arithmetic
            '+', '-', '*', '/', '%', '++', '--',
            // assignment
            '=', '+=', '-=', '*=', '/=', '%=',
            '&=', '|=', '^=', '<<=', '>>=', '>>>=',
            // bitwise
            '&', '|', '^', '~', '<<', '>>', '>>>',
            // comparison
            '==', '!=', '===', '!==', '>', '>=', '<', '<=',
            // conditional
            '?', ':',
            // grouping
            '(', ')', '[', ']', '{', '}',
            // logical
            '&&', '||', '!',
            // other
            '.', ',', ';'
        ],
        whitespace = ' \t',
        word = {
            constant: [
                // Math
                'E', 'LN2', 'LN10', 'LOG2E', 'LOG10E', 'PI', 'SQRT1_2', 'SQRT2',
                // Number
                'MAX_VALUE', 'MIN_VALUE', 'NEGATIVE_INFINITY', 'POSITIVE_INFINITY'
            ],
            keyword: [
                'break',
                'case', 'catch', 'class', 'const', 'continue',
                'debugger', 'default', 'delete', 'do',
                'else', 'enum', 'export', 'extends',
                'false', 'finally', 'for', 'function',
                'if', 'implements', 'import', 'in', 'instanceof', 'interface',
                'let', 'module',
                'new', 'null',
                'package', 'private', 'protected', 'public',
                'return',
                'super', 'switch', 'static',
                'this', 'throw', 'true', 'try', 'typeof',
                'var', 'void',
                'yield',
                'while', 'with',
            ],
            method: [
                // Array
                'concat',
                'every',
                'filter', 'forEach',
                'join',
                'lastIndexOf',
                'indexOf', 'isArray',
                'map',
                'pop', 'push',
                'reduce', 'reduceRight', 'reverse',
                'shift', 'slice', 'some', 'sort', 'splice',
                'unshift',
                // Date
                'getDate', 'getDay', 'getFullYear', 'getHours', 'getMilliseconds',
                'getMinutes', 'getMonth', 'getSeconds', 'getTime', 'getTimezoneOffset',
                'getUTCDate', 'getUTCDay', 'getUTCFullYear', 'getUTCHours', 'getUTCMilliseconds',
                'getUTCMinutes', 'getUTCMonth', 'getUTCSeconds',
                'now',
                'parse',
                'setDate', 'setFullYear', 'setHours', 'setMilliseconds', 'setMinutes',
                'setMonth', 'setSeconds', 'setTime',
                'setUTCDate', 'setUTCFullYear', 'setUTCHours', 'setUTCMilliseconds', 'setUTCMinutes',
                'setUTCMonth', 'setUTCSeconds',
                'toDateString', 'toJSON', 'toLocaleDateString', 'toLocaleString', 'toLocaleTimeString',
                'toTimeString', 'toUTCString',
                'UTC',
                // Function
                'apply', 'bind', 'call', 'isGenerator',
                // JSON
                'parse', 'stringify',
                // Math
                'abs', 'acos', 'asin', 'atan', 'atan2',
                'ceil', 'cos',
                'exp',
                'floor',
                'log',
                'max', 'min',
                'pow',
                'random', 'round',
                'sin', 'sqrt',
                'tan',
                // Number
                'toExponential', 'toFixed', 'toLocaleString', 'toPrecision',
                // Object
                'create',
                'defineProperty', 'defineProperties',
                'freeze',
                'getOwnPropertyDescriptor', 'getOwnPropertyNames', 'getPrototypeOf',
                'hasOwnProperty',
                'isExtensible', 'isFrozen', 'isPrototypeOf', 'isSealed',
                'keys',
                'preventExtensions', 'propertyIsEnumerable',
                'seal',
                'toLocaleString', 'toString',
                'valueOf',
                // RegExp
                'exec', 'test',
                // String
                'charAt', 'charCodeAt', 'concat',
                'fromCharCode',
                'indexOf',
                'lastIndexOf', 'localeCompare',
                'match',
                'replace',
                'search', 'slice', 'split', 'substr', 'substring',
                'toLocaleLowerCase', 'toLocaleUpperCase', 'toLowerCase', 'toUpperCase', 'trim'
            ],
            object: [
                'Array',
                'Boolean',
                'Date', 'decodeURI', 'decodeURIComponent',
                'encodeURI', 'encodeURIComponent', 'Error', 'eval', 'EvalError',
                'Function',
                'Infinity', 'isFinite', 'isNaN',
                'JSON',
                'Math',
                'NaN', 'Number',
                'Object',
                'parseFloat', 'parseInt',
                'RangeError', 'ReferenceError', 'RegExp',
                'String', 'SyntaxError',
                'TypeError',
                'undefined', 'URIError',
                'window'
            ],
            property: [
                // Function
                'constructor', 'length', 'prototype',
                // RegExp
                'global', 'ignoreCase', 'lastIndex', 'multiline', 'source'
            ]
        };

    return function(source) {

        //source = source.replace(/\r\n/g, '\n').replace(/\r/g, '\n');

        var cursor = 0,
            tokenize = {
                comment: function() {
                    while (char = source[++cursor]) {
                        if (next == '/' && char == '\n') {
                            break;
                        } else if (next == '*' && char == '*' && source[cursor + 1] == '/') {
                            cursor += 2;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                },
                identifier: function() {
                    var str;
                    while (identifier.indexOf(source[++cursor]) > -1) {}
                    str = source.substring(start, cursor);
                    Ox.forEach(word, function(value, key) {
                        if (value.indexOf(str) > -1) {
                            type = key;
                            return false;
                        }
                    });
                },
                linebreak: function() {
                    while (linebreak.indexOf(source[++cursor]) > -1) {}
                },
                number: function() {
                    while ((number + '.').indexOf(source[++cursor]) > -1) {}
                },
                operator: function() {
                    if (operator.indexOf(char + source[++cursor]) > -1) {
                        if (operator.indexOf(char + next + source[++cursor]) > 1) {
                            ++cursor;
                        }
                    }
                },
                regexp: function() {
                    while ((char = source[++cursor]) != '/') {
                        char == '\\' && ++cursor;
                        if (cursor == source.length) {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    while (identifier.indexOf(source[++cursor]) > -1) {}
                },
                string: function() {
                    var delimiter = char;
                    while ((char = source[++cursor]) != delimiter) {
                        char == '\\' &&  ++cursor;
                        if (cursor == source.length) {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    ++cursor;
                },
                whitespace: function() {
                    while (whitespace.indexOf(source[++cursor]) > -1) {}
                }
            },
            tokens = [],
            type;

        while (cursor < source.length) {
            var char = source[cursor],
                next = source[cursor + 1],
                start = cursor;
            if (char == '/' && (next == '/' || next == '*')) {
                type = 'comment';
            } else if (identifier.indexOf(char) > -1) {
                type = 'identifier';
            } else if (linebreak.indexOf(char) > -1) {
                type = 'linebreak';
            } else if (number.indexOf(char) > -1) {
                type = 'number';
            } else if (char == "'" || char == '"') {
                type = 'string';
            } else if (whitespace.indexOf(char) > -1) {
                type = 'whitespace';
            } else if (char == '/') {
                type = isRegExp() ? 'regexp' : 'operator';
            } else if (operator.indexOf(char) > -1) {
                type = 'operator';
            }
            tokenize[type]();
            tokens.push({
                length: cursor - start,
                type: type,
            });
        }

        function isRegExp() {
            // checks if a forward slash is the beginning of a regexp,
            // as opposed to the beginning of an operator
            // see http://www.mozilla.org/js/language/js20-2000-07/rationale/syntax.html#regular-expressions
            var index = tokens.length,
                isRegExp = false
                offset = 0;
            // scan back to the previous significant token,
            // or the beginning of the source
            while (
                typeof tokens[--index] != 'undefined' &&
                ['comment', 'linebreak', 'whitespace'].indexOf(tokens[index].type) > -1
            ) {
                offset += tokens[index].length;
            }
            if (typeof tokens[index] == 'undefined') {
                // source begins with forward slash
                isRegExp = true;
            } else {
                prevToken = tokens[index];
                prevString = source.substr(cursor - prevToken.length - offset, prevToken.length);
                Ox.print('forward slash |', prevToken, prevToken.type, '"'+prevString+'"');
                isRegExp = (
                    prevToken.type == 'keyword' &&
                    ['false', 'null', 'true'].indexOf(prevString) == -1
                ) || (
                    prevToken.type == 'operator' && 
                    ['++', '--', ')', ']', '}'].indexOf(prevString) == -1
                );
            }
            return isRegExp;
        }

        return tokens;

    };

}()); 

Ox.toSlashes = function(str) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.toSlashes("fooBarBaz")
    "foo/bar/baz"
    */
    return str.replace(/[A-Z]/g, function(str) {
        return '/' + str.toLowerCase();
    });
};

Ox.toTitleCase = function(str) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.toTitleCase("foo")
    "Foo"
    >>> Ox.toTitleCase("Apple releases iPhone, IBM stock plummets")
    "Apple Releases iPhone, IBM Stock Plummets"
    */
    return Ox.map(str.split(' '), function(v) {
        var sub = v.substr(1),
            low = sub.toLowerCase();
        if (sub == low) {
            v = v.substr(0, 1).toUpperCase() + low;
        }
        return v;
    }).join(" ");
};

Ox.toUnderscores = function(str) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.toUnderscores("fooBarBaz")
    "foo_bar_baz"
    */
    return str.replace(/[A-Z]/g, function(str) {
        return '_' + str.toLowerCase();
    });
};

Ox.trim = function(str) { // is in jQuery, and in JavaScript itself
    /*
    Ox.trim(" foo ")
    "foo"
    */
    return str.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, "");
};

Ox.truncate = function(str, len, pad, pos) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.truncate("anticonstitutionellement", 16, "...", "center")
    "anticon...lement"
    */
    var pad = pad || {},
        pos = pos || "right",
        strlen = str.length,
        padlen = pad.length,
        left, right;
    if (strlen > len) {
        if (pos == "left") {
            str = pad + str.substr(padlen + strlen - len);
        } else if (pos == "center") {
            left = Math.ceil((len - padlen) / 2);
            right = Math.floor((len - padlen) / 2);
            str = str.substr(0, left) + pad + str.substr(-right);
        } else if (pos == "right") {
            str = str.substr(0, len - padlen) + pad;
        }
    }
    return str;
};

Ox.words = function(str) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.words('He\'s referring to the "ill-conceived" AOL/TimeWarner merger--didn\'t you know?')
    ['he\'s', 'referring', 'to' , 'the' , 'ill-conceived' , 'aol', 'timewarner' , 'merger' , 'didn\'t', 'you', 'know']
    */
    var arr = str.toLowerCase().split(/\b/),
        chr = "-'",
        len = arr.length,
        startsWithWord = !!/\w/(arr[0]);
    arr.forEach(function(v, i) {
        // find single occurrences of chars in chr
        // that are not at the beginning or end of str
        // and join the surrounding words with them
        if (
            i > 0 && i < len - 1 &&
            v.length == 1 && chr.indexOf(v) > -1
        ) {
            arr[i + 1] = arr[i - 1] + arr[i] + arr[i + 1];
            arr[i - 1] = arr[i] = '';
        }
    });
    // remove elements that have been emptied above
    arr = arr.filter(function(v) {
        return v.length;
    });
    // return words, not spaces or punctuation
    return arr.filter(function(v, i) {
        return i % 2 == !startsWithWord;
    });
}

Ox.wordwrap = function(str, len, sep, bal, spa) {
    // fixme: bad API, sep/bal/spa should be in options object
    /*
    >>> Ox.wordwrap("Anticonstitutionellement, Paris s'eveille", 25, "<br/>")
    "Anticonstitutionellement, <br/>Paris s'eveille"
    >>> Ox.wordwrap("Anticonstitutionellement, Paris s'eveille", 16, "<br/>")
    "Anticonstitution<br/>ellement, Paris <br/>s'eveille"
    >>> Ox.wordwrap("These are short words", 16, "<br/>", true)
    "These are <br/>short words"
    */
    var str = str === null ? '' : str.toString(),
        len = len || 80,
        sep = sep || "<br/>",
        bal = bal || false,
        spa = Ox.isUndefined(spa) ? true : spa,
        words = str.split(" "),
        lines;
    if (bal) {
        // balance lines: test if same number of lines
        // can be achieved with a shorter line length
        lines = Ox.wordwrap(str, len, sep, false).split(sep);
        if (lines.length > 1) {
            // test shorter line, unless
            // that means cutting a word
            var max = Ox.max(Ox.map(words, function(word) {
                return word.length;
            }));
            while (len > max) {
                len--;
                if (Ox.wordwrap(str, len, sep, false).split(sep).length > lines.length) {
                    len++;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    lines = [""];
    Ox.forEach(words, function(word) {
        if ((lines[lines.length - 1] + word + " ").length <= len + 1) {
            // word fits in current line
            lines[lines.length - 1] += word + " ";
        } else {
            if (word.length <= len) {
                // word fits in next line
                lines.push(word + " ");
            } else {
                // word is longer than line
                var chr = len - lines[lines.length - 1].length;
                lines[lines.length - 1] += word.substr(0, chr);
                for (var pos = chr; pos < word.length; pos += len) {
                    lines.push(word.substr(pos, len));
                }
                lines[lines.length - 1] += " ";
            }
        }
    });
    if (!spa) {
        lines = Ox.map(lines, function(line) {
            return Ox.trim(line);
        });
    }
    return Ox.trim(lines.join(sep));    
};

/*
================================================================================
Type functions
================================================================================
*/

Ox.isArguments = function(val) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isArguments((function() { return arguments; }()))
    true
    */
    return !!(val && val.toString() == '[object Arguments]');
}

Ox.isArray = function(val) { // is in jQuery
    /*
    >>> Ox.isArray([])
    true
    */
    return val instanceof Array;
}

Ox.isBoolean = function(val) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isBoolean(false)
    true
    */
    return typeof val == 'boolean';
};

Ox.isDate = function(val) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isDate(new Date())
    true
    */
    return val instanceof Date;
};

Ox.isElement = function(val) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isElement(document.createElement())
    true
    */
    return !!(val && val.nodeType == 1);
};

Ox.isFunction = function(val) { // is in jQuery
    /*
    >>> Ox.isFunction(function() {})
    true
    >>> Ox.isFunction(/ /)
    false
    */
    return typeof val == 'function' && !Ox.isRegExp(val);
};

Ox.isInfinity = function(val) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isInfinity(Infinity)
    true
    >>> Ox.isInfinity(-Infinity)
    true
    >>> Ox.isInfinity(NaN)
    false
    */
    return typeof val == 'number' && !isFinite(val) && !Ox.isNaN(val);
};

Ox.isNaN = function(val) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isNaN(NaN)
    true
    */
    return val !== val;
}

Ox.isNull = function(val) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isNull(null)
    true
    */
    return val === null;
};

Ox.isNumber = function(val) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isNumber(0)
    true
    >>> Ox.isNumber(Infinity)
    false
    >>> Ox.isNumber(-Infinity)
    false
    >>> Ox.isNumber(NaN)
    false
    */
    return typeof val == 'number' && isFinite(val);
};

Ox.isObject = function(val) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isObject({})
    true
    >>> Ox.isObject([])
    false
    >>> Ox.isObject(new Date())
    false
    >>> Ox.isObject(null)
    false
    */
    return typeof val == 'object' && !Ox.isArguments(val) &&
        !Ox.isArray(val) && !Ox.isDate(val) && !Ox.isNull(val);
};

Ox.isRegExp = function(val) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isRegExp(/ /)
    true
    */
    return val instanceof RegExp;
};

Ox.isString = function(val) {
    /*
    >>> Ox.isString('')
    true
    */
    return typeof val == 'string';
};

Ox.isUndefined = function(val) {
    // fixme: void 0 is also nice
    /*
    >>> Ox.isUndefined()
    true
    */
    return typeof val == 'undefined';
};

Ox.typeOf = function(val) {
    /*
    >>> (function() { return Ox.typeOf(arguments); }())
    'arguments'
    >>> Ox.typeOf([])
    'array'
    >>> Ox.typeOf(false)
    'boolean'
    >>> Ox.typeOf(new Date())
    'date'
    >>> Ox.typeOf(document.createElement())
    'element'
    >>> Ox.typeOf(function() {})
    'function'
    >>> Ox.typeOf(Infinity)
    'infinity'
    >>> Ox.typeOf(NaN)
    'nan'
    >>> Ox.typeOf(null)
    'null'
    >>> Ox.typeOf(0)
    'number'
    >>> Ox.typeOf({})
    'object'
    >>> Ox.typeOf(/ /)
    'regexp'
    >>> Ox.typeOf('')
    'string'
    >>> Ox.typeOf()
    'undefined'
    */
    var ret;
    Ox.forEach(Ox.TYPES, function(type) {
        if (Ox['is' + type](val)) {
            ret = type.toLowerCase();
            return false;
        }
    });
    return ret;
};