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http://www.sqlalchemy.org +Author: Mike Bayer +Author-email: mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com +License: MIT License +Description: SQLAlchemy + ========== + + The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper + + Introduction + ------------- + + SQLAlchemy is the Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper + that gives application developers the full power and + flexibility of SQL. SQLAlchemy provides a full suite + of well known enterprise-level persistence patterns, + designed for efficient and high-performing database + access, adapted into a simple and Pythonic domain + language. + + Major SQLAlchemy features include: + + * An industrial strength ORM, built + from the core on the identity map, unit of work, + and data mapper patterns. These patterns + allow transparent persistence of objects + using a declarative configuration system. + Domain models + can be constructed and manipulated naturally, + and changes are synchronized with the + current transaction automatically. + * A relationally-oriented query system, exposing + the full range of SQL's capabilities + explicitly, including joins, subqueries, + correlation, and most everything else, + in terms of the object model. + Writing queries with the ORM uses the same + techniques of relational composition you use + when writing SQL. While you can drop into + literal SQL at any time, it's virtually never + needed. + * A comprehensive and flexible system + of eager loading for related collections and objects. + Collections are cached within a session, + and can be loaded on individual access, all + at once using joins, or by query per collection + across the full result set. + * A Core SQL construction system and DBAPI + interaction layer. The SQLAlchemy Core is + separate from the ORM and is a full database + abstraction layer in its own right, and includes + an extensible Python-based SQL expression + language, schema metadata, connection pooling, + type coercion, and custom types. + * All primary and foreign key constraints are + assumed to be composite and natural. Surrogate + integer primary keys are of course still the + norm, but SQLAlchemy never assumes or hardcodes + to this model. + * Database introspection and generation. Database + schemas can be "reflected" in one step into + Python structures representing database metadata; + those same structures can then generate + CREATE statements right back out - all within + the Core, independent of the ORM. + + SQLAlchemy's philosophy: + + * SQL databases behave less and less like object + collections the more size and performance start to + matter; object collections behave less and less like + tables and rows the more abstraction starts to matter. + SQLAlchemy aims to accommodate both of these + principles. + * An ORM doesn't need to hide the "R". A relational + database provides rich, set-based functionality + that should be fully exposed. SQLAlchemy's + ORM provides an open-ended set of patterns + that allow a developer to construct a custom + mediation layer between a domain model and + a relational schema, turning the so-called + "object relational impedance" issue into + a distant memory. + * The developer, in all cases, makes all decisions + regarding the design, structure, and naming conventions + of both the object model as well as the relational + schema. SQLAlchemy only provides the means + to automate the execution of these decisions. + * With SQLAlchemy, there's no such thing as + "the ORM generated a bad query" - you + retain full control over the structure of + queries, including how joins are organized, + how subqueries and correlation is used, what + columns are requested. Everything SQLAlchemy + does is ultimately the result of a developer- + initiated decision. + * Don't use an ORM if the problem doesn't need one. + SQLAlchemy consists of a Core and separate ORM + component. The Core offers a full SQL expression + language that allows Pythonic construction + of SQL constructs that render directly to SQL + strings for a target database, returning + result sets that are essentially enhanced DBAPI + cursors. + * Transactions should be the norm. With SQLAlchemy's + ORM, nothing goes to permanent storage until + commit() is called. SQLAlchemy encourages applications + to create a consistent means of delineating + the start and end of a series of operations. + * Never render a literal value in a SQL statement. + Bound parameters are used to the greatest degree + possible, allowing query optimizers to cache + query plans effectively and making SQL injection + attacks a non-issue. + + Documentation + ------------- + + Latest documentation is at: + + http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/ + + Installation / Requirements + --------------------------- + + Full documentation for installation is at + `Installation `_. + + Getting Help / Development / Bug reporting + ------------------------------------------ + + Please refer to the `SQLAlchemy Community Guide `_. + + License + ------- + + SQLAlchemy is distributed under the `MIT license + `_. + + +Platform: UNKNOWN +Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable +Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers +Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License +Classifier: Programming Language :: Python +Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 +Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython +Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: Jython +Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy +Classifier: Topic :: Database :: Front-Ends +Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.9.7.egg-info/SOURCES.txt b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.9.7.egg-info/SOURCES.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..50d65c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.9.7.egg-info/SOURCES.txt @@ -0,0 +1,682 @@ +AUTHORS +CHANGES +LICENSE +MANIFEST.in +README.dialects.rst +README.rst +README.unittests.rst +setup.cfg +setup.py +sqla_nose.py +doc/contents.html +doc/copyright.html +doc/faq.html +doc/genindex.html +doc/glossary.html +doc/index.html +doc/intro.html +doc/search.html +doc/searchindex.js 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b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.9.7.egg-info/top_level.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39fb2be --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.9.7.egg-info/top_level.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +sqlalchemy diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/_markerlib/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/_markerlib/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2b237b --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/_markerlib/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +try: + import ast + from _markerlib.markers import default_environment, compile, interpret +except ImportError: + if 'ast' in globals(): + raise + def default_environment(): + return {} + def compile(marker): + def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None): + # 'empty markers are True' heuristic won't install extra deps. + return not marker.strip() + marker_fn.__doc__ = marker + return marker_fn + def interpret(marker, environment=None, override=None): + return compile(marker)() diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/_markerlib/markers.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/_markerlib/markers.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa83706 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/_markerlib/markers.py @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +"""Interpret PEP 345 environment markers. + +EXPR [in|==|!=|not in] EXPR [or|and] ... + +where EXPR belongs to any of those: + + python_version = '%s.%s' % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]) + python_full_version = sys.version.split()[0] + os.name = os.name + sys.platform = sys.platform + platform.version = platform.version() + platform.machine = platform.machine() + platform.python_implementation = platform.python_implementation() + a free string, like '2.6', or 'win32' +""" + +__all__ = ['default_environment', 'compile', 'interpret'] + +import ast +import os +import platform +import sys +import weakref + +_builtin_compile = compile + +try: + from platform import python_implementation +except ImportError: + if os.name == "java": + # Jython 2.5 has ast module, but not platform.python_implementation() function. + def python_implementation(): + return "Jython" + else: + raise + + +# restricted set of variables +_VARS = {'sys.platform': sys.platform, + 'python_version': '%s.%s' % sys.version_info[:2], + # FIXME parsing sys.platform is not reliable, but there is no other + # way to get e.g. 2.7.2+, and the PEP is defined with sys.version + 'python_full_version': sys.version.split(' ', 1)[0], + 'os.name': os.name, + 'platform.version': platform.version(), + 'platform.machine': platform.machine(), + 'platform.python_implementation': python_implementation(), + 'extra': None # wheel extension + } + +for var in list(_VARS.keys()): + if '.' in var: + _VARS[var.replace('.', '_')] = _VARS[var] + +def default_environment(): + """Return copy of default PEP 385 globals dictionary.""" + return dict(_VARS) + +class ASTWhitelist(ast.NodeTransformer): + def __init__(self, statement): + self.statement = statement # for error messages + + ALLOWED = (ast.Compare, ast.BoolOp, ast.Attribute, ast.Name, ast.Load, ast.Str) + # Bool operations + ALLOWED += (ast.And, ast.Or) + # Comparison operations + ALLOWED += (ast.Eq, ast.Gt, ast.GtE, ast.In, ast.Is, ast.IsNot, ast.Lt, ast.LtE, ast.NotEq, ast.NotIn) + + def visit(self, node): + """Ensure statement only contains allowed nodes.""" + if not isinstance(node, self.ALLOWED): + raise SyntaxError('Not allowed in environment markers.\n%s\n%s' % + (self.statement, + (' ' * node.col_offset) + '^')) + return ast.NodeTransformer.visit(self, node) + + def visit_Attribute(self, node): + """Flatten one level of attribute access.""" + new_node = ast.Name("%s.%s" % (node.value.id, node.attr), node.ctx) + return ast.copy_location(new_node, node) + +def parse_marker(marker): + tree = ast.parse(marker, mode='eval') + new_tree = ASTWhitelist(marker).generic_visit(tree) + return new_tree + +def compile_marker(parsed_marker): + return _builtin_compile(parsed_marker, '', 'eval', + dont_inherit=True) + +_cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary() + +def compile(marker): + """Return compiled marker as a function accepting an environment dict.""" + try: + return _cache[marker] + except KeyError: + pass + if not marker.strip(): + def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None): + """""" + return True + else: + compiled_marker = compile_marker(parse_marker(marker)) + def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None): + """override updates environment""" + if override is None: + override = {} + if environment is None: + environment = default_environment() + environment.update(override) + return eval(compiled_marker, environment) + marker_fn.__doc__ = marker + _cache[marker] = marker_fn + return _cache[marker] + +def interpret(marker, environment=None): + return compile(marker)(environment) diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/easy_install.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/easy_install.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d87e984 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/easy_install.py @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +"""Run the EasyInstall command""" + +if __name__ == '__main__': + from setuptools.command.easy_install import main + main() diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/PKG-INFO b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/PKG-INFO new file mode 100644 index 0000000..654981e --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/PKG-INFO @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Metadata-Version: 1.1 +Name: ed25519 +Version: 1.4 +Summary: Ed25519 public-key signatures +Home-page: https://github.com/warner/python-ed25519 +Author: Brian Warner +Author-email: warner-python-ed25519@lothar.com +License: MIT +Description: Python bindings to the Ed25519 public-key signature system. + + This offers a comfortable python interface to a C implementation of the + Ed25519 public-key signature system (http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/), using the + portable 'ref' code from the 'SUPERCOP' benchmarking suite. + + This system provides high (128-bit) security, short (32-byte) keys, short + (64-byte) signatures, and fast (2-6ms) operation. Please see the README for + more details. + +Platform: UNKNOWN +Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable +Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers +Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License +Classifier: Programming Language :: Python +Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6 +Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7 +Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3 +Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4 +Classifier: Topic :: Security :: Cryptography diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/SOURCES.txt b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/SOURCES.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ebe0028 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/SOURCES.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +LICENSE +MANIFEST.in +Makefile +NEWS +README.md +kat-ed25519.txt +kat.py +setup.cfg +test_ed25519_kat.py +versioneer.py +bin/edsig +ed25519.egg-info/PKG-INFO +ed25519.egg-info/SOURCES.txt +ed25519.egg-info/dependency_links.txt +ed25519.egg-info/top_level.txt +src/ed25519/__init__.py +src/ed25519/_version.py +src/ed25519/keys.py +src/ed25519/test_ed25519.py +src/ed25519-glue/ed25519module.c +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/Makefile +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/api.h +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/crypto_int32.h +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/crypto_sign.h +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/crypto_uint32.h +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/crypto_verify_32.h +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/ed25519.c +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/fe25519.c +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/fe25519.h +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/ge25519.c +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/ge25519.h +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/ge25519_base.data +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/sc25519.c +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/sc25519.h +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/sha512-blocks.c +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/sha512-hash.c +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/sha512.h +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/test.c +src/ed25519-supercop-ref/verify.c \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/dependency_links.txt b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/dependency_links.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b13789 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/dependency_links.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/installed-files.txt b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/installed-files.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd4431c --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/installed-files.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +../ed25519/__init__.py +../ed25519/_version.py +../ed25519/keys.py +../ed25519/test_ed25519.py +../ed25519/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-34.pyc +../ed25519/__pycache__/_version.cpython-34.pyc +../ed25519/__pycache__/keys.cpython-34.pyc +../ed25519/__pycache__/test_ed25519.cpython-34.pyc +../ed25519/_ed25519.cpython-34m.so +./ +PKG-INFO +dependency_links.txt +top_level.txt +SOURCES.txt +../../../../bin/edsig diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/top_level.txt b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/top_level.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1da7fc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519-1.4.egg-info/top_level.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +ed25519 diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ad9cd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +from .keys import (BadSignatureError, BadPrefixError, + create_keypair, SigningKey, VerifyingKey, + remove_prefix, to_ascii, from_ascii) + +(BadSignatureError, BadPrefixError, + create_keypair, SigningKey, VerifyingKey, + remove_prefix, to_ascii, from_ascii) # hush pyflakes + +from ._version import get_versions +__version__ = str(get_versions()['version']) +del get_versions diff --git 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zE`wAYe2#;T{OX+cNCt4))RnzmayoqLGOJj#S^m6VXEUQO?>GE>YCiDwb$fUH#WD-nsxb=3+K$uO`SBoynou94C%n$*W|lu zx;mO$*SOKxxGI=1iM&^PrbY^v>>BlS?#qbmr6Da+=N6G;hkMrLl#MuH=9&o>Aqp7 zK7ib6nmIjw`dzy6>ijBM^^1CPDUB-TwlsEj%2~SH4AZ#{&8q%1$UbEGUocev%|bT_v&Eo*G) z=2#1j)qwFR#z94vA!ZvC$IwwXYlB|*PC3M|!ZwQ=TO?GFmAh(VqYLvITV!DbC%UPV zW_ZPrZh*@cQhDB_&faxhjVmSX>hROGpw_mo{G>Il-IG?jp*W|x$t&jEvh*f3^|ne) zKke%9OXMWb=}sd>HO=IttRvsj=qe~`Z|U+TxiHh4ByiH2HUVAvjq-o-tUalttw>Lk z@@q9PUE3r^$oWnpcSrZC%d1NF3Kql2z$Vl3012#J?iTuk2nU z^%`5($STlmbL;9haO29A9r+$|EiRx_Eg2o48+etfCF1)3W$G?hop9VFTmY$r9StcNUxIXbN6%YIvwh>T|P@> z&NlVAPeuBY>s;ukmvbgrAn1*d|J=_a-L9JWPdlU;DgR@rKKH#yCu@D@ziS)+RqQnh zpl?pb{V`IvpXz?JPks8|DrK(z9H%5d?xT^8&r+nppu1rszk^R8@l)y{on5B>o(KIS!tI}jf6@A* zrI2GMtoM>WD7Z9IA(Acj-S;$H+w*2U;#-~QPA>8rC;uE*a{R$R?(|fu{k7lmrSFyf K% (3,) +PY2 = not PY3 + +if PY3: + from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse + +if PY2: + from urlparse import urlparse, urlunparse + +if PY3: + string_types = str, +else: + string_types = str, eval('unicode') + +iteritems = (lambda i: i.items()) if PY3 else lambda i: i.iteritems() + +# capture these to bypass sandboxing +from os import utime +try: + from os import mkdir, rename, unlink + WRITE_SUPPORT = True +except ImportError: + # no write support, probably under GAE + WRITE_SUPPORT = False + +from os import open as os_open +from os.path import isdir, split + +# Avoid try/except due to potential problems with delayed import mechanisms. +if sys.version_info >= (3, 3) and sys.implementation.name == "cpython": + import importlib.machinery as importlib_machinery +else: + importlib_machinery = None + +try: + import parser +except ImportError: + pass + +try: + import pkg_resources._vendor.packaging.version + import pkg_resources._vendor.packaging.specifiers + packaging = pkg_resources._vendor.packaging +except ImportError: + # fallback to naturally-installed version; allows system packagers to + # omit vendored packages. + import packaging.version + import packaging.specifiers + + +if (3, 0) < sys.version_info < (3, 3): + msg = ( + "Support for Python 3.0-3.2 has been dropped. Future versions " + "will fail here." + ) + warnings.warn(msg) + +# declare some globals that will be defined later to +# satisfy the linters. +require = None +working_set = None + + +class PEP440Warning(RuntimeWarning): + """ + Used when there is an issue with a version or specifier not complying with + PEP 440. + """ + + +class _SetuptoolsVersionMixin(object): + + def __hash__(self): + return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__hash__() + + def __lt__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, tuple): + return tuple(self) < other + else: + return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__lt__(other) + + def __le__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, tuple): + return tuple(self) <= other + else: + return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__le__(other) + + def __eq__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, tuple): + return tuple(self) == other + else: + return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__eq__(other) + + def __ge__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, tuple): + return tuple(self) >= other + else: + return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__ge__(other) + + def __gt__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, tuple): + return tuple(self) > other + else: + return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__gt__(other) + + def __ne__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, tuple): + return tuple(self) != other + else: + return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__ne__(other) + + def __getitem__(self, key): + return tuple(self)[key] + + def __iter__(self): + component_re = re.compile(r'(\d+ | [a-z]+ | \.| -)', re.VERBOSE) + replace = { + 'pre': 'c', + 'preview': 'c', + '-': 'final-', + 'rc': 'c', + 'dev': '@', + }.get + + def _parse_version_parts(s): + for part in component_re.split(s): + part = replace(part, part) + if not part or part == '.': + continue + if part[:1] in '0123456789': + # pad for numeric comparison + yield part.zfill(8) + else: + yield '*'+part + + # ensure that alpha/beta/candidate are before final + yield '*final' + + def old_parse_version(s): + parts = [] + for part in _parse_version_parts(s.lower()): + if part.startswith('*'): + # remove '-' before a prerelease tag + if part < '*final': + while parts and parts[-1] == '*final-': + parts.pop() + # remove trailing zeros from each series of numeric parts + while parts and parts[-1] == '00000000': + parts.pop() + parts.append(part) + return tuple(parts) + + # Warn for use of this function + warnings.warn( + "You have iterated over the result of " + "pkg_resources.parse_version. This is a legacy behavior which is " + "inconsistent with the new version class introduced in setuptools " + "8.0. In most cases, conversion to a tuple is unnecessary. For " + "comparison of versions, sort the Version instances directly. If " + "you have another use case requiring the tuple, please file a " + "bug with the setuptools project describing that need.", + RuntimeWarning, + stacklevel=1, + ) + + for part in old_parse_version(str(self)): + yield part + + +class SetuptoolsVersion(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, packaging.version.Version): + pass + + +class SetuptoolsLegacyVersion(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, + packaging.version.LegacyVersion): + pass + + +def parse_version(v): + try: + return SetuptoolsVersion(v) + except packaging.version.InvalidVersion: + return SetuptoolsLegacyVersion(v) + + +_state_vars = {} + +def _declare_state(vartype, **kw): + globals().update(kw) + _state_vars.update(dict.fromkeys(kw, vartype)) + +def __getstate__(): + state = {} + g = globals() + for k, v in _state_vars.items(): + state[k] = g['_sget_'+v](g[k]) + return state + +def __setstate__(state): + g = globals() + for k, v in state.items(): + g['_sset_'+_state_vars[k]](k, g[k], v) + return state + +def _sget_dict(val): + return val.copy() + +def _sset_dict(key, ob, state): + ob.clear() + ob.update(state) + +def _sget_object(val): + return val.__getstate__() + +def _sset_object(key, ob, state): + ob.__setstate__(state) + +_sget_none = _sset_none = lambda *args: None + + +def get_supported_platform(): + """Return this platform's maximum compatible version. + + distutils.util.get_platform() normally reports the minimum version + of Mac OS X that would be required to *use* extensions produced by + distutils. But what we want when checking compatibility is to know the + version of Mac OS X that we are *running*. To allow usage of packages that + explicitly require a newer version of Mac OS X, we must also know the + current version of the OS. + + If this condition occurs for any other platform with a version in its + platform strings, this function should be extended accordingly. + """ + plat = get_build_platform() + m = macosVersionString.match(plat) + if m is not None and sys.platform == "darwin": + try: + plat = 'macosx-%s-%s' % ('.'.join(_macosx_vers()[:2]), m.group(3)) + except ValueError: + # not Mac OS X + pass + return plat + +__all__ = [ + # Basic resource access and distribution/entry point discovery + 'require', 'run_script', 'get_provider', 'get_distribution', + 'load_entry_point', 'get_entry_map', 'get_entry_info', + 'iter_entry_points', + 'resource_string', 'resource_stream', 'resource_filename', + 'resource_listdir', 'resource_exists', 'resource_isdir', + + # Environmental control + 'declare_namespace', 'working_set', 'add_activation_listener', + 'find_distributions', 'set_extraction_path', 'cleanup_resources', + 'get_default_cache', + + # Primary implementation classes + 'Environment', 'WorkingSet', 'ResourceManager', + 'Distribution', 'Requirement', 'EntryPoint', + + # Exceptions + 'ResolutionError', 'VersionConflict', 'DistributionNotFound', + 'UnknownExtra', 'ExtractionError', + + # Warnings + 'PEP440Warning', + + # Parsing functions and string utilities + 'parse_requirements', 'parse_version', 'safe_name', 'safe_version', + 'get_platform', 'compatible_platforms', 'yield_lines', 'split_sections', + 'safe_extra', 'to_filename', 'invalid_marker', 'evaluate_marker', + + # filesystem utilities + 'ensure_directory', 'normalize_path', + + # Distribution "precedence" constants + 'EGG_DIST', 'BINARY_DIST', 'SOURCE_DIST', 'CHECKOUT_DIST', 'DEVELOP_DIST', + + # "Provider" interfaces, implementations, and registration/lookup APIs + 'IMetadataProvider', 'IResourceProvider', 'FileMetadata', + 'PathMetadata', 'EggMetadata', 'EmptyProvider', 'empty_provider', + 'NullProvider', 'EggProvider', 'DefaultProvider', 'ZipProvider', + 'register_finder', 'register_namespace_handler', 'register_loader_type', + 'fixup_namespace_packages', 'get_importer', + + # Deprecated/backward compatibility only + 'run_main', 'AvailableDistributions', +] + +class ResolutionError(Exception): + """Abstract base for dependency resolution errors""" + def __repr__(self): + return self.__class__.__name__+repr(self.args) + + +class VersionConflict(ResolutionError): + """ + An already-installed version conflicts with the requested version. + + Should be initialized with the installed Distribution and the requested + Requirement. + """ + + _template = "{self.dist} is installed but {self.req} is required" + + @property + def dist(self): + return self.args[0] + + @property + def req(self): + return self.args[1] + + def report(self): + return self._template.format(**locals()) + + def with_context(self, required_by): + """ + If required_by is non-empty, return a version of self that is a + ContextualVersionConflict. + """ + if not required_by: + return self + args = self.args + (required_by,) + return ContextualVersionConflict(*args) + + +class ContextualVersionConflict(VersionConflict): + """ + A VersionConflict that accepts a third parameter, the set of the + requirements that required the installed Distribution. + """ + + _template = VersionConflict._template + ' by {self.required_by}' + + @property + def required_by(self): + return self.args[2] + + +class DistributionNotFound(ResolutionError): + """A requested distribution was not found""" + + _template = ("The '{self.req}' distribution was not found " + "and is required by {self.requirers_str}") + + @property + def req(self): + return self.args[0] + + @property + def requirers(self): + return self.args[1] + + @property + def requirers_str(self): + if not self.requirers: + return 'the application' + return ', '.join(self.requirers) + + def report(self): + return self._template.format(**locals()) + + def __str__(self): + return self.report() + + +class UnknownExtra(ResolutionError): + """Distribution doesn't have an "extra feature" of the given name""" +_provider_factories = {} + +PY_MAJOR = sys.version[:3] +EGG_DIST = 3 +BINARY_DIST = 2 +SOURCE_DIST = 1 +CHECKOUT_DIST = 0 +DEVELOP_DIST = -1 + +def register_loader_type(loader_type, provider_factory): + """Register `provider_factory` to make providers for `loader_type` + + `loader_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 ``module.__loader__``, + and `provider_factory` is a function that, passed a *module* object, + returns an ``IResourceProvider`` for that module. + """ + _provider_factories[loader_type] = provider_factory + +def get_provider(moduleOrReq): + """Return an IResourceProvider for the named module or requirement""" + if isinstance(moduleOrReq, Requirement): + return working_set.find(moduleOrReq) or require(str(moduleOrReq))[0] + try: + module = sys.modules[moduleOrReq] + except KeyError: + __import__(moduleOrReq) + module = sys.modules[moduleOrReq] + loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None) + return _find_adapter(_provider_factories, loader)(module) + +def _macosx_vers(_cache=[]): + if not _cache: + version = platform.mac_ver()[0] + # fallback for MacPorts + if version == '': + plist = '/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion.plist' + if os.path.exists(plist): + if hasattr(plistlib, 'readPlist'): + plist_content = plistlib.readPlist(plist) + if 'ProductVersion' in plist_content: + version = plist_content['ProductVersion'] + + _cache.append(version.split('.')) + return _cache[0] + +def _macosx_arch(machine): + return {'PowerPC': 'ppc', 'Power_Macintosh': 'ppc'}.get(machine, machine) + +def get_build_platform(): + """Return this platform's string for platform-specific distributions + + XXX Currently this is the same as ``distutils.util.get_platform()``, but it + needs some hacks for Linux and Mac OS X. + """ + try: + # Python 2.7 or >=3.2 + from sysconfig import get_platform + except ImportError: + from distutils.util import get_platform + + plat = get_platform() + if sys.platform == "darwin" and not plat.startswith('macosx-'): + try: + version = _macosx_vers() + machine = os.uname()[4].replace(" ", "_") + return "macosx-%d.%d-%s" % (int(version[0]), int(version[1]), + _macosx_arch(machine)) + except ValueError: + # if someone is running a non-Mac darwin system, this will fall + # through to the default implementation + pass + return plat + +macosVersionString = re.compile(r"macosx-(\d+)\.(\d+)-(.*)") +darwinVersionString = re.compile(r"darwin-(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)-(.*)") +# XXX backward compat +get_platform = get_build_platform + + +def compatible_platforms(provided, required): + """Can code for the `provided` platform run on the `required` platform? + + Returns true if either platform is ``None``, or the platforms are equal. + + XXX Needs compatibility checks for Linux and other unixy OSes. + """ + if provided is None or required is None or provided==required: + # easy case + return True + + # Mac OS X special cases + reqMac = macosVersionString.match(required) + if reqMac: + provMac = macosVersionString.match(provided) + + # is this a Mac package? + if not provMac: + # this is backwards compatibility for packages built before + # setuptools 0.6. All packages built after this point will + # use the new macosx designation. + provDarwin = darwinVersionString.match(provided) + if provDarwin: + dversion = int(provDarwin.group(1)) + macosversion = "%s.%s" % (reqMac.group(1), reqMac.group(2)) + if dversion == 7 and macosversion >= "10.3" or \ + dversion == 8 and macosversion >= "10.4": + return True + # egg isn't macosx or legacy darwin + return False + + # are they the same major version and machine type? + if provMac.group(1) != reqMac.group(1) or \ + provMac.group(3) != reqMac.group(3): + return False + + # is the required OS major update >= the provided one? + if int(provMac.group(2)) > int(reqMac.group(2)): + return False + + return True + + # XXX Linux and other platforms' special cases should go here + return False + + +def run_script(dist_spec, script_name): + """Locate distribution `dist_spec` and run its `script_name` script""" + ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals + name = ns['__name__'] + ns.clear() + ns['__name__'] = name + require(dist_spec)[0].run_script(script_name, ns) + +# backward compatibility +run_main = run_script + +def get_distribution(dist): + """Return a current distribution object for a Requirement or string""" + if isinstance(dist, string_types): + dist = Requirement.parse(dist) + if isinstance(dist, Requirement): + dist = get_provider(dist) + if not isinstance(dist, Distribution): + raise TypeError("Expected string, Requirement, or Distribution", dist) + return dist + +def load_entry_point(dist, group, name): + """Return `name` entry point of `group` for `dist` or raise ImportError""" + return get_distribution(dist).load_entry_point(group, name) + +def get_entry_map(dist, group=None): + """Return the entry point map for `group`, or the full entry map""" + return get_distribution(dist).get_entry_map(group) + +def get_entry_info(dist, group, name): + """Return the EntryPoint object for `group`+`name`, or ``None``""" + return get_distribution(dist).get_entry_info(group, name) + + +class IMetadataProvider: + + def has_metadata(name): + """Does the package's distribution contain the named metadata?""" + + def get_metadata(name): + """The named metadata resource as a string""" + + def get_metadata_lines(name): + """Yield named metadata resource as list of non-blank non-comment lines + + Leading and trailing whitespace is stripped from each line, and lines + with ``#`` as the first non-blank character are omitted.""" + + def metadata_isdir(name): + """Is the named metadata a directory? (like ``os.path.isdir()``)""" + + def metadata_listdir(name): + """List of metadata names in the directory (like ``os.listdir()``)""" + + def run_script(script_name, namespace): + """Execute the named script in the supplied namespace dictionary""" + + +class IResourceProvider(IMetadataProvider): + """An object that provides access to package resources""" + + def get_resource_filename(manager, resource_name): + """Return a true filesystem path for `resource_name` + + `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``""" + + def get_resource_stream(manager, resource_name): + """Return a readable file-like object for `resource_name` + + `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``""" + + def get_resource_string(manager, resource_name): + """Return a string containing the contents of `resource_name` + + `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``""" + + def has_resource(resource_name): + """Does the package contain the named resource?""" + + def resource_isdir(resource_name): + """Is the named resource a directory? (like ``os.path.isdir()``)""" + + def resource_listdir(resource_name): + """List of resource names in the directory (like ``os.listdir()``)""" + + +class WorkingSet(object): + """A collection of active distributions on sys.path (or a similar list)""" + + def __init__(self, entries=None): + """Create working set from list of path entries (default=sys.path)""" + self.entries = [] + self.entry_keys = {} + self.by_key = {} + self.callbacks = [] + + if entries is None: + entries = sys.path + + for entry in entries: + self.add_entry(entry) + + @classmethod + def _build_master(cls): + """ + Prepare the master working set. + """ + ws = cls() + try: + from __main__ import __requires__ + except ImportError: + # The main program does not list any requirements + return ws + + # ensure the requirements are met + try: + ws.require(__requires__) + except VersionConflict: + return cls._build_from_requirements(__requires__) + + return ws + + @classmethod + def _build_from_requirements(cls, req_spec): + """ + Build a working set from a requirement spec. Rewrites sys.path. + """ + # try it without defaults already on sys.path + # by starting with an empty path + ws = cls([]) + reqs = parse_requirements(req_spec) + dists = ws.resolve(reqs, Environment()) + for dist in dists: + ws.add(dist) + + # add any missing entries from sys.path + for entry in sys.path: + if entry not in ws.entries: + ws.add_entry(entry) + + # then copy back to sys.path + sys.path[:] = ws.entries + return ws + + def add_entry(self, entry): + """Add a path item to ``.entries``, finding any distributions on it + + ``find_distributions(entry, True)`` is used to find distributions + corresponding to the path entry, and they are added. `entry` is + always appended to ``.entries``, even if it is already present. + (This is because ``sys.path`` can contain the same value more than + once, and the ``.entries`` of the ``sys.path`` WorkingSet should always + equal ``sys.path``.) + """ + self.entry_keys.setdefault(entry, []) + self.entries.append(entry) + for dist in find_distributions(entry, True): + self.add(dist, entry, False) + + def __contains__(self, dist): + """True if `dist` is the active distribution for its project""" + return self.by_key.get(dist.key) == dist + + def find(self, req): + """Find a distribution matching requirement `req` + + If there is an active distribution for the requested project, this + returns it as long as it meets the version requirement specified by + `req`. But, if there is an active distribution for the project and it + does *not* meet the `req` requirement, ``VersionConflict`` is raised. + If there is no active distribution for the requested project, ``None`` + is returned. + """ + dist = self.by_key.get(req.key) + if dist is not None and dist not in req: + # XXX add more info + raise VersionConflict(dist, req) + return dist + + def iter_entry_points(self, group, name=None): + """Yield entry point objects from `group` matching `name` + + If `name` is None, yields all entry points in `group` from all + distributions in the working set, otherwise only ones matching + both `group` and `name` are yielded (in distribution order). + """ + for dist in self: + entries = dist.get_entry_map(group) + if name is None: + for ep in entries.values(): + yield ep + elif name in entries: + yield entries[name] + + def run_script(self, requires, script_name): + """Locate distribution for `requires` and run `script_name` script""" + ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals + name = ns['__name__'] + ns.clear() + ns['__name__'] = name + self.require(requires)[0].run_script(script_name, ns) + + def __iter__(self): + """Yield distributions for non-duplicate projects in the working set + + The yield order is the order in which the items' path entries were + added to the working set. + """ + seen = {} + for item in self.entries: + if item not in self.entry_keys: + # workaround a cache issue + continue + + for key in self.entry_keys[item]: + if key not in seen: + seen[key]=1 + yield self.by_key[key] + + def add(self, dist, entry=None, insert=True, replace=False): + """Add `dist` to working set, associated with `entry` + + If `entry` is unspecified, it defaults to the ``.location`` of `dist`. + On exit from this routine, `entry` is added to the end of the working + set's ``.entries`` (if it wasn't already present). + + `dist` is only added to the working set if it's for a project that + doesn't already have a distribution in the set, unless `replace=True`. + If it's added, any callbacks registered with the ``subscribe()`` method + will be called. + """ + if insert: + dist.insert_on(self.entries, entry) + + if entry is None: + entry = dist.location + keys = self.entry_keys.setdefault(entry,[]) + keys2 = self.entry_keys.setdefault(dist.location,[]) + if not replace and dist.key in self.by_key: + # ignore hidden distros + return + + self.by_key[dist.key] = dist + if dist.key not in keys: + keys.append(dist.key) + if dist.key not in keys2: + keys2.append(dist.key) + self._added_new(dist) + + def resolve(self, requirements, env=None, installer=None, + replace_conflicting=False): + """List all distributions needed to (recursively) meet `requirements` + + `requirements` must be a sequence of ``Requirement`` objects. `env`, + if supplied, should be an ``Environment`` instance. If + not supplied, it defaults to all distributions available within any + entry or distribution in the working set. `installer`, if supplied, + will be invoked with each requirement that cannot be met by an + already-installed distribution; it should return a ``Distribution`` or + ``None``. + + Unless `replace_conflicting=True`, raises a VersionConflict exception if + any requirements are found on the path that have the correct name but + the wrong version. Otherwise, if an `installer` is supplied it will be + invoked to obtain the correct version of the requirement and activate + it. + """ + + # set up the stack + requirements = list(requirements)[::-1] + # set of processed requirements + processed = {} + # key -> dist + best = {} + to_activate = [] + + # Mapping of requirement to set of distributions that required it; + # useful for reporting info about conflicts. + required_by = collections.defaultdict(set) + + while requirements: + # process dependencies breadth-first + req = requirements.pop(0) + if req in processed: + # Ignore cyclic or redundant dependencies + continue + dist = best.get(req.key) + if dist is None: + # Find the best distribution and add it to the map + dist = self.by_key.get(req.key) + if dist is None or (dist not in req and replace_conflicting): + ws = self + if env is None: + if dist is None: + env = Environment(self.entries) + else: + # Use an empty environment and workingset to avoid + # any further conflicts with the conflicting + # distribution + env = Environment([]) + ws = WorkingSet([]) + dist = best[req.key] = env.best_match(req, ws, installer) + if dist is None: + requirers = required_by.get(req, None) + raise DistributionNotFound(req, requirers) + to_activate.append(dist) + if dist not in req: + # Oops, the "best" so far conflicts with a dependency + dependent_req = required_by[req] + raise VersionConflict(dist, req).with_context(dependent_req) + + # push the new requirements onto the stack + new_requirements = dist.requires(req.extras)[::-1] + requirements.extend(new_requirements) + + # Register the new requirements needed by req + for new_requirement in new_requirements: + required_by[new_requirement].add(req.project_name) + + processed[req] = True + + # return list of distros to activate + return to_activate + + def find_plugins(self, plugin_env, full_env=None, installer=None, + fallback=True): + """Find all activatable distributions in `plugin_env` + + Example usage:: + + distributions, errors = working_set.find_plugins( + Environment(plugin_dirlist) + ) + # add plugins+libs to sys.path + map(working_set.add, distributions) + # display errors + print('Could not load', errors) + + The `plugin_env` should be an ``Environment`` instance that contains + only distributions that are in the project's "plugin directory" or + directories. The `full_env`, if supplied, should be an ``Environment`` + contains all currently-available distributions. If `full_env` is not + supplied, one is created automatically from the ``WorkingSet`` this + method is called on, which will typically mean that every directory on + ``sys.path`` will be scanned for distributions. + + `installer` is a standard installer callback as used by the + ``resolve()`` method. The `fallback` flag indicates whether we should + attempt to resolve older versions of a plugin if the newest version + cannot be resolved. + + This method returns a 2-tuple: (`distributions`, `error_info`), where + `distributions` is a list of the distributions found in `plugin_env` + that were loadable, along with any other distributions that are needed + to resolve their dependencies. `error_info` is a dictionary mapping + unloadable plugin distributions to an exception instance describing the + error that occurred. Usually this will be a ``DistributionNotFound`` or + ``VersionConflict`` instance. + """ + + plugin_projects = list(plugin_env) + # scan project names in alphabetic order + plugin_projects.sort() + + error_info = {} + distributions = {} + + if full_env is None: + env = Environment(self.entries) + env += plugin_env + else: + env = full_env + plugin_env + + shadow_set = self.__class__([]) + # put all our entries in shadow_set + list(map(shadow_set.add, self)) + + for project_name in plugin_projects: + + for dist in plugin_env[project_name]: + + req = [dist.as_requirement()] + + try: + resolvees = shadow_set.resolve(req, env, installer) + + except ResolutionError as v: + # save error info + error_info[dist] = v + if fallback: + # try the next older version of project + continue + else: + # give up on this project, keep going + break + + else: + list(map(shadow_set.add, resolvees)) + distributions.update(dict.fromkeys(resolvees)) + + # success, no need to try any more versions of this project + break + + distributions = list(distributions) + distributions.sort() + + return distributions, error_info + + def require(self, *requirements): + """Ensure that distributions matching `requirements` are activated + + `requirements` must be a string or a (possibly-nested) sequence + thereof, specifying the distributions and versions required. The + return value is a sequence of the distributions that needed to be + activated to fulfill the requirements; all relevant distributions are + included, even if they were already activated in this working set. + """ + needed = self.resolve(parse_requirements(requirements)) + + for dist in needed: + self.add(dist) + + return needed + + def subscribe(self, callback): + """Invoke `callback` for all distributions (including existing ones)""" + if callback in self.callbacks: + return + self.callbacks.append(callback) + for dist in self: + callback(dist) + + def _added_new(self, dist): + for callback in self.callbacks: + callback(dist) + + def __getstate__(self): + return ( + self.entries[:], self.entry_keys.copy(), self.by_key.copy(), + self.callbacks[:] + ) + + def __setstate__(self, e_k_b_c): + entries, keys, by_key, callbacks = e_k_b_c + self.entries = entries[:] + self.entry_keys = keys.copy() + self.by_key = by_key.copy() + self.callbacks = callbacks[:] + + +class Environment(object): + """Searchable snapshot of distributions on a search path""" + + def __init__(self, search_path=None, platform=get_supported_platform(), + python=PY_MAJOR): + """Snapshot distributions available on a search path + + Any distributions found on `search_path` are added to the environment. + `search_path` should be a sequence of ``sys.path`` items. If not + supplied, ``sys.path`` is used. + + `platform` is an optional string specifying the name of the platform + that platform-specific distributions must be compatible with. If + unspecified, it defaults to the current platform. `python` is an + optional string naming the desired version of Python (e.g. ``'3.3'``); + it defaults to the current version. + + You may explicitly set `platform` (and/or `python`) to ``None`` if you + wish to map *all* distributions, not just those compatible with the + running platform or Python version. + """ + self._distmap = {} + self.platform = platform + self.python = python + self.scan(search_path) + + def can_add(self, dist): + """Is distribution `dist` acceptable for this environment? + + The distribution must match the platform and python version + requirements specified when this environment was created, or False + is returned. + """ + return (self.python is None or dist.py_version is None + or dist.py_version==self.python) \ + and compatible_platforms(dist.platform, self.platform) + + def remove(self, dist): + """Remove `dist` from the environment""" + self._distmap[dist.key].remove(dist) + + def scan(self, search_path=None): + """Scan `search_path` for distributions usable in this environment + + Any distributions found are added to the environment. + `search_path` should be a sequence of ``sys.path`` items. If not + supplied, ``sys.path`` is used. Only distributions conforming to + the platform/python version defined at initialization are added. + """ + if search_path is None: + search_path = sys.path + + for item in search_path: + for dist in find_distributions(item): + self.add(dist) + + def __getitem__(self, project_name): + """Return a newest-to-oldest list of distributions for `project_name` + + Uses case-insensitive `project_name` comparison, assuming all the + project's distributions use their project's name converted to all + lowercase as their key. + + """ + distribution_key = project_name.lower() + return self._distmap.get(distribution_key, []) + + def add(self, dist): + """Add `dist` if we ``can_add()`` it and it has not already been added + """ + if self.can_add(dist) and dist.has_version(): + dists = self._distmap.setdefault(dist.key, []) + if dist not in dists: + dists.append(dist) + dists.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('hashcmp'), reverse=True) + + def best_match(self, req, working_set, installer=None): + """Find distribution best matching `req` and usable on `working_set` + + This calls the ``find(req)`` method of the `working_set` to see if a + suitable distribution is already active. (This may raise + ``VersionConflict`` if an unsuitable version of the project is already + active in the specified `working_set`.) If a suitable distribution + isn't active, this method returns the newest distribution in the + environment that meets the ``Requirement`` in `req`. If no suitable + distribution is found, and `installer` is supplied, then the result of + calling the environment's ``obtain(req, installer)`` method will be + returned. + """ + dist = working_set.find(req) + if dist is not None: + return dist + for dist in self[req.key]: + if dist in req: + return dist + # try to download/install + return self.obtain(req, installer) + + def obtain(self, requirement, installer=None): + """Obtain a distribution matching `requirement` (e.g. via download) + + Obtain a distro that matches requirement (e.g. via download). In the + base ``Environment`` class, this routine just returns + ``installer(requirement)``, unless `installer` is None, in which case + None is returned instead. This method is a hook that allows subclasses + to attempt other ways of obtaining a distribution before falling back + to the `installer` argument.""" + if installer is not None: + return installer(requirement) + + def __iter__(self): + """Yield the unique project names of the available distributions""" + for key in self._distmap.keys(): + if self[key]: + yield key + + def __iadd__(self, other): + """In-place addition of a distribution or environment""" + if isinstance(other, Distribution): + self.add(other) + elif isinstance(other, Environment): + for project in other: + for dist in other[project]: + self.add(dist) + else: + raise TypeError("Can't add %r to environment" % (other,)) + return self + + def __add__(self, other): + """Add an environment or distribution to an environment""" + new = self.__class__([], platform=None, python=None) + for env in self, other: + new += env + return new + + +# XXX backward compatibility +AvailableDistributions = Environment + + +class ExtractionError(RuntimeError): + """An error occurred extracting a resource + + The following attributes are available from instances of this exception: + + manager + The resource manager that raised this exception + + cache_path + The base directory for resource extraction + + original_error + The exception instance that caused extraction to fail + """ + + +class ResourceManager: + """Manage resource extraction and packages""" + extraction_path = None + + def __init__(self): + self.cached_files = {} + + def resource_exists(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name): + """Does the named resource exist?""" + return get_provider(package_or_requirement).has_resource(resource_name) + + def resource_isdir(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name): + """Is the named resource an existing directory?""" + return get_provider(package_or_requirement).resource_isdir( + resource_name + ) + + def resource_filename(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name): + """Return a true filesystem path for specified resource""" + return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_filename( + self, resource_name + ) + + def resource_stream(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name): + """Return a readable file-like object for specified resource""" + return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_stream( + self, resource_name + ) + + def resource_string(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name): + """Return specified resource as a string""" + return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_string( + self, resource_name + ) + + def resource_listdir(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name): + """List the contents of the named resource directory""" + return get_provider(package_or_requirement).resource_listdir( + resource_name + ) + + def extraction_error(self): + """Give an error message for problems extracting file(s)""" + + old_exc = sys.exc_info()[1] + cache_path = self.extraction_path or get_default_cache() + + err = ExtractionError("""Can't extract file(s) to egg cache + +The following error occurred while trying to extract file(s) to the Python egg +cache: + + %s + +The Python egg cache directory is currently set to: + + %s + +Perhaps your account does not have write access to this directory? You can +change the cache directory by setting the PYTHON_EGG_CACHE environment +variable to point to an accessible directory. +""" % (old_exc, cache_path) + ) + err.manager = self + err.cache_path = cache_path + err.original_error = old_exc + raise err + + def get_cache_path(self, archive_name, names=()): + """Return absolute location in cache for `archive_name` and `names` + + The parent directory of the resulting path will be created if it does + not already exist. `archive_name` should be the base filename of the + enclosing egg (which may not be the name of the enclosing zipfile!), + including its ".egg" extension. `names`, if provided, should be a + sequence of path name parts "under" the egg's extraction location. + + This method should only be called by resource providers that need to + obtain an extraction location, and only for names they intend to + extract, as it tracks the generated names for possible cleanup later. + """ + extract_path = self.extraction_path or get_default_cache() + target_path = os.path.join(extract_path, archive_name+'-tmp', *names) + try: + _bypass_ensure_directory(target_path) + except: + self.extraction_error() + + self._warn_unsafe_extraction_path(extract_path) + + self.cached_files[target_path] = 1 + return target_path + + @staticmethod + def _warn_unsafe_extraction_path(path): + """ + If the default extraction path is overridden and set to an insecure + location, such as /tmp, it opens up an opportunity for an attacker to + replace an extracted file with an unauthorized payload. Warn the user + if a known insecure location is used. + + See Distribute #375 for more details. + """ + if os.name == 'nt' and not path.startswith(os.environ['windir']): + # On Windows, permissions are generally restrictive by default + # and temp directories are not writable by other users, so + # bypass the warning. + return + mode = os.stat(path).st_mode + if mode & stat.S_IWOTH or mode & stat.S_IWGRP: + msg = ("%s is writable by group/others and vulnerable to attack " + "when " + "used with get_resource_filename. Consider a more secure " + "location (set with .set_extraction_path or the " + "PYTHON_EGG_CACHE environment variable)." % path) + warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning) + + def postprocess(self, tempname, filename): + """Perform any platform-specific postprocessing of `tempname` + + This is where Mac header rewrites should be done; other platforms don't + have anything special they should do. + + Resource providers should call this method ONLY after successfully + extracting a compressed resource. They must NOT call it on resources + that are already in the filesystem. + + `tempname` is the current (temporary) name of the file, and `filename` + is the name it will be renamed to by the caller after this routine + returns. + """ + + if os.name == 'posix': + # Make the resource executable + mode = ((os.stat(tempname).st_mode) | 0o555) & 0o7777 + os.chmod(tempname, mode) + + def set_extraction_path(self, path): + """Set the base path where resources will be extracted to, if needed. + + If you do not call this routine before any extractions take place, the + path defaults to the return value of ``get_default_cache()``. (Which + is based on the ``PYTHON_EGG_CACHE`` environment variable, with various + platform-specific fallbacks. See that routine's documentation for more + details.) + + Resources are extracted to subdirectories of this path based upon + information given by the ``IResourceProvider``. You may set this to a + temporary directory, but then you must call ``cleanup_resources()`` to + delete the extracted files when done. There is no guarantee that + ``cleanup_resources()`` will be able to remove all extracted files. + + (Note: you may not change the extraction path for a given resource + manager once resources have been extracted, unless you first call + ``cleanup_resources()``.) + """ + if self.cached_files: + raise ValueError( + "Can't change extraction path, files already extracted" + ) + + self.extraction_path = path + + def cleanup_resources(self, force=False): + """ + Delete all extracted resource files and directories, returning a list + of the file and directory names that could not be successfully removed. + This function does not have any concurrency protection, so it should + generally only be called when the extraction path is a temporary + directory exclusive to a single process. This method is not + automatically called; you must call it explicitly or register it as an + ``atexit`` function if you wish to ensure cleanup of a temporary + directory used for extractions. + """ + # XXX + +def get_default_cache(): + """Determine the default cache location + + This returns the ``PYTHON_EGG_CACHE`` environment variable, if set. + Otherwise, on Windows, it returns a "Python-Eggs" subdirectory of the + "Application Data" directory. On all other systems, it's "~/.python-eggs". + """ + try: + return os.environ['PYTHON_EGG_CACHE'] + except KeyError: + pass + + if os.name!='nt': + return os.path.expanduser('~/.python-eggs') + + # XXX this may be locale-specific! + app_data = 'Application Data' + app_homes = [ + # best option, should be locale-safe + (('APPDATA',), None), + (('USERPROFILE',), app_data), + (('HOMEDRIVE','HOMEPATH'), app_data), + (('HOMEPATH',), app_data), + (('HOME',), None), + # 95/98/ME + (('WINDIR',), app_data), + ] + + for keys, subdir in app_homes: + dirname = '' + for key in keys: + if key in os.environ: + dirname = os.path.join(dirname, os.environ[key]) + else: + break + else: + if subdir: + dirname = os.path.join(dirname, subdir) + return os.path.join(dirname, 'Python-Eggs') + else: + raise RuntimeError( + "Please set the PYTHON_EGG_CACHE enviroment variable" + ) + +def safe_name(name): + """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard distribution name + + Any runs of non-alphanumeric/. characters are replaced with a single '-'. + """ + return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', name) + + +def safe_version(version): + """ + Convert an arbitrary string to a standard version string + """ + try: + # normalize the version + return str(packaging.version.Version(version)) + except packaging.version.InvalidVersion: + version = version.replace(' ','.') + return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', version) + + +def safe_extra(extra): + """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard 'extra' name + + Any runs of non-alphanumeric characters are replaced with a single '_', + and the result is always lowercased. + """ + return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '_', extra).lower() + + +def to_filename(name): + """Convert a project or version name to its filename-escaped form + + Any '-' characters are currently replaced with '_'. + """ + return name.replace('-','_') + + +class MarkerEvaluation(object): + values = { + 'os_name': lambda: os.name, + 'sys_platform': lambda: sys.platform, + 'python_full_version': platform.python_version, + 'python_version': lambda: platform.python_version()[:3], + 'platform_version': platform.version, + 'platform_machine': platform.machine, + 'platform_python_implementation': platform.python_implementation, + 'python_implementation': platform.python_implementation, + } + + @classmethod + def is_invalid_marker(cls, text): + """ + Validate text as a PEP 426 environment marker; return an exception + if invalid or False otherwise. + """ + try: + cls.evaluate_marker(text) + except SyntaxError as e: + return cls.normalize_exception(e) + return False + + @staticmethod + def normalize_exception(exc): + """ + Given a SyntaxError from a marker evaluation, normalize the error + message: + - Remove indications of filename and line number. + - Replace platform-specific error messages with standard error + messages. + """ + subs = { + 'unexpected EOF while parsing': 'invalid syntax', + 'parenthesis is never closed': 'invalid syntax', + } + exc.filename = None + exc.lineno = None + exc.msg = subs.get(exc.msg, exc.msg) + return exc + + @classmethod + def and_test(cls, nodelist): + # MUST NOT short-circuit evaluation, or invalid syntax can be skipped! + items = [ + cls.interpret(nodelist[i]) + for i in range(1, len(nodelist), 2) + ] + return functools.reduce(operator.and_, items) + + @classmethod + def test(cls, nodelist): + # MUST NOT short-circuit evaluation, or invalid syntax can be skipped! + items = [ + cls.interpret(nodelist[i]) + for i in range(1, len(nodelist), 2) + ] + return functools.reduce(operator.or_, items) + + @classmethod + def atom(cls, nodelist): + t = nodelist[1][0] + if t == token.LPAR: + if nodelist[2][0] == token.RPAR: + raise SyntaxError("Empty parentheses") + return cls.interpret(nodelist[2]) + msg = "Language feature not supported in environment markers" + raise SyntaxError(msg) + + @classmethod + def comparison(cls, nodelist): + if len(nodelist) > 4: + msg = "Chained comparison not allowed in environment markers" + raise SyntaxError(msg) + comp = nodelist[2][1] + cop = comp[1] + if comp[0] == token.NAME: + if len(nodelist[2]) == 3: + if cop == 'not': + cop = 'not in' + else: + cop = 'is not' + try: + cop = cls.get_op(cop) + except KeyError: + msg = repr(cop) + " operator not allowed in environment markers" + raise SyntaxError(msg) + return cop(cls.evaluate(nodelist[1]), cls.evaluate(nodelist[3])) + + @classmethod + def get_op(cls, op): + ops = { + symbol.test: cls.test, + symbol.and_test: cls.and_test, + symbol.atom: cls.atom, + symbol.comparison: cls.comparison, + 'not in': lambda x, y: x not in y, + 'in': lambda x, y: x in y, + '==': operator.eq, + '!=': operator.ne, + '<': operator.lt, + '>': operator.gt, + '<=': operator.le, + '>=': operator.ge, + } + if hasattr(symbol, 'or_test'): + ops[symbol.or_test] = cls.test + return ops[op] + + @classmethod + def evaluate_marker(cls, text, extra=None): + """ + Evaluate a PEP 426 environment marker on CPython 2.4+. + Return a boolean indicating the marker result in this environment. + Raise SyntaxError if marker is invalid. + + This implementation uses the 'parser' module, which is not implemented + on + Jython and has been superseded by the 'ast' module in Python 2.6 and + later. + """ + return cls.interpret(parser.expr(text).totuple(1)[1]) + + @staticmethod + def _translate_metadata2(env): + """ + Markerlib implements Metadata 1.2 (PEP 345) environment markers. + Translate the variables to Metadata 2.0 (PEP 426). + """ + return dict( + (key.replace('.', '_'), value) + for key, value in env + ) + + @classmethod + def _markerlib_evaluate(cls, text): + """ + Evaluate a PEP 426 environment marker using markerlib. + Return a boolean indicating the marker result in this environment. + Raise SyntaxError if marker is invalid. + """ + import _markerlib + + env = cls._translate_metadata2(_markerlib.default_environment()) + try: + result = _markerlib.interpret(text, env) + except NameError as e: + raise SyntaxError(e.args[0]) + return result + + if 'parser' not in globals(): + # Fall back to less-complete _markerlib implementation if 'parser' module + # is not available. + evaluate_marker = _markerlib_evaluate + + @classmethod + def interpret(cls, nodelist): + while len(nodelist)==2: nodelist = nodelist[1] + try: + op = cls.get_op(nodelist[0]) + except KeyError: + raise SyntaxError("Comparison or logical expression expected") + return op(nodelist) + + @classmethod + def evaluate(cls, nodelist): + while len(nodelist)==2: nodelist = nodelist[1] + kind = nodelist[0] + name = nodelist[1] + if kind==token.NAME: + try: + op = cls.values[name] + except KeyError: + raise SyntaxError("Unknown name %r" % name) + return op() + if kind==token.STRING: + s = nodelist[1] + if not cls._safe_string(s): + raise SyntaxError( + "Only plain strings allowed in environment markers") + return s[1:-1] + msg = "Language feature not supported in environment markers" + raise SyntaxError(msg) + + @staticmethod + def _safe_string(cand): + return ( + cand[:1] in "'\"" and + not cand.startswith('"""') and + not cand.startswith("'''") and + '\\' not in cand + ) + +invalid_marker = MarkerEvaluation.is_invalid_marker +evaluate_marker = MarkerEvaluation.evaluate_marker + +class NullProvider: + """Try to implement resources and metadata for arbitrary PEP 302 loaders""" + + egg_name = None + egg_info = None + loader = None + + def __init__(self, module): + self.loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None) + self.module_path = os.path.dirname(getattr(module, '__file__', '')) + + def get_resource_filename(self, manager, resource_name): + return self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name) + + def get_resource_stream(self, manager, resource_name): + return io.BytesIO(self.get_resource_string(manager, resource_name)) + + def get_resource_string(self, manager, resource_name): + return self._get(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name)) + + def has_resource(self, resource_name): + return self._has(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name)) + + def has_metadata(self, name): + return self.egg_info and self._has(self._fn(self.egg_info, name)) + + if sys.version_info <= (3,): + def get_metadata(self, name): + if not self.egg_info: + return "" + return self._get(self._fn(self.egg_info, name)) + else: + def get_metadata(self, name): + if not self.egg_info: + return "" + return self._get(self._fn(self.egg_info, name)).decode("utf-8") + + def get_metadata_lines(self, name): + return yield_lines(self.get_metadata(name)) + + def resource_isdir(self, resource_name): + return self._isdir(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name)) + + def metadata_isdir(self, name): + return self.egg_info and self._isdir(self._fn(self.egg_info, name)) + + def resource_listdir(self, resource_name): + return self._listdir(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name)) + + def metadata_listdir(self, name): + if self.egg_info: + return self._listdir(self._fn(self.egg_info, name)) + return [] + + def run_script(self, script_name, namespace): + script = 'scripts/'+script_name + if not self.has_metadata(script): + raise ResolutionError("No script named %r" % script_name) + script_text = self.get_metadata(script).replace('\r\n', '\n') + script_text = script_text.replace('\r', '\n') + script_filename = self._fn(self.egg_info, script) + namespace['__file__'] = script_filename + if os.path.exists(script_filename): + source = open(script_filename).read() + code = compile(source, script_filename, 'exec') + exec(code, namespace, namespace) + else: + from linecache import cache + cache[script_filename] = ( + len(script_text), 0, script_text.split('\n'), script_filename + ) + script_code = compile(script_text, script_filename,'exec') + exec(script_code, namespace, namespace) + + def _has(self, path): + raise NotImplementedError( + "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type" + ) + + def _isdir(self, path): + raise NotImplementedError( + "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type" + ) + + def _listdir(self, path): + raise NotImplementedError( + "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type" + ) + + def _fn(self, base, resource_name): + if resource_name: + return os.path.join(base, *resource_name.split('/')) + return base + + def _get(self, path): + if hasattr(self.loader, 'get_data'): + return self.loader.get_data(path) + raise NotImplementedError( + "Can't perform this operation for loaders without 'get_data()'" + ) + +register_loader_type(object, NullProvider) + + +class EggProvider(NullProvider): + """Provider based on a virtual filesystem""" + + def __init__(self, module): + NullProvider.__init__(self, module) + self._setup_prefix() + + def _setup_prefix(self): + # we assume here that our metadata may be nested inside a "basket" + # of multiple eggs; that's why we use module_path instead of .archive + path = self.module_path + old = None + while path!=old: + if path.lower().endswith('.egg'): + self.egg_name = os.path.basename(path) + self.egg_info = os.path.join(path, 'EGG-INFO') + self.egg_root = path + break + old = path + path, base = os.path.split(path) + +class DefaultProvider(EggProvider): + """Provides access to package resources in the filesystem""" + + def _has(self, path): + return os.path.exists(path) + + def _isdir(self, path): + return os.path.isdir(path) + + def _listdir(self, path): + return os.listdir(path) + + def get_resource_stream(self, manager, resource_name): + return open(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name), 'rb') + + def _get(self, path): + with open(path, 'rb') as stream: + return stream.read() + +register_loader_type(type(None), DefaultProvider) + +if importlib_machinery is not None: + register_loader_type(importlib_machinery.SourceFileLoader, DefaultProvider) + + +class EmptyProvider(NullProvider): + """Provider that returns nothing for all requests""" + + _isdir = _has = lambda self, path: False + _get = lambda self, path: '' + _listdir = lambda self, path: [] + module_path = None + + def __init__(self): + pass + +empty_provider = EmptyProvider() + + +class ZipManifests(dict): + """ + zip manifest builder + """ + + @classmethod + def build(cls, path): + """ + Build a dictionary similar to the zipimport directory + caches, except instead of tuples, store ZipInfo objects. + + Use a platform-specific path separator (os.sep) for the path keys + for compatibility with pypy on Windows. + """ + with ContextualZipFile(path) as zfile: + items = ( + ( + name.replace('/', os.sep), + zfile.getinfo(name), + ) + for name in zfile.namelist() + ) + return dict(items) + + load = build + + +class MemoizedZipManifests(ZipManifests): + """ + Memoized zipfile manifests. + """ + manifest_mod = collections.namedtuple('manifest_mod', 'manifest mtime') + + def load(self, path): + """ + Load a manifest at path or return a suitable manifest already loaded. + """ + path = os.path.normpath(path) + mtime = os.stat(path).st_mtime + + if path not in self or self[path].mtime != mtime: + manifest = self.build(path) + self[path] = self.manifest_mod(manifest, mtime) + + return self[path].manifest + + +class ContextualZipFile(zipfile.ZipFile): + """ + Supplement ZipFile class to support context manager for Python 2.6 + """ + + def __enter__(self): + return self + + def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): + self.close() + + def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): + """ + Construct a ZipFile or ContextualZipFile as appropriate + """ + if hasattr(zipfile.ZipFile, '__exit__'): + return zipfile.ZipFile(*args, **kwargs) + return super(ContextualZipFile, cls).__new__(cls) + + +class ZipProvider(EggProvider): + """Resource support for zips and eggs""" + + eagers = None + _zip_manifests = MemoizedZipManifests() + + def __init__(self, module): + EggProvider.__init__(self, module) + self.zip_pre = self.loader.archive+os.sep + + def _zipinfo_name(self, fspath): + # Convert a virtual filename (full path to file) into a zipfile subpath + # usable with the zipimport directory cache for our target archive + if fspath.startswith(self.zip_pre): + return fspath[len(self.zip_pre):] + raise AssertionError( + "%s is not a subpath of %s" % (fspath, self.zip_pre) + ) + + def _parts(self, zip_path): + # Convert a zipfile subpath into an egg-relative path part list. + # pseudo-fs path + fspath = self.zip_pre+zip_path + if fspath.startswith(self.egg_root+os.sep): + return fspath[len(self.egg_root)+1:].split(os.sep) + raise AssertionError( + "%s is not a subpath of %s" % (fspath, self.egg_root) + ) + + @property + def zipinfo(self): + return self._zip_manifests.load(self.loader.archive) + + def get_resource_filename(self, manager, resource_name): + if not self.egg_name: + raise NotImplementedError( + "resource_filename() only supported for .egg, not .zip" + ) + # no need to lock for extraction, since we use temp names + zip_path = self._resource_to_zip(resource_name) + eagers = self._get_eager_resources() + if '/'.join(self._parts(zip_path)) in eagers: + for name in eagers: + self._extract_resource(manager, self._eager_to_zip(name)) + return self._extract_resource(manager, zip_path) + + @staticmethod + def _get_date_and_size(zip_stat): + size = zip_stat.file_size + # ymdhms+wday, yday, dst + date_time = zip_stat.date_time + (0, 0, -1) + # 1980 offset already done + timestamp = time.mktime(date_time) + return timestamp, size + + def _extract_resource(self, manager, zip_path): + + if zip_path in self._index(): + for name in self._index()[zip_path]: + last = self._extract_resource( + manager, os.path.join(zip_path, name) + ) + # return the extracted directory name + return os.path.dirname(last) + + timestamp, size = self._get_date_and_size(self.zipinfo[zip_path]) + + if not WRITE_SUPPORT: + raise IOError('"os.rename" and "os.unlink" are not supported ' + 'on this platform') + try: + + real_path = manager.get_cache_path( + self.egg_name, self._parts(zip_path) + ) + + if self._is_current(real_path, zip_path): + return real_path + + outf, tmpnam = _mkstemp(".$extract", dir=os.path.dirname(real_path)) + os.write(outf, self.loader.get_data(zip_path)) + os.close(outf) + utime(tmpnam, (timestamp, timestamp)) + manager.postprocess(tmpnam, real_path) + + try: + rename(tmpnam, real_path) + + except os.error: + if os.path.isfile(real_path): + if self._is_current(real_path, zip_path): + # the file became current since it was checked above, + # so proceed. + return real_path + # Windows, del old file and retry + elif os.name=='nt': + unlink(real_path) + rename(tmpnam, real_path) + return real_path + raise + + except os.error: + # report a user-friendly error + manager.extraction_error() + + return real_path + + def _is_current(self, file_path, zip_path): + """ + Return True if the file_path is current for this zip_path + """ + timestamp, size = self._get_date_and_size(self.zipinfo[zip_path]) + if not os.path.isfile(file_path): + return False + stat = os.stat(file_path) + if stat.st_size!=size or stat.st_mtime!=timestamp: + return False + # check that the contents match + zip_contents = self.loader.get_data(zip_path) + with open(file_path, 'rb') as f: + file_contents = f.read() + return zip_contents == file_contents + + def _get_eager_resources(self): + if self.eagers is None: + eagers = [] + for name in ('native_libs.txt', 'eager_resources.txt'): + if self.has_metadata(name): + eagers.extend(self.get_metadata_lines(name)) + self.eagers = eagers + return self.eagers + + def _index(self): + try: + return self._dirindex + except AttributeError: + ind = {} + for path in self.zipinfo: + parts = path.split(os.sep) + while parts: + parent = os.sep.join(parts[:-1]) + if parent in ind: + ind[parent].append(parts[-1]) + break + else: + ind[parent] = [parts.pop()] + self._dirindex = ind + return ind + + def _has(self, fspath): + zip_path = self._zipinfo_name(fspath) + return zip_path in self.zipinfo or zip_path in self._index() + + def _isdir(self, fspath): + return self._zipinfo_name(fspath) in self._index() + + def _listdir(self, fspath): + return list(self._index().get(self._zipinfo_name(fspath), ())) + + def _eager_to_zip(self, resource_name): + return self._zipinfo_name(self._fn(self.egg_root, resource_name)) + + def _resource_to_zip(self, resource_name): + return self._zipinfo_name(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name)) + +register_loader_type(zipimport.zipimporter, ZipProvider) + + +class FileMetadata(EmptyProvider): + """Metadata handler for standalone PKG-INFO files + + Usage:: + + metadata = FileMetadata("/path/to/PKG-INFO") + + This provider rejects all data and metadata requests except for PKG-INFO, + which is treated as existing, and will be the contents of the file at + the provided location. + """ + + def __init__(self, path): + self.path = path + + def has_metadata(self, name): + return name=='PKG-INFO' + + def get_metadata(self, name): + if name=='PKG-INFO': + with open(self.path,'rU') as f: + metadata = f.read() + return metadata + raise KeyError("No metadata except PKG-INFO is available") + + def get_metadata_lines(self, name): + return yield_lines(self.get_metadata(name)) + + +class PathMetadata(DefaultProvider): + """Metadata provider for egg directories + + Usage:: + + # Development eggs: + + egg_info = "/path/to/PackageName.egg-info" + base_dir = os.path.dirname(egg_info) + metadata = PathMetadata(base_dir, egg_info) + dist_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(egg_info))[0] + dist = Distribution(basedir, project_name=dist_name, metadata=metadata) + + # Unpacked egg directories: + + egg_path = "/path/to/PackageName-ver-pyver-etc.egg" + metadata = PathMetadata(egg_path, os.path.join(egg_path,'EGG-INFO')) + dist = Distribution.from_filename(egg_path, metadata=metadata) + """ + + def __init__(self, path, egg_info): + self.module_path = path + self.egg_info = egg_info + + +class EggMetadata(ZipProvider): + """Metadata provider for .egg files""" + + def __init__(self, importer): + """Create a metadata provider from a zipimporter""" + + self.zip_pre = importer.archive+os.sep + self.loader = importer + if importer.prefix: + self.module_path = os.path.join(importer.archive, importer.prefix) + else: + self.module_path = importer.archive + self._setup_prefix() + +_declare_state('dict', _distribution_finders = {}) + +def register_finder(importer_type, distribution_finder): + """Register `distribution_finder` to find distributions in sys.path items + + `importer_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 "Importer" (sys.path item + handler), and `distribution_finder` is a callable that, passed a path + item and the importer instance, yields ``Distribution`` instances found on + that path item. See ``pkg_resources.find_on_path`` for an example.""" + _distribution_finders[importer_type] = distribution_finder + + +def find_distributions(path_item, only=False): + """Yield distributions accessible via `path_item`""" + importer = get_importer(path_item) + finder = _find_adapter(_distribution_finders, importer) + return finder(importer, path_item, only) + +def find_eggs_in_zip(importer, path_item, only=False): + """ + Find eggs in zip files; possibly multiple nested eggs. + """ + if importer.archive.endswith('.whl'): + # wheels are not supported with this finder + # they don't have PKG-INFO metadata, and won't ever contain eggs + return + metadata = EggMetadata(importer) + if metadata.has_metadata('PKG-INFO'): + yield Distribution.from_filename(path_item, metadata=metadata) + if only: + # don't yield nested distros + return + for subitem in metadata.resource_listdir('/'): + if subitem.endswith('.egg'): + subpath = os.path.join(path_item, subitem) + for dist in find_eggs_in_zip(zipimport.zipimporter(subpath), subpath): + yield dist + +register_finder(zipimport.zipimporter, find_eggs_in_zip) + +def find_nothing(importer, path_item, only=False): + return () +register_finder(object, find_nothing) + +def find_on_path(importer, path_item, only=False): + """Yield distributions accessible on a sys.path directory""" + path_item = _normalize_cached(path_item) + + if os.path.isdir(path_item) and os.access(path_item, os.R_OK): + if path_item.lower().endswith('.egg'): + # unpacked egg + yield Distribution.from_filename( + path_item, metadata=PathMetadata( + path_item, os.path.join(path_item,'EGG-INFO') + ) + ) + else: + # scan for .egg and .egg-info in directory + for entry in os.listdir(path_item): + lower = entry.lower() + if lower.endswith('.egg-info') or lower.endswith('.dist-info'): + fullpath = os.path.join(path_item, entry) + if os.path.isdir(fullpath): + # egg-info directory, allow getting metadata + metadata = PathMetadata(path_item, fullpath) + else: + metadata = FileMetadata(fullpath) + yield Distribution.from_location( + path_item, entry, metadata, precedence=DEVELOP_DIST + ) + elif not only and lower.endswith('.egg'): + dists = find_distributions(os.path.join(path_item, entry)) + for dist in dists: + yield dist + elif not only and lower.endswith('.egg-link'): + with open(os.path.join(path_item, entry)) as entry_file: + entry_lines = entry_file.readlines() + for line in entry_lines: + if not line.strip(): + continue + path = os.path.join(path_item, line.rstrip()) + dists = find_distributions(path) + for item in dists: + yield item + break +register_finder(pkgutil.ImpImporter, find_on_path) + +if importlib_machinery is not None: + register_finder(importlib_machinery.FileFinder, find_on_path) + +_declare_state('dict', _namespace_handlers={}) +_declare_state('dict', _namespace_packages={}) + + +def register_namespace_handler(importer_type, namespace_handler): + """Register `namespace_handler` to declare namespace packages + + `importer_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 "Importer" (sys.path item + handler), and `namespace_handler` is a callable like this:: + + def namespace_handler(importer, path_entry, moduleName, module): + # return a path_entry to use for child packages + + Namespace handlers are only called if the importer object has already + agreed that it can handle the relevant path item, and they should only + return a subpath if the module __path__ does not already contain an + equivalent subpath. For an example namespace handler, see + ``pkg_resources.file_ns_handler``. + """ + _namespace_handlers[importer_type] = namespace_handler + +def _handle_ns(packageName, path_item): + """Ensure that named package includes a subpath of path_item (if needed)""" + + importer = get_importer(path_item) + if importer is None: + return None + loader = importer.find_module(packageName) + if loader is None: + return None + module = sys.modules.get(packageName) + if module is None: + module = sys.modules[packageName] = types.ModuleType(packageName) + module.__path__ = [] + _set_parent_ns(packageName) + elif not hasattr(module,'__path__'): + raise TypeError("Not a package:", packageName) + handler = _find_adapter(_namespace_handlers, importer) + subpath = handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module) + if subpath is not None: + path = module.__path__ + path.append(subpath) + loader.load_module(packageName) + for path_item in path: + if path_item not in module.__path__: + module.__path__.append(path_item) + return subpath + +def declare_namespace(packageName): + """Declare that package 'packageName' is a namespace package""" + + _imp.acquire_lock() + try: + if packageName in _namespace_packages: + return + + path, parent = sys.path, None + if '.' in packageName: + parent = '.'.join(packageName.split('.')[:-1]) + declare_namespace(parent) + if parent not in _namespace_packages: + __import__(parent) + try: + path = sys.modules[parent].__path__ + except AttributeError: + raise TypeError("Not a package:", parent) + + # Track what packages are namespaces, so when new path items are added, + # they can be updated + _namespace_packages.setdefault(parent,[]).append(packageName) + _namespace_packages.setdefault(packageName,[]) + + for path_item in path: + # Ensure all the parent's path items are reflected in the child, + # if they apply + _handle_ns(packageName, path_item) + + finally: + _imp.release_lock() + +def fixup_namespace_packages(path_item, parent=None): + """Ensure that previously-declared namespace packages include path_item""" + _imp.acquire_lock() + try: + for package in _namespace_packages.get(parent,()): + subpath = _handle_ns(package, path_item) + if subpath: + fixup_namespace_packages(subpath, package) + finally: + _imp.release_lock() + +def file_ns_handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module): + """Compute an ns-package subpath for a filesystem or zipfile importer""" + + subpath = os.path.join(path_item, packageName.split('.')[-1]) + normalized = _normalize_cached(subpath) + for item in module.__path__: + if _normalize_cached(item)==normalized: + break + else: + # Only return the path if it's not already there + return subpath + +register_namespace_handler(pkgutil.ImpImporter, file_ns_handler) +register_namespace_handler(zipimport.zipimporter, file_ns_handler) + +if importlib_machinery is not None: + register_namespace_handler(importlib_machinery.FileFinder, file_ns_handler) + + +def null_ns_handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module): + return None + +register_namespace_handler(object, null_ns_handler) + + +def normalize_path(filename): + """Normalize a file/dir name for comparison purposes""" + return os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(filename)) + +def _normalize_cached(filename, _cache={}): + try: + return _cache[filename] + except KeyError: + _cache[filename] = result = normalize_path(filename) + return result + +def _set_parent_ns(packageName): + parts = packageName.split('.') + name = parts.pop() + if parts: + parent = '.'.join(parts) + setattr(sys.modules[parent], name, sys.modules[packageName]) + + +def yield_lines(strs): + """Yield non-empty/non-comment lines of a string or sequence""" + if isinstance(strs, string_types): + for s in strs.splitlines(): + s = s.strip() + # skip blank lines/comments + if s and not s.startswith('#'): + yield s + else: + for ss in strs: + for s in yield_lines(ss): + yield s + +# whitespace and comment +LINE_END = re.compile(r"\s*(#.*)?$").match +# line continuation +CONTINUE = re.compile(r"\s*\\\s*(#.*)?$").match +# Distribution or extra +DISTRO = re.compile(r"\s*((\w|[-.])+)").match +# ver. info +VERSION = re.compile(r"\s*(<=?|>=?|===?|!=|~=)\s*((\w|[-.*_!+])+)").match +# comma between items +COMMA = re.compile(r"\s*,").match +OBRACKET = re.compile(r"\s*\[").match +CBRACKET = re.compile(r"\s*\]").match +MODULE = re.compile(r"\w+(\.\w+)*$").match +EGG_NAME = re.compile( + r""" + (?P[^-]+) ( + -(?P[^-]+) ( + -py(?P[^-]+) ( + -(?P.+) + )? + )? + )? + """, + re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE, +).match + + +class EntryPoint(object): + """Object representing an advertised importable object""" + + def __init__(self, name, module_name, attrs=(), extras=(), dist=None): + if not MODULE(module_name): + raise ValueError("Invalid module name", module_name) + self.name = name + self.module_name = module_name + self.attrs = tuple(attrs) + self.extras = Requirement.parse(("x[%s]" % ','.join(extras))).extras + self.dist = dist + + def __str__(self): + s = "%s = %s" % (self.name, self.module_name) + if self.attrs: + s += ':' + '.'.join(self.attrs) + if self.extras: + s += ' [%s]' % ','.join(self.extras) + return s + + def __repr__(self): + return "EntryPoint.parse(%r)" % str(self) + + def load(self, require=True, *args, **kwargs): + """ + Require packages for this EntryPoint, then resolve it. + """ + if not require or args or kwargs: + warnings.warn( + "Parameters to load are deprecated. Call .resolve and " + ".require separately.", + DeprecationWarning, + stacklevel=2, + ) + if require: + self.require(*args, **kwargs) + return self.resolve() + + def resolve(self): + """ + Resolve the entry point from its module and attrs. + """ + module = __import__(self.module_name, fromlist=['__name__'], level=0) + try: + return functools.reduce(getattr, self.attrs, module) + except AttributeError as exc: + raise ImportError(str(exc)) + + def require(self, env=None, installer=None): + if self.extras and not self.dist: + raise UnknownExtra("Can't require() without a distribution", self) + reqs = self.dist.requires(self.extras) + items = working_set.resolve(reqs, env, installer) + list(map(working_set.add, items)) + + pattern = re.compile( + r'\s*' + r'(?P.+?)\s*' + r'=\s*' + r'(?P[\w.]+)\s*' + r'(:\s*(?P[\w.]+))?\s*' + r'(?P\[.*\])?\s*$' + ) + + @classmethod + def parse(cls, src, dist=None): + """Parse a single entry point from string `src` + + Entry point syntax follows the form:: + + name = some.module:some.attr [extra1, extra2] + + The entry name and module name are required, but the ``:attrs`` and + ``[extras]`` parts are optional + """ + m = cls.pattern.match(src) + if not m: + msg = "EntryPoint must be in 'name=module:attrs [extras]' format" + raise ValueError(msg, src) + res = m.groupdict() + extras = cls._parse_extras(res['extras']) + attrs = res['attr'].split('.') if res['attr'] else () + return cls(res['name'], res['module'], attrs, extras, dist) + + @classmethod + def _parse_extras(cls, extras_spec): + if not extras_spec: + return () + req = Requirement.parse('x' + extras_spec) + if req.specs: + raise ValueError() + return req.extras + + @classmethod + def parse_group(cls, group, lines, dist=None): + """Parse an entry point group""" + if not MODULE(group): + raise ValueError("Invalid group name", group) + this = {} + for line in yield_lines(lines): + ep = cls.parse(line, dist) + if ep.name in this: + raise ValueError("Duplicate entry point", group, ep.name) + this[ep.name]=ep + return this + + @classmethod + def parse_map(cls, data, dist=None): + """Parse a map of entry point groups""" + if isinstance(data, dict): + data = data.items() + else: + data = split_sections(data) + maps = {} + for group, lines in data: + if group is None: + if not lines: + continue + raise ValueError("Entry points must be listed in groups") + group = group.strip() + if group in maps: + raise ValueError("Duplicate group name", group) + maps[group] = cls.parse_group(group, lines, dist) + return maps + + +def _remove_md5_fragment(location): + if not location: + return '' + parsed = urlparse(location) + if parsed[-1].startswith('md5='): + return urlunparse(parsed[:-1] + ('',)) + return location + + +class Distribution(object): + """Wrap an actual or potential sys.path entry w/metadata""" + PKG_INFO = 'PKG-INFO' + + def __init__(self, location=None, metadata=None, project_name=None, + version=None, py_version=PY_MAJOR, platform=None, + precedence=EGG_DIST): + self.project_name = safe_name(project_name or 'Unknown') + if version is not None: + self._version = safe_version(version) + self.py_version = py_version + self.platform = platform + self.location = location + self.precedence = precedence + self._provider = metadata or empty_provider + + @classmethod + def from_location(cls, location, basename, metadata=None,**kw): + project_name, version, py_version, platform = [None]*4 + basename, ext = os.path.splitext(basename) + if ext.lower() in _distributionImpl: + # .dist-info gets much metadata differently + match = EGG_NAME(basename) + if match: + project_name, version, py_version, platform = match.group( + 'name','ver','pyver','plat' + ) + cls = _distributionImpl[ext.lower()] + return cls( + location, metadata, project_name=project_name, version=version, + py_version=py_version, platform=platform, **kw + ) + + @property + def hashcmp(self): + return ( + self.parsed_version, + self.precedence, + self.key, + _remove_md5_fragment(self.location), + self.py_version or '', + self.platform or '', + ) + + def __hash__(self): + return hash(self.hashcmp) + + def __lt__(self, other): + return self.hashcmp < other.hashcmp + + def __le__(self, other): + return self.hashcmp <= other.hashcmp + + def __gt__(self, other): + return self.hashcmp > other.hashcmp + + def __ge__(self, other): + return self.hashcmp >= other.hashcmp + + def __eq__(self, other): + if not isinstance(other, self.__class__): + # It's not a Distribution, so they are not equal + return False + return self.hashcmp == other.hashcmp + + def __ne__(self, other): + return not self == other + + # These properties have to be lazy so that we don't have to load any + # metadata until/unless it's actually needed. (i.e., some distributions + # may not know their name or version without loading PKG-INFO) + + @property + def key(self): + try: + return self._key + except AttributeError: + self._key = key = self.project_name.lower() + return key + + @property + def parsed_version(self): + if not hasattr(self, "_parsed_version"): + self._parsed_version = parse_version(self.version) + + return self._parsed_version + + def _warn_legacy_version(self): + LV = packaging.version.LegacyVersion + is_legacy = isinstance(self._parsed_version, LV) + if not is_legacy: + return + + # While an empty version is technically a legacy version and + # is not a valid PEP 440 version, it's also unlikely to + # actually come from someone and instead it is more likely that + # it comes from setuptools attempting to parse a filename and + # including it in the list. So for that we'll gate this warning + # on if the version is anything at all or not. + if not self.version: + return + + tmpl = textwrap.dedent(""" + '{project_name} ({version})' is being parsed as a legacy, + non PEP 440, + version. You may find odd behavior and sort order. + In particular it will be sorted as less than 0.0. It + is recommended to migrate to PEP 440 compatible + versions. + """).strip().replace('\n', ' ') + + warnings.warn(tmpl.format(**vars(self)), PEP440Warning) + + @property + def version(self): + try: + return self._version + except AttributeError: + for line in self._get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO): + if line.lower().startswith('version:'): + self._version = safe_version(line.split(':',1)[1].strip()) + return self._version + else: + tmpl = "Missing 'Version:' header and/or %s file" + raise ValueError(tmpl % self.PKG_INFO, self) + + @property + def _dep_map(self): + try: + return self.__dep_map + except AttributeError: + dm = self.__dep_map = {None: []} + for name in 'requires.txt', 'depends.txt': + for extra, reqs in split_sections(self._get_metadata(name)): + if extra: + if ':' in extra: + extra, marker = extra.split(':', 1) + if invalid_marker(marker): + # XXX warn + reqs=[] + elif not evaluate_marker(marker): + reqs=[] + extra = safe_extra(extra) or None + dm.setdefault(extra,[]).extend(parse_requirements(reqs)) + return dm + + def requires(self, extras=()): + """List of Requirements needed for this distro if `extras` are used""" + dm = self._dep_map + deps = [] + deps.extend(dm.get(None, ())) + for ext in extras: + try: + deps.extend(dm[safe_extra(ext)]) + except KeyError: + raise UnknownExtra( + "%s has no such extra feature %r" % (self, ext) + ) + return deps + + def _get_metadata(self, name): + if self.has_metadata(name): + for line in self.get_metadata_lines(name): + yield line + + def activate(self, path=None): + """Ensure distribution is importable on `path` (default=sys.path)""" + if path is None: + path = sys.path + self.insert_on(path) + if path is sys.path: + fixup_namespace_packages(self.location) + for pkg in self._get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt'): + if pkg in sys.modules: + declare_namespace(pkg) + + def egg_name(self): + """Return what this distribution's standard .egg filename should be""" + filename = "%s-%s-py%s" % ( + to_filename(self.project_name), to_filename(self.version), + self.py_version or PY_MAJOR + ) + + if self.platform: + filename += '-' + self.platform + return filename + + def __repr__(self): + if self.location: + return "%s (%s)" % (self, self.location) + else: + return str(self) + + def __str__(self): + try: + version = getattr(self, 'version', None) + except ValueError: + version = None + version = version or "[unknown version]" + return "%s %s" % (self.project_name, version) + + def __getattr__(self, attr): + """Delegate all unrecognized public attributes to .metadata provider""" + if attr.startswith('_'): + raise AttributeError(attr) + return getattr(self._provider, attr) + + @classmethod + def from_filename(cls, filename, metadata=None, **kw): + return cls.from_location( + _normalize_cached(filename), os.path.basename(filename), metadata, + **kw + ) + + def as_requirement(self): + """Return a ``Requirement`` that matches this distribution exactly""" + if isinstance(self.parsed_version, packaging.version.Version): + spec = "%s==%s" % (self.project_name, self.parsed_version) + else: + spec = "%s===%s" % (self.project_name, self.parsed_version) + + return Requirement.parse(spec) + + def load_entry_point(self, group, name): + """Return the `name` entry point of `group` or raise ImportError""" + ep = self.get_entry_info(group, name) + if ep is None: + raise ImportError("Entry point %r not found" % ((group, name),)) + return ep.load() + + def get_entry_map(self, group=None): + """Return the entry point map for `group`, or the full entry map""" + try: + ep_map = self._ep_map + except AttributeError: + ep_map = self._ep_map = EntryPoint.parse_map( + self._get_metadata('entry_points.txt'), self + ) + if group is not None: + return ep_map.get(group,{}) + return ep_map + + def get_entry_info(self, group, name): + """Return the EntryPoint object for `group`+`name`, or ``None``""" + return self.get_entry_map(group).get(name) + + def insert_on(self, path, loc = None): + """Insert self.location in path before its nearest parent directory""" + + loc = loc or self.location + if not loc: + return + + nloc = _normalize_cached(loc) + bdir = os.path.dirname(nloc) + npath= [(p and _normalize_cached(p) or p) for p in path] + + for p, item in enumerate(npath): + if item == nloc: + break + elif item == bdir and self.precedence == EGG_DIST: + # if it's an .egg, give it precedence over its directory + if path is sys.path: + self.check_version_conflict() + path.insert(p, loc) + npath.insert(p, nloc) + break + else: + if path is sys.path: + self.check_version_conflict() + path.append(loc) + return + + # p is the spot where we found or inserted loc; now remove duplicates + while True: + try: + np = npath.index(nloc, p+1) + except ValueError: + break + else: + del npath[np], path[np] + # ha! + p = np + + return + + def check_version_conflict(self): + if self.key == 'setuptools': + # ignore the inevitable setuptools self-conflicts :( + return + + nsp = dict.fromkeys(self._get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt')) + loc = normalize_path(self.location) + for modname in self._get_metadata('top_level.txt'): + if (modname not in sys.modules or modname in nsp + or modname in _namespace_packages): + continue + if modname in ('pkg_resources', 'setuptools', 'site'): + continue + fn = getattr(sys.modules[modname], '__file__', None) + if fn and (normalize_path(fn).startswith(loc) or + fn.startswith(self.location)): + continue + issue_warning( + "Module %s was already imported from %s, but %s is being added" + " to sys.path" % (modname, fn, self.location), + ) + + def has_version(self): + try: + self.version + except ValueError: + issue_warning("Unbuilt egg for " + repr(self)) + return False + return True + + def clone(self,**kw): + """Copy this distribution, substituting in any changed keyword args""" + names = 'project_name version py_version platform location precedence' + for attr in names.split(): + kw.setdefault(attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) + kw.setdefault('metadata', self._provider) + return self.__class__(**kw) + + @property + def extras(self): + return [dep for dep in self._dep_map if dep] + + +class DistInfoDistribution(Distribution): + """Wrap an actual or potential sys.path entry w/metadata, .dist-info style""" + PKG_INFO = 'METADATA' + EQEQ = re.compile(r"([\(,])\s*(\d.*?)\s*([,\)])") + + @property + def _parsed_pkg_info(self): + """Parse and cache metadata""" + try: + return self._pkg_info + except AttributeError: + metadata = self.get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO) + self._pkg_info = email.parser.Parser().parsestr(metadata) + return self._pkg_info + + @property + def _dep_map(self): + try: + return self.__dep_map + except AttributeError: + self.__dep_map = self._compute_dependencies() + return self.__dep_map + + def _preparse_requirement(self, requires_dist): + """Convert 'Foobar (1); baz' to ('Foobar ==1', 'baz') + Split environment marker, add == prefix to version specifiers as + necessary, and remove parenthesis. + """ + parts = requires_dist.split(';', 1) + [''] + distvers = parts[0].strip() + mark = parts[1].strip() + distvers = re.sub(self.EQEQ, r"\1==\2\3", distvers) + distvers = distvers.replace('(', '').replace(')', '') + return (distvers, mark) + + def _compute_dependencies(self): + """Recompute this distribution's dependencies.""" + from _markerlib import compile as compile_marker + dm = self.__dep_map = {None: []} + + reqs = [] + # Including any condition expressions + for req in self._parsed_pkg_info.get_all('Requires-Dist') or []: + distvers, mark = self._preparse_requirement(req) + parsed = next(parse_requirements(distvers)) + parsed.marker_fn = compile_marker(mark) + reqs.append(parsed) + + def reqs_for_extra(extra): + for req in reqs: + if req.marker_fn(override={'extra':extra}): + yield req + + common = frozenset(reqs_for_extra(None)) + dm[None].extend(common) + + for extra in self._parsed_pkg_info.get_all('Provides-Extra') or []: + extra = safe_extra(extra.strip()) + dm[extra] = list(frozenset(reqs_for_extra(extra)) - common) + + return dm + + +_distributionImpl = { + '.egg': Distribution, + '.egg-info': Distribution, + '.dist-info': DistInfoDistribution, + } + + +def issue_warning(*args,**kw): + level = 1 + g = globals() + try: + # find the first stack frame that is *not* code in + # the pkg_resources module, to use for the warning + while sys._getframe(level).f_globals is g: + level += 1 + except ValueError: + pass + warnings.warn(stacklevel=level + 1, *args, **kw) + + +class RequirementParseError(ValueError): + def __str__(self): + return ' '.join(self.args) + + +def parse_requirements(strs): + """Yield ``Requirement`` objects for each specification in `strs` + + `strs` must be a string, or a (possibly-nested) iterable thereof. + """ + # create a steppable iterator, so we can handle \-continuations + lines = iter(yield_lines(strs)) + + def scan_list(ITEM, TERMINATOR, line, p, groups, item_name): + + items = [] + + while not TERMINATOR(line, p): + if CONTINUE(line, p): + try: + line = next(lines) + p = 0 + except StopIteration: + msg = "\\ must not appear on the last nonblank line" + raise RequirementParseError(msg) + + match = ITEM(line, p) + if not match: + msg = "Expected " + item_name + " in" + raise RequirementParseError(msg, line, "at", line[p:]) + + items.append(match.group(*groups)) + p = match.end() + + match = COMMA(line, p) + if match: + # skip the comma + p = match.end() + elif not TERMINATOR(line, p): + msg = "Expected ',' or end-of-list in" + raise RequirementParseError(msg, line, "at", line[p:]) + + match = TERMINATOR(line, p) + # skip the terminator, if any + if match: + p = match.end() + return line, p, items + + for line in lines: + match = DISTRO(line) + if not match: + raise RequirementParseError("Missing distribution spec", line) + project_name = match.group(1) + p = match.end() + extras = [] + + match = OBRACKET(line, p) + if match: + p = match.end() + line, p, extras = scan_list( + DISTRO, CBRACKET, line, p, (1,), "'extra' name" + ) + + line, p, specs = scan_list(VERSION, LINE_END, line, p, (1, 2), + "version spec") + specs = [(op, val) for op, val in specs] + yield Requirement(project_name, specs, extras) + + +class Requirement: + def __init__(self, project_name, specs, extras): + """DO NOT CALL THIS UNDOCUMENTED METHOD; use Requirement.parse()!""" + self.unsafe_name, project_name = project_name, safe_name(project_name) + self.project_name, self.key = project_name, project_name.lower() + self.specifier = packaging.specifiers.SpecifierSet( + ",".join(["".join([x, y]) for x, y in specs]) + ) + self.specs = specs + self.extras = tuple(map(safe_extra, extras)) + self.hashCmp = ( + self.key, + self.specifier, + frozenset(self.extras), + ) + self.__hash = hash(self.hashCmp) + + def __str__(self): + extras = ','.join(self.extras) + if extras: + extras = '[%s]' % extras + return '%s%s%s' % (self.project_name, extras, self.specifier) + + def __eq__(self, other): + return ( + isinstance(other, Requirement) and + self.hashCmp == other.hashCmp + ) + + def __ne__(self, other): + return not self == other + + def __contains__(self, item): + if isinstance(item, Distribution): + if item.key != self.key: + return False + + item = item.version + + # Allow prereleases always in order to match the previous behavior of + # this method. In the future this should be smarter and follow PEP 440 + # more accurately. + return self.specifier.contains(item, prereleases=True) + + def __hash__(self): + return self.__hash + + def __repr__(self): return "Requirement.parse(%r)" % str(self) + + @staticmethod + def parse(s): + req, = parse_requirements(s) + return req + + +def _get_mro(cls): + """Get an mro for a type or classic class""" + if not isinstance(cls, type): + class cls(cls, object): pass + return cls.__mro__[1:] + return cls.__mro__ + +def _find_adapter(registry, ob): + """Return an adapter factory for `ob` from `registry`""" + for t in _get_mro(getattr(ob, '__class__', type(ob))): + if t in registry: + return registry[t] + + +def ensure_directory(path): + """Ensure that the parent directory of `path` exists""" + dirname = os.path.dirname(path) + if not os.path.isdir(dirname): + os.makedirs(dirname) + + +def _bypass_ensure_directory(path): + """Sandbox-bypassing version of ensure_directory()""" + if not WRITE_SUPPORT: + raise IOError('"os.mkdir" not supported on this platform.') + dirname, filename = split(path) + if dirname and filename and not isdir(dirname): + _bypass_ensure_directory(dirname) + mkdir(dirname, 0o755) + + +def split_sections(s): + """Split a string or iterable thereof into (section, content) pairs + + Each ``section`` is a stripped version of the section header ("[section]") + and each ``content`` is a list of stripped lines excluding blank lines and + comment-only lines. If there are any such lines before the first section + header, they're returned in a first ``section`` of ``None``. + """ + section = None + content = [] + for line in yield_lines(s): + if line.startswith("["): + if line.endswith("]"): + if section or content: + yield section, content + section = line[1:-1].strip() + content = [] + else: + raise ValueError("Invalid section heading", line) + else: + content.append(line) + + # wrap up last segment + yield section, content + +def _mkstemp(*args,**kw): + old_open = os.open + try: + # temporarily bypass sandboxing + os.open = os_open + return tempfile.mkstemp(*args,**kw) + finally: + # and then put it back + os.open = old_open + + +# Silence the PEP440Warning by default, so that end users don't get hit by it +# randomly just because they use pkg_resources. We want to append the rule +# because we want earlier uses of filterwarnings to take precedence over this +# one. +warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=PEP440Warning, append=True) + + +# from jaraco.functools 1.3 +def _call_aside(f, *args, **kwargs): + f(*args, **kwargs) + return f + + +@_call_aside +def _initialize(g=globals()): + "Set up global resource manager (deliberately not state-saved)" + manager = ResourceManager() + g['_manager'] = manager + for name in dir(manager): + if not name.startswith('_'): + g[name] = getattr(manager, name) + + +@_call_aside +def _initialize_master_working_set(): + """ + Prepare the master working set and make the ``require()`` + API available. + + This function has explicit effects on the global state + of pkg_resources. It is intended to be invoked once at + the initialization of this module. + + Invocation by other packages is unsupported and done + at their own risk. + """ + working_set = WorkingSet._build_master() + _declare_state('object', working_set=working_set) + + require = working_set.require + iter_entry_points = working_set.iter_entry_points + add_activation_listener = working_set.subscribe + run_script = working_set.run_script + # backward compatibility + run_main = run_script + # Activate all distributions already on sys.path, and ensure that + # all distributions added to the working set in the future (e.g. by + # calling ``require()``) will get activated as well. + add_activation_listener(lambda dist: dist.activate()) + working_set.entries=[] + # match order + list(map(working_set.add_entry, sys.path)) + globals().update(locals()) diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eadb794 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. +from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function + +__all__ = [ + "__title__", "__summary__", "__uri__", "__version__", "__author__", + "__email__", "__license__", "__copyright__", +] + +__title__ = "packaging" +__summary__ = "Core utilities for Python packages" +__uri__ = "https://github.com/pypa/packaging" + +__version__ = "15.3" + +__author__ = "Donald Stufft" +__email__ = "donald@stufft.io" + +__license__ = "Apache License, Version 2.0" +__copyright__ = "Copyright 2014 %s" % __author__ diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c39a8ea --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. +from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function + +from .__about__ import ( + __author__, __copyright__, __email__, __license__, __summary__, __title__, + __uri__, __version__ +) + +__all__ = [ + "__title__", "__summary__", "__uri__", "__version__", "__author__", + "__email__", "__license__", "__copyright__", +] diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c396ce --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. +from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function + +import sys + + +PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2 +PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3 + +# flake8: noqa + +if PY3: + string_types = str, +else: + string_types = basestring, + + +def with_metaclass(meta, *bases): + """ + Create a base class with a metaclass. + """ + # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy + # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with + # the actual metaclass. + class metaclass(meta): + def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d): + return meta(name, bases, d) + return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {}) diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ae9bb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. +from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function + + +class Infinity(object): + + def __repr__(self): + return "Infinity" + + def __hash__(self): + return hash(repr(self)) + + def __lt__(self, other): + return False + + def __le__(self, other): + return False + + def __eq__(self, other): + return isinstance(other, self.__class__) + + def __ne__(self, other): + return not isinstance(other, self.__class__) + + def __gt__(self, other): + return True + + def __ge__(self, other): + return True + + def __neg__(self): + return NegativeInfinity + +Infinity = Infinity() + + +class NegativeInfinity(object): + + def __repr__(self): + return "-Infinity" + + def __hash__(self): + return hash(repr(self)) + + def __lt__(self, other): + return True + + def __le__(self, other): + return True + + def __eq__(self, other): + return isinstance(other, self.__class__) + + def __ne__(self, other): + return not isinstance(other, self.__class__) + + def __gt__(self, other): + return False + + def __ge__(self, other): + return False + + def __neg__(self): + return Infinity + +NegativeInfinity = NegativeInfinity() diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..891664f --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py @@ -0,0 +1,784 @@ +# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. +from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function + +import abc +import functools +import itertools +import re + +from ._compat import string_types, with_metaclass +from .version import Version, LegacyVersion, parse + + +class InvalidSpecifier(ValueError): + """ + An invalid specifier was found, users should refer to PEP 440. + """ + + +class BaseSpecifier(with_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta, object)): + + @abc.abstractmethod + def __str__(self): + """ + Returns the str representation of this Specifier like object. This + should be representative of the Specifier itself. + """ + + @abc.abstractmethod + def __hash__(self): + """ + Returns a hash value for this Specifier like object. + """ + + @abc.abstractmethod + def __eq__(self, other): + """ + Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier like + objects are equal. + """ + + @abc.abstractmethod + def __ne__(self, other): + """ + Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier like + objects are not equal. + """ + + @abc.abstractproperty + def prereleases(self): + """ + Returns whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed by this + specifier. + """ + + @prereleases.setter + def prereleases(self, value): + """ + Sets whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed by this + specifier. + """ + + @abc.abstractmethod + def contains(self, item, prereleases=None): + """ + Determines if the given item is contained within this specifier. + """ + + @abc.abstractmethod + def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None): + """ + Takes an iterable of items and filters them so that only items which + are contained within this specifier are allowed in it. + """ + + +class _IndividualSpecifier(BaseSpecifier): + + _operators = {} + + def __init__(self, spec="", prereleases=None): + match = self._regex.search(spec) + if not match: + raise InvalidSpecifier("Invalid specifier: '{0}'".format(spec)) + + self._spec = ( + match.group("operator").strip(), + match.group("version").strip(), + ) + + # Store whether or not this Specifier should accept prereleases + self._prereleases = prereleases + + def __repr__(self): + pre = ( + ", prereleases={0!r}".format(self.prereleases) + if self._prereleases is not None + else "" + ) + + return "<{0}({1!r}{2})>".format( + self.__class__.__name__, + str(self), + pre, + ) + + def __str__(self): + return "{0}{1}".format(*self._spec) + + def __hash__(self): + return hash(self._spec) + + def __eq__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, string_types): + try: + other = self.__class__(other) + except InvalidSpecifier: + return NotImplemented + elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__): + return NotImplemented + + return self._spec == other._spec + + def __ne__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, string_types): + try: + other = self.__class__(other) + except InvalidSpecifier: + return NotImplemented + elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__): + return NotImplemented + + return self._spec != other._spec + + def _get_operator(self, op): + return getattr(self, "_compare_{0}".format(self._operators[op])) + + def _coerce_version(self, version): + if not isinstance(version, (LegacyVersion, Version)): + version = parse(version) + return version + + @property + def operator(self): + return self._spec[0] + + @property + def version(self): + return self._spec[1] + + @property + def prereleases(self): + return self._prereleases + + @prereleases.setter + def prereleases(self, value): + self._prereleases = value + + def __contains__(self, item): + return self.contains(item) + + def contains(self, item, prereleases=None): + # Determine if prereleases are to be allowed or not. + if prereleases is None: + prereleases = self.prereleases + + # Normalize item to a Version or LegacyVersion, this allows us to have + # a shortcut for ``"2.0" in Specifier(">=2") + item = self._coerce_version(item) + + # Determine if we should be supporting prereleases in this specifier + # or not, if we do not support prereleases than we can short circuit + # logic if this version is a prereleases. + if item.is_prerelease and not prereleases: + return False + + # Actually do the comparison to determine if this item is contained + # within this Specifier or not. + return self._get_operator(self.operator)(item, self.version) + + def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None): + yielded = False + found_prereleases = [] + + kw = {"prereleases": prereleases if prereleases is not None else True} + + # Attempt to iterate over all the values in the iterable and if any of + # them match, yield them. + for version in iterable: + parsed_version = self._coerce_version(version) + + if self.contains(parsed_version, **kw): + # If our version is a prerelease, and we were not set to allow + # prereleases, then we'll store it for later incase nothing + # else matches this specifier. + if (parsed_version.is_prerelease + and not (prereleases or self.prereleases)): + found_prereleases.append(version) + # Either this is not a prerelease, or we should have been + # accepting prereleases from the begining. + else: + yielded = True + yield version + + # Now that we've iterated over everything, determine if we've yielded + # any values, and if we have not and we have any prereleases stored up + # then we will go ahead and yield the prereleases. + if not yielded and found_prereleases: + for version in found_prereleases: + yield version + + +class LegacySpecifier(_IndividualSpecifier): + + _regex = re.compile( + r""" + ^ + \s* + (?P(==|!=|<=|>=|<|>)) + \s* + (?P + [^\s]* # We just match everything, except for whitespace since this + # is a "legacy" specifier and the version string can be just + # about anything. + ) + \s* + $ + """, + re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE, + ) + + _operators = { + "==": "equal", + "!=": "not_equal", + "<=": "less_than_equal", + ">=": "greater_than_equal", + "<": "less_than", + ">": "greater_than", + } + + def _coerce_version(self, version): + if not isinstance(version, LegacyVersion): + version = LegacyVersion(str(version)) + return version + + def _compare_equal(self, prospective, spec): + return prospective == self._coerce_version(spec) + + def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective, spec): + return prospective != self._coerce_version(spec) + + def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective, spec): + return prospective <= self._coerce_version(spec) + + def _compare_greater_than_equal(self, prospective, spec): + return prospective >= self._coerce_version(spec) + + def _compare_less_than(self, prospective, spec): + return prospective < self._coerce_version(spec) + + def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective, spec): + return prospective > self._coerce_version(spec) + + +def _require_version_compare(fn): + @functools.wraps(fn) + def wrapped(self, prospective, spec): + if not isinstance(prospective, Version): + return False + return fn(self, prospective, spec) + return wrapped + + +class Specifier(_IndividualSpecifier): + + _regex = re.compile( + r""" + ^ + \s* + (?P(~=|==|!=|<=|>=|<|>|===)) + (?P + (?: + # The identity operators allow for an escape hatch that will + # do an exact string match of the version you wish to install. + # This will not be parsed by PEP 440 and we cannot determine + # any semantic meaning from it. This operator is discouraged + # but included entirely as an escape hatch. + (?<====) # Only match for the identity operator + \s* + [^\s]* # We just match everything, except for whitespace + # since we are only testing for strict identity. + ) + | + (?: + # The (non)equality operators allow for wild card and local + # versions to be specified so we have to define these two + # operators separately to enable that. + (?<===|!=) # Only match for equals and not equals + + \s* + v? + (?:[0-9]+!)? # epoch + [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)* # release + (?: # pre release + [-_\.]? + (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview) + [-_\.]? + [0-9]* + )? + (?: # post release + (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*) + )? + + # You cannot use a wild card and a dev or local version + # together so group them with a | and make them optional. + (?: + (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)? # dev release + (?:\+[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*)? # local + | + \.\* # Wild card syntax of .* + )? + ) + | + (?: + # The compatible operator requires at least two digits in the + # release segment. + (?<=~=) # Only match for the compatible operator + + \s* + v? + (?:[0-9]+!)? # epoch + [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)+ # release (We have a + instead of a *) + (?: # pre release + [-_\.]? + (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview) + [-_\.]? + [0-9]* + )? + (?: # post release + (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*) + )? + (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)? # dev release + ) + | + (?: + # All other operators only allow a sub set of what the + # (non)equality operators do. Specifically they do not allow + # local versions to be specified nor do they allow the prefix + # matching wild cards. + (?=": "greater_than_equal", + "<": "less_than", + ">": "greater_than", + "===": "arbitrary", + } + + @_require_version_compare + def _compare_compatible(self, prospective, spec): + # Compatible releases have an equivalent combination of >= and ==. That + # is that ~=2.2 is equivalent to >=2.2,==2.*. This allows us to + # implement this in terms of the other specifiers instead of + # implementing it ourselves. The only thing we need to do is construct + # the other specifiers. + + # We want everything but the last item in the version, but we want to + # ignore post and dev releases and we want to treat the pre-release as + # it's own separate segment. + prefix = ".".join( + list( + itertools.takewhile( + lambda x: (not x.startswith("post") + and not x.startswith("dev")), + _version_split(spec), + ) + )[:-1] + ) + + # Add the prefix notation to the end of our string + prefix += ".*" + + return (self._get_operator(">=")(prospective, spec) + and self._get_operator("==")(prospective, prefix)) + + @_require_version_compare + def _compare_equal(self, prospective, spec): + # We need special logic to handle prefix matching + if spec.endswith(".*"): + # Split the spec out by dots, and pretend that there is an implicit + # dot in between a release segment and a pre-release segment. + spec = _version_split(spec[:-2]) # Remove the trailing .* + + # Split the prospective version out by dots, and pretend that there + # is an implicit dot in between a release segment and a pre-release + # segment. + prospective = _version_split(str(prospective)) + + # Shorten the prospective version to be the same length as the spec + # so that we can determine if the specifier is a prefix of the + # prospective version or not. + prospective = prospective[:len(spec)] + + # Pad out our two sides with zeros so that they both equal the same + # length. + spec, prospective = _pad_version(spec, prospective) + else: + # Convert our spec string into a Version + spec = Version(spec) + + # If the specifier does not have a local segment, then we want to + # act as if the prospective version also does not have a local + # segment. + if not spec.local: + prospective = Version(prospective.public) + + return prospective == spec + + @_require_version_compare + def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective, spec): + return not self._compare_equal(prospective, spec) + + @_require_version_compare + def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective, spec): + return prospective <= Version(spec) + + @_require_version_compare + def _compare_greater_than_equal(self, prospective, spec): + return prospective >= Version(spec) + + @_require_version_compare + def _compare_less_than(self, prospective, spec): + # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with + # it as a version. + spec = Version(spec) + + # Check to see if the prospective version is less than the spec + # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now + # instead of doing extra unneeded work. + if not prospective < spec: + return False + + # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself + # includes is a pre-release version, that we do not accept pre-release + # versions for the version mentioned in the specifier (e.g. <3.1 should + # not match 3.1.dev0, but should match 3.0.dev0). + if not spec.is_prerelease and prospective.is_prerelease: + if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version): + return False + + # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both + # less than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the same + # version in the spec. + return True + + @_require_version_compare + def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective, spec): + # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with + # it as a version. + spec = Version(spec) + + # Check to see if the prospective version is greater than the spec + # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now + # instead of doing extra unneeded work. + if not prospective > spec: + return False + + # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself + # includes is a post-release version, that we do not accept + # post-release versions for the version mentioned in the specifier + # (e.g. >3.1 should not match 3.0.post0, but should match 3.2.post0). + if not spec.is_postrelease and prospective.is_postrelease: + if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version): + return False + + # Ensure that we do not allow a local version of the version mentioned + # in the specifier, which is techincally greater than, to match. + if prospective.local is not None: + if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version): + return False + + # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both + # greater than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the + # same version in the spec. + return True + + def _compare_arbitrary(self, prospective, spec): + return str(prospective).lower() == str(spec).lower() + + @property + def prereleases(self): + # If there is an explicit prereleases set for this, then we'll just + # blindly use that. + if self._prereleases is not None: + return self._prereleases + + # Look at all of our specifiers and determine if they are inclusive + # operators, and if they are if they are including an explicit + # prerelease. + operator, version = self._spec + if operator in ["==", ">=", "<=", "~=", "==="]: + # The == specifier can include a trailing .*, if it does we + # want to remove before parsing. + if operator == "==" and version.endswith(".*"): + version = version[:-2] + + # Parse the version, and if it is a pre-release than this + # specifier allows pre-releases. + if parse(version).is_prerelease: + return True + + return False + + @prereleases.setter + def prereleases(self, value): + self._prereleases = value + + +_prefix_regex = re.compile(r"^([0-9]+)((?:a|b|c|rc)[0-9]+)$") + + +def _version_split(version): + result = [] + for item in version.split("."): + match = _prefix_regex.search(item) + if match: + result.extend(match.groups()) + else: + result.append(item) + return result + + +def _pad_version(left, right): + left_split, right_split = [], [] + + # Get the release segment of our versions + left_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), left))) + right_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), right))) + + # Get the rest of our versions + left_split.append(left[len(left_split):]) + right_split.append(left[len(right_split):]) + + # Insert our padding + left_split.insert( + 1, + ["0"] * max(0, len(right_split[0]) - len(left_split[0])), + ) + right_split.insert( + 1, + ["0"] * max(0, len(left_split[0]) - len(right_split[0])), + ) + + return ( + list(itertools.chain(*left_split)), + list(itertools.chain(*right_split)), + ) + + +class SpecifierSet(BaseSpecifier): + + def __init__(self, specifiers="", prereleases=None): + # Split on , to break each indidivual specifier into it's own item, and + # strip each item to remove leading/trailing whitespace. + specifiers = [s.strip() for s in specifiers.split(",") if s.strip()] + + # Parsed each individual specifier, attempting first to make it a + # Specifier and falling back to a LegacySpecifier. + parsed = set() + for specifier in specifiers: + try: + parsed.add(Specifier(specifier)) + except InvalidSpecifier: + parsed.add(LegacySpecifier(specifier)) + + # Turn our parsed specifiers into a frozen set and save them for later. + self._specs = frozenset(parsed) + + # Store our prereleases value so we can use it later to determine if + # we accept prereleases or not. + self._prereleases = prereleases + + def __repr__(self): + pre = ( + ", prereleases={0!r}".format(self.prereleases) + if self._prereleases is not None + else "" + ) + + return "".format(str(self), pre) + + def __str__(self): + return ",".join(sorted(str(s) for s in self._specs)) + + def __hash__(self): + return hash(self._specs) + + def __and__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, string_types): + other = SpecifierSet(other) + elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet): + return NotImplemented + + specifier = SpecifierSet() + specifier._specs = frozenset(self._specs | other._specs) + + if self._prereleases is None and other._prereleases is not None: + specifier._prereleases = other._prereleases + elif self._prereleases is not None and other._prereleases is None: + specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases + elif self._prereleases == other._prereleases: + specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases + else: + raise ValueError( + "Cannot combine SpecifierSets with True and False prerelease " + "overrides." + ) + + return specifier + + def __eq__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, string_types): + other = SpecifierSet(other) + elif isinstance(other, _IndividualSpecifier): + other = SpecifierSet(str(other)) + elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet): + return NotImplemented + + return self._specs == other._specs + + def __ne__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, string_types): + other = SpecifierSet(other) + elif isinstance(other, _IndividualSpecifier): + other = SpecifierSet(str(other)) + elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet): + return NotImplemented + + return self._specs != other._specs + + def __len__(self): + return len(self._specs) + + def __iter__(self): + return iter(self._specs) + + @property + def prereleases(self): + # If we have been given an explicit prerelease modifier, then we'll + # pass that through here. + if self._prereleases is not None: + return self._prereleases + + # If we don't have any specifiers, and we don't have a forced value, + # then we'll just return None since we don't know if this should have + # pre-releases or not. + if not self._specs: + return None + + # Otherwise we'll see if any of the given specifiers accept + # prereleases, if any of them do we'll return True, otherwise False. + return any(s.prereleases for s in self._specs) + + @prereleases.setter + def prereleases(self, value): + self._prereleases = value + + def __contains__(self, item): + return self.contains(item) + + def contains(self, item, prereleases=None): + # Ensure that our item is a Version or LegacyVersion instance. + if not isinstance(item, (LegacyVersion, Version)): + item = parse(item) + + # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing + # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the + # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases. + if prereleases is None: + prereleases = self.prereleases + + # We can determine if we're going to allow pre-releases by looking to + # see if any of the underlying items supports them. If none of them do + # and this item is a pre-release then we do not allow it and we can + # short circuit that here. + # Note: This means that 1.0.dev1 would not be contained in something + # like >=1.0.devabc however it would be in >=1.0.debabc,>0.0.dev0 + if not prereleases and item.is_prerelease: + return False + + # We simply dispatch to the underlying specs here to make sure that the + # given version is contained within all of them. + # Note: This use of all() here means that an empty set of specifiers + # will always return True, this is an explicit design decision. + return all( + s.contains(item, prereleases=prereleases) + for s in self._specs + ) + + def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None): + # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing + # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the + # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases. + if prereleases is None: + prereleases = self.prereleases + + # If we have any specifiers, then we want to wrap our iterable in the + # filter method for each one, this will act as a logical AND amongst + # each specifier. + if self._specs: + for spec in self._specs: + iterable = spec.filter(iterable, prereleases=bool(prereleases)) + return iterable + # If we do not have any specifiers, then we need to have a rough filter + # which will filter out any pre-releases, unless there are no final + # releases, and which will filter out LegacyVersion in general. + else: + filtered = [] + found_prereleases = [] + + for item in iterable: + # Ensure that we some kind of Version class for this item. + if not isinstance(item, (LegacyVersion, Version)): + parsed_version = parse(item) + else: + parsed_version = item + + # Filter out any item which is parsed as a LegacyVersion + if isinstance(parsed_version, LegacyVersion): + continue + + # Store any item which is a pre-release for later unless we've + # already found a final version or we are accepting prereleases + if parsed_version.is_prerelease and not prereleases: + if not filtered: + found_prereleases.append(item) + else: + filtered.append(item) + + # If we've found no items except for pre-releases, then we'll go + # ahead and use the pre-releases + if not filtered and found_prereleases and prereleases is None: + return found_prereleases + + return filtered diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/version.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/version.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ba574b --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/version.py @@ -0,0 +1,403 @@ +# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft +# +# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +# You may obtain a copy of the License at +# +# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +# +# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +# limitations under the License. +from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function + +import collections +import itertools +import re + +from ._structures import Infinity + + +__all__ = [ + "parse", "Version", "LegacyVersion", "InvalidVersion", "VERSION_PATTERN" +] + + +_Version = collections.namedtuple( + "_Version", + ["epoch", "release", "dev", "pre", "post", "local"], +) + + +def parse(version): + """ + Parse the given version string and return either a :class:`Version` object + or a :class:`LegacyVersion` object depending on if the given version is + a valid PEP 440 version or a legacy version. + """ + try: + return Version(version) + except InvalidVersion: + return LegacyVersion(version) + + +class InvalidVersion(ValueError): + """ + An invalid version was found, users should refer to PEP 440. + """ + + +class _BaseVersion(object): + + def __hash__(self): + return hash(self._key) + + def __lt__(self, other): + return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s < o) + + def __le__(self, other): + return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s <= o) + + def __eq__(self, other): + return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s == o) + + def __ge__(self, other): + return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s >= o) + + def __gt__(self, other): + return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s > o) + + def __ne__(self, other): + return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s != o) + + def _compare(self, other, method): + if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion): + return NotImplemented + + return method(self._key, other._key) + + +class LegacyVersion(_BaseVersion): + + def __init__(self, version): + self._version = str(version) + self._key = _legacy_cmpkey(self._version) + + def __str__(self): + return self._version + + def __repr__(self): + return "".format(repr(str(self))) + + @property + def public(self): + return self._version + + @property + def base_version(self): + return self._version + + @property + def local(self): + return None + + @property + def is_prerelease(self): + return False + + @property + def is_postrelease(self): + return False + + +_legacy_version_component_re = re.compile( + r"(\d+ | [a-z]+ | \.| -)", re.VERBOSE, +) + +_legacy_version_replacement_map = { + "pre": "c", "preview": "c", "-": "final-", "rc": "c", "dev": "@", +} + + +def _parse_version_parts(s): + for part in _legacy_version_component_re.split(s): + part = _legacy_version_replacement_map.get(part, part) + + if not part or part == ".": + continue + + if part[:1] in "0123456789": + # pad for numeric comparison + yield part.zfill(8) + else: + yield "*" + part + + # ensure that alpha/beta/candidate are before final + yield "*final" + + +def _legacy_cmpkey(version): + # We hardcode an epoch of -1 here. A PEP 440 version can only have a epoch + # greater than or equal to 0. This will effectively put the LegacyVersion, + # which uses the defacto standard originally implemented by setuptools, + # as before all PEP 440 versions. + epoch = -1 + + # This scheme is taken from pkg_resources.parse_version setuptools prior to + # it's adoption of the packaging library. + parts = [] + for part in _parse_version_parts(version.lower()): + if part.startswith("*"): + # remove "-" before a prerelease tag + if part < "*final": + while parts and parts[-1] == "*final-": + parts.pop() + + # remove trailing zeros from each series of numeric parts + while parts and parts[-1] == "00000000": + parts.pop() + + parts.append(part) + parts = tuple(parts) + + return epoch, parts + +# Deliberately not anchored to the start and end of the string, to make it +# easier for 3rd party code to reuse +VERSION_PATTERN = r""" + v? + (?: + (?:(?P[0-9]+)!)? # epoch + (?P[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*) # release segment + (?P
                                          # pre-release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P(a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview))
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+        (?P                                         # post release
+            (?:-(?P[0-9]+))
+            |
+            (?:
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?Ppost|rev|r)
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P[0-9]+)?
+            )
+        )?
+        (?P                                          # dev release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?Pdev)
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+    )
+    (?:\+(?P[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*))?       # local version
+"""
+
+
+class Version(_BaseVersion):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"^\s*" + VERSION_PATTERN + r"\s*$",
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, version):
+        # Validate the version and parse it into pieces
+        match = self._regex.search(version)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidVersion("Invalid version: '{0}'".format(version))
+
+        # Store the parsed out pieces of the version
+        self._version = _Version(
+            epoch=int(match.group("epoch")) if match.group("epoch") else 0,
+            release=tuple(int(i) for i in match.group("release").split(".")),
+            pre=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("pre_l"),
+                match.group("pre_n"),
+            ),
+            post=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("post_l"),
+                match.group("post_n1") or match.group("post_n2"),
+            ),
+            dev=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("dev_l"),
+                match.group("dev_n"),
+            ),
+            local=_parse_local_version(match.group("local")),
+        )
+
+        # Generate a key which will be used for sorting
+        self._key = _cmpkey(
+            self._version.epoch,
+            self._version.release,
+            self._version.pre,
+            self._version.post,
+            self._version.dev,
+            self._version.local,
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "".format(repr(str(self)))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self._version.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append("{0}!".format(self._version.epoch))
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.release))
+
+        # Pre-release
+        if self._version.pre is not None:
+            parts.append("".join(str(x) for x in self._version.pre))
+
+        # Post-release
+        if self._version.post is not None:
+            parts.append(".post{0}".format(self._version.post[1]))
+
+        # Development release
+        if self._version.dev is not None:
+            parts.append(".dev{0}".format(self._version.dev[1]))
+
+        # Local version segment
+        if self._version.local is not None:
+            parts.append(
+                "+{0}".format(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.local))
+            )
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def public(self):
+        return str(self).split("+", 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def base_version(self):
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self._version.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append("{0}!".format(self._version.epoch))
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.release))
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def local(self):
+        version_string = str(self)
+        if "+" in version_string:
+            return version_string.split("+", 1)[1]
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return bool(self._version.dev or self._version.pre)
+
+    @property
+    def is_postrelease(self):
+        return bool(self._version.post)
+
+
+def _parse_letter_version(letter, number):
+    if letter:
+        # We consider there to be an implicit 0 in a pre-release if there is
+        # not a numeral associated with it.
+        if number is None:
+            number = 0
+
+        # We normalize any letters to their lower case form
+        letter = letter.lower()
+
+        # We consider some words to be alternate spellings of other words and
+        # in those cases we want to normalize the spellings to our preferred
+        # spelling.
+        if letter == "alpha":
+            letter = "a"
+        elif letter == "beta":
+            letter = "b"
+        elif letter in ["c", "pre", "preview"]:
+            letter = "rc"
+        elif letter in ["rev", "r"]:
+            letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+    if not letter and number:
+        # We assume if we are given a number, but we are not given a letter
+        # then this is using the implicit post release syntax (e.g. 1.0-1)
+        letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+
+
+_local_version_seperators = re.compile(r"[\._-]")
+
+
+def _parse_local_version(local):
+    """
+    Takes a string like abc.1.twelve and turns it into ("abc", 1, "twelve").
+    """
+    if local is not None:
+        return tuple(
+            part.lower() if not part.isdigit() else int(part)
+            for part in _local_version_seperators.split(local)
+        )
+
+
+def _cmpkey(epoch, release, pre, post, dev, local):
+    # When we compare a release version, we want to compare it with all of the
+    # trailing zeros removed. So we'll use a reverse the list, drop all the now
+    # leading zeros until we come to something non zero, then take the rest
+    # re-reverse it back into the correct order and make it a tuple and use
+    # that for our sorting key.
+    release = tuple(
+        reversed(list(
+            itertools.dropwhile(
+                lambda x: x == 0,
+                reversed(release),
+            )
+        ))
+    )
+
+    # We need to "trick" the sorting algorithm to put 1.0.dev0 before 1.0a0.
+    # We'll do this by abusing the pre segment, but we _only_ want to do this
+    # if there is not a pre or a post segment. If we have one of those then
+    # the normal sorting rules will handle this case correctly.
+    if pre is None and post is None and dev is not None:
+        pre = -Infinity
+    # Versions without a pre-release (except as noted above) should sort after
+    # those with one.
+    elif pre is None:
+        pre = Infinity
+
+    # Versions without a post segment should sort before those with one.
+    if post is None:
+        post = -Infinity
+
+    # Versions without a development segment should sort after those with one.
+    if dev is None:
+        dev = Infinity
+
+    if local is None:
+        # Versions without a local segment should sort before those with one.
+        local = -Infinity
+    else:
+        # Versions with a local segment need that segment parsed to implement
+        # the sorting rules in PEP440.
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort before numeric segments
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort lexicographically
+        # - Numeric segments sort numerically
+        # - Shorter versions sort before longer versions when the prefixes
+        #   match exactly
+        local = tuple(
+            (i, "") if isinstance(i, int) else (-Infinity, i)
+            for i in local
+        )
+
+    return epoch, release, pre, post, dev, local
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6b6a1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+===============================
+Installing and Using Setuptools
+===============================
+
+.. contents:: **Table of Contents**
+
+
+`Change History `_.
+
+-------------------------
+Installation Instructions
+-------------------------
+
+The recommended way to bootstrap setuptools on any system is to download
+`ez_setup.py`_ and run it using the target Python environment. Different
+operating systems have different recommended techniques to accomplish this
+basic routine, so below are some examples to get you started.
+
+Setuptools requires Python 2.6 or later. To install setuptools
+on Python 2.4 or Python 2.5, use the `bootstrap script for Setuptools 1.x
+`_.
+
+The link provided to ez_setup.py is a bookmark to bootstrap script for the
+latest known stable release.
+
+.. _ez_setup.py: https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
+
+Windows (Powershell 3 or later)
+===============================
+
+For best results, uninstall previous versions FIRST (see `Uninstalling`_).
+
+Using Windows 8 (which includes PowerShell 3) or earlier versions of Windows
+with PowerShell 3 installed, it's possible to install with one simple
+Powershell command. Start up Powershell and paste this command::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | python -
+
+You must start the Powershell with Administrative privileges or you may choose
+to install a user-local installation::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | python - --user
+
+If you have Python 3.3 or later, you can use the ``py`` command to install to
+different Python versions. For example, to install to Python 3.3 if you have
+Python 2.7 installed::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | py -3 -
+
+The recommended way to install setuptools on Windows is to download
+`ez_setup.py`_ and run it. The script will download the appropriate
+distribution file and install it for you.
+
+Once installation is complete, you will find an ``easy_install`` program in
+your Python ``Scripts`` subdirectory.  For simple invocation and best results,
+add this directory to your ``PATH`` environment variable, if it is not already
+present. If you did a user-local install, the ``Scripts`` subdirectory is
+``$env:APPDATA\Python\Scripts``.
+
+
+Windows (simplified)
+====================
+
+For Windows without PowerShell 3 or for installation without a command-line,
+download `ez_setup.py`_ using your preferred web browser or other technique
+and "run" that file.
+
+
+Unix (wget)
+===========
+
+Most Linux distributions come with wget.
+
+Download `ez_setup.py`_ and run it using the target Python version. The script
+will download the appropriate version and install it for you::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | python
+
+Note that you will may need to invoke the command with superuser privileges to
+install to the system Python::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | sudo python
+
+Alternatively, Setuptools may be installed to a user-local path::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | python - --user
+
+Note that on some older systems (noted on Debian 6 and CentOS 5 installations),
+`wget` may refuse to download `ez_setup.py`, complaining that the certificate common name `*.c.ssl.fastly.net`
+does not match the host name `bootstrap.pypa.io`. In addition, the `ez_setup.py` script may then encounter similar problems using
+`wget` internally to download `setuptools-x.y.zip`, complaining that the certificate common name of `www.python.org` does not match the
+host name `pypi.python.org`. Those are known issues, related to a bug in the older versions of `wget`
+(see `Issue 59 `_). If you happen to encounter them,
+install Setuptools as follows::
+
+    > wget --no-check-certificate https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
+    > python ez_setup.py --insecure
+
+
+Unix including Mac OS X (curl)
+==============================
+
+If your system has curl installed, follow the ``wget`` instructions but
+replace ``wget`` with ``curl`` and ``-O`` with ``-o``. For example::
+
+    > curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -o - | python
+
+
+Advanced Installation
+=====================
+
+For more advanced installation options, such as installing to custom
+locations or prefixes, download and extract the source
+tarball from `Setuptools on PyPI `_
+and run setup.py with any supported distutils and Setuptools options.
+For example::
+
+    setuptools-x.x$ python setup.py install --prefix=/opt/setuptools
+
+Use ``--help`` to get a full options list, but we recommend consulting
+the `EasyInstall manual`_ for detailed instructions, especially `the section
+on custom installation locations`_.
+
+.. _EasyInstall manual: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/EasyInstall
+.. _the section on custom installation locations: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/EasyInstall#custom-installation-locations
+
+
+Downloads
+=========
+
+All setuptools downloads can be found at `the project's home page in the Python
+Package Index`_.  Scroll to the very bottom of the page to find the links.
+
+.. _the project's home page in the Python Package Index: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools
+
+In addition to the PyPI downloads, the development version of ``setuptools``
+is available from the `Bitbucket repo`_, and in-development versions of the
+`0.6 branch`_ are available as well.
+
+.. _Bitbucket repo: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/get/default.tar.gz#egg=setuptools-dev
+.. _0.6 branch: http://svn.python.org/projects/sandbox/branches/setuptools-0.6/#egg=setuptools-dev06
+
+Uninstalling
+============
+
+On Windows, if Setuptools was installed using an ``.exe`` or ``.msi``
+installer, simply use the uninstall feature of "Add/Remove Programs" in the
+Control Panel.
+
+Otherwise, to uninstall Setuptools or Distribute, regardless of the Python
+version, delete all ``setuptools*`` and ``distribute*`` files and
+directories from your system's ``site-packages`` directory
+(and any other ``sys.path`` directories) FIRST.
+
+If you are upgrading or otherwise plan to re-install Setuptools or Distribute,
+nothing further needs to be done. If you want to completely remove Setuptools,
+you may also want to remove the 'easy_install' and 'easy_install-x.x' scripts
+and associated executables installed to the Python scripts directory.
+
+--------------------------------
+Using Setuptools and EasyInstall
+--------------------------------
+
+Here are some of the available manuals, tutorials, and other resources for
+learning about Setuptools, Python Eggs, and EasyInstall:
+
+* `The EasyInstall user's guide and reference manual`_
+* `The setuptools Developer's Guide`_
+* `The pkg_resources API reference`_
+* `The Internal Structure of Python Eggs`_
+
+Questions, comments, and bug reports should be directed to the `distutils-sig
+mailing list`_.  If you have written (or know of) any tutorials, documentation,
+plug-ins, or other resources for setuptools users, please let us know about
+them there, so this reference list can be updated.  If you have working,
+*tested* patches to correct problems or add features, you may submit them to
+the `setuptools bug tracker`_.
+
+.. _setuptools bug tracker: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issues
+.. _The Internal Structure of Python Eggs: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/formats.html
+.. _The setuptools Developer's Guide: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/setuptools.html
+.. _The pkg_resources API reference: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/pkg_resources.html
+.. _The EasyInstall user's guide and reference manual: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html
+.. _distutils-sig mailing list: http://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/
+
+
+-------
+Credits
+-------
+
+* The original design for the ``.egg`` format and the ``pkg_resources`` API was
+  co-created by Phillip Eby and Bob Ippolito.  Bob also implemented the first
+  version of ``pkg_resources``, and supplied the OS X operating system version
+  compatibility algorithm.
+
+* Ian Bicking implemented many early "creature comfort" features of
+  easy_install, including support for downloading via Sourceforge and
+  Subversion repositories.  Ian's comments on the Web-SIG about WSGI
+  application deployment also inspired the concept of "entry points" in eggs,
+  and he has given talks at PyCon and elsewhere to inform and educate the
+  community about eggs and setuptools.
+
+* Jim Fulton contributed time and effort to build automated tests of various
+  aspects of ``easy_install``, and supplied the doctests for the command-line
+  ``.exe`` wrappers on Windows.
+
+* Phillip J. Eby is the seminal author of setuptools, and
+  first proposed the idea of an importable binary distribution format for
+  Python application plug-ins.
+
+* Significant parts of the implementation of setuptools were funded by the Open
+  Source Applications Foundation, to provide a plug-in infrastructure for the
+  Chandler PIM application.  In addition, many OSAF staffers (such as Mike
+  "Code Bear" Taylor) contributed their time and stress as guinea pigs for the
+  use of eggs and setuptools, even before eggs were "cool".  (Thanks, guys!)
+
+* Tarek Ziadé is the principal author of the Distribute fork, which
+  re-invigorated the community on the project, encouraged renewed innovation,
+  and addressed many defects.
+
+* Since the merge with Distribute, Jason R. Coombs is the
+  maintainer of setuptools.  The project is maintained in coordination with
+  the Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) and the larger Python community.
+
+.. _files:
+
+
+---------------
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the setuptools project's codebases, issue trackers,
+chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the
+`PyPA Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PyPA Code of Conduct: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/
+
+
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/METADATA b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20fa41e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: setuptools
+Version: 18.5
+Summary: Easily download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages
+Home-page: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools
+Author: Python Packaging Authority
+Author-email: distutils-sig@python.org
+License: PSF or ZPL
+Keywords: CPAN PyPI distutils eggs package management
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Python Software Foundation License
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Zope Public License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Systems Administration
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
+Provides-Extra: certs
+Requires-Dist: certifi (==2015.04.28); extra == 'certs'
+Provides-Extra: ssl
+Requires-Dist: wincertstore (==0.2); sys_platform=='win32' and extra == 'ssl'
+
+===============================
+Installing and Using Setuptools
+===============================
+
+.. contents:: **Table of Contents**
+
+
+`Change History `_.
+
+-------------------------
+Installation Instructions
+-------------------------
+
+The recommended way to bootstrap setuptools on any system is to download
+`ez_setup.py`_ and run it using the target Python environment. Different
+operating systems have different recommended techniques to accomplish this
+basic routine, so below are some examples to get you started.
+
+Setuptools requires Python 2.6 or later. To install setuptools
+on Python 2.4 or Python 2.5, use the `bootstrap script for Setuptools 1.x
+`_.
+
+The link provided to ez_setup.py is a bookmark to bootstrap script for the
+latest known stable release.
+
+.. _ez_setup.py: https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
+
+Windows (Powershell 3 or later)
+===============================
+
+For best results, uninstall previous versions FIRST (see `Uninstalling`_).
+
+Using Windows 8 (which includes PowerShell 3) or earlier versions of Windows
+with PowerShell 3 installed, it's possible to install with one simple
+Powershell command. Start up Powershell and paste this command::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | python -
+
+You must start the Powershell with Administrative privileges or you may choose
+to install a user-local installation::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | python - --user
+
+If you have Python 3.3 or later, you can use the ``py`` command to install to
+different Python versions. For example, to install to Python 3.3 if you have
+Python 2.7 installed::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | py -3 -
+
+The recommended way to install setuptools on Windows is to download
+`ez_setup.py`_ and run it. The script will download the appropriate
+distribution file and install it for you.
+
+Once installation is complete, you will find an ``easy_install`` program in
+your Python ``Scripts`` subdirectory.  For simple invocation and best results,
+add this directory to your ``PATH`` environment variable, if it is not already
+present. If you did a user-local install, the ``Scripts`` subdirectory is
+``$env:APPDATA\Python\Scripts``.
+
+
+Windows (simplified)
+====================
+
+For Windows without PowerShell 3 or for installation without a command-line,
+download `ez_setup.py`_ using your preferred web browser or other technique
+and "run" that file.
+
+
+Unix (wget)
+===========
+
+Most Linux distributions come with wget.
+
+Download `ez_setup.py`_ and run it using the target Python version. The script
+will download the appropriate version and install it for you::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | python
+
+Note that you will may need to invoke the command with superuser privileges to
+install to the system Python::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | sudo python
+
+Alternatively, Setuptools may be installed to a user-local path::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | python - --user
+
+Note that on some older systems (noted on Debian 6 and CentOS 5 installations),
+`wget` may refuse to download `ez_setup.py`, complaining that the certificate common name `*.c.ssl.fastly.net`
+does not match the host name `bootstrap.pypa.io`. In addition, the `ez_setup.py` script may then encounter similar problems using
+`wget` internally to download `setuptools-x.y.zip`, complaining that the certificate common name of `www.python.org` does not match the
+host name `pypi.python.org`. Those are known issues, related to a bug in the older versions of `wget`
+(see `Issue 59 `_). If you happen to encounter them,
+install Setuptools as follows::
+
+    > wget --no-check-certificate https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
+    > python ez_setup.py --insecure
+
+
+Unix including Mac OS X (curl)
+==============================
+
+If your system has curl installed, follow the ``wget`` instructions but
+replace ``wget`` with ``curl`` and ``-O`` with ``-o``. For example::
+
+    > curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -o - | python
+
+
+Advanced Installation
+=====================
+
+For more advanced installation options, such as installing to custom
+locations or prefixes, download and extract the source
+tarball from `Setuptools on PyPI `_
+and run setup.py with any supported distutils and Setuptools options.
+For example::
+
+    setuptools-x.x$ python setup.py install --prefix=/opt/setuptools
+
+Use ``--help`` to get a full options list, but we recommend consulting
+the `EasyInstall manual`_ for detailed instructions, especially `the section
+on custom installation locations`_.
+
+.. _EasyInstall manual: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/EasyInstall
+.. _the section on custom installation locations: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/EasyInstall#custom-installation-locations
+
+
+Downloads
+=========
+
+All setuptools downloads can be found at `the project's home page in the Python
+Package Index`_.  Scroll to the very bottom of the page to find the links.
+
+.. _the project's home page in the Python Package Index: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools
+
+In addition to the PyPI downloads, the development version of ``setuptools``
+is available from the `Bitbucket repo`_, and in-development versions of the
+`0.6 branch`_ are available as well.
+
+.. _Bitbucket repo: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/get/default.tar.gz#egg=setuptools-dev
+.. _0.6 branch: http://svn.python.org/projects/sandbox/branches/setuptools-0.6/#egg=setuptools-dev06
+
+Uninstalling
+============
+
+On Windows, if Setuptools was installed using an ``.exe`` or ``.msi``
+installer, simply use the uninstall feature of "Add/Remove Programs" in the
+Control Panel.
+
+Otherwise, to uninstall Setuptools or Distribute, regardless of the Python
+version, delete all ``setuptools*`` and ``distribute*`` files and
+directories from your system's ``site-packages`` directory
+(and any other ``sys.path`` directories) FIRST.
+
+If you are upgrading or otherwise plan to re-install Setuptools or Distribute,
+nothing further needs to be done. If you want to completely remove Setuptools,
+you may also want to remove the 'easy_install' and 'easy_install-x.x' scripts
+and associated executables installed to the Python scripts directory.
+
+--------------------------------
+Using Setuptools and EasyInstall
+--------------------------------
+
+Here are some of the available manuals, tutorials, and other resources for
+learning about Setuptools, Python Eggs, and EasyInstall:
+
+* `The EasyInstall user's guide and reference manual`_
+* `The setuptools Developer's Guide`_
+* `The pkg_resources API reference`_
+* `The Internal Structure of Python Eggs`_
+
+Questions, comments, and bug reports should be directed to the `distutils-sig
+mailing list`_.  If you have written (or know of) any tutorials, documentation,
+plug-ins, or other resources for setuptools users, please let us know about
+them there, so this reference list can be updated.  If you have working,
+*tested* patches to correct problems or add features, you may submit them to
+the `setuptools bug tracker`_.
+
+.. _setuptools bug tracker: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issues
+.. _The Internal Structure of Python Eggs: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/formats.html
+.. _The setuptools Developer's Guide: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/setuptools.html
+.. _The pkg_resources API reference: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/pkg_resources.html
+.. _The EasyInstall user's guide and reference manual: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html
+.. _distutils-sig mailing list: http://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/
+
+
+-------
+Credits
+-------
+
+* The original design for the ``.egg`` format and the ``pkg_resources`` API was
+  co-created by Phillip Eby and Bob Ippolito.  Bob also implemented the first
+  version of ``pkg_resources``, and supplied the OS X operating system version
+  compatibility algorithm.
+
+* Ian Bicking implemented many early "creature comfort" features of
+  easy_install, including support for downloading via Sourceforge and
+  Subversion repositories.  Ian's comments on the Web-SIG about WSGI
+  application deployment also inspired the concept of "entry points" in eggs,
+  and he has given talks at PyCon and elsewhere to inform and educate the
+  community about eggs and setuptools.
+
+* Jim Fulton contributed time and effort to build automated tests of various
+  aspects of ``easy_install``, and supplied the doctests for the command-line
+  ``.exe`` wrappers on Windows.
+
+* Phillip J. Eby is the seminal author of setuptools, and
+  first proposed the idea of an importable binary distribution format for
+  Python application plug-ins.
+
+* Significant parts of the implementation of setuptools were funded by the Open
+  Source Applications Foundation, to provide a plug-in infrastructure for the
+  Chandler PIM application.  In addition, many OSAF staffers (such as Mike
+  "Code Bear" Taylor) contributed their time and stress as guinea pigs for the
+  use of eggs and setuptools, even before eggs were "cool".  (Thanks, guys!)
+
+* Tarek Ziadé is the principal author of the Distribute fork, which
+  re-invigorated the community on the project, encouraged renewed innovation,
+  and addressed many defects.
+
+* Since the merge with Distribute, Jason R. Coombs is the
+  maintainer of setuptools.  The project is maintained in coordination with
+  the Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) and the larger Python community.
+
+.. _files:
+
+
+---------------
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the setuptools project's codebases, issue trackers,
+chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the
+`PyPA Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PyPA Code of Conduct: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/
+
+
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/RECORD b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbb0d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/RECORD
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diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/WHEEL b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0de529b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.26.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/dependency_links.txt b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/dependency_links.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0477ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/dependency_links.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/certifi/certifi-2015.04.28.tar.gz#md5=12c7c3a063b2ff97a0f8291d8de41e8c
+https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/w/wincertstore/wincertstore-0.2.zip#md5=ae728f2f007185648d0c7a8679b361e2
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef17af1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+[console_scripts]
+easy_install = setuptools.command.easy_install:main
+easy_install-3.5 = setuptools.command.easy_install:main
+
+[distutils.commands]
+alias = setuptools.command.alias:alias
+bdist_egg = setuptools.command.bdist_egg:bdist_egg
+bdist_rpm = setuptools.command.bdist_rpm:bdist_rpm
+bdist_wininst = setuptools.command.bdist_wininst:bdist_wininst
+build_ext = setuptools.command.build_ext:build_ext
+build_py = setuptools.command.build_py:build_py
+develop = setuptools.command.develop:develop
+easy_install = setuptools.command.easy_install:easy_install
+egg_info = setuptools.command.egg_info:egg_info
+install = setuptools.command.install:install
+install_egg_info = setuptools.command.install_egg_info:install_egg_info
+install_lib = setuptools.command.install_lib:install_lib
+install_scripts = setuptools.command.install_scripts:install_scripts
+register = setuptools.command.register:register
+rotate = setuptools.command.rotate:rotate
+saveopts = setuptools.command.saveopts:saveopts
+sdist = setuptools.command.sdist:sdist
+setopt = setuptools.command.setopt:setopt
+test = setuptools.command.test:test
+upload_docs = setuptools.command.upload_docs:upload_docs
+
+[distutils.setup_keywords]
+convert_2to3_doctests = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+dependency_links = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+eager_resources = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+entry_points = setuptools.dist:check_entry_points
+exclude_package_data = setuptools.dist:check_package_data
+extras_require = setuptools.dist:check_extras
+include_package_data = setuptools.dist:assert_bool
+install_requires = setuptools.dist:check_requirements
+namespace_packages = setuptools.dist:check_nsp
+package_data = setuptools.dist:check_package_data
+packages = setuptools.dist:check_packages
+setup_requires = setuptools.dist:check_requirements
+test_loader = setuptools.dist:check_importable
+test_runner = setuptools.dist:check_importable
+test_suite = setuptools.dist:check_test_suite
+tests_require = setuptools.dist:check_requirements
+use_2to3 = setuptools.dist:assert_bool
+use_2to3_exclude_fixers = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+use_2to3_fixers = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+zip_safe = setuptools.dist:assert_bool
+
+[egg_info.writers]
+PKG-INFO = setuptools.command.egg_info:write_pkg_info
+dependency_links.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg
+depends.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:warn_depends_obsolete
+eager_resources.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg
+entry_points.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:write_entries
+namespace_packages.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg
+requires.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:write_requirements
+top_level.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:write_toplevel_names
+
+[setuptools.installation]
+eggsecutable = setuptools.command.easy_install:bootstrap
+
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/metadata.json b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cb9549
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"generator": "bdist_wheel (0.26.0)", "summary": "Easily download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages", "classifiers": ["Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: Python Software Foundation License", "License :: OSI Approved :: Zope Public License", "Operating System :: OS Independent", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5", "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules", "Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging", "Topic :: System :: Systems Administration", "Topic :: Utilities"], "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools"}, "contacts": [{"email": "distutils-sig@python.org", "name": "Python Packaging Authority", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}}, "python.exports": {"console_scripts": {"easy_install": "setuptools.command.easy_install:main", "easy_install-3.5": "setuptools.command.easy_install:main"}, "distutils.commands": {"alias": "setuptools.command.alias:alias", "bdist_egg": "setuptools.command.bdist_egg:bdist_egg", "bdist_rpm": "setuptools.command.bdist_rpm:bdist_rpm", "bdist_wininst": "setuptools.command.bdist_wininst:bdist_wininst", "build_ext": "setuptools.command.build_ext:build_ext", "build_py": "setuptools.command.build_py:build_py", "develop": "setuptools.command.develop:develop", "easy_install": "setuptools.command.easy_install:easy_install", "egg_info": "setuptools.command.egg_info:egg_info", "install": "setuptools.command.install:install", "install_egg_info": "setuptools.command.install_egg_info:install_egg_info", "install_lib": "setuptools.command.install_lib:install_lib", "install_scripts": "setuptools.command.install_scripts:install_scripts", "register": "setuptools.command.register:register", "rotate": "setuptools.command.rotate:rotate", "saveopts": "setuptools.command.saveopts:saveopts", "sdist": "setuptools.command.sdist:sdist", "setopt": "setuptools.command.setopt:setopt", "test": "setuptools.command.test:test", "upload_docs": "setuptools.command.upload_docs:upload_docs"}, "distutils.setup_keywords": {"convert_2to3_doctests": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "dependency_links": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "eager_resources": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "entry_points": "setuptools.dist:check_entry_points", "exclude_package_data": "setuptools.dist:check_package_data", "extras_require": "setuptools.dist:check_extras", "include_package_data": "setuptools.dist:assert_bool", "install_requires": "setuptools.dist:check_requirements", "namespace_packages": "setuptools.dist:check_nsp", "package_data": "setuptools.dist:check_package_data", "packages": "setuptools.dist:check_packages", "setup_requires": "setuptools.dist:check_requirements", "test_loader": "setuptools.dist:check_importable", "test_runner": "setuptools.dist:check_importable", "test_suite": "setuptools.dist:check_test_suite", "tests_require": "setuptools.dist:check_requirements", "use_2to3": "setuptools.dist:assert_bool", "use_2to3_exclude_fixers": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "use_2to3_fixers": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "zip_safe": "setuptools.dist:assert_bool"}, "egg_info.writers": {"PKG-INFO": "setuptools.command.egg_info:write_pkg_info", "dependency_links.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg", "depends.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:warn_depends_obsolete", "eager_resources.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg", "entry_points.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:write_entries", "namespace_packages.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg", "requires.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:write_requirements", "top_level.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:write_toplevel_names"}, "setuptools.installation": {"eggsecutable": "setuptools.command.easy_install:bootstrap"}}, "python.commands": {"wrap_console": {"easy_install": "setuptools.command.easy_install:main", "easy_install-3.5": "setuptools.command.easy_install:main"}}}, "keywords": ["CPAN", "PyPI", "distutils", "eggs", "package", "management"], "license": "PSF or ZPL", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "setuptools", "extras": ["certs", "ssl"], "run_requires": [{"requires": ["certifi (==2015.04.28)"], "extra": "certs"}, {"requires": ["wincertstore (==0.2)"], "extra": "ssl", "environment": "sys_platform=='win32'"}], "version": "18.5", "test_requires": [{"requires": ["pytest", "setuptools[ssl]"]}]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/top_level.txt b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fe9a7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+_markerlib
+easy_install
+pkg_resources
+setuptools
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/zip-safe b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/zip-safe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b13789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools-18.5.dist-info/zip-safe
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..712ec08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+"""Extensions to the 'distutils' for large or complex distributions"""
+
+import os
+import functools
+import distutils.core
+import distutils.filelist
+from distutils.core import Command as _Command
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from fnmatch import fnmatchcase
+
+import setuptools.version
+from setuptools.extension import Extension
+from setuptools.dist import Distribution, Feature, _get_unpatched
+from setuptools.depends import Require
+from setuptools.compat import filterfalse
+
+__all__ = [
+    'setup', 'Distribution', 'Feature', 'Command', 'Extension', 'Require',
+    'find_packages'
+]
+
+__version__ = setuptools.version.__version__
+
+bootstrap_install_from = None
+
+# If we run 2to3 on .py files, should we also convert docstrings?
+# Default: yes; assume that we can detect doctests reliably
+run_2to3_on_doctests = True
+# Standard package names for fixer packages
+lib2to3_fixer_packages = ['lib2to3.fixes']
+
+
+class PackageFinder(object):
+    @classmethod
+    def find(cls, where='.', exclude=(), include=('*',)):
+        """Return a list all Python packages found within directory 'where'
+
+        'where' should be supplied as a "cross-platform" (i.e. URL-style)
+        path; it will be converted to the appropriate local path syntax.
+        'exclude' is a sequence of package names to exclude; '*' can be used
+        as a wildcard in the names, such that 'foo.*' will exclude all
+        subpackages of 'foo' (but not 'foo' itself).
+
+        'include' is a sequence of package names to include.  If it's
+        specified, only the named packages will be included.  If it's not
+        specified, all found packages will be included.  'include' can contain
+        shell style wildcard patterns just like 'exclude'.
+
+        The list of included packages is built up first and then any
+        explicitly excluded packages are removed from it.
+        """
+        out = cls._find_packages_iter(convert_path(where))
+        out = cls.require_parents(out)
+        includes = cls._build_filter(*include)
+        excludes = cls._build_filter('ez_setup', '*__pycache__', *exclude)
+        out = filter(includes, out)
+        out = filterfalse(excludes, out)
+        return list(out)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def require_parents(packages):
+        """
+        Exclude any apparent package that apparently doesn't include its
+        parent.
+
+        For example, exclude 'foo.bar' if 'foo' is not present.
+        """
+        found = []
+        for pkg in packages:
+            base, sep, child = pkg.rpartition('.')
+            if base and base not in found:
+                continue
+            found.append(pkg)
+            yield pkg
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _candidate_dirs(base_path):
+        """
+        Return all dirs in base_path that might be packages.
+        """
+        has_dot = lambda name: '.' in name
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(base_path, followlinks=True):
+            # Exclude directories that contain a period, as they cannot be
+            #  packages. Mutate the list to avoid traversal.
+            dirs[:] = filterfalse(has_dot, dirs)
+            for dir in dirs:
+                yield os.path.relpath(os.path.join(root, dir), base_path)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _find_packages_iter(cls, base_path):
+        candidates = cls._candidate_dirs(base_path)
+        return (
+            path.replace(os.path.sep, '.')
+            for path in candidates
+            if cls._looks_like_package(os.path.join(base_path, path))
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _looks_like_package(path):
+        return os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, '__init__.py'))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_filter(*patterns):
+        """
+        Given a list of patterns, return a callable that will be true only if
+        the input matches one of the patterns.
+        """
+        return lambda name: any(fnmatchcase(name, pat=pat) for pat in patterns)
+
+class PEP420PackageFinder(PackageFinder):
+    @staticmethod
+    def _looks_like_package(path):
+        return True
+
+find_packages = PackageFinder.find
+
+setup = distutils.core.setup
+
+_Command = _get_unpatched(_Command)
+
+class Command(_Command):
+    __doc__ = _Command.__doc__
+
+    command_consumes_arguments = False
+
+    def __init__(self, dist, **kw):
+        """
+        Construct the command for dist, updating
+        vars(self) with any keyword parameters.
+        """
+        _Command.__init__(self, dist)
+        vars(self).update(kw)
+
+    def reinitialize_command(self, command, reinit_subcommands=0, **kw):
+        cmd = _Command.reinitialize_command(self, command, reinit_subcommands)
+        vars(cmd).update(kw)
+        return cmd
+
+# we can't patch distutils.cmd, alas
+distutils.core.Command = Command
+
+
+def _find_all_simple(path):
+    """
+    Find all files under 'path'
+    """
+    results = (
+        os.path.join(base, file)
+        for base, dirs, files in os.walk(path, followlinks=True)
+        for file in files
+    )
+    return filter(os.path.isfile, results)
+
+
+def findall(dir=os.curdir):
+    """
+    Find all files under 'dir' and return the list of full filenames.
+    Unless dir is '.', return full filenames with dir prepended.
+    """
+    files = _find_all_simple(dir)
+    if dir == os.curdir:
+        make_rel = functools.partial(os.path.relpath, start=dir)
+        files = map(make_rel, files)
+    return list(files)
+
+
+# fix findall bug in distutils (http://bugs.python.org/issue12885)
+distutils.filelist.findall = findall
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/archive_util.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/archive_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3c9fa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/archive_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+"""Utilities for extracting common archive formats"""
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "unpack_archive", "unpack_zipfile", "unpack_tarfile", "default_filter",
+    "UnrecognizedFormat", "extraction_drivers", "unpack_directory",
+]
+
+import zipfile
+import tarfile
+import os
+import shutil
+import posixpath
+import contextlib
+from pkg_resources import ensure_directory, ContextualZipFile
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError
+
+class UnrecognizedFormat(DistutilsError):
+    """Couldn't recognize the archive type"""
+
+def default_filter(src,dst):
+    """The default progress/filter callback; returns True for all files"""
+    return dst
+
+
+def unpack_archive(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter=default_filter,
+        drivers=None):
+    """Unpack `filename` to `extract_dir`, or raise ``UnrecognizedFormat``
+
+    `progress_filter` is a function taking two arguments: a source path
+    internal to the archive ('/'-separated), and a filesystem path where it
+    will be extracted.  The callback must return the desired extract path
+    (which may be the same as the one passed in), or else ``None`` to skip
+    that file or directory.  The callback can thus be used to report on the
+    progress of the extraction, as well as to filter the items extracted or
+    alter their extraction paths.
+
+    `drivers`, if supplied, must be a non-empty sequence of functions with the
+    same signature as this function (minus the `drivers` argument), that raise
+    ``UnrecognizedFormat`` if they do not support extracting the designated
+    archive type.  The `drivers` are tried in sequence until one is found that
+    does not raise an error, or until all are exhausted (in which case
+    ``UnrecognizedFormat`` is raised).  If you do not supply a sequence of
+    drivers, the module's ``extraction_drivers`` constant will be used, which
+    means that ``unpack_zipfile`` and ``unpack_tarfile`` will be tried, in that
+    order.
+    """
+    for driver in drivers or extraction_drivers:
+        try:
+            driver(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter)
+        except UnrecognizedFormat:
+            continue
+        else:
+            return
+    else:
+        raise UnrecognizedFormat(
+            "Not a recognized archive type: %s" % filename
+        )
+
+
+def unpack_directory(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter=default_filter):
+    """"Unpack" a directory, using the same interface as for archives
+
+    Raises ``UnrecognizedFormat`` if `filename` is not a directory
+    """
+    if not os.path.isdir(filename):
+        raise UnrecognizedFormat("%s is not a directory" % filename)
+
+    paths = {
+        filename: ('', extract_dir),
+    }
+    for base, dirs, files in os.walk(filename):
+        src, dst = paths[base]
+        for d in dirs:
+            paths[os.path.join(base, d)] = src + d + '/', os.path.join(dst, d)
+        for f in files:
+            target = os.path.join(dst, f)
+            target = progress_filter(src + f, target)
+            if not target:
+                # skip non-files
+                continue
+            ensure_directory(target)
+            f = os.path.join(base, f)
+            shutil.copyfile(f, target)
+            shutil.copystat(f, target)
+
+
+def unpack_zipfile(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter=default_filter):
+    """Unpack zip `filename` to `extract_dir`
+
+    Raises ``UnrecognizedFormat`` if `filename` is not a zipfile (as determined
+    by ``zipfile.is_zipfile()``).  See ``unpack_archive()`` for an explanation
+    of the `progress_filter` argument.
+    """
+
+    if not zipfile.is_zipfile(filename):
+        raise UnrecognizedFormat("%s is not a zip file" % (filename,))
+
+    with ContextualZipFile(filename) as z:
+        for info in z.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+
+            # don't extract absolute paths or ones with .. in them
+            if name.startswith('/') or '..' in name.split('/'):
+                continue
+
+            target = os.path.join(extract_dir, *name.split('/'))
+            target = progress_filter(name, target)
+            if not target:
+                continue
+            if name.endswith('/'):
+                # directory
+                ensure_directory(target)
+            else:
+                # file
+                ensure_directory(target)
+                data = z.read(info.filename)
+                with open(target, 'wb') as f:
+                    f.write(data)
+            unix_attributes = info.external_attr >> 16
+            if unix_attributes:
+                os.chmod(target, unix_attributes)
+
+
+def unpack_tarfile(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter=default_filter):
+    """Unpack tar/tar.gz/tar.bz2 `filename` to `extract_dir`
+
+    Raises ``UnrecognizedFormat`` if `filename` is not a tarfile (as determined
+    by ``tarfile.open()``).  See ``unpack_archive()`` for an explanation
+    of the `progress_filter` argument.
+    """
+    try:
+        tarobj = tarfile.open(filename)
+    except tarfile.TarError:
+        raise UnrecognizedFormat(
+            "%s is not a compressed or uncompressed tar file" % (filename,)
+        )
+    with contextlib.closing(tarobj):
+        # don't do any chowning!
+        tarobj.chown = lambda *args: None
+        for member in tarobj:
+            name = member.name
+            # don't extract absolute paths or ones with .. in them
+            if not name.startswith('/') and '..' not in name.split('/'):
+                prelim_dst = os.path.join(extract_dir, *name.split('/'))
+
+                # resolve any links and to extract the link targets as normal
+                # files
+                while member is not None and (member.islnk() or member.issym()):
+                    linkpath = member.linkname
+                    if member.issym():
+                        base = posixpath.dirname(member.name)
+                        linkpath = posixpath.join(base, linkpath)
+                        linkpath = posixpath.normpath(linkpath)
+                    member = tarobj._getmember(linkpath)
+
+                if member is not None and (member.isfile() or member.isdir()):
+                    final_dst = progress_filter(name, prelim_dst)
+                    if final_dst:
+                        if final_dst.endswith(os.sep):
+                            final_dst = final_dst[:-1]
+                        try:
+                            # XXX Ugh
+                            tarobj._extract_member(member, final_dst)
+                        except tarfile.ExtractError:
+                            # chown/chmod/mkfifo/mknode/makedev failed
+                            pass
+        return True
+
+extraction_drivers = unpack_directory, unpack_zipfile, unpack_tarfile
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/cli-32.exe b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/cli-32.exe
new file mode 100644
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HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6dbc39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+__all__ = [
+    'alias', 'bdist_egg', 'bdist_rpm', 'build_ext', 'build_py', 'develop',
+    'easy_install', 'egg_info', 'install', 'install_lib', 'rotate', 'saveopts',
+    'sdist', 'setopt', 'test', 'install_egg_info', 'install_scripts',
+    'register', 'bdist_wininst', 'upload_docs',
+]
+
+from distutils.command.bdist import bdist
+import sys
+
+from setuptools.command import install_scripts
+
+
+if 'egg' not in bdist.format_commands:
+    bdist.format_command['egg'] = ('bdist_egg', "Python .egg file")
+    bdist.format_commands.append('egg')
+
+del bdist, sys
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..452a924
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+
+from setuptools.command.setopt import edit_config, option_base, config_file
+
+
+def shquote(arg):
+    """Quote an argument for later parsing by shlex.split()"""
+    for c in '"', "'", "\\", "#":
+        if c in arg:
+            return repr(arg)
+    if arg.split() != [arg]:
+        return repr(arg)
+    return arg
+
+
+class alias(option_base):
+    """Define a shortcut that invokes one or more commands"""
+
+    description = "define a shortcut to invoke one or more commands"
+    command_consumes_arguments = True
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('remove', 'r', 'remove (unset) the alias'),
+    ] + option_base.user_options
+
+    boolean_options = option_base.boolean_options + ['remove']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        option_base.initialize_options(self)
+        self.args = None
+        self.remove = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        option_base.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.remove and len(self.args) != 1:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Must specify exactly one argument (the alias name) when "
+                "using --remove"
+            )
+
+    def run(self):
+        aliases = self.distribution.get_option_dict('aliases')
+
+        if not self.args:
+            print("Command Aliases")
+            print("---------------")
+            for alias in aliases:
+                print("setup.py alias", format_alias(alias, aliases))
+            return
+
+        elif len(self.args) == 1:
+            alias, = self.args
+            if self.remove:
+                command = None
+            elif alias in aliases:
+                print("setup.py alias", format_alias(alias, aliases))
+                return
+            else:
+                print("No alias definition found for %r" % alias)
+                return
+        else:
+            alias = self.args[0]
+            command = ' '.join(map(shquote, self.args[1:]))
+
+        edit_config(self.filename, {'aliases': {alias: command}}, self.dry_run)
+
+
+def format_alias(name, aliases):
+    source, command = aliases[name]
+    if source == config_file('global'):
+        source = '--global-config '
+    elif source == config_file('user'):
+        source = '--user-config '
+    elif source == config_file('local'):
+        source = ''
+    else:
+        source = '--filename=%r' % source
+    return source + name + ' ' + command
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87dce88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+"""setuptools.command.bdist_egg
+
+Build .egg distributions"""
+
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsSetupError
+from distutils.dir_util import remove_tree, mkpath
+from distutils import log
+from types import CodeType
+import sys
+import os
+import marshal
+import textwrap
+
+from pkg_resources import get_build_platform, Distribution, ensure_directory
+from pkg_resources import EntryPoint
+from setuptools.compat import basestring
+from setuptools.extension import Library
+from setuptools import Command
+
+try:
+    # Python 2.7 or >=3.2
+    from sysconfig import get_path, get_python_version
+
+    def _get_purelib():
+        return get_path("purelib")
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib, get_python_version
+
+    def _get_purelib():
+        return get_python_lib(False)
+
+
+def strip_module(filename):
+    if '.' in filename:
+        filename = os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
+    if filename.endswith('module'):
+        filename = filename[:-6]
+    return filename
+
+
+def write_stub(resource, pyfile):
+    _stub_template = textwrap.dedent("""
+        def __bootstrap__():
+            global __bootstrap__, __loader__, __file__
+            import sys, pkg_resources, imp
+            __file__ = pkg_resources.resource_filename(__name__, %r)
+            __loader__ = None; del __bootstrap__, __loader__
+            imp.load_dynamic(__name__,__file__)
+        __bootstrap__()
+        """).lstrip()
+    with open(pyfile, 'w') as f:
+        f.write(_stub_template % resource)
+
+
+class bdist_egg(Command):
+    description = "create an \"egg\" distribution"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('bdist-dir=', 'b',
+         "temporary directory for creating the distribution"),
+        ('plat-name=', 'p', "platform name to embed in generated filenames "
+                            "(default: %s)" % get_build_platform()),
+        ('exclude-source-files', None,
+         "remove all .py files from the generated egg"),
+        ('keep-temp', 'k',
+         "keep the pseudo-installation tree around after " +
+         "creating the distribution archive"),
+        ('dist-dir=', 'd',
+         "directory to put final built distributions in"),
+        ('skip-build', None,
+         "skip rebuilding everything (for testing/debugging)"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = [
+        'keep-temp', 'skip-build', 'exclude-source-files'
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.bdist_dir = None
+        self.plat_name = None
+        self.keep_temp = 0
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.skip_build = 0
+        self.egg_output = None
+        self.exclude_source_files = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        ei_cmd = self.ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        self.egg_info = ei_cmd.egg_info
+
+        if self.bdist_dir is None:
+            bdist_base = self.get_finalized_command('bdist').bdist_base
+            self.bdist_dir = os.path.join(bdist_base, 'egg')
+
+        if self.plat_name is None:
+            self.plat_name = get_build_platform()
+
+        self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('dist_dir', 'dist_dir'))
+
+        if self.egg_output is None:
+
+            # Compute filename of the output egg
+            basename = Distribution(
+                None, None, ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version,
+                get_python_version(),
+                self.distribution.has_ext_modules() and self.plat_name
+            ).egg_name()
+
+            self.egg_output = os.path.join(self.dist_dir, basename + '.egg')
+
+    def do_install_data(self):
+        # Hack for packages that install data to install's --install-lib
+        self.get_finalized_command('install').install_lib = self.bdist_dir
+
+        site_packages = os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(_get_purelib()))
+        old, self.distribution.data_files = self.distribution.data_files, []
+
+        for item in old:
+            if isinstance(item, tuple) and len(item) == 2:
+                if os.path.isabs(item[0]):
+                    realpath = os.path.realpath(item[0])
+                    normalized = os.path.normcase(realpath)
+                    if normalized == site_packages or normalized.startswith(
+                        site_packages + os.sep
+                    ):
+                        item = realpath[len(site_packages) + 1:], item[1]
+                        # XXX else: raise ???
+            self.distribution.data_files.append(item)
+
+        try:
+            log.info("installing package data to %s" % self.bdist_dir)
+            self.call_command('install_data', force=0, root=None)
+        finally:
+            self.distribution.data_files = old
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return [self.egg_output]
+
+    def call_command(self, cmdname, **kw):
+        """Invoke reinitialized command `cmdname` with keyword args"""
+        for dirname in INSTALL_DIRECTORY_ATTRS:
+            kw.setdefault(dirname, self.bdist_dir)
+        kw.setdefault('skip_build', self.skip_build)
+        kw.setdefault('dry_run', self.dry_run)
+        cmd = self.reinitialize_command(cmdname, **kw)
+        self.run_command(cmdname)
+        return cmd
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Generate metadata first
+        self.run_command("egg_info")
+        # We run install_lib before install_data, because some data hacks
+        # pull their data path from the install_lib command.
+        log.info("installing library code to %s" % self.bdist_dir)
+        instcmd = self.get_finalized_command('install')
+        old_root = instcmd.root
+        instcmd.root = None
+        if self.distribution.has_c_libraries() and not self.skip_build:
+            self.run_command('build_clib')
+        cmd = self.call_command('install_lib', warn_dir=0)
+        instcmd.root = old_root
+
+        all_outputs, ext_outputs = self.get_ext_outputs()
+        self.stubs = []
+        to_compile = []
+        for (p, ext_name) in enumerate(ext_outputs):
+            filename, ext = os.path.splitext(ext_name)
+            pyfile = os.path.join(self.bdist_dir, strip_module(filename) +
+                                  '.py')
+            self.stubs.append(pyfile)
+            log.info("creating stub loader for %s" % ext_name)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                write_stub(os.path.basename(ext_name), pyfile)
+            to_compile.append(pyfile)
+            ext_outputs[p] = ext_name.replace(os.sep, '/')
+
+        if to_compile:
+            cmd.byte_compile(to_compile)
+        if self.distribution.data_files:
+            self.do_install_data()
+
+        # Make the EGG-INFO directory
+        archive_root = self.bdist_dir
+        egg_info = os.path.join(archive_root, 'EGG-INFO')
+        self.mkpath(egg_info)
+        if self.distribution.scripts:
+            script_dir = os.path.join(egg_info, 'scripts')
+            log.info("installing scripts to %s" % script_dir)
+            self.call_command('install_scripts', install_dir=script_dir,
+                              no_ep=1)
+
+        self.copy_metadata_to(egg_info)
+        native_libs = os.path.join(egg_info, "native_libs.txt")
+        if all_outputs:
+            log.info("writing %s" % native_libs)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                ensure_directory(native_libs)
+                libs_file = open(native_libs, 'wt')
+                libs_file.write('\n'.join(all_outputs))
+                libs_file.write('\n')
+                libs_file.close()
+        elif os.path.isfile(native_libs):
+            log.info("removing %s" % native_libs)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                os.unlink(native_libs)
+
+        write_safety_flag(
+            os.path.join(archive_root, 'EGG-INFO'), self.zip_safe()
+        )
+
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.egg_info, 'depends.txt')):
+            log.warn(
+                "WARNING: 'depends.txt' will not be used by setuptools 0.6!\n"
+                "Use the install_requires/extras_require setup() args instead."
+            )
+
+        if self.exclude_source_files:
+            self.zap_pyfiles()
+
+        # Make the archive
+        make_zipfile(self.egg_output, archive_root, verbose=self.verbose,
+                     dry_run=self.dry_run, mode=self.gen_header())
+        if not self.keep_temp:
+            remove_tree(self.bdist_dir, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+
+        # Add to 'Distribution.dist_files' so that the "upload" command works
+        getattr(self.distribution, 'dist_files', []).append(
+            ('bdist_egg', get_python_version(), self.egg_output))
+
+    def zap_pyfiles(self):
+        log.info("Removing .py files from temporary directory")
+        for base, dirs, files in walk_egg(self.bdist_dir):
+            for name in files:
+                if name.endswith('.py'):
+                    path = os.path.join(base, name)
+                    log.debug("Deleting %s", path)
+                    os.unlink(path)
+
+    def zip_safe(self):
+        safe = getattr(self.distribution, 'zip_safe', None)
+        if safe is not None:
+            return safe
+        log.warn("zip_safe flag not set; analyzing archive contents...")
+        return analyze_egg(self.bdist_dir, self.stubs)
+
+    def gen_header(self):
+        epm = EntryPoint.parse_map(self.distribution.entry_points or '')
+        ep = epm.get('setuptools.installation', {}).get('eggsecutable')
+        if ep is None:
+            return 'w'  # not an eggsecutable, do it the usual way.
+
+        if not ep.attrs or ep.extras:
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "eggsecutable entry point (%r) cannot have 'extras' "
+                "or refer to a module" % (ep,)
+            )
+
+        pyver = sys.version[:3]
+        pkg = ep.module_name
+        full = '.'.join(ep.attrs)
+        base = ep.attrs[0]
+        basename = os.path.basename(self.egg_output)
+
+        header = (
+            "#!/bin/sh\n"
+            'if [ `basename $0` = "%(basename)s" ]\n'
+            'then exec python%(pyver)s -c "'
+            "import sys, os; sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('$0')); "
+            "from %(pkg)s import %(base)s; sys.exit(%(full)s())"
+            '" "$@"\n'
+            'else\n'
+            '  echo $0 is not the correct name for this egg file.\n'
+            '  echo Please rename it back to %(basename)s and try again.\n'
+            '  exec false\n'
+            'fi\n'
+        ) % locals()
+
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            mkpath(os.path.dirname(self.egg_output), dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            f = open(self.egg_output, 'w')
+            f.write(header)
+            f.close()
+        return 'a'
+
+    def copy_metadata_to(self, target_dir):
+        "Copy metadata (egg info) to the target_dir"
+        # normalize the path (so that a forward-slash in egg_info will
+        # match using startswith below)
+        norm_egg_info = os.path.normpath(self.egg_info)
+        prefix = os.path.join(norm_egg_info, '')
+        for path in self.ei_cmd.filelist.files:
+            if path.startswith(prefix):
+                target = os.path.join(target_dir, path[len(prefix):])
+                ensure_directory(target)
+                self.copy_file(path, target)
+
+    def get_ext_outputs(self):
+        """Get a list of relative paths to C extensions in the output distro"""
+
+        all_outputs = []
+        ext_outputs = []
+
+        paths = {self.bdist_dir: ''}
+        for base, dirs, files in os.walk(self.bdist_dir):
+            for filename in files:
+                if os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower() in NATIVE_EXTENSIONS:
+                    all_outputs.append(paths[base] + filename)
+            for filename in dirs:
+                paths[os.path.join(base, filename)] = (paths[base] +
+                                                       filename + '/')
+
+        if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+            build_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('build_ext')
+            for ext in build_cmd.extensions:
+                if isinstance(ext, Library):
+                    continue
+                fullname = build_cmd.get_ext_fullname(ext.name)
+                filename = build_cmd.get_ext_filename(fullname)
+                if not os.path.basename(filename).startswith('dl-'):
+                    if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.bdist_dir, filename)):
+                        ext_outputs.append(filename)
+
+        return all_outputs, ext_outputs
+
+
+NATIVE_EXTENSIONS = dict.fromkeys('.dll .so .dylib .pyd'.split())
+
+
+def walk_egg(egg_dir):
+    """Walk an unpacked egg's contents, skipping the metadata directory"""
+    walker = os.walk(egg_dir)
+    base, dirs, files = next(walker)
+    if 'EGG-INFO' in dirs:
+        dirs.remove('EGG-INFO')
+    yield base, dirs, files
+    for bdf in walker:
+        yield bdf
+
+
+def analyze_egg(egg_dir, stubs):
+    # check for existing flag in EGG-INFO
+    for flag, fn in safety_flags.items():
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(egg_dir, 'EGG-INFO', fn)):
+            return flag
+    if not can_scan():
+        return False
+    safe = True
+    for base, dirs, files in walk_egg(egg_dir):
+        for name in files:
+            if name.endswith('.py') or name.endswith('.pyw'):
+                continue
+            elif name.endswith('.pyc') or name.endswith('.pyo'):
+                # always scan, even if we already know we're not safe
+                safe = scan_module(egg_dir, base, name, stubs) and safe
+    return safe
+
+
+def write_safety_flag(egg_dir, safe):
+    # Write or remove zip safety flag file(s)
+    for flag, fn in safety_flags.items():
+        fn = os.path.join(egg_dir, fn)
+        if os.path.exists(fn):
+            if safe is None or bool(safe) != flag:
+                os.unlink(fn)
+        elif safe is not None and bool(safe) == flag:
+            f = open(fn, 'wt')
+            f.write('\n')
+            f.close()
+
+
+safety_flags = {
+    True: 'zip-safe',
+    False: 'not-zip-safe',
+}
+
+
+def scan_module(egg_dir, base, name, stubs):
+    """Check whether module possibly uses unsafe-for-zipfile stuff"""
+
+    filename = os.path.join(base, name)
+    if filename[:-1] in stubs:
+        return True  # Extension module
+    pkg = base[len(egg_dir) + 1:].replace(os.sep, '.')
+    module = pkg + (pkg and '.' or '') + os.path.splitext(name)[0]
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 3):
+        skip = 8  # skip magic & date
+    else:
+        skip = 12  # skip magic & date & file size
+    f = open(filename, 'rb')
+    f.read(skip)
+    code = marshal.load(f)
+    f.close()
+    safe = True
+    symbols = dict.fromkeys(iter_symbols(code))
+    for bad in ['__file__', '__path__']:
+        if bad in symbols:
+            log.warn("%s: module references %s", module, bad)
+            safe = False
+    if 'inspect' in symbols:
+        for bad in [
+            'getsource', 'getabsfile', 'getsourcefile', 'getfile'
+            'getsourcelines', 'findsource', 'getcomments', 'getframeinfo',
+            'getinnerframes', 'getouterframes', 'stack', 'trace'
+        ]:
+            if bad in symbols:
+                log.warn("%s: module MAY be using inspect.%s", module, bad)
+                safe = False
+    return safe
+
+
+def iter_symbols(code):
+    """Yield names and strings used by `code` and its nested code objects"""
+    for name in code.co_names:
+        yield name
+    for const in code.co_consts:
+        if isinstance(const, basestring):
+            yield const
+        elif isinstance(const, CodeType):
+            for name in iter_symbols(const):
+                yield name
+
+
+def can_scan():
+    if not sys.platform.startswith('java') and sys.platform != 'cli':
+        # CPython, PyPy, etc.
+        return True
+    log.warn("Unable to analyze compiled code on this platform.")
+    log.warn("Please ask the author to include a 'zip_safe'"
+             " setting (either True or False) in the package's setup.py")
+
+# Attribute names of options for commands that might need to be convinced to
+# install to the egg build directory
+
+INSTALL_DIRECTORY_ATTRS = [
+    'install_lib', 'install_dir', 'install_data', 'install_base'
+]
+
+
+def make_zipfile(zip_filename, base_dir, verbose=0, dry_run=0, compress=True,
+                 mode='w'):
+    """Create a zip file from all the files under 'base_dir'.  The output
+    zip file will be named 'base_dir' + ".zip".  Uses either the "zipfile"
+    Python module (if available) or the InfoZIP "zip" utility (if installed
+    and found on the default search path).  If neither tool is available,
+    raises DistutilsExecError.  Returns the name of the output zip file.
+    """
+    import zipfile
+
+    mkpath(os.path.dirname(zip_filename), dry_run=dry_run)
+    log.info("creating '%s' and adding '%s' to it", zip_filename, base_dir)
+
+    def visit(z, dirname, names):
+        for name in names:
+            path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirname, name))
+            if os.path.isfile(path):
+                p = path[len(base_dir) + 1:]
+                if not dry_run:
+                    z.write(path, p)
+                log.debug("adding '%s'" % p)
+
+    compression = zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED if compress else zipfile.ZIP_STORED
+    if not dry_run:
+        z = zipfile.ZipFile(zip_filename, mode, compression=compression)
+        for dirname, dirs, files in os.walk(base_dir):
+            visit(z, dirname, files)
+        z.close()
+    else:
+        for dirname, dirs, files in os.walk(base_dir):
+            visit(None, dirname, files)
+    return zip_filename
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7073092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import distutils.command.bdist_rpm as orig
+
+
+class bdist_rpm(orig.bdist_rpm):
+    """
+    Override the default bdist_rpm behavior to do the following:
+
+    1. Run egg_info to ensure the name and version are properly calculated.
+    2. Always run 'install' using --single-version-externally-managed to
+       disable eggs in RPM distributions.
+    3. Replace dash with underscore in the version numbers for better RPM
+       compatibility.
+    """
+
+    def run(self):
+        # ensure distro name is up-to-date
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+        orig.bdist_rpm.run(self)
+
+    def _make_spec_file(self):
+        version = self.distribution.get_version()
+        rpmversion = version.replace('-', '_')
+        spec = orig.bdist_rpm._make_spec_file(self)
+        line23 = '%define version ' + version
+        line24 = '%define version ' + rpmversion
+        spec = [
+            line.replace(
+                "Source0: %{name}-%{version}.tar",
+                "Source0: %{name}-%{unmangled_version}.tar"
+            ).replace(
+                "setup.py install ",
+                "setup.py install --single-version-externally-managed "
+            ).replace(
+                "%setup",
+                "%setup -n %{name}-%{unmangled_version}"
+            ).replace(line23, line24)
+            for line in spec
+        ]
+        insert_loc = spec.index(line24) + 1
+        unmangled_version = "%define unmangled_version " + version
+        spec.insert(insert_loc, unmangled_version)
+        return spec
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_wininst.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_wininst.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..073de97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_wininst.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import distutils.command.bdist_wininst as orig
+
+
+class bdist_wininst(orig.bdist_wininst):
+    def reinitialize_command(self, command, reinit_subcommands=0):
+        """
+        Supplement reinitialize_command to work around
+        http://bugs.python.org/issue20819
+        """
+        cmd = self.distribution.reinitialize_command(
+            command, reinit_subcommands)
+        if command in ('install', 'install_lib'):
+            cmd.install_lib = None
+        return cmd
+
+    def run(self):
+        self._is_running = True
+        try:
+            orig.bdist_wininst.run(self)
+        finally:
+            self._is_running = False
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92e4a18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as _du_build_ext
+from distutils.file_util import copy_file
+from distutils.ccompiler import new_compiler
+from distutils.sysconfig import customize_compiler
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError
+from distutils import log
+import os
+import sys
+import itertools
+
+from setuptools.extension import Library
+
+try:
+    # Attempt to use Cython for building extensions, if available
+    from Cython.Distutils.build_ext import build_ext as _build_ext
+except ImportError:
+    _build_ext = _du_build_ext
+
+try:
+    # Python 2.7 or >=3.2
+    from sysconfig import _CONFIG_VARS
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.sysconfig import get_config_var
+
+    get_config_var("LDSHARED")  # make sure _config_vars is initialized
+    del get_config_var
+    from distutils.sysconfig import _config_vars as _CONFIG_VARS
+
+have_rtld = False
+use_stubs = False
+libtype = 'shared'
+
+if sys.platform == "darwin":
+    use_stubs = True
+elif os.name != 'nt':
+    try:
+        import dl
+        use_stubs = have_rtld = hasattr(dl, 'RTLD_NOW')
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+if_dl = lambda s: s if have_rtld else ''
+
+class build_ext(_build_ext):
+    def run(self):
+        """Build extensions in build directory, then copy if --inplace"""
+        old_inplace, self.inplace = self.inplace, 0
+        _build_ext.run(self)
+        self.inplace = old_inplace
+        if old_inplace:
+            self.copy_extensions_to_source()
+
+    def copy_extensions_to_source(self):
+        build_py = self.get_finalized_command('build_py')
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            fullname = self.get_ext_fullname(ext.name)
+            filename = self.get_ext_filename(fullname)
+            modpath = fullname.split('.')
+            package = '.'.join(modpath[:-1])
+            package_dir = build_py.get_package_dir(package)
+            dest_filename = os.path.join(package_dir,
+                                         os.path.basename(filename))
+            src_filename = os.path.join(self.build_lib, filename)
+
+            # Always copy, even if source is older than destination, to ensure
+            # that the right extensions for the current Python/platform are
+            # used.
+            copy_file(
+                src_filename, dest_filename, verbose=self.verbose,
+                dry_run=self.dry_run
+            )
+            if ext._needs_stub:
+                self.write_stub(package_dir or os.curdir, ext, True)
+
+    def get_ext_filename(self, fullname):
+        filename = _build_ext.get_ext_filename(self, fullname)
+        if fullname in self.ext_map:
+            ext = self.ext_map[fullname]
+            if isinstance(ext, Library):
+                fn, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+                return self.shlib_compiler.library_filename(fn, libtype)
+            elif use_stubs and ext._links_to_dynamic:
+                d, fn = os.path.split(filename)
+                return os.path.join(d, 'dl-' + fn)
+        return filename
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        _build_ext.initialize_options(self)
+        self.shlib_compiler = None
+        self.shlibs = []
+        self.ext_map = {}
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        _build_ext.finalize_options(self)
+        self.extensions = self.extensions or []
+        self.check_extensions_list(self.extensions)
+        self.shlibs = [ext for ext in self.extensions
+                       if isinstance(ext, Library)]
+        if self.shlibs:
+            self.setup_shlib_compiler()
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            ext._full_name = self.get_ext_fullname(ext.name)
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            fullname = ext._full_name
+            self.ext_map[fullname] = ext
+
+            # distutils 3.1 will also ask for module names
+            # XXX what to do with conflicts?
+            self.ext_map[fullname.split('.')[-1]] = ext
+
+            ltd = self.shlibs and self.links_to_dynamic(ext) or False
+            ns = ltd and use_stubs and not isinstance(ext, Library)
+            ext._links_to_dynamic = ltd
+            ext._needs_stub = ns
+            filename = ext._file_name = self.get_ext_filename(fullname)
+            libdir = os.path.dirname(os.path.join(self.build_lib, filename))
+            if ltd and libdir not in ext.library_dirs:
+                ext.library_dirs.append(libdir)
+            if ltd and use_stubs and os.curdir not in ext.runtime_library_dirs:
+                ext.runtime_library_dirs.append(os.curdir)
+
+    def setup_shlib_compiler(self):
+        compiler = self.shlib_compiler = new_compiler(
+            compiler=self.compiler, dry_run=self.dry_run, force=self.force
+        )
+        if sys.platform == "darwin":
+            tmp = _CONFIG_VARS.copy()
+            try:
+                # XXX Help!  I don't have any idea whether these are right...
+                _CONFIG_VARS['LDSHARED'] = (
+                    "gcc -Wl,-x -dynamiclib -undefined dynamic_lookup")
+                _CONFIG_VARS['CCSHARED'] = " -dynamiclib"
+                _CONFIG_VARS['SO'] = ".dylib"
+                customize_compiler(compiler)
+            finally:
+                _CONFIG_VARS.clear()
+                _CONFIG_VARS.update(tmp)
+        else:
+            customize_compiler(compiler)
+
+        if self.include_dirs is not None:
+            compiler.set_include_dirs(self.include_dirs)
+        if self.define is not None:
+            # 'define' option is a list of (name,value) tuples
+            for (name, value) in self.define:
+                compiler.define_macro(name, value)
+        if self.undef is not None:
+            for macro in self.undef:
+                compiler.undefine_macro(macro)
+        if self.libraries is not None:
+            compiler.set_libraries(self.libraries)
+        if self.library_dirs is not None:
+            compiler.set_library_dirs(self.library_dirs)
+        if self.rpath is not None:
+            compiler.set_runtime_library_dirs(self.rpath)
+        if self.link_objects is not None:
+            compiler.set_link_objects(self.link_objects)
+
+        # hack so distutils' build_extension() builds a library instead
+        compiler.link_shared_object = link_shared_object.__get__(compiler)
+
+    def get_export_symbols(self, ext):
+        if isinstance(ext, Library):
+            return ext.export_symbols
+        return _build_ext.get_export_symbols(self, ext)
+
+    def build_extension(self, ext):
+        ext._convert_pyx_sources_to_lang()
+        _compiler = self.compiler
+        try:
+            if isinstance(ext, Library):
+                self.compiler = self.shlib_compiler
+            _build_ext.build_extension(self, ext)
+            if ext._needs_stub:
+                cmd = self.get_finalized_command('build_py').build_lib
+                self.write_stub(cmd, ext)
+        finally:
+            self.compiler = _compiler
+
+    def links_to_dynamic(self, ext):
+        """Return true if 'ext' links to a dynamic lib in the same package"""
+        # XXX this should check to ensure the lib is actually being built
+        # XXX as dynamic, and not just using a locally-found version or a
+        # XXX static-compiled version
+        libnames = dict.fromkeys([lib._full_name for lib in self.shlibs])
+        pkg = '.'.join(ext._full_name.split('.')[:-1] + [''])
+        return any(pkg + libname in libnames for libname in ext.libraries)
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return _build_ext.get_outputs(self) + self.__get_stubs_outputs()
+
+    def __get_stubs_outputs(self):
+        # assemble the base name for each extension that needs a stub
+        ns_ext_bases = (
+            os.path.join(self.build_lib, *ext._full_name.split('.'))
+            for ext in self.extensions
+            if ext._needs_stub
+        )
+        # pair each base with the extension
+        pairs = itertools.product(ns_ext_bases, self.__get_output_extensions())
+        return list(base + fnext for base, fnext in pairs)
+
+    def __get_output_extensions(self):
+        yield '.py'
+        yield '.pyc'
+        if self.get_finalized_command('build_py').optimize:
+            yield '.pyo'
+
+    def write_stub(self, output_dir, ext, compile=False):
+        log.info("writing stub loader for %s to %s", ext._full_name,
+                 output_dir)
+        stub_file = (os.path.join(output_dir, *ext._full_name.split('.')) +
+                     '.py')
+        if compile and os.path.exists(stub_file):
+            raise DistutilsError(stub_file + " already exists! Please delete.")
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            f = open(stub_file, 'w')
+            f.write(
+                '\n'.join([
+                    "def __bootstrap__():",
+                    "   global __bootstrap__, __file__, __loader__",
+                    "   import sys, os, pkg_resources, imp" + if_dl(", dl"),
+                    "   __file__ = pkg_resources.resource_filename"
+                    "(__name__,%r)"
+                    % os.path.basename(ext._file_name),
+                    "   del __bootstrap__",
+                    "   if '__loader__' in globals():",
+                    "       del __loader__",
+                    if_dl("   old_flags = sys.getdlopenflags()"),
+                    "   old_dir = os.getcwd()",
+                    "   try:",
+                    "     os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))",
+                    if_dl("     sys.setdlopenflags(dl.RTLD_NOW)"),
+                    "     imp.load_dynamic(__name__,__file__)",
+                    "   finally:",
+                    if_dl("     sys.setdlopenflags(old_flags)"),
+                    "     os.chdir(old_dir)",
+                    "__bootstrap__()",
+                    ""  # terminal \n
+                ])
+            )
+            f.close()
+        if compile:
+            from distutils.util import byte_compile
+
+            byte_compile([stub_file], optimize=0,
+                         force=True, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            optimize = self.get_finalized_command('install_lib').optimize
+            if optimize > 0:
+                byte_compile([stub_file], optimize=optimize,
+                             force=True, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            if os.path.exists(stub_file) and not self.dry_run:
+                os.unlink(stub_file)
+
+
+if use_stubs or os.name == 'nt':
+    # Build shared libraries
+    #
+    def link_shared_object(
+            self, objects, output_libname, output_dir=None, libraries=None,
+            library_dirs=None, runtime_library_dirs=None, export_symbols=None,
+            debug=0, extra_preargs=None, extra_postargs=None, build_temp=None,
+            target_lang=None):
+        self.link(
+            self.SHARED_LIBRARY, objects, output_libname,
+            output_dir, libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs,
+            export_symbols, debug, extra_preargs, extra_postargs,
+            build_temp, target_lang
+        )
+else:
+    # Build static libraries everywhere else
+    libtype = 'static'
+
+    def link_shared_object(
+            self, objects, output_libname, output_dir=None, libraries=None,
+            library_dirs=None, runtime_library_dirs=None, export_symbols=None,
+            debug=0, extra_preargs=None, extra_postargs=None, build_temp=None,
+            target_lang=None):
+        # XXX we need to either disallow these attrs on Library instances,
+        # or warn/abort here if set, or something...
+        # libraries=None, library_dirs=None, runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        # export_symbols=None, extra_preargs=None, extra_postargs=None,
+        # build_temp=None
+
+        assert output_dir is None  # distutils build_ext doesn't pass this
+        output_dir, filename = os.path.split(output_libname)
+        basename, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+        if self.library_filename("x").startswith('lib'):
+            # strip 'lib' prefix; this is kludgy if some platform uses
+            # a different prefix
+            basename = basename[3:]
+
+        self.create_static_lib(
+            objects, basename, output_dir, debug, target_lang
+        )
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_py.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_py.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a873d54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_py.py
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+from glob import glob
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+import distutils.command.build_py as orig
+import os
+import sys
+import fnmatch
+import textwrap
+
+try:
+    from setuptools.lib2to3_ex import Mixin2to3
+except ImportError:
+    class Mixin2to3:
+        def run_2to3(self, files, doctests=True):
+            "do nothing"
+
+
+class build_py(orig.build_py, Mixin2to3):
+    """Enhanced 'build_py' command that includes data files with packages
+
+    The data files are specified via a 'package_data' argument to 'setup()'.
+    See 'setuptools.dist.Distribution' for more details.
+
+    Also, this version of the 'build_py' command allows you to specify both
+    'py_modules' and 'packages' in the same setup operation.
+    """
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        orig.build_py.finalize_options(self)
+        self.package_data = self.distribution.package_data
+        self.exclude_package_data = (self.distribution.exclude_package_data or
+                                     {})
+        if 'data_files' in self.__dict__:
+            del self.__dict__['data_files']
+        self.__updated_files = []
+        self.__doctests_2to3 = []
+
+    def run(self):
+        """Build modules, packages, and copy data files to build directory"""
+        if not self.py_modules and not self.packages:
+            return
+
+        if self.py_modules:
+            self.build_modules()
+
+        if self.packages:
+            self.build_packages()
+            self.build_package_data()
+
+        self.run_2to3(self.__updated_files, False)
+        self.run_2to3(self.__updated_files, True)
+        self.run_2to3(self.__doctests_2to3, True)
+
+        # Only compile actual .py files, using our base class' idea of what our
+        # output files are.
+        self.byte_compile(orig.build_py.get_outputs(self, include_bytecode=0))
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        if attr == 'data_files':  # lazily compute data files
+            self.data_files = files = self._get_data_files()
+            return files
+        return orig.build_py.__getattr__(self, attr)
+
+    def build_module(self, module, module_file, package):
+        outfile, copied = orig.build_py.build_module(self, module, module_file,
+                                                     package)
+        if copied:
+            self.__updated_files.append(outfile)
+        return outfile, copied
+
+    def _get_data_files(self):
+        """Generate list of '(package,src_dir,build_dir,filenames)' tuples"""
+        self.analyze_manifest()
+        data = []
+        for package in self.packages or ():
+            # Locate package source directory
+            src_dir = self.get_package_dir(package)
+
+            # Compute package build directory
+            build_dir = os.path.join(*([self.build_lib] + package.split('.')))
+
+            # Length of path to strip from found files
+            plen = len(src_dir) + 1
+
+            # Strip directory from globbed filenames
+            filenames = [
+                file[plen:] for file in self.find_data_files(package, src_dir)
+            ]
+            data.append((package, src_dir, build_dir, filenames))
+        return data
+
+    def find_data_files(self, package, src_dir):
+        """Return filenames for package's data files in 'src_dir'"""
+        globs = (self.package_data.get('', [])
+                 + self.package_data.get(package, []))
+        files = self.manifest_files.get(package, [])[:]
+        for pattern in globs:
+            # Each pattern has to be converted to a platform-specific path
+            files.extend(glob(os.path.join(src_dir, convert_path(pattern))))
+        return self.exclude_data_files(package, src_dir, files)
+
+    def build_package_data(self):
+        """Copy data files into build directory"""
+        for package, src_dir, build_dir, filenames in self.data_files:
+            for filename in filenames:
+                target = os.path.join(build_dir, filename)
+                self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(target))
+                srcfile = os.path.join(src_dir, filename)
+                outf, copied = self.copy_file(srcfile, target)
+                srcfile = os.path.abspath(srcfile)
+                if (copied and
+                        srcfile in self.distribution.convert_2to3_doctests):
+                    self.__doctests_2to3.append(outf)
+
+    def analyze_manifest(self):
+        self.manifest_files = mf = {}
+        if not self.distribution.include_package_data:
+            return
+        src_dirs = {}
+        for package in self.packages or ():
+            # Locate package source directory
+            src_dirs[assert_relative(self.get_package_dir(package))] = package
+
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        for path in ei_cmd.filelist.files:
+            d, f = os.path.split(assert_relative(path))
+            prev = None
+            oldf = f
+            while d and d != prev and d not in src_dirs:
+                prev = d
+                d, df = os.path.split(d)
+                f = os.path.join(df, f)
+            if d in src_dirs:
+                if path.endswith('.py') and f == oldf:
+                    continue  # it's a module, not data
+                mf.setdefault(src_dirs[d], []).append(path)
+
+    def get_data_files(self):
+        pass  # Lazily compute data files in _get_data_files() function.
+
+    def check_package(self, package, package_dir):
+        """Check namespace packages' __init__ for declare_namespace"""
+        try:
+            return self.packages_checked[package]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        init_py = orig.build_py.check_package(self, package, package_dir)
+        self.packages_checked[package] = init_py
+
+        if not init_py or not self.distribution.namespace_packages:
+            return init_py
+
+        for pkg in self.distribution.namespace_packages:
+            if pkg == package or pkg.startswith(package + '.'):
+                break
+        else:
+            return init_py
+
+        f = open(init_py, 'rbU')
+        if 'declare_namespace'.encode() not in f.read():
+            from distutils.errors import DistutilsError
+
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "Namespace package problem: %s is a namespace package, but "
+                "its\n__init__.py does not call declare_namespace()! Please "
+                'fix it.\n(See the setuptools manual under '
+                '"Namespace Packages" for details.)\n"' % (package,)
+            )
+        f.close()
+        return init_py
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.packages_checked = {}
+        orig.build_py.initialize_options(self)
+
+    def get_package_dir(self, package):
+        res = orig.build_py.get_package_dir(self, package)
+        if self.distribution.src_root is not None:
+            return os.path.join(self.distribution.src_root, res)
+        return res
+
+    def exclude_data_files(self, package, src_dir, files):
+        """Filter filenames for package's data files in 'src_dir'"""
+        globs = (self.exclude_package_data.get('', [])
+                 + self.exclude_package_data.get(package, []))
+        bad = []
+        for pattern in globs:
+            bad.extend(
+                fnmatch.filter(
+                    files, os.path.join(src_dir, convert_path(pattern))
+                )
+            )
+        bad = dict.fromkeys(bad)
+        seen = {}
+        return [
+            f for f in files if f not in bad
+            and f not in seen and seen.setdefault(f, 1)  # ditch dupes
+        ]
+
+
+def assert_relative(path):
+    if not os.path.isabs(path):
+        return path
+    from distutils.errors import DistutilsSetupError
+
+    msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Error: setup script specifies an absolute path:
+
+            %s
+
+        setup() arguments must *always* be /-separated paths relative to the
+        setup.py directory, *never* absolute paths.
+        """).lstrip() % path
+    raise DistutilsSetupError(msg)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/develop.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/develop.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..368b64f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/develop.py
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError, DistutilsOptionError
+import os
+import glob
+
+from pkg_resources import Distribution, PathMetadata, normalize_path
+from setuptools.command.easy_install import easy_install
+from setuptools.compat import PY3
+import setuptools
+
+
+class develop(easy_install):
+    """Set up package for development"""
+
+    description = "install package in 'development mode'"
+
+    user_options = easy_install.user_options + [
+        ("uninstall", "u", "Uninstall this source package"),
+        ("egg-path=", None, "Set the path to be used in the .egg-link file"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = easy_install.boolean_options + ['uninstall']
+
+    command_consumes_arguments = False  # override base
+
+    def run(self):
+        if self.uninstall:
+            self.multi_version = True
+            self.uninstall_link()
+        else:
+            self.install_for_development()
+        self.warn_deprecated_options()
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.uninstall = None
+        self.egg_path = None
+        easy_install.initialize_options(self)
+        self.setup_path = None
+        self.always_copy_from = '.'  # always copy eggs installed in curdir
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        ei = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        if ei.broken_egg_info:
+            template = "Please rename %r to %r before using 'develop'"
+            args = ei.egg_info, ei.broken_egg_info
+            raise DistutilsError(template % args)
+        self.args = [ei.egg_name]
+
+        easy_install.finalize_options(self)
+        self.expand_basedirs()
+        self.expand_dirs()
+        # pick up setup-dir .egg files only: no .egg-info
+        self.package_index.scan(glob.glob('*.egg'))
+
+        self.egg_link = os.path.join(self.install_dir, ei.egg_name +
+                                     '.egg-link')
+        self.egg_base = ei.egg_base
+        if self.egg_path is None:
+            self.egg_path = os.path.abspath(ei.egg_base)
+
+        target = normalize_path(self.egg_base)
+        egg_path = normalize_path(os.path.join(self.install_dir,
+                                               self.egg_path))
+        if egg_path != target:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "--egg-path must be a relative path from the install"
+                " directory to " + target
+            )
+
+        # Make a distribution for the package's source
+        self.dist = Distribution(
+            target,
+            PathMetadata(target, os.path.abspath(ei.egg_info)),
+            project_name=ei.egg_name
+        )
+
+        p = self.egg_base.replace(os.sep, '/')
+        if p != os.curdir:
+            p = '../' * (p.count('/') + 1)
+        self.setup_path = p
+        p = normalize_path(os.path.join(self.install_dir, self.egg_path, p))
+        if p != normalize_path(os.curdir):
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Can't get a consistent path to setup script from"
+                " installation directory", p, normalize_path(os.curdir))
+
+    def install_for_development(self):
+        if PY3 and getattr(self.distribution, 'use_2to3', False):
+            # If we run 2to3 we can not do this inplace:
+
+            # Ensure metadata is up-to-date
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_py', inplace=0)
+            self.run_command('build_py')
+            bpy_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("build_py")
+            build_path = normalize_path(bpy_cmd.build_lib)
+
+            # Build extensions
+            self.reinitialize_command('egg_info', egg_base=build_path)
+            self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=0)
+            self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+            # Fixup egg-link and easy-install.pth
+            ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+            self.egg_path = build_path
+            self.dist.location = build_path
+            # XXX
+            self.dist._provider = PathMetadata(build_path, ei_cmd.egg_info)
+        else:
+            # Without 2to3 inplace works fine:
+            self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+            # Build extensions in-place
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=1)
+            self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+        self.install_site_py()  # ensure that target dir is site-safe
+        if setuptools.bootstrap_install_from:
+            self.easy_install(setuptools.bootstrap_install_from)
+            setuptools.bootstrap_install_from = None
+
+        # create an .egg-link in the installation dir, pointing to our egg
+        log.info("Creating %s (link to %s)", self.egg_link, self.egg_base)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            f = open(self.egg_link, "w")
+            f.write(self.egg_path + "\n" + self.setup_path)
+            f.close()
+        # postprocess the installed distro, fixing up .pth, installing scripts,
+        # and handling requirements
+        self.process_distribution(None, self.dist, not self.no_deps)
+
+    def uninstall_link(self):
+        if os.path.exists(self.egg_link):
+            log.info("Removing %s (link to %s)", self.egg_link, self.egg_base)
+            egg_link_file = open(self.egg_link)
+            contents = [line.rstrip() for line in egg_link_file]
+            egg_link_file.close()
+            if contents not in ([self.egg_path],
+                                [self.egg_path, self.setup_path]):
+                log.warn("Link points to %s: uninstall aborted", contents)
+                return
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                os.unlink(self.egg_link)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            self.update_pth(self.dist)  # remove any .pth link to us
+        if self.distribution.scripts:
+            # XXX should also check for entry point scripts!
+            log.warn("Note: you must uninstall or replace scripts manually!")
+
+    def install_egg_scripts(self, dist):
+        if dist is not self.dist:
+            # Installing a dependency, so fall back to normal behavior
+            return easy_install.install_egg_scripts(self, dist)
+
+        # create wrapper scripts in the script dir, pointing to dist.scripts
+
+        # new-style...
+        self.install_wrapper_scripts(dist)
+
+        # ...and old-style
+        for script_name in self.distribution.scripts or []:
+            script_path = os.path.abspath(convert_path(script_name))
+            script_name = os.path.basename(script_path)
+            f = open(script_path, 'rU')
+            script_text = f.read()
+            f.close()
+            self.install_script(dist, script_name, script_text, script_path)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45d180b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2301 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Easy Install
+------------
+
+A tool for doing automatic download/extract/build of distutils-based Python
+packages.  For detailed documentation, see the accompanying EasyInstall.txt
+file, or visit the `EasyInstall home page`__.
+
+__ https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html
+
+"""
+
+from glob import glob
+from distutils.util import get_platform
+from distutils.util import convert_path, subst_vars
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsArgError, DistutilsOptionError, \
+    DistutilsError, DistutilsPlatformError
+from distutils.command.install import INSTALL_SCHEMES, SCHEME_KEYS
+from distutils import log, dir_util
+from distutils.command.build_scripts import first_line_re
+import sys
+import os
+import zipimport
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import zipfile
+import re
+import stat
+import random
+import platform
+import textwrap
+import warnings
+import site
+import struct
+import contextlib
+import subprocess
+import shlex
+import io
+
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.sandbox import run_setup
+from setuptools.py31compat import get_path, get_config_vars
+from setuptools.command import setopt
+from setuptools.archive_util import unpack_archive
+from setuptools.package_index import PackageIndex
+from setuptools.package_index import URL_SCHEME
+from setuptools.command import bdist_egg, egg_info
+from setuptools.compat import (iteritems, maxsize, basestring, unicode,
+                               reraise, PY2, PY3)
+from pkg_resources import (
+    yield_lines, normalize_path, resource_string, ensure_directory,
+    get_distribution, find_distributions, Environment, Requirement,
+    Distribution, PathMetadata, EggMetadata, WorkingSet, DistributionNotFound,
+    VersionConflict, DEVELOP_DIST,
+)
+import pkg_resources
+
+# Turn on PEP440Warnings
+warnings.filterwarnings("default", category=pkg_resources.PEP440Warning)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    'samefile', 'easy_install', 'PthDistributions', 'extract_wininst_cfg',
+    'main', 'get_exe_prefixes',
+]
+
+
+def is_64bit():
+    return struct.calcsize("P") == 8
+
+
+def samefile(p1, p2):
+    both_exist = os.path.exists(p1) and os.path.exists(p2)
+    use_samefile = hasattr(os.path, 'samefile') and both_exist
+    if use_samefile:
+        return os.path.samefile(p1, p2)
+    norm_p1 = os.path.normpath(os.path.normcase(p1))
+    norm_p2 = os.path.normpath(os.path.normcase(p2))
+    return norm_p1 == norm_p2
+
+
+if PY2:
+    def _to_ascii(s):
+        return s
+
+    def isascii(s):
+        try:
+            unicode(s, 'ascii')
+            return True
+        except UnicodeError:
+            return False
+else:
+    def _to_ascii(s):
+        return s.encode('ascii')
+
+    def isascii(s):
+        try:
+            s.encode('ascii')
+            return True
+        except UnicodeError:
+            return False
+
+
+class easy_install(Command):
+    """Manage a download/build/install process"""
+    description = "Find/get/install Python packages"
+    command_consumes_arguments = True
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('prefix=', None, "installation prefix"),
+        ("zip-ok", "z", "install package as a zipfile"),
+        ("multi-version", "m", "make apps have to require() a version"),
+        ("upgrade", "U", "force upgrade (searches PyPI for latest versions)"),
+        ("install-dir=", "d", "install package to DIR"),
+        ("script-dir=", "s", "install scripts to DIR"),
+        ("exclude-scripts", "x", "Don't install scripts"),
+        ("always-copy", "a", "Copy all needed packages to install dir"),
+        ("index-url=", "i", "base URL of Python Package Index"),
+        ("find-links=", "f", "additional URL(s) to search for packages"),
+        ("build-directory=", "b",
+         "download/extract/build in DIR; keep the results"),
+        ('optimize=', 'O',
+         "also compile with optimization: -O1 for \"python -O\", "
+         "-O2 for \"python -OO\", and -O0 to disable [default: -O0]"),
+        ('record=', None,
+         "filename in which to record list of installed files"),
+        ('always-unzip', 'Z', "don't install as a zipfile, no matter what"),
+        ('site-dirs=', 'S', "list of directories where .pth files work"),
+        ('editable', 'e', "Install specified packages in editable form"),
+        ('no-deps', 'N', "don't install dependencies"),
+        ('allow-hosts=', 'H', "pattern(s) that hostnames must match"),
+        ('local-snapshots-ok', 'l',
+         "allow building eggs from local checkouts"),
+        ('version', None, "print version information and exit"),
+        ('no-find-links', None,
+         "Don't load find-links defined in packages being installed")
+    ]
+    boolean_options = [
+        'zip-ok', 'multi-version', 'exclude-scripts', 'upgrade', 'always-copy',
+        'editable',
+        'no-deps', 'local-snapshots-ok', 'version'
+    ]
+
+    if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        help_msg = "install in user site-package '%s'" % site.USER_SITE
+        user_options.append(('user', None, help_msg))
+        boolean_options.append('user')
+
+    negative_opt = {'always-unzip': 'zip-ok'}
+    create_index = PackageIndex
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        # the --user option seems to be an opt-in one,
+        # so the default should be False.
+        self.user = 0
+        self.zip_ok = self.local_snapshots_ok = None
+        self.install_dir = self.script_dir = self.exclude_scripts = None
+        self.index_url = None
+        self.find_links = None
+        self.build_directory = None
+        self.args = None
+        self.optimize = self.record = None
+        self.upgrade = self.always_copy = self.multi_version = None
+        self.editable = self.no_deps = self.allow_hosts = None
+        self.root = self.prefix = self.no_report = None
+        self.version = None
+        self.install_purelib = None  # for pure module distributions
+        self.install_platlib = None  # non-pure (dists w/ extensions)
+        self.install_headers = None  # for C/C++ headers
+        self.install_lib = None  # set to either purelib or platlib
+        self.install_scripts = None
+        self.install_data = None
+        self.install_base = None
+        self.install_platbase = None
+        if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            self.install_userbase = site.USER_BASE
+            self.install_usersite = site.USER_SITE
+        else:
+            self.install_userbase = None
+            self.install_usersite = None
+        self.no_find_links = None
+
+        # Options not specifiable via command line
+        self.package_index = None
+        self.pth_file = self.always_copy_from = None
+        self.site_dirs = None
+        self.installed_projects = {}
+        self.sitepy_installed = False
+        # Always read easy_install options, even if we are subclassed, or have
+        # an independent instance created.  This ensures that defaults will
+        # always come from the standard configuration file(s)' "easy_install"
+        # section, even if this is a "develop" or "install" command, or some
+        # other embedding.
+        self._dry_run = None
+        self.verbose = self.distribution.verbose
+        self.distribution._set_command_options(
+            self, self.distribution.get_option_dict('easy_install')
+        )
+
+    def delete_blockers(self, blockers):
+        extant_blockers = (
+            filename for filename in blockers
+            if os.path.exists(filename) or os.path.islink(filename)
+        )
+        list(map(self._delete_path, extant_blockers))
+
+    def _delete_path(self, path):
+        log.info("Deleting %s", path)
+        if self.dry_run:
+            return
+
+        is_tree = os.path.isdir(path) and not os.path.islink(path)
+        remover = rmtree if is_tree else os.unlink
+        remover(path)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _render_version():
+        """
+        Render the Setuptools version and installation details, then exit.
+        """
+        ver = sys.version[:3]
+        dist = get_distribution('setuptools')
+        tmpl = 'setuptools {dist.version} from {dist.location} (Python {ver})'
+        print(tmpl.format(**locals()))
+        raise SystemExit()
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.version and self._render_version()
+
+        py_version = sys.version.split()[0]
+        prefix, exec_prefix = get_config_vars('prefix', 'exec_prefix')
+
+        self.config_vars = {
+            'dist_name': self.distribution.get_name(),
+            'dist_version': self.distribution.get_version(),
+            'dist_fullname': self.distribution.get_fullname(),
+            'py_version': py_version,
+            'py_version_short': py_version[0:3],
+            'py_version_nodot': py_version[0] + py_version[2],
+            'sys_prefix': prefix,
+            'prefix': prefix,
+            'sys_exec_prefix': exec_prefix,
+            'exec_prefix': exec_prefix,
+            # Only python 3.2+ has abiflags
+            'abiflags': getattr(sys, 'abiflags', ''),
+        }
+
+        if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            self.config_vars['userbase'] = self.install_userbase
+            self.config_vars['usersite'] = self.install_usersite
+
+        self._fix_install_dir_for_user_site()
+
+        self.expand_basedirs()
+        self.expand_dirs()
+
+        self._expand('install_dir', 'script_dir', 'build_directory',
+                     'site_dirs')
+        # If a non-default installation directory was specified, default the
+        # script directory to match it.
+        if self.script_dir is None:
+            self.script_dir = self.install_dir
+
+        if self.no_find_links is None:
+            self.no_find_links = False
+
+        # Let install_dir get set by install_lib command, which in turn
+        # gets its info from the install command, and takes into account
+        # --prefix and --home and all that other crud.
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'install_lib', ('install_dir', 'install_dir')
+        )
+        # Likewise, set default script_dir from 'install_scripts.install_dir'
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'install_scripts', ('install_dir', 'script_dir')
+        )
+
+        if self.user and self.install_purelib:
+            self.install_dir = self.install_purelib
+            self.script_dir = self.install_scripts
+        # default --record from the install command
+        self.set_undefined_options('install', ('record', 'record'))
+        # Should this be moved to the if statement below? It's not used
+        # elsewhere
+        normpath = map(normalize_path, sys.path)
+        self.all_site_dirs = get_site_dirs()
+        if self.site_dirs is not None:
+            site_dirs = [
+                os.path.expanduser(s.strip()) for s in
+                self.site_dirs.split(',')
+            ]
+            for d in site_dirs:
+                if not os.path.isdir(d):
+                    log.warn("%s (in --site-dirs) does not exist", d)
+                elif normalize_path(d) not in normpath:
+                    raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                        d + " (in --site-dirs) is not on sys.path"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self.all_site_dirs.append(normalize_path(d))
+        if not self.editable:
+            self.check_site_dir()
+        self.index_url = self.index_url or "https://pypi.python.org/simple"
+        self.shadow_path = self.all_site_dirs[:]
+        for path_item in self.install_dir, normalize_path(self.script_dir):
+            if path_item not in self.shadow_path:
+                self.shadow_path.insert(0, path_item)
+
+        if self.allow_hosts is not None:
+            hosts = [s.strip() for s in self.allow_hosts.split(',')]
+        else:
+            hosts = ['*']
+        if self.package_index is None:
+            self.package_index = self.create_index(
+                self.index_url, search_path=self.shadow_path, hosts=hosts,
+            )
+        self.local_index = Environment(self.shadow_path + sys.path)
+
+        if self.find_links is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.find_links, basestring):
+                self.find_links = self.find_links.split()
+        else:
+            self.find_links = []
+        if self.local_snapshots_ok:
+            self.package_index.scan_egg_links(self.shadow_path + sys.path)
+        if not self.no_find_links:
+            self.package_index.add_find_links(self.find_links)
+        self.set_undefined_options('install_lib', ('optimize', 'optimize'))
+        if not isinstance(self.optimize, int):
+            try:
+                self.optimize = int(self.optimize)
+                if not (0 <= self.optimize <= 2):
+                    raise ValueError
+            except ValueError:
+                raise DistutilsOptionError("--optimize must be 0, 1, or 2")
+
+        if self.editable and not self.build_directory:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "Must specify a build directory (-b) when using --editable"
+            )
+        if not self.args:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "No urls, filenames, or requirements specified (see --help)")
+
+        self.outputs = []
+
+    def _fix_install_dir_for_user_site(self):
+        """
+        Fix the install_dir if "--user" was used.
+        """
+        if not self.user or not site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            return
+
+        self.create_home_path()
+        if self.install_userbase is None:
+            msg = "User base directory is not specified"
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(msg)
+        self.install_base = self.install_platbase = self.install_userbase
+        scheme_name = os.name.replace('posix', 'unix') + '_user'
+        self.select_scheme(scheme_name)
+
+    def _expand_attrs(self, attrs):
+        for attr in attrs:
+            val = getattr(self, attr)
+            if val is not None:
+                if os.name == 'posix' or os.name == 'nt':
+                    val = os.path.expanduser(val)
+                val = subst_vars(val, self.config_vars)
+                setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+    def expand_basedirs(self):
+        """Calls `os.path.expanduser` on install_base, install_platbase and
+        root."""
+        self._expand_attrs(['install_base', 'install_platbase', 'root'])
+
+    def expand_dirs(self):
+        """Calls `os.path.expanduser` on install dirs."""
+        self._expand_attrs(['install_purelib', 'install_platlib',
+                            'install_lib', 'install_headers',
+                            'install_scripts', 'install_data', ])
+
+    def run(self):
+        if self.verbose != self.distribution.verbose:
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose)
+        try:
+            for spec in self.args:
+                self.easy_install(spec, not self.no_deps)
+            if self.record:
+                outputs = self.outputs
+                if self.root:  # strip any package prefix
+                    root_len = len(self.root)
+                    for counter in range(len(outputs)):
+                        outputs[counter] = outputs[counter][root_len:]
+                from distutils import file_util
+
+                self.execute(
+                    file_util.write_file, (self.record, outputs),
+                    "writing list of installed files to '%s'" %
+                    self.record
+                )
+            self.warn_deprecated_options()
+        finally:
+            log.set_verbosity(self.distribution.verbose)
+
+    def pseudo_tempname(self):
+        """Return a pseudo-tempname base in the install directory.
+        This code is intentionally naive; if a malicious party can write to
+        the target directory you're already in deep doodoo.
+        """
+        try:
+            pid = os.getpid()
+        except:
+            pid = random.randint(0, maxsize)
+        return os.path.join(self.install_dir, "test-easy-install-%s" % pid)
+
+    def warn_deprecated_options(self):
+        pass
+
+    def check_site_dir(self):
+        """Verify that self.install_dir is .pth-capable dir, if needed"""
+
+        instdir = normalize_path(self.install_dir)
+        pth_file = os.path.join(instdir, 'easy-install.pth')
+
+        # Is it a configured, PYTHONPATH, implicit, or explicit site dir?
+        is_site_dir = instdir in self.all_site_dirs
+
+        if not is_site_dir and not self.multi_version:
+            # No?  Then directly test whether it does .pth file processing
+            is_site_dir = self.check_pth_processing()
+        else:
+            # make sure we can write to target dir
+            testfile = self.pseudo_tempname() + '.write-test'
+            test_exists = os.path.exists(testfile)
+            try:
+                if test_exists:
+                    os.unlink(testfile)
+                open(testfile, 'w').close()
+                os.unlink(testfile)
+            except (OSError, IOError):
+                self.cant_write_to_target()
+
+        if not is_site_dir and not self.multi_version:
+            # Can't install non-multi to non-site dir
+            raise DistutilsError(self.no_default_version_msg())
+
+        if is_site_dir:
+            if self.pth_file is None:
+                self.pth_file = PthDistributions(pth_file, self.all_site_dirs)
+        else:
+            self.pth_file = None
+
+        PYTHONPATH = os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH', '').split(os.pathsep)
+        if instdir not in map(normalize_path, filter(None, PYTHONPATH)):
+            # only PYTHONPATH dirs need a site.py, so pretend it's there
+            self.sitepy_installed = True
+        elif self.multi_version and not os.path.exists(pth_file):
+            self.sitepy_installed = True  # don't need site.py in this case
+            self.pth_file = None  # and don't create a .pth file
+        self.install_dir = instdir
+
+    __cant_write_msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        can't create or remove files in install directory
+
+        The following error occurred while trying to add or remove files in the
+        installation directory:
+
+            %s
+
+        The installation directory you specified (via --install-dir, --prefix, or
+        the distutils default setting) was:
+
+            %s
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    __not_exists_id = textwrap.dedent("""
+        This directory does not currently exist.  Please create it and try again, or
+        choose a different installation directory (using the -d or --install-dir
+        option).
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    __access_msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Perhaps your account does not have write access to this directory?  If the
+        installation directory is a system-owned directory, you may need to sign in
+        as the administrator or "root" account.  If you do not have administrative
+        access to this machine, you may wish to choose a different installation
+        directory, preferably one that is listed in your PYTHONPATH environment
+        variable.
+
+        For information on other options, you may wish to consult the
+        documentation at:
+
+          https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html
+
+        Please make the appropriate changes for your system and try again.
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    def cant_write_to_target(self):
+        msg = self.__cant_write_msg % (sys.exc_info()[1], self.install_dir,)
+
+        if not os.path.exists(self.install_dir):
+            msg += '\n' + self.__not_exists_id
+        else:
+            msg += '\n' + self.__access_msg
+        raise DistutilsError(msg)
+
+    def check_pth_processing(self):
+        """Empirically verify whether .pth files are supported in inst. dir"""
+        instdir = self.install_dir
+        log.info("Checking .pth file support in %s", instdir)
+        pth_file = self.pseudo_tempname() + ".pth"
+        ok_file = pth_file + '.ok'
+        ok_exists = os.path.exists(ok_file)
+        try:
+            if ok_exists:
+                os.unlink(ok_file)
+            dirname = os.path.dirname(ok_file)
+            if not os.path.exists(dirname):
+                os.makedirs(dirname)
+            f = open(pth_file, 'w')
+        except (OSError, IOError):
+            self.cant_write_to_target()
+        else:
+            try:
+                f.write("import os; f = open(%r, 'w'); f.write('OK'); "
+                        "f.close()\n" % (ok_file,))
+                f.close()
+                f = None
+                executable = sys.executable
+                if os.name == 'nt':
+                    dirname, basename = os.path.split(executable)
+                    alt = os.path.join(dirname, 'pythonw.exe')
+                    if (basename.lower() == 'python.exe' and
+                            os.path.exists(alt)):
+                        # use pythonw.exe to avoid opening a console window
+                        executable = alt
+
+                from distutils.spawn import spawn
+
+                spawn([executable, '-E', '-c', 'pass'], 0)
+
+                if os.path.exists(ok_file):
+                    log.info(
+                        "TEST PASSED: %s appears to support .pth files",
+                        instdir
+                    )
+                    return True
+            finally:
+                if f:
+                    f.close()
+                if os.path.exists(ok_file):
+                    os.unlink(ok_file)
+                if os.path.exists(pth_file):
+                    os.unlink(pth_file)
+        if not self.multi_version:
+            log.warn("TEST FAILED: %s does NOT support .pth files", instdir)
+        return False
+
+    def install_egg_scripts(self, dist):
+        """Write all the scripts for `dist`, unless scripts are excluded"""
+        if not self.exclude_scripts and dist.metadata_isdir('scripts'):
+            for script_name in dist.metadata_listdir('scripts'):
+                if dist.metadata_isdir('scripts/' + script_name):
+                    # The "script" is a directory, likely a Python 3
+                    # __pycache__ directory, so skip it.
+                    continue
+                self.install_script(
+                    dist, script_name,
+                    dist.get_metadata('scripts/' + script_name)
+                )
+        self.install_wrapper_scripts(dist)
+
+    def add_output(self, path):
+        if os.path.isdir(path):
+            for base, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
+                for filename in files:
+                    self.outputs.append(os.path.join(base, filename))
+        else:
+            self.outputs.append(path)
+
+    def not_editable(self, spec):
+        if self.editable:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "Invalid argument %r: you can't use filenames or URLs "
+                "with --editable (except via the --find-links option)."
+                % (spec,)
+            )
+
+    def check_editable(self, spec):
+        if not self.editable:
+            return
+
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.build_directory, spec.key)):
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "%r already exists in %s; can't do a checkout there" %
+                (spec.key, self.build_directory)
+            )
+
+    def easy_install(self, spec, deps=False):
+        tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="easy_install-")
+        download = None
+        if not self.editable:
+            self.install_site_py()
+
+        try:
+            if not isinstance(spec, Requirement):
+                if URL_SCHEME(spec):
+                    # It's a url, download it to tmpdir and process
+                    self.not_editable(spec)
+                    download = self.package_index.download(spec, tmpdir)
+                    return self.install_item(None, download, tmpdir, deps,
+                                             True)
+
+                elif os.path.exists(spec):
+                    # Existing file or directory, just process it directly
+                    self.not_editable(spec)
+                    return self.install_item(None, spec, tmpdir, deps, True)
+                else:
+                    spec = parse_requirement_arg(spec)
+
+            self.check_editable(spec)
+            dist = self.package_index.fetch_distribution(
+                spec, tmpdir, self.upgrade, self.editable,
+                not self.always_copy, self.local_index
+            )
+            if dist is None:
+                msg = "Could not find suitable distribution for %r" % spec
+                if self.always_copy:
+                    msg += " (--always-copy skips system and development eggs)"
+                raise DistutilsError(msg)
+            elif dist.precedence == DEVELOP_DIST:
+                # .egg-info dists don't need installing, just process deps
+                self.process_distribution(spec, dist, deps, "Using")
+                return dist
+            else:
+                return self.install_item(spec, dist.location, tmpdir, deps)
+
+        finally:
+            if os.path.exists(tmpdir):
+                rmtree(tmpdir)
+
+    def install_item(self, spec, download, tmpdir, deps, install_needed=False):
+
+        # Installation is also needed if file in tmpdir or is not an egg
+        install_needed = install_needed or self.always_copy
+        install_needed = install_needed or os.path.dirname(download) == tmpdir
+        install_needed = install_needed or not download.endswith('.egg')
+        install_needed = install_needed or (
+            self.always_copy_from is not None and
+            os.path.dirname(normalize_path(download)) ==
+            normalize_path(self.always_copy_from)
+        )
+
+        if spec and not install_needed:
+            # at this point, we know it's a local .egg, we just don't know if
+            # it's already installed.
+            for dist in self.local_index[spec.project_name]:
+                if dist.location == download:
+                    break
+            else:
+                install_needed = True  # it's not in the local index
+
+        log.info("Processing %s", os.path.basename(download))
+
+        if install_needed:
+            dists = self.install_eggs(spec, download, tmpdir)
+            for dist in dists:
+                self.process_distribution(spec, dist, deps)
+        else:
+            dists = [self.egg_distribution(download)]
+            self.process_distribution(spec, dists[0], deps, "Using")
+
+        if spec is not None:
+            for dist in dists:
+                if dist in spec:
+                    return dist
+
+    def select_scheme(self, name):
+        """Sets the install directories by applying the install schemes."""
+        # it's the caller's problem if they supply a bad name!
+        scheme = INSTALL_SCHEMES[name]
+        for key in SCHEME_KEYS:
+            attrname = 'install_' + key
+            if getattr(self, attrname) is None:
+                setattr(self, attrname, scheme[key])
+
+    def process_distribution(self, requirement, dist, deps=True, *info):
+        self.update_pth(dist)
+        self.package_index.add(dist)
+        if dist in self.local_index[dist.key]:
+            self.local_index.remove(dist)
+        self.local_index.add(dist)
+        self.install_egg_scripts(dist)
+        self.installed_projects[dist.key] = dist
+        log.info(self.installation_report(requirement, dist, *info))
+        if (dist.has_metadata('dependency_links.txt') and
+                not self.no_find_links):
+            self.package_index.add_find_links(
+                dist.get_metadata_lines('dependency_links.txt')
+            )
+        if not deps and not self.always_copy:
+            return
+        elif requirement is not None and dist.key != requirement.key:
+            log.warn("Skipping dependencies for %s", dist)
+            return  # XXX this is not the distribution we were looking for
+        elif requirement is None or dist not in requirement:
+            # if we wound up with a different version, resolve what we've got
+            distreq = dist.as_requirement()
+            requirement = requirement or distreq
+            requirement = Requirement(
+                distreq.project_name, distreq.specs, requirement.extras
+            )
+        log.info("Processing dependencies for %s", requirement)
+        try:
+            distros = WorkingSet([]).resolve(
+                [requirement], self.local_index, self.easy_install
+            )
+        except DistributionNotFound as e:
+            raise DistutilsError(str(e))
+        except VersionConflict as e:
+            raise DistutilsError(e.report())
+        if self.always_copy or self.always_copy_from:
+            # Force all the relevant distros to be copied or activated
+            for dist in distros:
+                if dist.key not in self.installed_projects:
+                    self.easy_install(dist.as_requirement())
+        log.info("Finished processing dependencies for %s", requirement)
+
+    def should_unzip(self, dist):
+        if self.zip_ok is not None:
+            return not self.zip_ok
+        if dist.has_metadata('not-zip-safe'):
+            return True
+        if not dist.has_metadata('zip-safe'):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def maybe_move(self, spec, dist_filename, setup_base):
+        dst = os.path.join(self.build_directory, spec.key)
+        if os.path.exists(dst):
+            msg = ("%r already exists in %s; build directory %s will not be "
+                   "kept")
+            log.warn(msg, spec.key, self.build_directory, setup_base)
+            return setup_base
+        if os.path.isdir(dist_filename):
+            setup_base = dist_filename
+        else:
+            if os.path.dirname(dist_filename) == setup_base:
+                os.unlink(dist_filename)  # get it out of the tmp dir
+            contents = os.listdir(setup_base)
+            if len(contents) == 1:
+                dist_filename = os.path.join(setup_base, contents[0])
+                if os.path.isdir(dist_filename):
+                    # if the only thing there is a directory, move it instead
+                    setup_base = dist_filename
+        ensure_directory(dst)
+        shutil.move(setup_base, dst)
+        return dst
+
+    def install_wrapper_scripts(self, dist):
+        if not self.exclude_scripts:
+            for args in ScriptWriter.best().get_args(dist):
+                self.write_script(*args)
+
+    def install_script(self, dist, script_name, script_text, dev_path=None):
+        """Generate a legacy script wrapper and install it"""
+        spec = str(dist.as_requirement())
+        is_script = is_python_script(script_text, script_name)
+
+        if is_script:
+            script_text = (ScriptWriter.get_header(script_text) +
+                           self._load_template(dev_path) % locals())
+        self.write_script(script_name, _to_ascii(script_text), 'b')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _load_template(dev_path):
+        """
+        There are a couple of template scripts in the package. This
+        function loads one of them and prepares it for use.
+        """
+        # See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issue/134 for info
+        # on script file naming and downstream issues with SVR4
+        name = 'script.tmpl'
+        if dev_path:
+            name = name.replace('.tmpl', ' (dev).tmpl')
+
+        raw_bytes = resource_string('setuptools', name)
+        return raw_bytes.decode('utf-8')
+
+    def write_script(self, script_name, contents, mode="t", blockers=()):
+        """Write an executable file to the scripts directory"""
+        self.delete_blockers(  # clean up old .py/.pyw w/o a script
+            [os.path.join(self.script_dir, x) for x in blockers]
+        )
+        log.info("Installing %s script to %s", script_name, self.script_dir)
+        target = os.path.join(self.script_dir, script_name)
+        self.add_output(target)
+
+        mask = current_umask()
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            ensure_directory(target)
+            if os.path.exists(target):
+                os.unlink(target)
+            f = open(target, "w" + mode)
+            f.write(contents)
+            f.close()
+            chmod(target, 0o777 - mask)
+
+    def install_eggs(self, spec, dist_filename, tmpdir):
+        # .egg dirs or files are already built, so just return them
+        if dist_filename.lower().endswith('.egg'):
+            return [self.install_egg(dist_filename, tmpdir)]
+        elif dist_filename.lower().endswith('.exe'):
+            return [self.install_exe(dist_filename, tmpdir)]
+
+        # Anything else, try to extract and build
+        setup_base = tmpdir
+        if os.path.isfile(dist_filename) and not dist_filename.endswith('.py'):
+            unpack_archive(dist_filename, tmpdir, self.unpack_progress)
+        elif os.path.isdir(dist_filename):
+            setup_base = os.path.abspath(dist_filename)
+
+        if (setup_base.startswith(tmpdir)  # something we downloaded
+                and self.build_directory and spec is not None):
+            setup_base = self.maybe_move(spec, dist_filename, setup_base)
+
+        # Find the setup.py file
+        setup_script = os.path.join(setup_base, 'setup.py')
+
+        if not os.path.exists(setup_script):
+            setups = glob(os.path.join(setup_base, '*', 'setup.py'))
+            if not setups:
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "Couldn't find a setup script in %s" %
+                    os.path.abspath(dist_filename)
+                )
+            if len(setups) > 1:
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "Multiple setup scripts in %s" %
+                    os.path.abspath(dist_filename)
+                )
+            setup_script = setups[0]
+
+        # Now run it, and return the result
+        if self.editable:
+            log.info(self.report_editable(spec, setup_script))
+            return []
+        else:
+            return self.build_and_install(setup_script, setup_base)
+
+    def egg_distribution(self, egg_path):
+        if os.path.isdir(egg_path):
+            metadata = PathMetadata(egg_path, os.path.join(egg_path,
+                                                           'EGG-INFO'))
+        else:
+            metadata = EggMetadata(zipimport.zipimporter(egg_path))
+        return Distribution.from_filename(egg_path, metadata=metadata)
+
+    def install_egg(self, egg_path, tmpdir):
+        destination = os.path.join(self.install_dir,
+                                   os.path.basename(egg_path))
+        destination = os.path.abspath(destination)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            ensure_directory(destination)
+
+        dist = self.egg_distribution(egg_path)
+        if not samefile(egg_path, destination):
+            if os.path.isdir(destination) and not os.path.islink(destination):
+                dir_util.remove_tree(destination, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            elif os.path.exists(destination):
+                self.execute(os.unlink, (destination,), "Removing " +
+                             destination)
+            try:
+                new_dist_is_zipped = False
+                if os.path.isdir(egg_path):
+                    if egg_path.startswith(tmpdir):
+                        f, m = shutil.move, "Moving"
+                    else:
+                        f, m = shutil.copytree, "Copying"
+                elif self.should_unzip(dist):
+                    self.mkpath(destination)
+                    f, m = self.unpack_and_compile, "Extracting"
+                else:
+                    new_dist_is_zipped = True
+                    if egg_path.startswith(tmpdir):
+                        f, m = shutil.move, "Moving"
+                    else:
+                        f, m = shutil.copy2, "Copying"
+                self.execute(f, (egg_path, destination),
+                             (m + " %s to %s") %
+                             (os.path.basename(egg_path),
+                              os.path.dirname(destination)))
+                update_dist_caches(destination,
+                                   fix_zipimporter_caches=new_dist_is_zipped)
+            except:
+                update_dist_caches(destination, fix_zipimporter_caches=False)
+                raise
+
+        self.add_output(destination)
+        return self.egg_distribution(destination)
+
+    def install_exe(self, dist_filename, tmpdir):
+        # See if it's valid, get data
+        cfg = extract_wininst_cfg(dist_filename)
+        if cfg is None:
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "%s is not a valid distutils Windows .exe" % dist_filename
+            )
+        # Create a dummy distribution object until we build the real distro
+        dist = Distribution(
+            None,
+            project_name=cfg.get('metadata', 'name'),
+            version=cfg.get('metadata', 'version'), platform=get_platform(),
+        )
+
+        # Convert the .exe to an unpacked egg
+        egg_path = dist.location = os.path.join(tmpdir, dist.egg_name() +
+                                                '.egg')
+        egg_tmp = egg_path + '.tmp'
+        _egg_info = os.path.join(egg_tmp, 'EGG-INFO')
+        pkg_inf = os.path.join(_egg_info, 'PKG-INFO')
+        ensure_directory(pkg_inf)  # make sure EGG-INFO dir exists
+        dist._provider = PathMetadata(egg_tmp, _egg_info)  # XXX
+        self.exe_to_egg(dist_filename, egg_tmp)
+
+        # Write EGG-INFO/PKG-INFO
+        if not os.path.exists(pkg_inf):
+            f = open(pkg_inf, 'w')
+            f.write('Metadata-Version: 1.0\n')
+            for k, v in cfg.items('metadata'):
+                if k != 'target_version':
+                    f.write('%s: %s\n' % (k.replace('_', '-').title(), v))
+            f.close()
+        script_dir = os.path.join(_egg_info, 'scripts')
+        # delete entry-point scripts to avoid duping
+        self.delete_blockers(
+            [os.path.join(script_dir, args[0]) for args in
+             ScriptWriter.get_args(dist)]
+        )
+        # Build .egg file from tmpdir
+        bdist_egg.make_zipfile(
+            egg_path, egg_tmp, verbose=self.verbose, dry_run=self.dry_run
+        )
+        # install the .egg
+        return self.install_egg(egg_path, tmpdir)
+
+    def exe_to_egg(self, dist_filename, egg_tmp):
+        """Extract a bdist_wininst to the directories an egg would use"""
+        # Check for .pth file and set up prefix translations
+        prefixes = get_exe_prefixes(dist_filename)
+        to_compile = []
+        native_libs = []
+        top_level = {}
+
+        def process(src, dst):
+            s = src.lower()
+            for old, new in prefixes:
+                if s.startswith(old):
+                    src = new + src[len(old):]
+                    parts = src.split('/')
+                    dst = os.path.join(egg_tmp, *parts)
+                    dl = dst.lower()
+                    if dl.endswith('.pyd') or dl.endswith('.dll'):
+                        parts[-1] = bdist_egg.strip_module(parts[-1])
+                        top_level[os.path.splitext(parts[0])[0]] = 1
+                        native_libs.append(src)
+                    elif dl.endswith('.py') and old != 'SCRIPTS/':
+                        top_level[os.path.splitext(parts[0])[0]] = 1
+                        to_compile.append(dst)
+                    return dst
+            if not src.endswith('.pth'):
+                log.warn("WARNING: can't process %s", src)
+            return None
+
+        # extract, tracking .pyd/.dll->native_libs and .py -> to_compile
+        unpack_archive(dist_filename, egg_tmp, process)
+        stubs = []
+        for res in native_libs:
+            if res.lower().endswith('.pyd'):  # create stubs for .pyd's
+                parts = res.split('/')
+                resource = parts[-1]
+                parts[-1] = bdist_egg.strip_module(parts[-1]) + '.py'
+                pyfile = os.path.join(egg_tmp, *parts)
+                to_compile.append(pyfile)
+                stubs.append(pyfile)
+                bdist_egg.write_stub(resource, pyfile)
+        self.byte_compile(to_compile)  # compile .py's
+        bdist_egg.write_safety_flag(
+            os.path.join(egg_tmp, 'EGG-INFO'),
+            bdist_egg.analyze_egg(egg_tmp, stubs))  # write zip-safety flag
+
+        for name in 'top_level', 'native_libs':
+            if locals()[name]:
+                txt = os.path.join(egg_tmp, 'EGG-INFO', name + '.txt')
+                if not os.path.exists(txt):
+                    f = open(txt, 'w')
+                    f.write('\n'.join(locals()[name]) + '\n')
+                    f.close()
+
+    __mv_warning = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Because this distribution was installed --multi-version, before you can
+        import modules from this package in an application, you will need to
+        'import pkg_resources' and then use a 'require()' call similar to one of
+        these examples, in order to select the desired version:
+
+            pkg_resources.require("%(name)s")  # latest installed version
+            pkg_resources.require("%(name)s==%(version)s")  # this exact version
+            pkg_resources.require("%(name)s>=%(version)s")  # this version or higher
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    __id_warning = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Note also that the installation directory must be on sys.path at runtime for
+        this to work.  (e.g. by being the application's script directory, by being on
+        PYTHONPATH, or by being added to sys.path by your code.)
+        """)
+
+    def installation_report(self, req, dist, what="Installed"):
+        """Helpful installation message for display to package users"""
+        msg = "\n%(what)s %(eggloc)s%(extras)s"
+        if self.multi_version and not self.no_report:
+            msg += '\n' + self.__mv_warning
+            if self.install_dir not in map(normalize_path, sys.path):
+                msg += '\n' + self.__id_warning
+
+        eggloc = dist.location
+        name = dist.project_name
+        version = dist.version
+        extras = ''  # TODO: self.report_extras(req, dist)
+        return msg % locals()
+
+    __editable_msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Extracted editable version of %(spec)s to %(dirname)s
+
+        If it uses setuptools in its setup script, you can activate it in
+        "development" mode by going to that directory and running::
+
+            %(python)s setup.py develop
+
+        See the setuptools documentation for the "develop" command for more info.
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    def report_editable(self, spec, setup_script):
+        dirname = os.path.dirname(setup_script)
+        python = sys.executable
+        return '\n' + self.__editable_msg % locals()
+
+    def run_setup(self, setup_script, setup_base, args):
+        sys.modules.setdefault('distutils.command.bdist_egg', bdist_egg)
+        sys.modules.setdefault('distutils.command.egg_info', egg_info)
+
+        args = list(args)
+        if self.verbose > 2:
+            v = 'v' * (self.verbose - 1)
+            args.insert(0, '-' + v)
+        elif self.verbose < 2:
+            args.insert(0, '-q')
+        if self.dry_run:
+            args.insert(0, '-n')
+        log.info(
+            "Running %s %s", setup_script[len(setup_base) + 1:], ' '.join(args)
+        )
+        try:
+            run_setup(setup_script, args)
+        except SystemExit as v:
+            raise DistutilsError("Setup script exited with %s" % (v.args[0],))
+
+    def build_and_install(self, setup_script, setup_base):
+        args = ['bdist_egg', '--dist-dir']
+
+        dist_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(
+            prefix='egg-dist-tmp-', dir=os.path.dirname(setup_script)
+        )
+        try:
+            self._set_fetcher_options(os.path.dirname(setup_script))
+            args.append(dist_dir)
+
+            self.run_setup(setup_script, setup_base, args)
+            all_eggs = Environment([dist_dir])
+            eggs = []
+            for key in all_eggs:
+                for dist in all_eggs[key]:
+                    eggs.append(self.install_egg(dist.location, setup_base))
+            if not eggs and not self.dry_run:
+                log.warn("No eggs found in %s (setup script problem?)",
+                         dist_dir)
+            return eggs
+        finally:
+            rmtree(dist_dir)
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose)  # restore our log verbosity
+
+    def _set_fetcher_options(self, base):
+        """
+        When easy_install is about to run bdist_egg on a source dist, that
+        source dist might have 'setup_requires' directives, requiring
+        additional fetching. Ensure the fetcher options given to easy_install
+        are available to that command as well.
+        """
+        # find the fetch options from easy_install and write them out
+        # to the setup.cfg file.
+        ei_opts = self.distribution.get_option_dict('easy_install').copy()
+        fetch_directives = (
+            'find_links', 'site_dirs', 'index_url', 'optimize',
+            'site_dirs', 'allow_hosts',
+        )
+        fetch_options = {}
+        for key, val in ei_opts.items():
+            if key not in fetch_directives:
+                continue
+            fetch_options[key.replace('_', '-')] = val[1]
+        # create a settings dictionary suitable for `edit_config`
+        settings = dict(easy_install=fetch_options)
+        cfg_filename = os.path.join(base, 'setup.cfg')
+        setopt.edit_config(cfg_filename, settings)
+
+    def update_pth(self, dist):
+        if self.pth_file is None:
+            return
+
+        for d in self.pth_file[dist.key]:  # drop old entries
+            if self.multi_version or d.location != dist.location:
+                log.info("Removing %s from easy-install.pth file", d)
+                self.pth_file.remove(d)
+                if d.location in self.shadow_path:
+                    self.shadow_path.remove(d.location)
+
+        if not self.multi_version:
+            if dist.location in self.pth_file.paths:
+                log.info(
+                    "%s is already the active version in easy-install.pth",
+                    dist
+                )
+            else:
+                log.info("Adding %s to easy-install.pth file", dist)
+                self.pth_file.add(dist)  # add new entry
+                if dist.location not in self.shadow_path:
+                    self.shadow_path.append(dist.location)
+
+        if not self.dry_run:
+
+            self.pth_file.save()
+
+            if dist.key == 'setuptools':
+                # Ensure that setuptools itself never becomes unavailable!
+                # XXX should this check for latest version?
+                filename = os.path.join(self.install_dir, 'setuptools.pth')
+                if os.path.islink(filename):
+                    os.unlink(filename)
+                f = open(filename, 'wt')
+                f.write(self.pth_file.make_relative(dist.location) + '\n')
+                f.close()
+
+    def unpack_progress(self, src, dst):
+        # Progress filter for unpacking
+        log.debug("Unpacking %s to %s", src, dst)
+        return dst  # only unpack-and-compile skips files for dry run
+
+    def unpack_and_compile(self, egg_path, destination):
+        to_compile = []
+        to_chmod = []
+
+        def pf(src, dst):
+            if dst.endswith('.py') and not src.startswith('EGG-INFO/'):
+                to_compile.append(dst)
+            elif dst.endswith('.dll') or dst.endswith('.so'):
+                to_chmod.append(dst)
+            self.unpack_progress(src, dst)
+            return not self.dry_run and dst or None
+
+        unpack_archive(egg_path, destination, pf)
+        self.byte_compile(to_compile)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            for f in to_chmod:
+                mode = ((os.stat(f)[stat.ST_MODE]) | 0o555) & 0o7755
+                chmod(f, mode)
+
+    def byte_compile(self, to_compile):
+        if sys.dont_write_bytecode:
+            self.warn('byte-compiling is disabled, skipping.')
+            return
+
+        from distutils.util import byte_compile
+
+        try:
+            # try to make the byte compile messages quieter
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose - 1)
+
+            byte_compile(to_compile, optimize=0, force=1, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            if self.optimize:
+                byte_compile(
+                    to_compile, optimize=self.optimize, force=1,
+                    dry_run=self.dry_run
+                )
+        finally:
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose)  # restore original verbosity
+
+    __no_default_msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        bad install directory or PYTHONPATH
+
+        You are attempting to install a package to a directory that is not
+        on PYTHONPATH and which Python does not read ".pth" files from.  The
+        installation directory you specified (via --install-dir, --prefix, or
+        the distutils default setting) was:
+
+            %s
+
+        and your PYTHONPATH environment variable currently contains:
+
+            %r
+
+        Here are some of your options for correcting the problem:
+
+        * You can choose a different installation directory, i.e., one that is
+          on PYTHONPATH or supports .pth files
+
+        * You can add the installation directory to the PYTHONPATH environment
+          variable.  (It must then also be on PYTHONPATH whenever you run
+          Python and want to use the package(s) you are installing.)
+
+        * You can set up the installation directory to support ".pth" files by
+          using one of the approaches described here:
+
+          https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html#custom-installation-locations
+
+        Please make the appropriate changes for your system and try again.""").lstrip()
+
+    def no_default_version_msg(self):
+        template = self.__no_default_msg
+        return template % (self.install_dir, os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH', ''))
+
+    def install_site_py(self):
+        """Make sure there's a site.py in the target dir, if needed"""
+
+        if self.sitepy_installed:
+            return  # already did it, or don't need to
+
+        sitepy = os.path.join(self.install_dir, "site.py")
+        source = resource_string("setuptools", "site-patch.py")
+        current = ""
+
+        if os.path.exists(sitepy):
+            log.debug("Checking existing site.py in %s", self.install_dir)
+            f = open(sitepy, 'rb')
+            current = f.read()
+            # we want str, not bytes
+            if PY3:
+                current = current.decode()
+
+            f.close()
+            if not current.startswith('def __boot():'):
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "%s is not a setuptools-generated site.py; please"
+                    " remove it." % sitepy
+                )
+
+        if current != source:
+            log.info("Creating %s", sitepy)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                ensure_directory(sitepy)
+                f = open(sitepy, 'wb')
+                f.write(source)
+                f.close()
+            self.byte_compile([sitepy])
+
+        self.sitepy_installed = True
+
+    def create_home_path(self):
+        """Create directories under ~."""
+        if not self.user:
+            return
+        home = convert_path(os.path.expanduser("~"))
+        for name, path in iteritems(self.config_vars):
+            if path.startswith(home) and not os.path.isdir(path):
+                self.debug_print("os.makedirs('%s', 0o700)" % path)
+                os.makedirs(path, 0o700)
+
+    INSTALL_SCHEMES = dict(
+        posix=dict(
+            install_dir='$base/lib/python$py_version_short/site-packages',
+            script_dir='$base/bin',
+        ),
+    )
+
+    DEFAULT_SCHEME = dict(
+        install_dir='$base/Lib/site-packages',
+        script_dir='$base/Scripts',
+    )
+
+    def _expand(self, *attrs):
+        config_vars = self.get_finalized_command('install').config_vars
+
+        if self.prefix:
+            # Set default install_dir/scripts from --prefix
+            config_vars = config_vars.copy()
+            config_vars['base'] = self.prefix
+            scheme = self.INSTALL_SCHEMES.get(os.name, self.DEFAULT_SCHEME)
+            for attr, val in scheme.items():
+                if getattr(self, attr, None) is None:
+                    setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+        from distutils.util import subst_vars
+
+        for attr in attrs:
+            val = getattr(self, attr)
+            if val is not None:
+                val = subst_vars(val, config_vars)
+                if os.name == 'posix':
+                    val = os.path.expanduser(val)
+                setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+
+def get_site_dirs():
+    # return a list of 'site' dirs
+    sitedirs = [_f for _f in os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH',
+                                            '').split(os.pathsep) if _f]
+    prefixes = [sys.prefix]
+    if sys.exec_prefix != sys.prefix:
+        prefixes.append(sys.exec_prefix)
+    for prefix in prefixes:
+        if prefix:
+            if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos'):
+                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "Lib", "site-packages"))
+            elif os.sep == '/':
+                sitedirs.extend([os.path.join(prefix,
+                                              "lib",
+                                              "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                              "site-packages"),
+                                 os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-python")])
+            else:
+                sitedirs.extend(
+                    [prefix, os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-packages")]
+                )
+            if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+                # for framework builds *only* we add the standard Apple
+                # locations. Currently only per-user, but /Library and
+                # /Network/Library could be added too
+                if 'Python.framework' in prefix:
+                    home = os.environ.get('HOME')
+                    if home:
+                        sitedirs.append(
+                            os.path.join(home,
+                                         'Library',
+                                         'Python',
+                                         sys.version[:3],
+                                         'site-packages'))
+    lib_paths = get_path('purelib'), get_path('platlib')
+    for site_lib in lib_paths:
+        if site_lib not in sitedirs:
+            sitedirs.append(site_lib)
+
+    if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        sitedirs.append(site.USER_SITE)
+
+    sitedirs = list(map(normalize_path, sitedirs))
+
+    return sitedirs
+
+
+def expand_paths(inputs):
+    """Yield sys.path directories that might contain "old-style" packages"""
+
+    seen = {}
+
+    for dirname in inputs:
+        dirname = normalize_path(dirname)
+        if dirname in seen:
+            continue
+
+        seen[dirname] = 1
+        if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+            continue
+
+        files = os.listdir(dirname)
+        yield dirname, files
+
+        for name in files:
+            if not name.endswith('.pth'):
+                # We only care about the .pth files
+                continue
+            if name in ('easy-install.pth', 'setuptools.pth'):
+                # Ignore .pth files that we control
+                continue
+
+            # Read the .pth file
+            f = open(os.path.join(dirname, name))
+            lines = list(yield_lines(f))
+            f.close()
+
+            # Yield existing non-dupe, non-import directory lines from it
+            for line in lines:
+                if not line.startswith("import"):
+                    line = normalize_path(line.rstrip())
+                    if line not in seen:
+                        seen[line] = 1
+                        if not os.path.isdir(line):
+                            continue
+                        yield line, os.listdir(line)
+
+
+def extract_wininst_cfg(dist_filename):
+    """Extract configuration data from a bdist_wininst .exe
+
+    Returns a ConfigParser.RawConfigParser, or None
+    """
+    f = open(dist_filename, 'rb')
+    try:
+        endrec = zipfile._EndRecData(f)
+        if endrec is None:
+            return None
+
+        prepended = (endrec[9] - endrec[5]) - endrec[6]
+        if prepended < 12:  # no wininst data here
+            return None
+        f.seek(prepended - 12)
+
+        from setuptools.compat import StringIO, ConfigParser
+        import struct
+
+        tag, cfglen, bmlen = struct.unpack("egg path translations for a given .exe file"""
+
+    prefixes = [
+        ('PURELIB/', ''), ('PLATLIB/pywin32_system32', ''),
+        ('PLATLIB/', ''),
+        ('SCRIPTS/', 'EGG-INFO/scripts/'),
+        ('DATA/lib/site-packages', ''),
+    ]
+    z = zipfile.ZipFile(exe_filename)
+    try:
+        for info in z.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+            parts = name.split('/')
+            if len(parts) == 3 and parts[2] == 'PKG-INFO':
+                if parts[1].endswith('.egg-info'):
+                    prefixes.insert(0, ('/'.join(parts[:2]), 'EGG-INFO/'))
+                    break
+            if len(parts) != 2 or not name.endswith('.pth'):
+                continue
+            if name.endswith('-nspkg.pth'):
+                continue
+            if parts[0].upper() in ('PURELIB', 'PLATLIB'):
+                contents = z.read(name)
+                if PY3:
+                    contents = contents.decode()
+                for pth in yield_lines(contents):
+                    pth = pth.strip().replace('\\', '/')
+                    if not pth.startswith('import'):
+                        prefixes.append((('%s/%s/' % (parts[0], pth)), ''))
+    finally:
+        z.close()
+    prefixes = [(x.lower(), y) for x, y in prefixes]
+    prefixes.sort()
+    prefixes.reverse()
+    return prefixes
+
+
+def parse_requirement_arg(spec):
+    try:
+        return Requirement.parse(spec)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise DistutilsError(
+            "Not a URL, existing file, or requirement spec: %r" % (spec,)
+        )
+
+
+class PthDistributions(Environment):
+    """A .pth file with Distribution paths in it"""
+
+    dirty = False
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, sitedirs=()):
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.sitedirs = list(map(normalize_path, sitedirs))
+        self.basedir = normalize_path(os.path.dirname(self.filename))
+        self._load()
+        Environment.__init__(self, [], None, None)
+        for path in yield_lines(self.paths):
+            list(map(self.add, find_distributions(path, True)))
+
+    def _load(self):
+        self.paths = []
+        saw_import = False
+        seen = dict.fromkeys(self.sitedirs)
+        if os.path.isfile(self.filename):
+            f = open(self.filename, 'rt')
+            for line in f:
+                if line.startswith('import'):
+                    saw_import = True
+                    continue
+                path = line.rstrip()
+                self.paths.append(path)
+                if not path.strip() or path.strip().startswith('#'):
+                    continue
+                # skip non-existent paths, in case somebody deleted a package
+                # manually, and duplicate paths as well
+                path = self.paths[-1] = normalize_path(
+                    os.path.join(self.basedir, path)
+                )
+                if not os.path.exists(path) or path in seen:
+                    self.paths.pop()  # skip it
+                    self.dirty = True  # we cleaned up, so we're dirty now :)
+                    continue
+                seen[path] = 1
+            f.close()
+
+        if self.paths and not saw_import:
+            self.dirty = True  # ensure anything we touch has import wrappers
+        while self.paths and not self.paths[-1].strip():
+            self.paths.pop()
+
+    def save(self):
+        """Write changed .pth file back to disk"""
+        if not self.dirty:
+            return
+
+        rel_paths = list(map(self.make_relative, self.paths))
+        if rel_paths:
+            log.debug("Saving %s", self.filename)
+            lines = self._wrap_lines(rel_paths)
+            data = '\n'.join(lines) + '\n'
+
+            if os.path.islink(self.filename):
+                os.unlink(self.filename)
+            with open(self.filename, 'wt') as f:
+                f.write(data)
+
+        elif os.path.exists(self.filename):
+            log.debug("Deleting empty %s", self.filename)
+            os.unlink(self.filename)
+
+        self.dirty = False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _wrap_lines(lines):
+        return lines
+
+    def add(self, dist):
+        """Add `dist` to the distribution map"""
+        new_path = (
+            dist.location not in self.paths and (
+                dist.location not in self.sitedirs or
+                # account for '.' being in PYTHONPATH
+                dist.location == os.getcwd()
+            )
+        )
+        if new_path:
+            self.paths.append(dist.location)
+            self.dirty = True
+        Environment.add(self, dist)
+
+    def remove(self, dist):
+        """Remove `dist` from the distribution map"""
+        while dist.location in self.paths:
+            self.paths.remove(dist.location)
+            self.dirty = True
+        Environment.remove(self, dist)
+
+    def make_relative(self, path):
+        npath, last = os.path.split(normalize_path(path))
+        baselen = len(self.basedir)
+        parts = [last]
+        sep = os.altsep == '/' and '/' or os.sep
+        while len(npath) >= baselen:
+            if npath == self.basedir:
+                parts.append(os.curdir)
+                parts.reverse()
+                return sep.join(parts)
+            npath, last = os.path.split(npath)
+            parts.append(last)
+        else:
+            return path
+
+
+class RewritePthDistributions(PthDistributions):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _wrap_lines(cls, lines):
+        yield cls.prelude
+        for line in lines:
+            yield line
+        yield cls.postlude
+
+    _inline = lambda text: textwrap.dedent(text).strip().replace('\n', '; ')
+    prelude = _inline("""
+        import sys
+        sys.__plen = len(sys.path)
+        """)
+    postlude = _inline("""
+        import sys
+        new = sys.path[sys.__plen:]
+        del sys.path[sys.__plen:]
+        p = getattr(sys, '__egginsert', 0)
+        sys.path[p:p] = new
+        sys.__egginsert = p + len(new)
+        """)
+
+
+if os.environ.get('SETUPTOOLS_SYS_PATH_TECHNIQUE', 'rewrite') == 'rewrite':
+    PthDistributions = RewritePthDistributions
+
+
+def _first_line_re():
+    """
+    Return a regular expression based on first_line_re suitable for matching
+    strings.
+    """
+    if isinstance(first_line_re.pattern, str):
+        return first_line_re
+
+    # first_line_re in Python >=3.1.4 and >=3.2.1 is a bytes pattern.
+    return re.compile(first_line_re.pattern.decode())
+
+
+def auto_chmod(func, arg, exc):
+    if func is os.remove and os.name == 'nt':
+        chmod(arg, stat.S_IWRITE)
+        return func(arg)
+    et, ev, _ = sys.exc_info()
+    reraise(et, (ev[0], ev[1] + (" %s %s" % (func, arg))))
+
+
+def update_dist_caches(dist_path, fix_zipimporter_caches):
+    """
+    Fix any globally cached `dist_path` related data
+
+    `dist_path` should be a path of a newly installed egg distribution (zipped
+    or unzipped).
+
+    sys.path_importer_cache contains finder objects that have been cached when
+    importing data from the original distribution. Any such finders need to be
+    cleared since the replacement distribution might be packaged differently,
+    e.g. a zipped egg distribution might get replaced with an unzipped egg
+    folder or vice versa. Having the old finders cached may then cause Python
+    to attempt loading modules from the replacement distribution using an
+    incorrect loader.
+
+    zipimport.zipimporter objects are Python loaders charged with importing
+    data packaged inside zip archives. If stale loaders referencing the
+    original distribution, are left behind, they can fail to load modules from
+    the replacement distribution. E.g. if an old zipimport.zipimporter instance
+    is used to load data from a new zipped egg archive, it may cause the
+    operation to attempt to locate the requested data in the wrong location -
+    one indicated by the original distribution's zip archive directory
+    information. Such an operation may then fail outright, e.g. report having
+    read a 'bad local file header', or even worse, it may fail silently &
+    return invalid data.
+
+    zipimport._zip_directory_cache contains cached zip archive directory
+    information for all existing zipimport.zipimporter instances and all such
+    instances connected to the same archive share the same cached directory
+    information.
+
+    If asked, and the underlying Python implementation allows it, we can fix
+    all existing zipimport.zipimporter instances instead of having to track
+    them down and remove them one by one, by updating their shared cached zip
+    archive directory information. This, of course, assumes that the
+    replacement distribution is packaged as a zipped egg.
+
+    If not asked to fix existing zipimport.zipimporter instances, we still do
+    our best to clear any remaining zipimport.zipimporter related cached data
+    that might somehow later get used when attempting to load data from the new
+    distribution and thus cause such load operations to fail. Note that when
+    tracking down such remaining stale data, we can not catch every conceivable
+    usage from here, and we clear only those that we know of and have found to
+    cause problems if left alive. Any remaining caches should be updated by
+    whomever is in charge of maintaining them, i.e. they should be ready to
+    handle us replacing their zip archives with new distributions at runtime.
+
+    """
+    # There are several other known sources of stale zipimport.zipimporter
+    # instances that we do not clear here, but might if ever given a reason to
+    # do so:
+    # * Global setuptools pkg_resources.working_set (a.k.a. 'master working
+    # set') may contain distributions which may in turn contain their
+    #   zipimport.zipimporter loaders.
+    # * Several zipimport.zipimporter loaders held by local variables further
+    #   up the function call stack when running the setuptools installation.
+    # * Already loaded modules may have their __loader__ attribute set to the
+    #   exact loader instance used when importing them. Python 3.4 docs state
+    #   that this information is intended mostly for introspection and so is
+    #   not expected to cause us problems.
+    normalized_path = normalize_path(dist_path)
+    _uncache(normalized_path, sys.path_importer_cache)
+    if fix_zipimporter_caches:
+        _replace_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path)
+    else:
+        # Here, even though we do not want to fix existing and now stale
+        # zipimporter cache information, we still want to remove it. Related to
+        # Python's zip archive directory information cache, we clear each of
+        # its stale entries in two phases:
+        #   1. Clear the entry so attempting to access zip archive information
+        #      via any existing stale zipimport.zipimporter instances fails.
+        #   2. Remove the entry from the cache so any newly constructed
+        #      zipimport.zipimporter instances do not end up using old stale
+        #      zip archive directory information.
+        # This whole stale data removal step does not seem strictly necessary,
+        # but has been left in because it was done before we started replacing
+        # the zip archive directory information cache content if possible, and
+        # there are no relevant unit tests that we can depend on to tell us if
+        # this is really needed.
+        _remove_and_clear_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path)
+
+
+def _collect_zipimporter_cache_entries(normalized_path, cache):
+    """
+    Return zipimporter cache entry keys related to a given normalized path.
+
+    Alternative path spellings (e.g. those using different character case or
+    those using alternative path separators) related to the same path are
+    included. Any sub-path entries are included as well, i.e. those
+    corresponding to zip archives embedded in other zip archives.
+
+    """
+    result = []
+    prefix_len = len(normalized_path)
+    for p in cache:
+        np = normalize_path(p)
+        if (np.startswith(normalized_path) and
+                np[prefix_len:prefix_len + 1] in (os.sep, '')):
+            result.append(p)
+    return result
+
+
+def _update_zipimporter_cache(normalized_path, cache, updater=None):
+    """
+    Update zipimporter cache data for a given normalized path.
+
+    Any sub-path entries are processed as well, i.e. those corresponding to zip
+    archives embedded in other zip archives.
+
+    Given updater is a callable taking a cache entry key and the original entry
+    (after already removing the entry from the cache), and expected to update
+    the entry and possibly return a new one to be inserted in its place.
+    Returning None indicates that the entry should not be replaced with a new
+    one. If no updater is given, the cache entries are simply removed without
+    any additional processing, the same as if the updater simply returned None.
+
+    """
+    for p in _collect_zipimporter_cache_entries(normalized_path, cache):
+        # N.B. pypy's custom zipimport._zip_directory_cache implementation does
+        # not support the complete dict interface:
+        # * Does not support item assignment, thus not allowing this function
+        #    to be used only for removing existing cache entries.
+        #  * Does not support the dict.pop() method, forcing us to use the
+        #    get/del patterns instead. For more detailed information see the
+        #    following links:
+        #      https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issue/202/more-robust-zipimporter-cache-invalidation#comment-10495960
+        #      https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/src/dd07756a34a41f674c0cacfbc8ae1d4cc9ea2ae4/pypy/module/zipimport/interp_zipimport.py#cl-99
+        old_entry = cache[p]
+        del cache[p]
+        new_entry = updater and updater(p, old_entry)
+        if new_entry is not None:
+            cache[p] = new_entry
+
+
+def _uncache(normalized_path, cache):
+    _update_zipimporter_cache(normalized_path, cache)
+
+
+def _remove_and_clear_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path):
+    def clear_and_remove_cached_zip_archive_directory_data(path, old_entry):
+        old_entry.clear()
+
+    _update_zipimporter_cache(
+        normalized_path, zipimport._zip_directory_cache,
+        updater=clear_and_remove_cached_zip_archive_directory_data)
+
+# PyPy Python implementation does not allow directly writing to the
+# zipimport._zip_directory_cache and so prevents us from attempting to correct
+# its content. The best we can do there is clear the problematic cache content
+# and have PyPy repopulate it as needed. The downside is that if there are any
+# stale zipimport.zipimporter instances laying around, attempting to use them
+# will fail due to not having its zip archive directory information available
+# instead of being automatically corrected to use the new correct zip archive
+# directory information.
+if '__pypy__' in sys.builtin_module_names:
+    _replace_zip_directory_cache_data = \
+        _remove_and_clear_zip_directory_cache_data
+else:
+    def _replace_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path):
+        def replace_cached_zip_archive_directory_data(path, old_entry):
+            # N.B. In theory, we could load the zip directory information just
+            # once for all updated path spellings, and then copy it locally and
+            # update its contained path strings to contain the correct
+            # spelling, but that seems like a way too invasive move (this cache
+            # structure is not officially documented anywhere and could in
+            # theory change with new Python releases) for no significant
+            # benefit.
+            old_entry.clear()
+            zipimport.zipimporter(path)
+            old_entry.update(zipimport._zip_directory_cache[path])
+            return old_entry
+
+        _update_zipimporter_cache(
+            normalized_path, zipimport._zip_directory_cache,
+            updater=replace_cached_zip_archive_directory_data)
+
+
+def is_python(text, filename=''):
+    "Is this string a valid Python script?"
+    try:
+        compile(text, filename, 'exec')
+    except (SyntaxError, TypeError):
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def is_sh(executable):
+    """Determine if the specified executable is a .sh (contains a #! line)"""
+    try:
+        with io.open(executable, encoding='latin-1') as fp:
+            magic = fp.read(2)
+    except (OSError, IOError):
+        return executable
+    return magic == '#!'
+
+
+def nt_quote_arg(arg):
+    """Quote a command line argument according to Windows parsing rules"""
+    return subprocess.list2cmdline([arg])
+
+
+def is_python_script(script_text, filename):
+    """Is this text, as a whole, a Python script? (as opposed to shell/bat/etc.
+    """
+    if filename.endswith('.py') or filename.endswith('.pyw'):
+        return True  # extension says it's Python
+    if is_python(script_text, filename):
+        return True  # it's syntactically valid Python
+    if script_text.startswith('#!'):
+        # It begins with a '#!' line, so check if 'python' is in it somewhere
+        return 'python' in script_text.splitlines()[0].lower()
+
+    return False  # Not any Python I can recognize
+
+
+try:
+    from os import chmod as _chmod
+except ImportError:
+    # Jython compatibility
+    def _chmod(*args):
+        pass
+
+
+def chmod(path, mode):
+    log.debug("changing mode of %s to %o", path, mode)
+    try:
+        _chmod(path, mode)
+    except os.error as e:
+        log.debug("chmod failed: %s", e)
+
+
+def fix_jython_executable(executable, options):
+    warnings.warn("Use JythonCommandSpec", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+    if not JythonCommandSpec.relevant():
+        return executable
+
+    cmd = CommandSpec.best().from_param(executable)
+    cmd.install_options(options)
+    return cmd.as_header().lstrip('#!').rstrip('\n')
+
+
+class CommandSpec(list):
+    """
+    A command spec for a #! header, specified as a list of arguments akin to
+    those passed to Popen.
+    """
+
+    options = []
+    split_args = dict()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def best(cls):
+        """
+        Choose the best CommandSpec class based on environmental conditions.
+        """
+        return cls if not JythonCommandSpec.relevant() else JythonCommandSpec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sys_executable(cls):
+        _default = os.path.normpath(sys.executable)
+        return os.environ.get('__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__', _default)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_param(cls, param):
+        """
+        Construct a CommandSpec from a parameter to build_scripts, which may
+        be None.
+        """
+        if isinstance(param, cls):
+            return param
+        if isinstance(param, list):
+            return cls(param)
+        if param is None:
+            return cls.from_environment()
+        # otherwise, assume it's a string.
+        return cls.from_string(param)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_environment(cls):
+        return cls([cls._sys_executable()])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, string):
+        """
+        Construct a command spec from a simple string representing a command
+        line parseable by shlex.split.
+        """
+        items = shlex.split(string, **cls.split_args)
+        return cls(items)
+
+    def install_options(self, script_text):
+        self.options = shlex.split(self._extract_options(script_text))
+        cmdline = subprocess.list2cmdline(self)
+        if not isascii(cmdline):
+            self.options[:0] = ['-x']
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_options(orig_script):
+        """
+        Extract any options from the first line of the script.
+        """
+        first = (orig_script + '\n').splitlines()[0]
+        match = _first_line_re().match(first)
+        options = match.group(1) or '' if match else ''
+        return options.strip()
+
+    def as_header(self):
+        return self._render(self + list(self.options))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _render(items):
+        cmdline = subprocess.list2cmdline(items)
+        return '#!' + cmdline + '\n'
+
+# For pbr compat; will be removed in a future version.
+sys_executable = CommandSpec._sys_executable()
+
+
+class WindowsCommandSpec(CommandSpec):
+    split_args = dict(posix=False)
+
+
+class JythonCommandSpec(CommandSpec):
+    @classmethod
+    def relevant(cls):
+        return (
+            sys.platform.startswith('java')
+            and
+            __import__('java').lang.System.getProperty('os.name') != 'Linux'
+        )
+
+    def as_header(self):
+        """
+        Workaround Jython's sys.executable being a .sh (an invalid
+        shebang line interpreter)
+        """
+        if not is_sh(self[0]):
+            return super(JythonCommandSpec, self).as_header()
+
+        if self.options:
+            # Can't apply the workaround, leave it broken
+            log.warn(
+                "WARNING: Unable to adapt shebang line for Jython,"
+                " the following script is NOT executable\n"
+                "         see http://bugs.jython.org/issue1112 for"
+                " more information.")
+            return super(JythonCommandSpec, self).as_header()
+
+        items = ['/usr/bin/env'] + self + list(self.options)
+        return self._render(items)
+
+
+class ScriptWriter(object):
+    """
+    Encapsulates behavior around writing entry point scripts for console and
+    gui apps.
+    """
+
+    template = textwrap.dedent("""
+        # EASY-INSTALL-ENTRY-SCRIPT: %(spec)r,%(group)r,%(name)r
+        __requires__ = %(spec)r
+        import sys
+        from pkg_resources import load_entry_point
+
+        if __name__ == '__main__':
+            sys.exit(
+                load_entry_point(%(spec)r, %(group)r, %(name)r)()
+            )
+    """).lstrip()
+
+    command_spec_class = CommandSpec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_script_args(cls, dist, executable=None, wininst=False):
+        # for backward compatibility
+        warnings.warn("Use get_args", DeprecationWarning)
+        writer = (WindowsScriptWriter if wininst else ScriptWriter).best()
+        header = cls.get_script_header("", executable, wininst)
+        return writer.get_args(dist, header)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_script_header(cls, script_text, executable=None, wininst=False):
+        # for backward compatibility
+        warnings.warn("Use get_header", DeprecationWarning)
+        if wininst:
+            executable = "python.exe"
+        cmd = cls.command_spec_class.best().from_param(executable)
+        cmd.install_options(script_text)
+        return cmd.as_header()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_args(cls, dist, header=None):
+        """
+        Yield write_script() argument tuples for a distribution's
+        console_scripts and gui_scripts entry points.
+        """
+        if header is None:
+            header = cls.get_header()
+        spec = str(dist.as_requirement())
+        for type_ in 'console', 'gui':
+            group = type_ + '_scripts'
+            for name, ep in dist.get_entry_map(group).items():
+                cls._ensure_safe_name(name)
+                script_text = cls.template % locals()
+                args = cls._get_script_args(type_, name, header, script_text)
+                for res in args:
+                    yield res
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _ensure_safe_name(name):
+        """
+        Prevent paths in *_scripts entry point names.
+        """
+        has_path_sep = re.search(r'[\\/]', name)
+        if has_path_sep:
+            raise ValueError("Path separators not allowed in script names")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_writer(cls, force_windows):
+        # for backward compatibility
+        warnings.warn("Use best", DeprecationWarning)
+        return WindowsScriptWriter.best() if force_windows else cls.best()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def best(cls):
+        """
+        Select the best ScriptWriter for this environment.
+        """
+        return WindowsScriptWriter.best() if sys.platform == 'win32' else cls
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_script_args(cls, type_, name, header, script_text):
+        # Simply write the stub with no extension.
+        yield (name, header + script_text)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_header(cls, script_text="", executable=None):
+        """Create a #! line, getting options (if any) from script_text"""
+        cmd = cls.command_spec_class.best().from_param(executable)
+        cmd.install_options(script_text)
+        return cmd.as_header()
+
+
+class WindowsScriptWriter(ScriptWriter):
+    command_spec_class = WindowsCommandSpec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_writer(cls):
+        # for backward compatibility
+        warnings.warn("Use best", DeprecationWarning)
+        return cls.best()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def best(cls):
+        """
+        Select the best ScriptWriter suitable for Windows
+        """
+        writer_lookup = dict(
+            executable=WindowsExecutableLauncherWriter,
+            natural=cls,
+        )
+        # for compatibility, use the executable launcher by default
+        launcher = os.environ.get('SETUPTOOLS_LAUNCHER', 'executable')
+        return writer_lookup[launcher]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_script_args(cls, type_, name, header, script_text):
+        "For Windows, add a .py extension"
+        ext = dict(console='.pya', gui='.pyw')[type_]
+        if ext not in os.environ['PATHEXT'].lower().split(';'):
+            warnings.warn("%s not listed in PATHEXT; scripts will not be "
+                          "recognized as executables." % ext, UserWarning)
+        old = ['.pya', '.py', '-script.py', '.pyc', '.pyo', '.pyw', '.exe']
+        old.remove(ext)
+        header = cls._adjust_header(type_, header)
+        blockers = [name + x for x in old]
+        yield name + ext, header + script_text, 't', blockers
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _adjust_header(type_, orig_header):
+        """
+        Make sure 'pythonw' is used for gui and and 'python' is used for
+        console (regardless of what sys.executable is).
+        """
+        pattern = 'pythonw.exe'
+        repl = 'python.exe'
+        if type_ == 'gui':
+            pattern, repl = repl, pattern
+        pattern_ob = re.compile(re.escape(pattern), re.IGNORECASE)
+        new_header = pattern_ob.sub(string=orig_header, repl=repl)
+        clean_header = new_header[2:-1].strip('"')
+        if sys.platform == 'win32' and not os.path.exists(clean_header):
+            # the adjusted version doesn't exist, so return the original
+            return orig_header
+        return new_header
+
+
+class WindowsExecutableLauncherWriter(WindowsScriptWriter):
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_script_args(cls, type_, name, header, script_text):
+        """
+        For Windows, add a .py extension and an .exe launcher
+        """
+        if type_ == 'gui':
+            launcher_type = 'gui'
+            ext = '-script.pyw'
+            old = ['.pyw']
+        else:
+            launcher_type = 'cli'
+            ext = '-script.py'
+            old = ['.py', '.pyc', '.pyo']
+        hdr = cls._adjust_header(type_, header)
+        blockers = [name + x for x in old]
+        yield (name + ext, hdr + script_text, 't', blockers)
+        yield (
+            name + '.exe', get_win_launcher(launcher_type),
+            'b'  # write in binary mode
+        )
+        if not is_64bit():
+            # install a manifest for the launcher to prevent Windows
+            # from detecting it as an installer (which it will for
+            #  launchers like easy_install.exe). Consider only
+            #  adding a manifest for launchers detected as installers.
+            #  See Distribute #143 for details.
+            m_name = name + '.exe.manifest'
+            yield (m_name, load_launcher_manifest(name), 't')
+
+
+# for backward-compatibility
+get_script_args = ScriptWriter.get_script_args
+get_script_header = ScriptWriter.get_script_header
+
+
+def get_win_launcher(type):
+    """
+    Load the Windows launcher (executable) suitable for launching a script.
+
+    `type` should be either 'cli' or 'gui'
+
+    Returns the executable as a byte string.
+    """
+    launcher_fn = '%s.exe' % type
+    if platform.machine().lower() == 'arm':
+        launcher_fn = launcher_fn.replace(".", "-arm.")
+    if is_64bit():
+        launcher_fn = launcher_fn.replace(".", "-64.")
+    else:
+        launcher_fn = launcher_fn.replace(".", "-32.")
+    return resource_string('setuptools', launcher_fn)
+
+
+def load_launcher_manifest(name):
+    manifest = pkg_resources.resource_string(__name__, 'launcher manifest.xml')
+    if PY2:
+        return manifest % vars()
+    else:
+        return manifest.decode('utf-8') % vars()
+
+
+def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=auto_chmod):
+    """Recursively delete a directory tree.
+
+    This code is taken from the Python 2.4 version of 'shutil', because
+    the 2.3 version doesn't really work right.
+    """
+    if ignore_errors:
+        def onerror(*args):
+            pass
+    elif onerror is None:
+        def onerror(*args):
+            raise
+    names = []
+    try:
+        names = os.listdir(path)
+    except os.error:
+        onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())
+    for name in names:
+        fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
+        try:
+            mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode
+        except os.error:
+            mode = 0
+        if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
+            rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)
+        else:
+            try:
+                os.remove(fullname)
+            except os.error:
+                onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())
+    try:
+        os.rmdir(path)
+    except os.error:
+        onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
+
+
+def current_umask():
+    tmp = os.umask(0o022)
+    os.umask(tmp)
+    return tmp
+
+
+def bootstrap():
+    # This function is called when setuptools*.egg is run using /bin/sh
+    import setuptools
+
+    argv0 = os.path.dirname(setuptools.__path__[0])
+    sys.argv[0] = argv0
+    sys.argv.append(argv0)
+    main()
+
+
+def main(argv=None, **kw):
+    from setuptools import setup
+    from setuptools.dist import Distribution
+
+    class DistributionWithoutHelpCommands(Distribution):
+        common_usage = ""
+
+        def _show_help(self, *args, **kw):
+            with _patch_usage():
+                Distribution._show_help(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    if argv is None:
+        argv = sys.argv[1:]
+
+    with _patch_usage():
+        setup(
+            script_args=['-q', 'easy_install', '-v'] + argv,
+            script_name=sys.argv[0] or 'easy_install',
+            distclass=DistributionWithoutHelpCommands, **kw
+        )
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _patch_usage():
+    import distutils.core
+    USAGE = textwrap.dedent("""
+        usage: %(script)s [options] requirement_or_url ...
+           or: %(script)s --help
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    def gen_usage(script_name):
+        return USAGE % dict(
+            script=os.path.basename(script_name),
+        )
+
+    saved = distutils.core.gen_usage
+    distutils.core.gen_usage = gen_usage
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        distutils.core.gen_usage = saved
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/egg_info.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/egg_info.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50f3d5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/egg_info.py
@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+"""setuptools.command.egg_info
+
+Create a distribution's .egg-info directory and contents"""
+
+from distutils.filelist import FileList as _FileList
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+import distutils.errors
+import distutils.filelist
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+try:
+    from setuptools_svn import svn_utils
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.command.sdist import sdist
+from setuptools.compat import basestring, PY3, StringIO
+from setuptools.command.sdist import walk_revctrl
+from pkg_resources import (
+    parse_requirements, safe_name, parse_version,
+    safe_version, yield_lines, EntryPoint, iter_entry_points, to_filename)
+import setuptools.unicode_utils as unicode_utils
+
+from pkg_resources import packaging
+
+class egg_info(Command):
+    description = "create a distribution's .egg-info directory"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('egg-base=', 'e', "directory containing .egg-info directories"
+                           " (default: top of the source tree)"),
+        ('tag-svn-revision', 'r',
+         "Add subversion revision ID to version number"),
+        ('tag-date', 'd', "Add date stamp (e.g. 20050528) to version number"),
+        ('tag-build=', 'b', "Specify explicit tag to add to version number"),
+        ('no-svn-revision', 'R',
+         "Don't add subversion revision ID [default]"),
+        ('no-date', 'D', "Don't include date stamp [default]"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['tag-date', 'tag-svn-revision']
+    negative_opt = {'no-svn-revision': 'tag-svn-revision',
+                    'no-date': 'tag-date'}
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.egg_name = None
+        self.egg_version = None
+        self.egg_base = None
+        self.egg_info = None
+        self.tag_build = None
+        self.tag_svn_revision = 0
+        self.tag_date = 0
+        self.broken_egg_info = False
+        self.vtags = None
+
+    def save_version_info(self, filename):
+        from setuptools.command.setopt import edit_config
+
+        values = dict(
+            egg_info=dict(
+                tag_svn_revision=0,
+                tag_date=0,
+                tag_build=self.tags(),
+            )
+        )
+        edit_config(filename, values)
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.egg_name = safe_name(self.distribution.get_name())
+        self.vtags = self.tags()
+        self.egg_version = self.tagged_version()
+
+        parsed_version = parse_version(self.egg_version)
+
+        try:
+            is_version = isinstance(parsed_version, packaging.version.Version)
+            spec = (
+                "%s==%s" if is_version else "%s===%s"
+            )
+            list(
+                parse_requirements(spec % (self.egg_name, self.egg_version))
+            )
+        except ValueError:
+            raise distutils.errors.DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Invalid distribution name or version syntax: %s-%s" %
+                (self.egg_name, self.egg_version)
+            )
+
+        if self.egg_base is None:
+            dirs = self.distribution.package_dir
+            self.egg_base = (dirs or {}).get('', os.curdir)
+
+        self.ensure_dirname('egg_base')
+        self.egg_info = to_filename(self.egg_name) + '.egg-info'
+        if self.egg_base != os.curdir:
+            self.egg_info = os.path.join(self.egg_base, self.egg_info)
+        if '-' in self.egg_name:
+            self.check_broken_egg_info()
+
+        # Set package version for the benefit of dumber commands
+        # (e.g. sdist, bdist_wininst, etc.)
+        #
+        self.distribution.metadata.version = self.egg_version
+
+        # If we bootstrapped around the lack of a PKG-INFO, as might be the
+        # case in a fresh checkout, make sure that any special tags get added
+        # to the version info
+        #
+        pd = self.distribution._patched_dist
+        if pd is not None and pd.key == self.egg_name.lower():
+            pd._version = self.egg_version
+            pd._parsed_version = parse_version(self.egg_version)
+            self.distribution._patched_dist = None
+
+    def write_or_delete_file(self, what, filename, data, force=False):
+        """Write `data` to `filename` or delete if empty
+
+        If `data` is non-empty, this routine is the same as ``write_file()``.
+        If `data` is empty but not ``None``, this is the same as calling
+        ``delete_file(filename)`.  If `data` is ``None``, then this is a no-op
+        unless `filename` exists, in which case a warning is issued about the
+        orphaned file (if `force` is false), or deleted (if `force` is true).
+        """
+        if data:
+            self.write_file(what, filename, data)
+        elif os.path.exists(filename):
+            if data is None and not force:
+                log.warn(
+                    "%s not set in setup(), but %s exists", what, filename
+                )
+                return
+            else:
+                self.delete_file(filename)
+
+    def write_file(self, what, filename, data):
+        """Write `data` to `filename` (if not a dry run) after announcing it
+
+        `what` is used in a log message to identify what is being written
+        to the file.
+        """
+        log.info("writing %s to %s", what, filename)
+        if PY3:
+            data = data.encode("utf-8")
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            f = open(filename, 'wb')
+            f.write(data)
+            f.close()
+
+    def delete_file(self, filename):
+        """Delete `filename` (if not a dry run) after announcing it"""
+        log.info("deleting %s", filename)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            os.unlink(filename)
+
+    def tagged_version(self):
+        version = self.distribution.get_version()
+        # egg_info may be called more than once for a distribution,
+        # in which case the version string already contains all tags.
+        if self.vtags and version.endswith(self.vtags):
+            return safe_version(version)
+        return safe_version(version + self.vtags)
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.mkpath(self.egg_info)
+        installer = self.distribution.fetch_build_egg
+        for ep in iter_entry_points('egg_info.writers'):
+            ep.require(installer=installer)
+            writer = ep.resolve()
+            writer(self, ep.name, os.path.join(self.egg_info, ep.name))
+
+        # Get rid of native_libs.txt if it was put there by older bdist_egg
+        nl = os.path.join(self.egg_info, "native_libs.txt")
+        if os.path.exists(nl):
+            self.delete_file(nl)
+
+        self.find_sources()
+
+    def tags(self):
+        version = ''
+        if self.tag_build:
+            version += self.tag_build
+        if self.tag_svn_revision:
+            rev = self.get_svn_revision()
+            if rev:     # is 0 if it's not an svn working copy
+                version += '-r%s' % rev
+        if self.tag_date:
+            import time
+
+            version += time.strftime("-%Y%m%d")
+        return version
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_svn_revision():
+        if 'svn_utils' not in globals():
+            return "0"
+        return str(svn_utils.SvnInfo.load(os.curdir).get_revision())
+
+    def find_sources(self):
+        """Generate SOURCES.txt manifest file"""
+        manifest_filename = os.path.join(self.egg_info, "SOURCES.txt")
+        mm = manifest_maker(self.distribution)
+        mm.manifest = manifest_filename
+        mm.run()
+        self.filelist = mm.filelist
+
+    def check_broken_egg_info(self):
+        bei = self.egg_name + '.egg-info'
+        if self.egg_base != os.curdir:
+            bei = os.path.join(self.egg_base, bei)
+        if os.path.exists(bei):
+            log.warn(
+                "-" * 78 + '\n'
+                "Note: Your current .egg-info directory has a '-' in its name;"
+                '\nthis will not work correctly with "setup.py develop".\n\n'
+                'Please rename %s to %s to correct this problem.\n' + '-' * 78,
+                bei, self.egg_info
+            )
+            self.broken_egg_info = self.egg_info
+            self.egg_info = bei  # make it work for now
+
+
+class FileList(_FileList):
+    """File list that accepts only existing, platform-independent paths"""
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        if item.endswith('\r'):  # Fix older sdists built on Windows
+            item = item[:-1]
+        path = convert_path(item)
+
+        if self._safe_path(path):
+            self.files.append(path)
+
+    def extend(self, paths):
+        self.files.extend(filter(self._safe_path, paths))
+
+    def _repair(self):
+        """
+        Replace self.files with only safe paths
+
+        Because some owners of FileList manipulate the underlying
+        ``files`` attribute directly, this method must be called to
+        repair those paths.
+        """
+        self.files = list(filter(self._safe_path, self.files))
+
+    def _safe_path(self, path):
+        enc_warn = "'%s' not %s encodable -- skipping"
+
+        # To avoid accidental trans-codings errors, first to unicode
+        u_path = unicode_utils.filesys_decode(path)
+        if u_path is None:
+            log.warn("'%s' in unexpected encoding -- skipping" % path)
+            return False
+
+        # Must ensure utf-8 encodability
+        utf8_path = unicode_utils.try_encode(u_path, "utf-8")
+        if utf8_path is None:
+            log.warn(enc_warn, path, 'utf-8')
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            # accept is either way checks out
+            if os.path.exists(u_path) or os.path.exists(utf8_path):
+                return True
+        # this will catch any encode errors decoding u_path
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            log.warn(enc_warn, path, sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+
+
+class manifest_maker(sdist):
+    template = "MANIFEST.in"
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.use_defaults = 1
+        self.prune = 1
+        self.manifest_only = 1
+        self.force_manifest = 1
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        pass
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.filelist = FileList()
+        if not os.path.exists(self.manifest):
+            self.write_manifest()  # it must exist so it'll get in the list
+        self.filelist.findall()
+        self.add_defaults()
+        if os.path.exists(self.template):
+            self.read_template()
+        self.prune_file_list()
+        self.filelist.sort()
+        self.filelist.remove_duplicates()
+        self.write_manifest()
+
+    def _manifest_normalize(self, path):
+        path = unicode_utils.filesys_decode(path)
+        return path.replace(os.sep, '/')
+
+    def write_manifest(self):
+        """
+        Write the file list in 'self.filelist' to the manifest file
+        named by 'self.manifest'.
+        """
+        self.filelist._repair()
+
+        # Now _repairs should encodability, but not unicode
+        files = [self._manifest_normalize(f) for f in self.filelist.files]
+        msg = "writing manifest file '%s'" % self.manifest
+        self.execute(write_file, (self.manifest, files), msg)
+
+    def warn(self, msg):  # suppress missing-file warnings from sdist
+        if not msg.startswith("standard file not found:"):
+            sdist.warn(self, msg)
+
+    def add_defaults(self):
+        sdist.add_defaults(self)
+        self.filelist.append(self.template)
+        self.filelist.append(self.manifest)
+        rcfiles = list(walk_revctrl())
+        if rcfiles:
+            self.filelist.extend(rcfiles)
+        elif os.path.exists(self.manifest):
+            self.read_manifest()
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        self._add_egg_info(cmd=ei_cmd)
+        self.filelist.include_pattern("*", prefix=ei_cmd.egg_info)
+
+    def _add_egg_info(self, cmd):
+        """
+        Add paths for egg-info files for an external egg-base.
+
+        The egg-info files are written to egg-base. If egg-base is
+        outside the current working directory, this method
+        searchs the egg-base directory for files to include
+        in the manifest. Uses distutils.filelist.findall (which is
+        really the version monkeypatched in by setuptools/__init__.py)
+        to perform the search.
+
+        Since findall records relative paths, prefix the returned
+        paths with cmd.egg_base, so add_default's include_pattern call
+        (which is looking for the absolute cmd.egg_info) will match
+        them.
+        """
+        if cmd.egg_base == os.curdir:
+            # egg-info files were already added by something else
+            return
+
+        discovered = distutils.filelist.findall(cmd.egg_base)
+        resolved = (os.path.join(cmd.egg_base, path) for path in discovered)
+        self.filelist.allfiles.extend(resolved)
+
+    def prune_file_list(self):
+        build = self.get_finalized_command('build')
+        base_dir = self.distribution.get_fullname()
+        self.filelist.exclude_pattern(None, prefix=build.build_base)
+        self.filelist.exclude_pattern(None, prefix=base_dir)
+        sep = re.escape(os.sep)
+        self.filelist.exclude_pattern(r'(^|' + sep + r')(RCS|CVS|\.svn)' + sep,
+                                      is_regex=1)
+
+
+def write_file(filename, contents):
+    """Create a file with the specified name and write 'contents' (a
+    sequence of strings without line terminators) to it.
+    """
+    contents = "\n".join(contents)
+
+    # assuming the contents has been vetted for utf-8 encoding
+    contents = contents.encode("utf-8")
+
+    with open(filename, "wb") as f:  # always write POSIX-style manifest
+        f.write(contents)
+
+
+def write_pkg_info(cmd, basename, filename):
+    log.info("writing %s", filename)
+    if not cmd.dry_run:
+        metadata = cmd.distribution.metadata
+        metadata.version, oldver = cmd.egg_version, metadata.version
+        metadata.name, oldname = cmd.egg_name, metadata.name
+        try:
+            # write unescaped data to PKG-INFO, so older pkg_resources
+            # can still parse it
+            metadata.write_pkg_info(cmd.egg_info)
+        finally:
+            metadata.name, metadata.version = oldname, oldver
+
+        safe = getattr(cmd.distribution, 'zip_safe', None)
+        from setuptools.command import bdist_egg
+
+        bdist_egg.write_safety_flag(cmd.egg_info, safe)
+
+
+def warn_depends_obsolete(cmd, basename, filename):
+    if os.path.exists(filename):
+        log.warn(
+            "WARNING: 'depends.txt' is not used by setuptools 0.6!\n"
+            "Use the install_requires/extras_require setup() args instead."
+        )
+
+
+def _write_requirements(stream, reqs):
+    lines = yield_lines(reqs or ())
+    append_cr = lambda line: line + '\n'
+    lines = map(append_cr, lines)
+    stream.writelines(lines)
+
+
+def write_requirements(cmd, basename, filename):
+    dist = cmd.distribution
+    data = StringIO()
+    _write_requirements(data, dist.install_requires)
+    extras_require = dist.extras_require or {}
+    for extra in sorted(extras_require):
+        data.write('\n[{extra}]\n'.format(**vars()))
+        _write_requirements(data, extras_require[extra])
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file("requirements", filename, data.getvalue())
+
+
+def write_setup_requirements(cmd, basename, filename):
+    data = StringIO()
+    _write_requirements(data, cmd.distribution.setup_requires)
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file("setup-requirements", filename, data.getvalue())
+
+
+def write_toplevel_names(cmd, basename, filename):
+    pkgs = dict.fromkeys(
+        [
+            k.split('.', 1)[0]
+            for k in cmd.distribution.iter_distribution_names()
+        ]
+    )
+    cmd.write_file("top-level names", filename, '\n'.join(sorted(pkgs)) + '\n')
+
+
+def overwrite_arg(cmd, basename, filename):
+    write_arg(cmd, basename, filename, True)
+
+
+def write_arg(cmd, basename, filename, force=False):
+    argname = os.path.splitext(basename)[0]
+    value = getattr(cmd.distribution, argname, None)
+    if value is not None:
+        value = '\n'.join(value) + '\n'
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file(argname, filename, value, force)
+
+
+def write_entries(cmd, basename, filename):
+    ep = cmd.distribution.entry_points
+
+    if isinstance(ep, basestring) or ep is None:
+        data = ep
+    elif ep is not None:
+        data = []
+        for section, contents in sorted(ep.items()):
+            if not isinstance(contents, basestring):
+                contents = EntryPoint.parse_group(section, contents)
+                contents = '\n'.join(sorted(map(str, contents.values())))
+            data.append('[%s]\n%s\n\n' % (section, contents))
+        data = ''.join(data)
+
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file('entry points', filename, data, True)
+
+
+def get_pkg_info_revision():
+    # See if we can get a -r### off of PKG-INFO, in case this is an sdist of
+    # a subversion revision
+    #
+    if os.path.exists('PKG-INFO'):
+        f = open('PKG-INFO', 'rU')
+        for line in f:
+            match = re.match(r"Version:.*-r(\d+)\s*$", line)
+            if match:
+                return int(match.group(1))
+        f.close()
+    return 0
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2bca2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsArgError
+import inspect
+import glob
+import warnings
+import platform
+import distutils.command.install as orig
+
+import setuptools
+
+# Prior to numpy 1.9, NumPy relies on the '_install' name, so provide it for
+# now. See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issue/199/
+_install = orig.install
+
+
+class install(orig.install):
+    """Use easy_install to install the package, w/dependencies"""
+
+    user_options = orig.install.user_options + [
+        ('old-and-unmanageable', None, "Try not to use this!"),
+        ('single-version-externally-managed', None,
+         "used by system package builders to create 'flat' eggs"),
+    ]
+    boolean_options = orig.install.boolean_options + [
+        'old-and-unmanageable', 'single-version-externally-managed',
+    ]
+    new_commands = [
+        ('install_egg_info', lambda self: True),
+        ('install_scripts', lambda self: True),
+    ]
+    _nc = dict(new_commands)
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        orig.install.initialize_options(self)
+        self.old_and_unmanageable = None
+        self.single_version_externally_managed = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        orig.install.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.root:
+            self.single_version_externally_managed = True
+        elif self.single_version_externally_managed:
+            if not self.root and not self.record:
+                raise DistutilsArgError(
+                    "You must specify --record or --root when building system"
+                    " packages"
+                )
+
+    def handle_extra_path(self):
+        if self.root or self.single_version_externally_managed:
+            # explicit backward-compatibility mode, allow extra_path to work
+            return orig.install.handle_extra_path(self)
+
+        # Ignore extra_path when installing an egg (or being run by another
+        # command without --root or --single-version-externally-managed
+        self.path_file = None
+        self.extra_dirs = ''
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Explicit request for old-style install?  Just do it
+        if self.old_and_unmanageable or self.single_version_externally_managed:
+            return orig.install.run(self)
+
+        if not self._called_from_setup(inspect.currentframe()):
+            # Run in backward-compatibility mode to support bdist_* commands.
+            orig.install.run(self)
+        else:
+            self.do_egg_install()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _called_from_setup(run_frame):
+        """
+        Attempt to detect whether run() was called from setup() or by another
+        command.  If called by setup(), the parent caller will be the
+        'run_command' method in 'distutils.dist', and *its* caller will be
+        the 'run_commands' method.  If called any other way, the
+        immediate caller *might* be 'run_command', but it won't have been
+        called by 'run_commands'. Return True in that case or if a call stack
+        is unavailable. Return False otherwise.
+        """
+        if run_frame is None:
+            msg = "Call stack not available. bdist_* commands may fail."
+            warnings.warn(msg)
+            if platform.python_implementation() == 'IronPython':
+                msg = "For best results, pass -X:Frames to enable call stack."
+                warnings.warn(msg)
+            return True
+        res = inspect.getouterframes(run_frame)[2]
+        caller, = res[:1]
+        info = inspect.getframeinfo(caller)
+        caller_module = caller.f_globals.get('__name__', '')
+        return (
+            caller_module == 'distutils.dist'
+            and info.function == 'run_commands'
+        )
+
+    def do_egg_install(self):
+
+        easy_install = self.distribution.get_command_class('easy_install')
+
+        cmd = easy_install(
+            self.distribution, args="x", root=self.root, record=self.record,
+        )
+        cmd.ensure_finalized()  # finalize before bdist_egg munges install cmd
+        cmd.always_copy_from = '.'  # make sure local-dir eggs get installed
+
+        # pick up setup-dir .egg files only: no .egg-info
+        cmd.package_index.scan(glob.glob('*.egg'))
+
+        self.run_command('bdist_egg')
+        args = [self.distribution.get_command_obj('bdist_egg').egg_output]
+
+        if setuptools.bootstrap_install_from:
+            # Bootstrap self-installation of setuptools
+            args.insert(0, setuptools.bootstrap_install_from)
+
+        cmd.args = args
+        cmd.run()
+        setuptools.bootstrap_install_from = None
+
+
+# XXX Python 3.1 doesn't see _nc if this is inside the class
+install.sub_commands = (
+    [cmd for cmd in orig.install.sub_commands if cmd[0] not in install._nc] +
+    install.new_commands
+)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd0f118
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+from distutils import log, dir_util
+import os
+
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.archive_util import unpack_archive
+import pkg_resources
+
+
+class install_egg_info(Command):
+    """Install an .egg-info directory for the package"""
+
+    description = "Install an .egg-info directory for the package"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('install-dir=', 'd', "directory to install to"),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.install_dir = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.set_undefined_options('install_lib',
+                                   ('install_dir', 'install_dir'))
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        basename = pkg_resources.Distribution(
+            None, None, ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version
+        ).egg_name() + '.egg-info'
+        self.source = ei_cmd.egg_info
+        self.target = os.path.join(self.install_dir, basename)
+        self.outputs = [self.target]
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        if os.path.isdir(self.target) and not os.path.islink(self.target):
+            dir_util.remove_tree(self.target, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+        elif os.path.exists(self.target):
+            self.execute(os.unlink, (self.target,), "Removing " + self.target)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            pkg_resources.ensure_directory(self.target)
+        self.execute(
+            self.copytree, (), "Copying %s to %s" % (self.source, self.target)
+        )
+        self.install_namespaces()
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return self.outputs
+
+    def copytree(self):
+        # Copy the .egg-info tree to site-packages
+        def skimmer(src, dst):
+            # filter out source-control directories; note that 'src' is always
+            # a '/'-separated path, regardless of platform.  'dst' is a
+            # platform-specific path.
+            for skip in '.svn/', 'CVS/':
+                if src.startswith(skip) or '/' + skip in src:
+                    return None
+            self.outputs.append(dst)
+            log.debug("Copying %s to %s", src, dst)
+            return dst
+
+        unpack_archive(self.source, self.target, skimmer)
+
+    def install_namespaces(self):
+        nsp = self._get_all_ns_packages()
+        if not nsp:
+            return
+        filename, ext = os.path.splitext(self.target)
+        filename += '-nspkg.pth'
+        self.outputs.append(filename)
+        log.info("Installing %s", filename)
+        lines = map(self._gen_nspkg_line, nsp)
+
+        if self.dry_run:
+            # always generate the lines, even in dry run
+            list(lines)
+            return
+
+        with open(filename, 'wt') as f:
+            f.writelines(lines)
+
+    _nspkg_tmpl = (
+        "import sys, types, os",
+        "p = os.path.join(sys._getframe(1).f_locals['sitedir'], *%(pth)r)",
+        "ie = os.path.exists(os.path.join(p,'__init__.py'))",
+        "m = not ie and "
+            "sys.modules.setdefault(%(pkg)r, types.ModuleType(%(pkg)r))",
+        "mp = (m or []) and m.__dict__.setdefault('__path__',[])",
+        "(p not in mp) and mp.append(p)",
+    )
+    "lines for the namespace installer"
+
+    _nspkg_tmpl_multi = (
+        'm and setattr(sys.modules[%(parent)r], %(child)r, m)',
+    )
+    "additional line(s) when a parent package is indicated"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _gen_nspkg_line(cls, pkg):
+        # ensure pkg is not a unicode string under Python 2.7
+        pkg = str(pkg)
+        pth = tuple(pkg.split('.'))
+        tmpl_lines = cls._nspkg_tmpl
+        parent, sep, child = pkg.rpartition('.')
+        if parent:
+            tmpl_lines += cls._nspkg_tmpl_multi
+        return ';'.join(tmpl_lines) % locals() + '\n'
+
+    def _get_all_ns_packages(self):
+        """Return sorted list of all package namespaces"""
+        nsp = set()
+        for pkg in self.distribution.namespace_packages or []:
+            pkg = pkg.split('.')
+            while pkg:
+                nsp.add('.'.join(pkg))
+                pkg.pop()
+        return sorted(nsp)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_lib.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_lib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b77222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_lib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+import os
+import imp
+from itertools import product, starmap
+import distutils.command.install_lib as orig
+
+class install_lib(orig.install_lib):
+    """Don't add compiled flags to filenames of non-Python files"""
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.build()
+        outfiles = self.install()
+        if outfiles is not None:
+            # always compile, in case we have any extension stubs to deal with
+            self.byte_compile(outfiles)
+
+    def get_exclusions(self):
+        """
+        Return a collections.Sized collections.Container of paths to be
+        excluded for single_version_externally_managed installations.
+        """
+        all_packages = (
+            pkg
+            for ns_pkg in self._get_SVEM_NSPs()
+            for pkg in self._all_packages(ns_pkg)
+        )
+
+        excl_specs = product(all_packages, self._gen_exclusion_paths())
+        return set(starmap(self._exclude_pkg_path, excl_specs))
+
+    def _exclude_pkg_path(self, pkg, exclusion_path):
+        """
+        Given a package name and exclusion path within that package,
+        compute the full exclusion path.
+        """
+        parts = pkg.split('.') + [exclusion_path]
+        return os.path.join(self.install_dir, *parts)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _all_packages(pkg_name):
+        """
+        >>> list(install_lib._all_packages('foo.bar.baz'))
+        ['foo.bar.baz', 'foo.bar', 'foo']
+        """
+        while pkg_name:
+            yield pkg_name
+            pkg_name, sep, child = pkg_name.rpartition('.')
+
+    def _get_SVEM_NSPs(self):
+        """
+        Get namespace packages (list) but only for
+        single_version_externally_managed installations and empty otherwise.
+        """
+        # TODO: is it necessary to short-circuit here? i.e. what's the cost
+        # if get_finalized_command is called even when namespace_packages is
+        # False?
+        if not self.distribution.namespace_packages:
+            return []
+
+        install_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('install')
+        svem = install_cmd.single_version_externally_managed
+
+        return self.distribution.namespace_packages if svem else []
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _gen_exclusion_paths():
+        """
+        Generate file paths to be excluded for namespace packages (bytecode
+        cache files).
+        """
+        # always exclude the package module itself
+        yield '__init__.py'
+
+        yield '__init__.pyc'
+        yield '__init__.pyo'
+
+        if not hasattr(imp, 'get_tag'):
+            return
+
+        base = os.path.join('__pycache__', '__init__.' + imp.get_tag())
+        yield base + '.pyc'
+        yield base + '.pyo'
+
+    def copy_tree(
+            self, infile, outfile,
+            preserve_mode=1, preserve_times=1, preserve_symlinks=0, level=1
+    ):
+        assert preserve_mode and preserve_times and not preserve_symlinks
+        exclude = self.get_exclusions()
+
+        if not exclude:
+            return orig.install_lib.copy_tree(self, infile, outfile)
+
+        # Exclude namespace package __init__.py* files from the output
+
+        from setuptools.archive_util import unpack_directory
+        from distutils import log
+
+        outfiles = []
+
+        def pf(src, dst):
+            if dst in exclude:
+                log.warn("Skipping installation of %s (namespace package)",
+                         dst)
+                return False
+
+            log.info("copying %s -> %s", src, os.path.dirname(dst))
+            outfiles.append(dst)
+            return dst
+
+        unpack_directory(infile, outfile, pf)
+        return outfiles
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        outputs = orig.install_lib.get_outputs(self)
+        exclude = self.get_exclusions()
+        if exclude:
+            return [f for f in outputs if f not in exclude]
+        return outputs
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_scripts.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_scripts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be66cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_scripts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+from distutils import log
+import distutils.command.install_scripts as orig
+import os
+
+from pkg_resources import Distribution, PathMetadata, ensure_directory
+
+
+class install_scripts(orig.install_scripts):
+    """Do normal script install, plus any egg_info wrapper scripts"""
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        orig.install_scripts.initialize_options(self)
+        self.no_ep = False
+
+    def run(self):
+        import setuptools.command.easy_install as ei
+
+        self.run_command("egg_info")
+        if self.distribution.scripts:
+            orig.install_scripts.run(self)  # run first to set up self.outfiles
+        else:
+            self.outfiles = []
+        if self.no_ep:
+            # don't install entry point scripts into .egg file!
+            return
+
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        dist = Distribution(
+            ei_cmd.egg_base, PathMetadata(ei_cmd.egg_base, ei_cmd.egg_info),
+            ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version,
+        )
+        bs_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('build_scripts')
+        exec_param = getattr(bs_cmd, 'executable', None)
+        bw_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("bdist_wininst")
+        is_wininst = getattr(bw_cmd, '_is_running', False)
+        writer = ei.ScriptWriter
+        if is_wininst:
+            exec_param = "python.exe"
+            writer = ei.WindowsScriptWriter
+        # resolve the writer to the environment
+        writer = writer.best()
+        cmd = writer.command_spec_class.best().from_param(exec_param)
+        for args in writer.get_args(dist, cmd.as_header()):
+            self.write_script(*args)
+
+    def write_script(self, script_name, contents, mode="t", *ignored):
+        """Write an executable file to the scripts directory"""
+        from setuptools.command.easy_install import chmod, current_umask
+
+        log.info("Installing %s script to %s", script_name, self.install_dir)
+        target = os.path.join(self.install_dir, script_name)
+        self.outfiles.append(target)
+
+        mask = current_umask()
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            ensure_directory(target)
+            f = open(target, "w" + mode)
+            f.write(contents)
+            f.close()
+            chmod(target, 0o777 - mask)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5972a96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml	
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+
+    
+    
+    
+        
+            
+                
+            
+        
+    
+
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/register.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/register.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d6336a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/register.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import distutils.command.register as orig
+
+
+class register(orig.register):
+    __doc__ = orig.register.__doc__
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Make sure that we are using valid current name/version info
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        orig.register.run(self)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/rotate.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/rotate.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b07362
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/rotate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+import os
+
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.compat import basestring
+
+
+class rotate(Command):
+    """Delete older distributions"""
+
+    description = "delete older distributions, keeping N newest files"
+    user_options = [
+        ('match=', 'm', "patterns to match (required)"),
+        ('dist-dir=', 'd', "directory where the distributions are"),
+        ('keep=', 'k', "number of matching distributions to keep"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = []
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.match = None
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.keep = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        if self.match is None:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Must specify one or more (comma-separated) match patterns "
+                "(e.g. '.zip' or '.egg')"
+            )
+        if self.keep is None:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("Must specify number of files to keep")
+        try:
+            self.keep = int(self.keep)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("--keep must be an integer")
+        if isinstance(self.match, basestring):
+            self.match = [
+                convert_path(p.strip()) for p in self.match.split(',')
+            ]
+        self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('dist_dir', 'dist_dir'))
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_command("egg_info")
+        from glob import glob
+
+        for pattern in self.match:
+            pattern = self.distribution.get_name() + '*' + pattern
+            files = glob(os.path.join(self.dist_dir, pattern))
+            files = [(os.path.getmtime(f), f) for f in files]
+            files.sort()
+            files.reverse()
+
+            log.info("%d file(s) matching %s", len(files), pattern)
+            files = files[self.keep:]
+            for (t, f) in files:
+                log.info("Deleting %s", f)
+                if not self.dry_run:
+                    os.unlink(f)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/saveopts.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/saveopts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..611cec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/saveopts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from setuptools.command.setopt import edit_config, option_base
+
+
+class saveopts(option_base):
+    """Save command-line options to a file"""
+
+    description = "save supplied options to setup.cfg or other config file"
+
+    def run(self):
+        dist = self.distribution
+        settings = {}
+
+        for cmd in dist.command_options:
+
+            if cmd == 'saveopts':
+                continue  # don't save our own options!
+
+            for opt, (src, val) in dist.get_option_dict(cmd).items():
+                if src == "command line":
+                    settings.setdefault(cmd, {})[opt] = val
+
+        edit_config(self.filename, settings, self.dry_run)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..851a177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+from glob import glob
+from distutils import log
+import distutils.command.sdist as orig
+import os
+import sys
+
+from setuptools.compat import PY3
+from setuptools.utils import cs_path_exists
+
+import pkg_resources
+
+READMES = 'README', 'README.rst', 'README.txt'
+
+_default_revctrl = list
+
+def walk_revctrl(dirname=''):
+    """Find all files under revision control"""
+    for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('setuptools.file_finders'):
+        for item in ep.load()(dirname):
+            yield item
+
+
+class sdist(orig.sdist):
+    """Smart sdist that finds anything supported by revision control"""
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('formats=', None,
+         "formats for source distribution (comma-separated list)"),
+        ('keep-temp', 'k',
+         "keep the distribution tree around after creating " +
+         "archive file(s)"),
+        ('dist-dir=', 'd',
+         "directory to put the source distribution archive(s) in "
+         "[default: dist]"),
+    ]
+
+    negative_opt = {}
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        self.filelist = ei_cmd.filelist
+        self.filelist.append(os.path.join(ei_cmd.egg_info, 'SOURCES.txt'))
+        self.check_readme()
+
+        # Run sub commands
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            self.run_command(cmd_name)
+
+        # Call check_metadata only if no 'check' command
+        # (distutils <= 2.6)
+        import distutils.command
+
+        if 'check' not in distutils.command.__all__:
+            self.check_metadata()
+
+        self.make_distribution()
+
+        dist_files = getattr(self.distribution, 'dist_files', [])
+        for file in self.archive_files:
+            data = ('sdist', '', file)
+            if data not in dist_files:
+                dist_files.append(data)
+
+    def __read_template_hack(self):
+        # This grody hack closes the template file (MANIFEST.in) if an
+        #  exception occurs during read_template.
+        # Doing so prevents an error when easy_install attempts to delete the
+        #  file.
+        try:
+            orig.sdist.read_template(self)
+        except:
+            _, _, tb = sys.exc_info()
+            tb.tb_next.tb_frame.f_locals['template'].close()
+            raise
+
+    # Beginning with Python 2.7.2, 3.1.4, and 3.2.1, this leaky file handle
+    #  has been fixed, so only override the method if we're using an earlier
+    #  Python.
+    has_leaky_handle = (
+        sys.version_info < (2, 7, 2)
+        or (3, 0) <= sys.version_info < (3, 1, 4)
+        or (3, 2) <= sys.version_info < (3, 2, 1)
+    )
+    if has_leaky_handle:
+        read_template = __read_template_hack
+
+    def add_defaults(self):
+        standards = [READMES,
+                     self.distribution.script_name]
+        for fn in standards:
+            if isinstance(fn, tuple):
+                alts = fn
+                got_it = 0
+                for fn in alts:
+                    if cs_path_exists(fn):
+                        got_it = 1
+                        self.filelist.append(fn)
+                        break
+
+                if not got_it:
+                    self.warn("standard file not found: should have one of " +
+                              ', '.join(alts))
+            else:
+                if cs_path_exists(fn):
+                    self.filelist.append(fn)
+                else:
+                    self.warn("standard file '%s' not found" % fn)
+
+        optional = ['test/test*.py', 'setup.cfg']
+        for pattern in optional:
+            files = list(filter(cs_path_exists, glob(pattern)))
+            if files:
+                self.filelist.extend(files)
+
+        # getting python files
+        if self.distribution.has_pure_modules():
+            build_py = self.get_finalized_command('build_py')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_py.get_source_files())
+            # This functionality is incompatible with include_package_data, and
+            # will in fact create an infinite recursion if include_package_data
+            # is True.  Use of include_package_data will imply that
+            # distutils-style automatic handling of package_data is disabled
+            if not self.distribution.include_package_data:
+                for _, src_dir, _, filenames in build_py.data_files:
+                    self.filelist.extend([os.path.join(src_dir, filename)
+                                          for filename in filenames])
+
+        if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+            build_ext = self.get_finalized_command('build_ext')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_ext.get_source_files())
+
+        if self.distribution.has_c_libraries():
+            build_clib = self.get_finalized_command('build_clib')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_clib.get_source_files())
+
+        if self.distribution.has_scripts():
+            build_scripts = self.get_finalized_command('build_scripts')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_scripts.get_source_files())
+
+    def check_readme(self):
+        for f in READMES:
+            if os.path.exists(f):
+                return
+        else:
+            self.warn(
+                "standard file not found: should have one of " +
+                ', '.join(READMES)
+            )
+
+    def make_release_tree(self, base_dir, files):
+        orig.sdist.make_release_tree(self, base_dir, files)
+
+        # Save any egg_info command line options used to create this sdist
+        dest = os.path.join(base_dir, 'setup.cfg')
+        if hasattr(os, 'link') and os.path.exists(dest):
+            # unlink and re-copy, since it might be hard-linked, and
+            # we don't want to change the source version
+            os.unlink(dest)
+            self.copy_file('setup.cfg', dest)
+
+        self.get_finalized_command('egg_info').save_version_info(dest)
+
+    def _manifest_is_not_generated(self):
+        # check for special comment used in 2.7.1 and higher
+        if not os.path.isfile(self.manifest):
+            return False
+
+        fp = open(self.manifest, 'rbU')
+        try:
+            first_line = fp.readline()
+        finally:
+            fp.close()
+        return (first_line !=
+                '# file GENERATED by distutils, do NOT edit\n'.encode())
+
+    def read_manifest(self):
+        """Read the manifest file (named by 'self.manifest') and use it to
+        fill in 'self.filelist', the list of files to include in the source
+        distribution.
+        """
+        log.info("reading manifest file '%s'", self.manifest)
+        manifest = open(self.manifest, 'rbU')
+        for line in manifest:
+            # The manifest must contain UTF-8. See #303.
+            if PY3:
+                try:
+                    line = line.decode('UTF-8')
+                except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                    log.warn("%r not UTF-8 decodable -- skipping" % line)
+                    continue
+            # ignore comments and blank lines
+            line = line.strip()
+            if line.startswith('#') or not line:
+                continue
+            self.filelist.append(line)
+        manifest.close()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/setopt.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/setopt.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a04d603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/setopt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+import distutils
+import os
+
+from setuptools import Command
+
+
+__all__ = ['config_file', 'edit_config', 'option_base', 'setopt']
+
+
+def config_file(kind="local"):
+    """Get the filename of the distutils, local, global, or per-user config
+
+    `kind` must be one of "local", "global", or "user"
+    """
+    if kind == 'local':
+        return 'setup.cfg'
+    if kind == 'global':
+        return os.path.join(
+            os.path.dirname(distutils.__file__), 'distutils.cfg'
+        )
+    if kind == 'user':
+        dot = os.name == 'posix' and '.' or ''
+        return os.path.expanduser(convert_path("~/%spydistutils.cfg" % dot))
+    raise ValueError(
+        "config_file() type must be 'local', 'global', or 'user'", kind
+    )
+
+
+def edit_config(filename, settings, dry_run=False):
+    """Edit a configuration file to include `settings`
+
+    `settings` is a dictionary of dictionaries or ``None`` values, keyed by
+    command/section name.  A ``None`` value means to delete the entire section,
+    while a dictionary lists settings to be changed or deleted in that section.
+    A setting of ``None`` means to delete that setting.
+    """
+    from setuptools.compat import ConfigParser
+
+    log.debug("Reading configuration from %s", filename)
+    opts = ConfigParser.RawConfigParser()
+    opts.read([filename])
+    for section, options in settings.items():
+        if options is None:
+            log.info("Deleting section [%s] from %s", section, filename)
+            opts.remove_section(section)
+        else:
+            if not opts.has_section(section):
+                log.debug("Adding new section [%s] to %s", section, filename)
+                opts.add_section(section)
+            for option, value in options.items():
+                if value is None:
+                    log.debug(
+                        "Deleting %s.%s from %s",
+                        section, option, filename
+                    )
+                    opts.remove_option(section, option)
+                    if not opts.options(section):
+                        log.info("Deleting empty [%s] section from %s",
+                                 section, filename)
+                        opts.remove_section(section)
+                else:
+                    log.debug(
+                        "Setting %s.%s to %r in %s",
+                        section, option, value, filename
+                    )
+                    opts.set(section, option, value)
+
+    log.info("Writing %s", filename)
+    if not dry_run:
+        with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+            opts.write(f)
+
+
+class option_base(Command):
+    """Abstract base class for commands that mess with config files"""
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('global-config', 'g',
+         "save options to the site-wide distutils.cfg file"),
+        ('user-config', 'u',
+         "save options to the current user's pydistutils.cfg file"),
+        ('filename=', 'f',
+         "configuration file to use (default=setup.cfg)"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = [
+        'global-config', 'user-config',
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.global_config = None
+        self.user_config = None
+        self.filename = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        filenames = []
+        if self.global_config:
+            filenames.append(config_file('global'))
+        if self.user_config:
+            filenames.append(config_file('user'))
+        if self.filename is not None:
+            filenames.append(self.filename)
+        if not filenames:
+            filenames.append(config_file('local'))
+        if len(filenames) > 1:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Must specify only one configuration file option",
+                filenames
+            )
+        self.filename, = filenames
+
+
+class setopt(option_base):
+    """Save command-line options to a file"""
+
+    description = "set an option in setup.cfg or another config file"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('command=', 'c', 'command to set an option for'),
+        ('option=', 'o', 'option to set'),
+        ('set-value=', 's', 'value of the option'),
+        ('remove', 'r', 'remove (unset) the value'),
+    ] + option_base.user_options
+
+    boolean_options = option_base.boolean_options + ['remove']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        option_base.initialize_options(self)
+        self.command = None
+        self.option = None
+        self.set_value = None
+        self.remove = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        option_base.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.command is None or self.option is None:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("Must specify --command *and* --option")
+        if self.set_value is None and not self.remove:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("Must specify --set-value or --remove")
+
+    def run(self):
+        edit_config(
+            self.filename, {
+                self.command: {self.option.replace('-', '_'): self.set_value}
+            },
+            self.dry_run
+        )
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..160e21c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+from unittest import TestLoader
+import sys
+
+from pkg_resources import (resource_listdir, resource_exists, normalize_path,
+                           working_set, _namespace_packages,
+                           add_activation_listener, require, EntryPoint)
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.compat import PY3
+from setuptools.py31compat import unittest_main
+
+
+class ScanningLoader(TestLoader):
+    def loadTestsFromModule(self, module, pattern=None):
+        """Return a suite of all tests cases contained in the given module
+
+        If the module is a package, load tests from all the modules in it.
+        If the module has an ``additional_tests`` function, call it and add
+        the return value to the tests.
+        """
+        tests = []
+        tests.append(TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule(self, module))
+
+        if hasattr(module, "additional_tests"):
+            tests.append(module.additional_tests())
+
+        if hasattr(module, '__path__'):
+            for file in resource_listdir(module.__name__, ''):
+                if file.endswith('.py') and file != '__init__.py':
+                    submodule = module.__name__ + '.' + file[:-3]
+                else:
+                    if resource_exists(module.__name__, file + '/__init__.py'):
+                        submodule = module.__name__ + '.' + file
+                    else:
+                        continue
+                tests.append(self.loadTestsFromName(submodule))
+
+        if len(tests) != 1:
+            return self.suiteClass(tests)
+        else:
+            return tests[0]  # don't create a nested suite for only one return
+
+
+class test(Command):
+    """Command to run unit tests after in-place build"""
+
+    description = "run unit tests after in-place build"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('test-module=', 'm', "Run 'test_suite' in specified module"),
+        ('test-suite=', 's',
+         "Test suite to run (e.g. 'some_module.test_suite')"),
+        ('test-runner=', 'r', "Test runner to use"),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.test_suite = None
+        self.test_module = None
+        self.test_loader = None
+        self.test_runner = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+
+        if self.test_suite and self.test_module:
+            msg = "You may specify a module or a suite, but not both"
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(msg)
+
+        if self.test_suite is None:
+            if self.test_module is None:
+                self.test_suite = self.distribution.test_suite
+            else:
+                self.test_suite = self.test_module + ".test_suite"
+
+        if self.test_loader is None:
+            self.test_loader = getattr(self.distribution, 'test_loader', None)
+        if self.test_loader is None:
+            self.test_loader = "setuptools.command.test:ScanningLoader"
+        if self.test_runner is None:
+            self.test_runner = getattr(self.distribution, 'test_runner', None)
+
+    @property
+    def test_args(self):
+        return list(self._test_args())
+
+    def _test_args(self):
+        if self.verbose:
+            yield '--verbose'
+        if self.test_suite:
+            yield self.test_suite
+
+    def with_project_on_sys_path(self, func):
+        with_2to3 = PY3 and getattr(self.distribution, 'use_2to3', False)
+
+        if with_2to3:
+            # If we run 2to3 we can not do this inplace:
+
+            # Ensure metadata is up-to-date
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_py', inplace=0)
+            self.run_command('build_py')
+            bpy_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("build_py")
+            build_path = normalize_path(bpy_cmd.build_lib)
+
+            # Build extensions
+            self.reinitialize_command('egg_info', egg_base=build_path)
+            self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=0)
+            self.run_command('build_ext')
+        else:
+            # Without 2to3 inplace works fine:
+            self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+            # Build extensions in-place
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=1)
+            self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+
+        old_path = sys.path[:]
+        old_modules = sys.modules.copy()
+
+        try:
+            sys.path.insert(0, normalize_path(ei_cmd.egg_base))
+            working_set.__init__()
+            add_activation_listener(lambda dist: dist.activate())
+            require('%s==%s' % (ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version))
+            func()
+        finally:
+            sys.path[:] = old_path
+            sys.modules.clear()
+            sys.modules.update(old_modules)
+            working_set.__init__()
+
+    def run(self):
+        if self.distribution.install_requires:
+            self.distribution.fetch_build_eggs(
+                self.distribution.install_requires)
+        if self.distribution.tests_require:
+            self.distribution.fetch_build_eggs(self.distribution.tests_require)
+
+        cmd = ' '.join(self._argv)
+        if self.dry_run:
+            self.announce('skipping "%s" (dry run)' % cmd)
+        else:
+            self.announce('running "%s"' % cmd)
+            self.with_project_on_sys_path(self.run_tests)
+
+    def run_tests(self):
+        # Purge modules under test from sys.modules. The test loader will
+        # re-import them from the build location. Required when 2to3 is used
+        # with namespace packages.
+        if PY3 and getattr(self.distribution, 'use_2to3', False):
+            module = self.test_suite.split('.')[0]
+            if module in _namespace_packages:
+                del_modules = []
+                if module in sys.modules:
+                    del_modules.append(module)
+                module += '.'
+                for name in sys.modules:
+                    if name.startswith(module):
+                        del_modules.append(name)
+                list(map(sys.modules.__delitem__, del_modules))
+
+        unittest_main(
+            None, None, self._argv,
+            testLoader=self._resolve_as_ep(self.test_loader),
+            testRunner=self._resolve_as_ep(self.test_runner),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _argv(self):
+        return ['unittest'] + self.test_args
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _resolve_as_ep(val):
+        """
+        Load the indicated attribute value, called, as a as if it were
+        specified as an entry point.
+        """
+        if val is None:
+            return
+        parsed = EntryPoint.parse("x=" + val)
+        return parsed.resolve()()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload_docs.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload_docs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..001ee93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload_docs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""upload_docs
+
+Implements a Distutils 'upload_docs' subcommand (upload documentation to
+PyPI's pythonhosted.org).
+"""
+
+from base64 import standard_b64encode
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+from distutils.command.upload import upload
+import os
+import socket
+import zipfile
+import tempfile
+import sys
+import shutil
+
+from setuptools.compat import httplib, urlparse, unicode, iteritems, PY3
+from pkg_resources import iter_entry_points
+
+
+errors = 'surrogateescape' if PY3 else 'strict'
+
+
+# This is not just a replacement for byte literals
+# but works as a general purpose encoder
+def b(s, encoding='utf-8'):
+    if isinstance(s, unicode):
+        return s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    return s
+
+
+class upload_docs(upload):
+    description = 'Upload documentation to PyPI'
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('repository=', 'r',
+         "url of repository [default: %s]" % upload.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY),
+        ('show-response', None,
+         'display full response text from server'),
+        ('upload-dir=', None, 'directory to upload'),
+    ]
+    boolean_options = upload.boolean_options
+
+    def has_sphinx(self):
+        if self.upload_dir is None:
+            for ep in iter_entry_points('distutils.commands', 'build_sphinx'):
+                return True
+
+    sub_commands = [('build_sphinx', has_sphinx)]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        upload.initialize_options(self)
+        self.upload_dir = None
+        self.target_dir = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        upload.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.upload_dir is None:
+            if self.has_sphinx():
+                build_sphinx = self.get_finalized_command('build_sphinx')
+                self.target_dir = build_sphinx.builder_target_dir
+            else:
+                build = self.get_finalized_command('build')
+                self.target_dir = os.path.join(build.build_base, 'docs')
+        else:
+            self.ensure_dirname('upload_dir')
+            self.target_dir = self.upload_dir
+        self.announce('Using upload directory %s' % self.target_dir)
+
+    def create_zipfile(self, filename):
+        zip_file = zipfile.ZipFile(filename, "w")
+        try:
+            self.mkpath(self.target_dir)  # just in case
+            for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.target_dir):
+                if root == self.target_dir and not files:
+                    raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                        "no files found in upload directory '%s'"
+                        % self.target_dir)
+                for name in files:
+                    full = os.path.join(root, name)
+                    relative = root[len(self.target_dir):].lstrip(os.path.sep)
+                    dest = os.path.join(relative, name)
+                    zip_file.write(full, dest)
+        finally:
+            zip_file.close()
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Run sub commands
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            self.run_command(cmd_name)
+
+        tmp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        name = self.distribution.metadata.get_name()
+        zip_file = os.path.join(tmp_dir, "%s.zip" % name)
+        try:
+            self.create_zipfile(zip_file)
+            self.upload_file(zip_file)
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(tmp_dir)
+
+    def upload_file(self, filename):
+        f = open(filename, 'rb')
+        content = f.read()
+        f.close()
+        meta = self.distribution.metadata
+        data = {
+            ':action': 'doc_upload',
+            'name': meta.get_name(),
+            'content': (os.path.basename(filename), content),
+        }
+        # set up the authentication
+        credentials = b(self.username + ':' + self.password)
+        credentials = standard_b64encode(credentials)
+        if PY3:
+            credentials = credentials.decode('ascii')
+        auth = "Basic " + credentials
+
+        # Build up the MIME payload for the POST data
+        boundary = '--------------GHSKFJDLGDS7543FJKLFHRE75642756743254'
+        sep_boundary = b('\n--') + b(boundary)
+        end_boundary = sep_boundary + b('--')
+        body = []
+        for key, values in iteritems(data):
+            title = '\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key
+            # handle multiple entries for the same name
+            if not isinstance(values, list):
+                values = [values]
+            for value in values:
+                if type(value) is tuple:
+                    title += '; filename="%s"' % value[0]
+                    value = value[1]
+                else:
+                    value = b(value)
+                body.append(sep_boundary)
+                body.append(b(title))
+                body.append(b("\n\n"))
+                body.append(value)
+                if value and value[-1:] == b('\r'):
+                    body.append(b('\n'))  # write an extra newline (lurve Macs)
+        body.append(end_boundary)
+        body.append(b("\n"))
+        body = b('').join(body)
+
+        self.announce("Submitting documentation to %s" % (self.repository),
+                      log.INFO)
+
+        # build the Request
+        # We can't use urllib2 since we need to send the Basic
+        # auth right with the first request
+        schema, netloc, url, params, query, fragments = \
+            urlparse(self.repository)
+        assert not params and not query and not fragments
+        if schema == 'http':
+            conn = httplib.HTTPConnection(netloc)
+        elif schema == 'https':
+            conn = httplib.HTTPSConnection(netloc)
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("unsupported schema " + schema)
+
+        data = ''
+        try:
+            conn.connect()
+            conn.putrequest("POST", url)
+            content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary
+            conn.putheader('Content-type', content_type)
+            conn.putheader('Content-length', str(len(body)))
+            conn.putheader('Authorization', auth)
+            conn.endheaders()
+            conn.send(body)
+        except socket.error as e:
+            self.announce(str(e), log.ERROR)
+            return
+
+        r = conn.getresponse()
+        if r.status == 200:
+            self.announce('Server response (%s): %s' % (r.status, r.reason),
+                          log.INFO)
+        elif r.status == 301:
+            location = r.getheader('Location')
+            if location is None:
+                location = 'https://pythonhosted.org/%s/' % meta.get_name()
+            self.announce('Upload successful. Visit %s' % location,
+                          log.INFO)
+        else:
+            self.announce('Upload failed (%s): %s' % (r.status, r.reason),
+                          log.ERROR)
+        if self.show_response:
+            print('-' * 75, r.read(), '-' * 75)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/compat.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73e6e4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import sys
+import itertools
+
+PY3 = sys.version_info >= (3,)
+PY2 = not PY3
+
+if PY2:
+    basestring = basestring
+    import __builtin__ as builtins
+    import ConfigParser
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+    BytesIO = StringIO
+    func_code = lambda o: o.func_code
+    func_globals = lambda o: o.func_globals
+    im_func = lambda o: o.im_func
+    from htmlentitydefs import name2codepoint
+    import httplib
+    from BaseHTTPServer import HTTPServer
+    from SimpleHTTPServer import SimpleHTTPRequestHandler
+    from BaseHTTPServer import BaseHTTPRequestHandler
+    iteritems = lambda o: o.iteritems()
+    long_type = long
+    maxsize = sys.maxint
+    unichr = unichr
+    unicode = unicode
+    bytes = str
+    from urllib import url2pathname, splittag, pathname2url
+    import urllib2
+    from urllib2 import urlopen, HTTPError, URLError, unquote, splituser
+    from urlparse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urlunsplit
+    filterfalse = itertools.ifilterfalse
+
+    exec("""def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    raise tp, value, tb""")
+
+if PY3:
+    basestring = str
+    import builtins
+    import configparser as ConfigParser
+    from io import StringIO, BytesIO
+    func_code = lambda o: o.__code__
+    func_globals = lambda o: o.__globals__
+    im_func = lambda o: o.__func__
+    from html.entities import name2codepoint
+    import http.client as httplib
+    from http.server import HTTPServer, SimpleHTTPRequestHandler
+    from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler
+    iteritems = lambda o: o.items()
+    long_type = int
+    maxsize = sys.maxsize
+    unichr = chr
+    unicode = str
+    bytes = bytes
+    from urllib.error import HTTPError, URLError
+    import urllib.request as urllib2
+    from urllib.request import urlopen, url2pathname, pathname2url
+    from urllib.parse import (
+        urlparse, urlunparse, unquote, splituser, urljoin, urlsplit,
+        urlunsplit, splittag,
+    )
+    filterfalse = itertools.filterfalse
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/depends.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/depends.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e87ef3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/depends.py
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+import sys
+import imp
+import marshal
+from imp import PKG_DIRECTORY, PY_COMPILED, PY_SOURCE, PY_FROZEN
+from distutils.version import StrictVersion
+from setuptools import compat
+
+__all__ = [
+    'Require', 'find_module', 'get_module_constant', 'extract_constant'
+]
+
+class Require:
+    """A prerequisite to building or installing a distribution"""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, requested_version, module, homepage='',
+            attribute=None, format=None):
+
+        if format is None and requested_version is not None:
+            format = StrictVersion
+
+        if format is not None:
+            requested_version = format(requested_version)
+            if attribute is None:
+                attribute = '__version__'
+
+        self.__dict__.update(locals())
+        del self.self
+
+    def full_name(self):
+        """Return full package/distribution name, w/version"""
+        if self.requested_version is not None:
+            return '%s-%s' % (self.name,self.requested_version)
+        return self.name
+
+    def version_ok(self, version):
+        """Is 'version' sufficiently up-to-date?"""
+        return self.attribute is None or self.format is None or \
+            str(version) != "unknown" and version >= self.requested_version
+
+    def get_version(self, paths=None, default="unknown"):
+
+        """Get version number of installed module, 'None', or 'default'
+
+        Search 'paths' for module.  If not found, return 'None'.  If found,
+        return the extracted version attribute, or 'default' if no version
+        attribute was specified, or the value cannot be determined without
+        importing the module.  The version is formatted according to the
+        requirement's version format (if any), unless it is 'None' or the
+        supplied 'default'.
+        """
+
+        if self.attribute is None:
+            try:
+                f,p,i = find_module(self.module,paths)
+                if f: f.close()
+                return default
+            except ImportError:
+                return None
+
+        v = get_module_constant(self.module, self.attribute, default, paths)
+
+        if v is not None and v is not default and self.format is not None:
+            return self.format(v)
+
+        return v
+
+    def is_present(self, paths=None):
+        """Return true if dependency is present on 'paths'"""
+        return self.get_version(paths) is not None
+
+    def is_current(self, paths=None):
+        """Return true if dependency is present and up-to-date on 'paths'"""
+        version = self.get_version(paths)
+        if version is None:
+            return False
+        return self.version_ok(version)
+
+
+def _iter_code(code):
+
+    """Yield '(op,arg)' pair for each operation in code object 'code'"""
+
+    from array import array
+    from dis import HAVE_ARGUMENT, EXTENDED_ARG
+
+    bytes = array('b',code.co_code)
+    eof = len(code.co_code)
+
+    ptr = 0
+    extended_arg = 0
+
+    while ptr=HAVE_ARGUMENT:
+
+            arg = bytes[ptr+1] + bytes[ptr+2]*256 + extended_arg
+            ptr += 3
+
+            if op==EXTENDED_ARG:
+                extended_arg = arg * compat.long_type(65536)
+                continue
+
+        else:
+            arg = None
+            ptr += 1
+
+        yield op,arg
+
+
+def find_module(module, paths=None):
+    """Just like 'imp.find_module()', but with package support"""
+
+    parts = module.split('.')
+
+    while parts:
+        part = parts.pop(0)
+        f, path, (suffix,mode,kind) = info = imp.find_module(part, paths)
+
+        if kind==PKG_DIRECTORY:
+            parts = parts or ['__init__']
+            paths = [path]
+
+        elif parts:
+            raise ImportError("Can't find %r in %s" % (parts,module))
+
+    return info
+
+
+def get_module_constant(module, symbol, default=-1, paths=None):
+
+    """Find 'module' by searching 'paths', and extract 'symbol'
+
+    Return 'None' if 'module' does not exist on 'paths', or it does not define
+    'symbol'.  If the module defines 'symbol' as a constant, return the
+    constant.  Otherwise, return 'default'."""
+
+    try:
+        f, path, (suffix, mode, kind) = find_module(module, paths)
+    except ImportError:
+        # Module doesn't exist
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        if kind==PY_COMPILED:
+            f.read(8)   # skip magic & date
+            code = marshal.load(f)
+        elif kind==PY_FROZEN:
+            code = imp.get_frozen_object(module)
+        elif kind==PY_SOURCE:
+            code = compile(f.read(), path, 'exec')
+        else:
+            # Not something we can parse; we'll have to import it.  :(
+            if module not in sys.modules:
+                imp.load_module(module, f, path, (suffix, mode, kind))
+            return getattr(sys.modules[module], symbol, None)
+
+    finally:
+        if f:
+            f.close()
+
+    return extract_constant(code, symbol, default)
+
+
+def extract_constant(code, symbol, default=-1):
+    """Extract the constant value of 'symbol' from 'code'
+
+    If the name 'symbol' is bound to a constant value by the Python code
+    object 'code', return that value.  If 'symbol' is bound to an expression,
+    return 'default'.  Otherwise, return 'None'.
+
+    Return value is based on the first assignment to 'symbol'.  'symbol' must
+    be a global, or at least a non-"fast" local in the code block.  That is,
+    only 'STORE_NAME' and 'STORE_GLOBAL' opcodes are checked, and 'symbol'
+    must be present in 'code.co_names'.
+    """
+
+    if symbol not in code.co_names:
+        # name's not there, can't possibly be an assigment
+        return None
+
+    name_idx = list(code.co_names).index(symbol)
+
+    STORE_NAME = 90
+    STORE_GLOBAL = 97
+    LOAD_CONST = 100
+
+    const = default
+
+    for op, arg in _iter_code(code):
+
+        if op==LOAD_CONST:
+            const = code.co_consts[arg]
+        elif arg==name_idx and (op==STORE_NAME or op==STORE_GLOBAL):
+            return const
+        else:
+            const = default
+
+
+def _update_globals():
+    """
+    Patch the globals to remove the objects not available on some platforms.
+
+    XXX it'd be better to test assertions about bytecode instead.
+    """
+
+    if not sys.platform.startswith('java') and sys.platform != 'cli':
+        return
+    incompatible = 'extract_constant', 'get_module_constant'
+    for name in incompatible:
+        del globals()[name]
+        __all__.remove(name)
+
+_update_globals()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7ad465
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,864 @@
+__all__ = ['Distribution']
+
+import re
+import os
+import sys
+import warnings
+import numbers
+import distutils.log
+import distutils.core
+import distutils.cmd
+import distutils.dist
+from distutils.core import Distribution as _Distribution
+from distutils.errors import (DistutilsOptionError, DistutilsPlatformError,
+    DistutilsSetupError)
+
+from setuptools.depends import Require
+from setuptools.compat import basestring, PY2
+from setuptools import windows_support
+import pkg_resources
+
+packaging = pkg_resources.packaging
+
+
+def _get_unpatched(cls):
+    """Protect against re-patching the distutils if reloaded
+
+    Also ensures that no other distutils extension monkeypatched the distutils
+    first.
+    """
+    while cls.__module__.startswith('setuptools'):
+        cls, = cls.__bases__
+    if not cls.__module__.startswith('distutils'):
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "distutils has already been patched by %r" % cls
+        )
+    return cls
+
+_Distribution = _get_unpatched(_Distribution)
+
+def _patch_distribution_metadata_write_pkg_info():
+    """
+    Workaround issue #197 - Python 3 prior to 3.2.2 uses an environment-local
+    encoding to save the pkg_info. Monkey-patch its write_pkg_info method to
+    correct this undesirable behavior.
+    """
+    environment_local = (3,) <= sys.version_info[:3] < (3, 2, 2)
+    if not environment_local:
+        return
+
+    # from Python 3.4
+    def write_pkg_info(self, base_dir):
+        """Write the PKG-INFO file into the release tree.
+        """
+        with open(os.path.join(base_dir, 'PKG-INFO'), 'w',
+                  encoding='UTF-8') as pkg_info:
+            self.write_pkg_file(pkg_info)
+
+    distutils.dist.DistributionMetadata.write_pkg_info = write_pkg_info
+_patch_distribution_metadata_write_pkg_info()
+
+sequence = tuple, list
+
+def check_importable(dist, attr, value):
+    try:
+        ep = pkg_resources.EntryPoint.parse('x='+value)
+        assert not ep.extras
+    except (TypeError,ValueError,AttributeError,AssertionError):
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(
+            "%r must be importable 'module:attrs' string (got %r)"
+            % (attr,value)
+        )
+
+
+def assert_string_list(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that value is a string list or None"""
+    try:
+        assert ''.join(value)!=value
+    except (TypeError,ValueError,AttributeError,AssertionError):
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(
+            "%r must be a list of strings (got %r)" % (attr,value)
+        )
+def check_nsp(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that namespace packages are valid"""
+    assert_string_list(dist,attr,value)
+    for nsp in value:
+        if not dist.has_contents_for(nsp):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "Distribution contains no modules or packages for " +
+                "namespace package %r" % nsp
+            )
+        if '.' in nsp:
+            parent = '.'.join(nsp.split('.')[:-1])
+            if parent not in value:
+                distutils.log.warn(
+                    "WARNING: %r is declared as a package namespace, but %r"
+                    " is not: please correct this in setup.py", nsp, parent
+                )
+
+def check_extras(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that extras_require mapping is valid"""
+    try:
+        for k,v in value.items():
+            if ':' in k:
+                k,m = k.split(':',1)
+                if pkg_resources.invalid_marker(m):
+                    raise DistutilsSetupError("Invalid environment marker: "+m)
+            list(pkg_resources.parse_requirements(v))
+    except (TypeError,ValueError,AttributeError):
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(
+            "'extras_require' must be a dictionary whose values are "
+            "strings or lists of strings containing valid project/version "
+            "requirement specifiers."
+        )
+
+def assert_bool(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that value is True, False, 0, or 1"""
+    if bool(value) != value:
+        tmpl = "{attr!r} must be a boolean value (got {value!r})"
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(tmpl.format(attr=attr, value=value))
+
+
+def check_requirements(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that install_requires is a valid requirements list"""
+    try:
+        list(pkg_resources.parse_requirements(value))
+    except (TypeError, ValueError) as error:
+        tmpl = (
+            "{attr!r} must be a string or list of strings "
+            "containing valid project/version requirement specifiers; {error}"
+        )
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(tmpl.format(attr=attr, error=error))
+
+def check_entry_points(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that entry_points map is parseable"""
+    try:
+        pkg_resources.EntryPoint.parse_map(value)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(e)
+
+def check_test_suite(dist, attr, value):
+    if not isinstance(value,basestring):
+        raise DistutilsSetupError("test_suite must be a string")
+
+def check_package_data(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that value is a dictionary of package names to glob lists"""
+    if isinstance(value,dict):
+        for k,v in value.items():
+            if not isinstance(k,str): break
+            try: iter(v)
+            except TypeError:
+                break
+        else:
+            return
+    raise DistutilsSetupError(
+        attr+" must be a dictionary mapping package names to lists of "
+        "wildcard patterns"
+    )
+
+def check_packages(dist, attr, value):
+    for pkgname in value:
+        if not re.match(r'\w+(\.\w+)*', pkgname):
+            distutils.log.warn(
+                "WARNING: %r not a valid package name; please use only"
+                ".-separated package names in setup.py", pkgname
+            )
+
+
+class Distribution(_Distribution):
+    """Distribution with support for features, tests, and package data
+
+    This is an enhanced version of 'distutils.dist.Distribution' that
+    effectively adds the following new optional keyword arguments to 'setup()':
+
+     'install_requires' -- a string or sequence of strings specifying project
+        versions that the distribution requires when installed, in the format
+        used by 'pkg_resources.require()'.  They will be installed
+        automatically when the package is installed.  If you wish to use
+        packages that are not available in PyPI, or want to give your users an
+        alternate download location, you can add a 'find_links' option to the
+        '[easy_install]' section of your project's 'setup.cfg' file, and then
+        setuptools will scan the listed web pages for links that satisfy the
+        requirements.
+
+     'extras_require' -- a dictionary mapping names of optional "extras" to the
+        additional requirement(s) that using those extras incurs. For example,
+        this::
+
+            extras_require = dict(reST = ["docutils>=0.3", "reSTedit"])
+
+        indicates that the distribution can optionally provide an extra
+        capability called "reST", but it can only be used if docutils and
+        reSTedit are installed.  If the user installs your package using
+        EasyInstall and requests one of your extras, the corresponding
+        additional requirements will be installed if needed.
+
+     'features' **deprecated** -- a dictionary mapping option names to
+        'setuptools.Feature'
+        objects.  Features are a portion of the distribution that can be
+        included or excluded based on user options, inter-feature dependencies,
+        and availability on the current system.  Excluded features are omitted
+        from all setup commands, including source and binary distributions, so
+        you can create multiple distributions from the same source tree.
+        Feature names should be valid Python identifiers, except that they may
+        contain the '-' (minus) sign.  Features can be included or excluded
+        via the command line options '--with-X' and '--without-X', where 'X' is
+        the name of the feature.  Whether a feature is included by default, and
+        whether you are allowed to control this from the command line, is
+        determined by the Feature object.  See the 'Feature' class for more
+        information.
+
+     'test_suite' -- the name of a test suite to run for the 'test' command.
+        If the user runs 'python setup.py test', the package will be installed,
+        and the named test suite will be run.  The format is the same as
+        would be used on a 'unittest.py' command line.  That is, it is the
+        dotted name of an object to import and call to generate a test suite.
+
+     'package_data' -- a dictionary mapping package names to lists of filenames
+        or globs to use to find data files contained in the named packages.
+        If the dictionary has filenames or globs listed under '""' (the empty
+        string), those names will be searched for in every package, in addition
+        to any names for the specific package.  Data files found using these
+        names/globs will be installed along with the package, in the same
+        location as the package.  Note that globs are allowed to reference
+        the contents of non-package subdirectories, as long as you use '/' as
+        a path separator.  (Globs are automatically converted to
+        platform-specific paths at runtime.)
+
+    In addition to these new keywords, this class also has several new methods
+    for manipulating the distribution's contents.  For example, the 'include()'
+    and 'exclude()' methods can be thought of as in-place add and subtract
+    commands that add or remove packages, modules, extensions, and so on from
+    the distribution.  They are used by the feature subsystem to configure the
+    distribution for the included and excluded features.
+    """
+
+    _patched_dist = None
+
+    def patch_missing_pkg_info(self, attrs):
+        # Fake up a replacement for the data that would normally come from
+        # PKG-INFO, but which might not yet be built if this is a fresh
+        # checkout.
+        #
+        if not attrs or 'name' not in attrs or 'version' not in attrs:
+            return
+        key = pkg_resources.safe_name(str(attrs['name'])).lower()
+        dist = pkg_resources.working_set.by_key.get(key)
+        if dist is not None and not dist.has_metadata('PKG-INFO'):
+            dist._version = pkg_resources.safe_version(str(attrs['version']))
+            self._patched_dist = dist
+
+    def __init__(self, attrs=None):
+        have_package_data = hasattr(self, "package_data")
+        if not have_package_data:
+            self.package_data = {}
+        _attrs_dict = attrs or {}
+        if 'features' in _attrs_dict or 'require_features' in _attrs_dict:
+            Feature.warn_deprecated()
+        self.require_features = []
+        self.features = {}
+        self.dist_files = []
+        self.src_root = attrs and attrs.pop("src_root", None)
+        self.patch_missing_pkg_info(attrs)
+        # Make sure we have any eggs needed to interpret 'attrs'
+        if attrs is not None:
+            self.dependency_links = attrs.pop('dependency_links', [])
+            assert_string_list(self,'dependency_links',self.dependency_links)
+        if attrs and 'setup_requires' in attrs:
+            self.fetch_build_eggs(attrs['setup_requires'])
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.setup_keywords'):
+            if not hasattr(self,ep.name):
+                setattr(self,ep.name,None)
+        _Distribution.__init__(self,attrs)
+        if isinstance(self.metadata.version, numbers.Number):
+            # Some people apparently take "version number" too literally :)
+            self.metadata.version = str(self.metadata.version)
+
+        if self.metadata.version is not None:
+            try:
+                ver = packaging.version.Version(self.metadata.version)
+                normalized_version = str(ver)
+                if self.metadata.version != normalized_version:
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        "Normalizing '%s' to '%s'" % (
+                            self.metadata.version,
+                            normalized_version,
+                        )
+                    )
+                    self.metadata.version = normalized_version
+            except (packaging.version.InvalidVersion, TypeError):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "The version specified (%r) is an invalid version, this "
+                    "may not work as expected with newer versions of "
+                    "setuptools, pip, and PyPI. Please see PEP 440 for more "
+                    "details." % self.metadata.version
+                )
+
+    def parse_command_line(self):
+        """Process features after parsing command line options"""
+        result = _Distribution.parse_command_line(self)
+        if self.features:
+            self._finalize_features()
+        return result
+
+    def _feature_attrname(self,name):
+        """Convert feature name to corresponding option attribute name"""
+        return 'with_'+name.replace('-','_')
+
+    def fetch_build_eggs(self, requires):
+        """Resolve pre-setup requirements"""
+        resolved_dists = pkg_resources.working_set.resolve(
+            pkg_resources.parse_requirements(requires),
+            installer=self.fetch_build_egg,
+            replace_conflicting=True,
+        )
+        for dist in resolved_dists:
+            pkg_resources.working_set.add(dist, replace=True)
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        _Distribution.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.features:
+            self._set_global_opts_from_features()
+
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.setup_keywords'):
+            value = getattr(self,ep.name,None)
+            if value is not None:
+                ep.require(installer=self.fetch_build_egg)
+                ep.load()(self, ep.name, value)
+        if getattr(self, 'convert_2to3_doctests', None):
+            # XXX may convert to set here when we can rely on set being builtin
+            self.convert_2to3_doctests = [os.path.abspath(p) for p in self.convert_2to3_doctests]
+        else:
+            self.convert_2to3_doctests = []
+
+    def get_egg_cache_dir(self):
+        egg_cache_dir = os.path.join(os.curdir, '.eggs')
+        if not os.path.exists(egg_cache_dir):
+            os.mkdir(egg_cache_dir)
+            windows_support.hide_file(egg_cache_dir)
+            readme_txt_filename = os.path.join(egg_cache_dir, 'README.txt')
+            with open(readme_txt_filename, 'w') as f:
+                f.write('This directory contains eggs that were downloaded '
+                        'by setuptools to build, test, and run plug-ins.\n\n')
+                f.write('This directory caches those eggs to prevent '
+                        'repeated downloads.\n\n')
+                f.write('However, it is safe to delete this directory.\n\n')
+
+        return egg_cache_dir
+
+    def fetch_build_egg(self, req):
+        """Fetch an egg needed for building"""
+
+        try:
+            cmd = self._egg_fetcher
+            cmd.package_index.to_scan = []
+        except AttributeError:
+            from setuptools.command.easy_install import easy_install
+            dist = self.__class__({'script_args':['easy_install']})
+            dist.parse_config_files()
+            opts = dist.get_option_dict('easy_install')
+            keep = (
+                'find_links', 'site_dirs', 'index_url', 'optimize',
+                'site_dirs', 'allow_hosts'
+            )
+            for key in list(opts):
+                if key not in keep:
+                    del opts[key]   # don't use any other settings
+            if self.dependency_links:
+                links = self.dependency_links[:]
+                if 'find_links' in opts:
+                    links = opts['find_links'][1].split() + links
+                opts['find_links'] = ('setup', links)
+            install_dir = self.get_egg_cache_dir()
+            cmd = easy_install(
+                dist, args=["x"], install_dir=install_dir, exclude_scripts=True,
+                always_copy=False, build_directory=None, editable=False,
+                upgrade=False, multi_version=True, no_report=True, user=False
+            )
+            cmd.ensure_finalized()
+            self._egg_fetcher = cmd
+        return cmd.easy_install(req)
+
+    def _set_global_opts_from_features(self):
+        """Add --with-X/--without-X options based on optional features"""
+
+        go = []
+        no = self.negative_opt.copy()
+
+        for name,feature in self.features.items():
+            self._set_feature(name,None)
+            feature.validate(self)
+
+            if feature.optional:
+                descr = feature.description
+                incdef = ' (default)'
+                excdef=''
+                if not feature.include_by_default():
+                    excdef, incdef = incdef, excdef
+
+                go.append(('with-'+name, None, 'include '+descr+incdef))
+                go.append(('without-'+name, None, 'exclude '+descr+excdef))
+                no['without-'+name] = 'with-'+name
+
+        self.global_options = self.feature_options = go + self.global_options
+        self.negative_opt = self.feature_negopt = no
+
+    def _finalize_features(self):
+        """Add/remove features and resolve dependencies between them"""
+
+        # First, flag all the enabled items (and thus their dependencies)
+        for name,feature in self.features.items():
+            enabled = self.feature_is_included(name)
+            if enabled or (enabled is None and feature.include_by_default()):
+                feature.include_in(self)
+                self._set_feature(name,1)
+
+        # Then disable the rest, so that off-by-default features don't
+        # get flagged as errors when they're required by an enabled feature
+        for name,feature in self.features.items():
+            if not self.feature_is_included(name):
+                feature.exclude_from(self)
+                self._set_feature(name,0)
+
+    def get_command_class(self, command):
+        """Pluggable version of get_command_class()"""
+        if command in self.cmdclass:
+            return self.cmdclass[command]
+
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.commands',command):
+            ep.require(installer=self.fetch_build_egg)
+            self.cmdclass[command] = cmdclass = ep.load()
+            return cmdclass
+        else:
+            return _Distribution.get_command_class(self, command)
+
+    def print_commands(self):
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.commands'):
+            if ep.name not in self.cmdclass:
+                # don't require extras as the commands won't be invoked
+                cmdclass = ep.resolve()
+                self.cmdclass[ep.name] = cmdclass
+        return _Distribution.print_commands(self)
+
+    def _set_feature(self,name,status):
+        """Set feature's inclusion status"""
+        setattr(self,self._feature_attrname(name),status)
+
+    def feature_is_included(self,name):
+        """Return 1 if feature is included, 0 if excluded, 'None' if unknown"""
+        return getattr(self,self._feature_attrname(name))
+
+    def include_feature(self,name):
+        """Request inclusion of feature named 'name'"""
+
+        if self.feature_is_included(name)==0:
+            descr = self.features[name].description
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                descr + " is required, but was excluded or is not available"
+            )
+        self.features[name].include_in(self)
+        self._set_feature(name,1)
+
+    def include(self,**attrs):
+        """Add items to distribution that are named in keyword arguments
+
+        For example, 'dist.exclude(py_modules=["x"])' would add 'x' to
+        the distribution's 'py_modules' attribute, if it was not already
+        there.
+
+        Currently, this method only supports inclusion for attributes that are
+        lists or tuples.  If you need to add support for adding to other
+        attributes in this or a subclass, you can add an '_include_X' method,
+        where 'X' is the name of the attribute.  The method will be called with
+        the value passed to 'include()'.  So, 'dist.include(foo={"bar":"baz"})'
+        will try to call 'dist._include_foo({"bar":"baz"})', which can then
+        handle whatever special inclusion logic is needed.
+        """
+        for k,v in attrs.items():
+            include = getattr(self, '_include_'+k, None)
+            if include:
+                include(v)
+            else:
+                self._include_misc(k,v)
+
+    def exclude_package(self,package):
+        """Remove packages, modules, and extensions in named package"""
+
+        pfx = package+'.'
+        if self.packages:
+            self.packages = [
+                p for p in self.packages
+                    if p != package and not p.startswith(pfx)
+            ]
+
+        if self.py_modules:
+            self.py_modules = [
+                p for p in self.py_modules
+                    if p != package and not p.startswith(pfx)
+            ]
+
+        if self.ext_modules:
+            self.ext_modules = [
+                p for p in self.ext_modules
+                    if p.name != package and not p.name.startswith(pfx)
+            ]
+
+    def has_contents_for(self,package):
+        """Return true if 'exclude_package(package)' would do something"""
+
+        pfx = package+'.'
+
+        for p in self.iter_distribution_names():
+            if p==package or p.startswith(pfx):
+                return True
+
+    def _exclude_misc(self,name,value):
+        """Handle 'exclude()' for list/tuple attrs without a special handler"""
+        if not isinstance(value,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "%s: setting must be a list or tuple (%r)" % (name, value)
+            )
+        try:
+            old = getattr(self,name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "%s: No such distribution setting" % name
+            )
+        if old is not None and not isinstance(old,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                name+": this setting cannot be changed via include/exclude"
+            )
+        elif old:
+            setattr(self,name,[item for item in old if item not in value])
+
+    def _include_misc(self,name,value):
+        """Handle 'include()' for list/tuple attrs without a special handler"""
+
+        if not isinstance(value,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "%s: setting must be a list (%r)" % (name, value)
+            )
+        try:
+            old = getattr(self,name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "%s: No such distribution setting" % name
+            )
+        if old is None:
+            setattr(self,name,value)
+        elif not isinstance(old,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                name+": this setting cannot be changed via include/exclude"
+            )
+        else:
+            setattr(self,name,old+[item for item in value if item not in old])
+
+    def exclude(self,**attrs):
+        """Remove items from distribution that are named in keyword arguments
+
+        For example, 'dist.exclude(py_modules=["x"])' would remove 'x' from
+        the distribution's 'py_modules' attribute.  Excluding packages uses
+        the 'exclude_package()' method, so all of the package's contained
+        packages, modules, and extensions are also excluded.
+
+        Currently, this method only supports exclusion from attributes that are
+        lists or tuples.  If you need to add support for excluding from other
+        attributes in this or a subclass, you can add an '_exclude_X' method,
+        where 'X' is the name of the attribute.  The method will be called with
+        the value passed to 'exclude()'.  So, 'dist.exclude(foo={"bar":"baz"})'
+        will try to call 'dist._exclude_foo({"bar":"baz"})', which can then
+        handle whatever special exclusion logic is needed.
+        """
+        for k,v in attrs.items():
+            exclude = getattr(self, '_exclude_'+k, None)
+            if exclude:
+                exclude(v)
+            else:
+                self._exclude_misc(k,v)
+
+    def _exclude_packages(self,packages):
+        if not isinstance(packages,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "packages: setting must be a list or tuple (%r)" % (packages,)
+            )
+        list(map(self.exclude_package, packages))
+
+    def _parse_command_opts(self, parser, args):
+        # Remove --with-X/--without-X options when processing command args
+        self.global_options = self.__class__.global_options
+        self.negative_opt = self.__class__.negative_opt
+
+        # First, expand any aliases
+        command = args[0]
+        aliases = self.get_option_dict('aliases')
+        while command in aliases:
+            src,alias = aliases[command]
+            del aliases[command]    # ensure each alias can expand only once!
+            import shlex
+            args[:1] = shlex.split(alias,True)
+            command = args[0]
+
+        nargs = _Distribution._parse_command_opts(self, parser, args)
+
+        # Handle commands that want to consume all remaining arguments
+        cmd_class = self.get_command_class(command)
+        if getattr(cmd_class,'command_consumes_arguments',None):
+            self.get_option_dict(command)['args'] = ("command line", nargs)
+            if nargs is not None:
+                return []
+
+        return nargs
+
+    def get_cmdline_options(self):
+        """Return a '{cmd: {opt:val}}' map of all command-line options
+
+        Option names are all long, but do not include the leading '--', and
+        contain dashes rather than underscores.  If the option doesn't take
+        an argument (e.g. '--quiet'), the 'val' is 'None'.
+
+        Note that options provided by config files are intentionally excluded.
+        """
+
+        d = {}
+
+        for cmd,opts in self.command_options.items():
+
+            for opt,(src,val) in opts.items():
+
+                if src != "command line":
+                    continue
+
+                opt = opt.replace('_','-')
+
+                if val==0:
+                    cmdobj = self.get_command_obj(cmd)
+                    neg_opt = self.negative_opt.copy()
+                    neg_opt.update(getattr(cmdobj,'negative_opt',{}))
+                    for neg,pos in neg_opt.items():
+                        if pos==opt:
+                            opt=neg
+                            val=None
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        raise AssertionError("Shouldn't be able to get here")
+
+                elif val==1:
+                    val = None
+
+                d.setdefault(cmd,{})[opt] = val
+
+        return d
+
+    def iter_distribution_names(self):
+        """Yield all packages, modules, and extension names in distribution"""
+
+        for pkg in self.packages or ():
+            yield pkg
+
+        for module in self.py_modules or ():
+            yield module
+
+        for ext in self.ext_modules or ():
+            if isinstance(ext,tuple):
+                name, buildinfo = ext
+            else:
+                name = ext.name
+            if name.endswith('module'):
+                name = name[:-6]
+            yield name
+
+    def handle_display_options(self, option_order):
+        """If there were any non-global "display-only" options
+        (--help-commands or the metadata display options) on the command
+        line, display the requested info and return true; else return
+        false.
+        """
+        import sys
+
+        if PY2 or self.help_commands:
+            return _Distribution.handle_display_options(self, option_order)
+
+        # Stdout may be StringIO (e.g. in tests)
+        import io
+        if not isinstance(sys.stdout, io.TextIOWrapper):
+            return _Distribution.handle_display_options(self, option_order)
+
+        # Don't wrap stdout if utf-8 is already the encoding. Provides
+        #  workaround for #334.
+        if sys.stdout.encoding.lower() in ('utf-8', 'utf8'):
+            return _Distribution.handle_display_options(self, option_order)
+
+        # Print metadata in UTF-8 no matter the platform
+        encoding = sys.stdout.encoding
+        errors = sys.stdout.errors
+        newline = sys.platform != 'win32' and '\n' or None
+        line_buffering = sys.stdout.line_buffering
+
+        sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(
+            sys.stdout.detach(), 'utf-8', errors, newline, line_buffering)
+        try:
+            return _Distribution.handle_display_options(self, option_order)
+        finally:
+            sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(
+                sys.stdout.detach(), encoding, errors, newline, line_buffering)
+
+
+# Install it throughout the distutils
+for module in distutils.dist, distutils.core, distutils.cmd:
+    module.Distribution = Distribution
+
+
+class Feature:
+    """
+    **deprecated** -- The `Feature` facility was never completely implemented
+    or supported, `has reported issues
+    `_ and will be removed in
+    a future version.
+
+    A subset of the distribution that can be excluded if unneeded/wanted
+
+    Features are created using these keyword arguments:
+
+      'description' -- a short, human readable description of the feature, to
+         be used in error messages, and option help messages.
+
+      'standard' -- if true, the feature is included by default if it is
+         available on the current system.  Otherwise, the feature is only
+         included if requested via a command line '--with-X' option, or if
+         another included feature requires it.  The default setting is 'False'.
+
+      'available' -- if true, the feature is available for installation on the
+         current system.  The default setting is 'True'.
+
+      'optional' -- if true, the feature's inclusion can be controlled from the
+         command line, using the '--with-X' or '--without-X' options.  If
+         false, the feature's inclusion status is determined automatically,
+         based on 'availabile', 'standard', and whether any other feature
+         requires it.  The default setting is 'True'.
+
+      'require_features' -- a string or sequence of strings naming features
+         that should also be included if this feature is included.  Defaults to
+         empty list.  May also contain 'Require' objects that should be
+         added/removed from the distribution.
+
+      'remove' -- a string or list of strings naming packages to be removed
+         from the distribution if this feature is *not* included.  If the
+         feature *is* included, this argument is ignored.  This argument exists
+         to support removing features that "crosscut" a distribution, such as
+         defining a 'tests' feature that removes all the 'tests' subpackages
+         provided by other features.  The default for this argument is an empty
+         list.  (Note: the named package(s) or modules must exist in the base
+         distribution when the 'setup()' function is initially called.)
+
+      other keywords -- any other keyword arguments are saved, and passed to
+         the distribution's 'include()' and 'exclude()' methods when the
+         feature is included or excluded, respectively.  So, for example, you
+         could pass 'packages=["a","b"]' to cause packages 'a' and 'b' to be
+         added or removed from the distribution as appropriate.
+
+    A feature must include at least one 'requires', 'remove', or other
+    keyword argument.  Otherwise, it can't affect the distribution in any way.
+    Note also that you can subclass 'Feature' to create your own specialized
+    feature types that modify the distribution in other ways when included or
+    excluded.  See the docstrings for the various methods here for more detail.
+    Aside from the methods, the only feature attributes that distributions look
+    at are 'description' and 'optional'.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def warn_deprecated():
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Features are deprecated and will be removed in a future "
+                "version. See http://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/65.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=3,
+        )
+
+    def __init__(self, description, standard=False, available=True,
+            optional=True, require_features=(), remove=(), **extras):
+        self.warn_deprecated()
+
+        self.description = description
+        self.standard = standard
+        self.available = available
+        self.optional = optional
+        if isinstance(require_features,(str,Require)):
+            require_features = require_features,
+
+        self.require_features = [
+            r for r in require_features if isinstance(r,str)
+        ]
+        er = [r for r in require_features if not isinstance(r,str)]
+        if er: extras['require_features'] = er
+
+        if isinstance(remove,str):
+            remove = remove,
+        self.remove = remove
+        self.extras = extras
+
+        if not remove and not require_features and not extras:
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "Feature %s: must define 'require_features', 'remove', or at least one"
+                " of 'packages', 'py_modules', etc."
+            )
+
+    def include_by_default(self):
+        """Should this feature be included by default?"""
+        return self.available and self.standard
+
+    def include_in(self,dist):
+
+        """Ensure feature and its requirements are included in distribution
+
+        You may override this in a subclass to perform additional operations on
+        the distribution.  Note that this method may be called more than once
+        per feature, and so should be idempotent.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.available:
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                self.description+" is required,"
+                "but is not available on this platform"
+            )
+
+        dist.include(**self.extras)
+
+        for f in self.require_features:
+            dist.include_feature(f)
+
+    def exclude_from(self,dist):
+
+        """Ensure feature is excluded from distribution
+
+        You may override this in a subclass to perform additional operations on
+        the distribution.  This method will be called at most once per
+        feature, and only after all included features have been asked to
+        include themselves.
+        """
+
+        dist.exclude(**self.extras)
+
+        if self.remove:
+            for item in self.remove:
+                dist.exclude_package(item)
+
+    def validate(self,dist):
+
+        """Verify that feature makes sense in context of distribution
+
+        This method is called by the distribution just before it parses its
+        command line.  It checks to ensure that the 'remove' attribute, if any,
+        contains only valid package/module names that are present in the base
+        distribution when 'setup()' is called.  You may override it in a
+        subclass to perform any other required validation of the feature
+        against a target distribution.
+        """
+
+        for item in self.remove:
+            if not dist.has_contents_for(item):
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "%s wants to be able to remove %s, but the distribution"
+                    " doesn't contain any packages or modules under %s"
+                    % (self.description, item, item)
+                )
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/extension.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/extension.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35eb7c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/extension.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import sys
+import re
+import functools
+import distutils.core
+import distutils.errors
+import distutils.extension
+
+from .dist import _get_unpatched
+from . import msvc9_support
+
+_Extension = _get_unpatched(distutils.core.Extension)
+
+msvc9_support.patch_for_specialized_compiler()
+
+def _have_cython():
+    """
+    Return True if Cython can be imported.
+    """
+    cython_impl = 'Cython.Distutils.build_ext',
+    try:
+        # from (cython_impl) import build_ext
+        __import__(cython_impl, fromlist=['build_ext']).build_ext
+        return True
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+    return False
+
+# for compatibility
+have_pyrex = _have_cython
+
+
+class Extension(_Extension):
+    """Extension that uses '.c' files in place of '.pyx' files"""
+
+    def _convert_pyx_sources_to_lang(self):
+        """
+        Replace sources with .pyx extensions to sources with the target
+        language extension. This mechanism allows language authors to supply
+        pre-converted sources but to prefer the .pyx sources.
+        """
+        if _have_cython():
+            # the build has Cython, so allow it to compile the .pyx files
+            return
+        lang = self.language or ''
+        target_ext = '.cpp' if lang.lower() == 'c++' else '.c'
+        sub = functools.partial(re.sub, '.pyx$', target_ext)
+        self.sources = list(map(sub, self.sources))
+
+class Library(Extension):
+    """Just like a regular Extension, but built as a library instead"""
+
+distutils.core.Extension = Extension
+distutils.extension.Extension = Extension
+if 'distutils.command.build_ext' in sys.modules:
+    sys.modules['distutils.command.build_ext'].Extension = Extension
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/gui-32.exe b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/gui-32.exe
new file mode 100644
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z?uEEF;|fkQ7IzqK*E?z2CAfQWhvVLfE4V^2?kL<$+)HuW{w+;&VYjlEwB!#0!o0J0S}N3%mk(bQ-EaPN?-yo7H|V2fFxiD-~ti>JJ9)O`UEfm
z3Ezf$1ULxn1%3%U2|Nls1Uv|A12zCvK!1BrpG%)kqCT1Q`JGq%b=VaC$ryH_z)OO!z2Uq0lAnGi8F(51;AS1Uf?O~U+ ]+)""", re.I)
+# this is here to fix emacs' cruddy broken syntax highlighting
+PYPI_MD5 = re.compile(
+    '([^<]+)\n\s+\\(md5\\)'
+)
+URL_SCHEME = re.compile('([-+.a-z0-9]{2,}):',re.I).match
+EXTENSIONS = ".tar.gz .tar.bz2 .tar .zip .tgz".split()
+
+__all__ = [
+    'PackageIndex', 'distros_for_url', 'parse_bdist_wininst',
+    'interpret_distro_name',
+]
+
+_SOCKET_TIMEOUT = 15
+
+def parse_bdist_wininst(name):
+    """Return (base,pyversion) or (None,None) for possible .exe name"""
+
+    lower = name.lower()
+    base, py_ver, plat = None, None, None
+
+    if lower.endswith('.exe'):
+        if lower.endswith('.win32.exe'):
+            base = name[:-10]
+            plat = 'win32'
+        elif lower.startswith('.win32-py',-16):
+            py_ver = name[-7:-4]
+            base = name[:-16]
+            plat = 'win32'
+        elif lower.endswith('.win-amd64.exe'):
+            base = name[:-14]
+            plat = 'win-amd64'
+        elif lower.startswith('.win-amd64-py',-20):
+            py_ver = name[-7:-4]
+            base = name[:-20]
+            plat = 'win-amd64'
+    return base,py_ver,plat
+
+
+def egg_info_for_url(url):
+    scheme, server, path, parameters, query, fragment = urlparse(url)
+    base = unquote(path.split('/')[-1])
+    if server=='sourceforge.net' and base=='download':    # XXX Yuck
+        base = unquote(path.split('/')[-2])
+    if '#' in base: base, fragment = base.split('#',1)
+    return base,fragment
+
+def distros_for_url(url, metadata=None):
+    """Yield egg or source distribution objects that might be found at a URL"""
+    base, fragment = egg_info_for_url(url)
+    for dist in distros_for_location(url, base, metadata): yield dist
+    if fragment:
+        match = EGG_FRAGMENT.match(fragment)
+        if match:
+            for dist in interpret_distro_name(
+                url, match.group(1), metadata, precedence = CHECKOUT_DIST
+            ):
+                yield dist
+
+def distros_for_location(location, basename, metadata=None):
+    """Yield egg or source distribution objects based on basename"""
+    if basename.endswith('.egg.zip'):
+        basename = basename[:-4]    # strip the .zip
+    if basename.endswith('.egg') and '-' in basename:
+        # only one, unambiguous interpretation
+        return [Distribution.from_location(location, basename, metadata)]
+    if basename.endswith('.exe'):
+        win_base, py_ver, platform = parse_bdist_wininst(basename)
+        if win_base is not None:
+            return interpret_distro_name(
+                location, win_base, metadata, py_ver, BINARY_DIST, platform
+            )
+    # Try source distro extensions (.zip, .tgz, etc.)
+    #
+    for ext in EXTENSIONS:
+        if basename.endswith(ext):
+            basename = basename[:-len(ext)]
+            return interpret_distro_name(location, basename, metadata)
+    return []  # no extension matched
+
+def distros_for_filename(filename, metadata=None):
+    """Yield possible egg or source distribution objects based on a filename"""
+    return distros_for_location(
+        normalize_path(filename), os.path.basename(filename), metadata
+    )
+
+
+def interpret_distro_name(
+        location, basename, metadata, py_version=None, precedence=SOURCE_DIST,
+        platform=None
+        ):
+    """Generate alternative interpretations of a source distro name
+
+    Note: if `location` is a filesystem filename, you should call
+    ``pkg_resources.normalize_path()`` on it before passing it to this
+    routine!
+    """
+    # Generate alternative interpretations of a source distro name
+    # Because some packages are ambiguous as to name/versions split
+    # e.g. "adns-python-1.1.0", "egenix-mx-commercial", etc.
+    # So, we generate each possible interepretation (e.g. "adns, python-1.1.0"
+    # "adns-python, 1.1.0", and "adns-python-1.1.0, no version").  In practice,
+    # the spurious interpretations should be ignored, because in the event
+    # there's also an "adns" package, the spurious "python-1.1.0" version will
+    # compare lower than any numeric version number, and is therefore unlikely
+    # to match a request for it.  It's still a potential problem, though, and
+    # in the long run PyPI and the distutils should go for "safe" names and
+    # versions in distribution archive names (sdist and bdist).
+
+    parts = basename.split('-')
+    if not py_version and any(re.match('py\d\.\d$', p) for p in parts[2:]):
+        # it is a bdist_dumb, not an sdist -- bail out
+        return
+
+    for p in range(1,len(parts)+1):
+        yield Distribution(
+            location, metadata, '-'.join(parts[:p]), '-'.join(parts[p:]),
+            py_version=py_version, precedence = precedence,
+            platform = platform
+        )
+
+# From Python 2.7 docs
+def unique_everseen(iterable, key=None):
+    "List unique elements, preserving order. Remember all elements ever seen."
+    # unique_everseen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB') --> A B C D
+    # unique_everseen('ABBCcAD', str.lower) --> A B C D
+    seen = set()
+    seen_add = seen.add
+    if key is None:
+        for element in filterfalse(seen.__contains__, iterable):
+            seen_add(element)
+            yield element
+    else:
+        for element in iterable:
+            k = key(element)
+            if k not in seen:
+                seen_add(k)
+                yield element
+
+def unique_values(func):
+    """
+    Wrap a function returning an iterable such that the resulting iterable
+    only ever yields unique items.
+    """
+    @wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        return unique_everseen(func(*args, **kwargs))
+    return wrapper
+
+REL = re.compile("""<([^>]*\srel\s*=\s*['"]?([^'">]+)[^>]*)>""", re.I)
+# this line is here to fix emacs' cruddy broken syntax highlighting
+
+@unique_values
+def find_external_links(url, page):
+    """Find rel="homepage" and rel="download" links in `page`, yielding URLs"""
+
+    for match in REL.finditer(page):
+        tag, rel = match.groups()
+        rels = set(map(str.strip, rel.lower().split(',')))
+        if 'homepage' in rels or 'download' in rels:
+            for match in HREF.finditer(tag):
+                yield urljoin(url, htmldecode(match.group(1)))
+
+    for tag in ("Home Page", "Download URL"):
+        pos = page.find(tag)
+        if pos!=-1:
+            match = HREF.search(page,pos)
+            if match:
+                yield urljoin(url, htmldecode(match.group(1)))
+
+user_agent = "Python-urllib/%s setuptools/%s" % (
+    sys.version[:3], require('setuptools')[0].version
+)
+
+class ContentChecker(object):
+    """
+    A null content checker that defines the interface for checking content
+    """
+    def feed(self, block):
+        """
+        Feed a block of data to the hash.
+        """
+        return
+
+    def is_valid(self):
+        """
+        Check the hash. Return False if validation fails.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def report(self, reporter, template):
+        """
+        Call reporter with information about the checker (hash name)
+        substituted into the template.
+        """
+        return
+
+class HashChecker(ContentChecker):
+    pattern = re.compile(
+        r'(?Psha1|sha224|sha384|sha256|sha512|md5)='
+        r'(?P[a-f0-9]+)'
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, hash_name, expected):
+        self.hash_name = hash_name
+        self.hash = hashlib.new(hash_name)
+        self.expected = expected
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_url(cls, url):
+        "Construct a (possibly null) ContentChecker from a URL"
+        fragment = urlparse(url)[-1]
+        if not fragment:
+            return ContentChecker()
+        match = cls.pattern.search(fragment)
+        if not match:
+            return ContentChecker()
+        return cls(**match.groupdict())
+
+    def feed(self, block):
+        self.hash.update(block)
+
+    def is_valid(self):
+        return self.hash.hexdigest() == self.expected
+
+    def report(self, reporter, template):
+        msg = template % self.hash_name
+        return reporter(msg)
+
+
+class PackageIndex(Environment):
+    """A distribution index that scans web pages for download URLs"""
+
+    def __init__(
+            self, index_url="https://pypi.python.org/simple", hosts=('*',),
+            ca_bundle=None, verify_ssl=True, *args, **kw
+            ):
+        Environment.__init__(self,*args,**kw)
+        self.index_url = index_url + "/"[:not index_url.endswith('/')]
+        self.scanned_urls = {}
+        self.fetched_urls = {}
+        self.package_pages = {}
+        self.allows = re.compile('|'.join(map(translate,hosts))).match
+        self.to_scan = []
+        if verify_ssl and ssl_support.is_available and (ca_bundle or ssl_support.find_ca_bundle()):
+            self.opener = ssl_support.opener_for(ca_bundle)
+        else: self.opener = urllib2.urlopen
+
+    def process_url(self, url, retrieve=False):
+        """Evaluate a URL as a possible download, and maybe retrieve it"""
+        if url in self.scanned_urls and not retrieve:
+            return
+        self.scanned_urls[url] = True
+        if not URL_SCHEME(url):
+            self.process_filename(url)
+            return
+        else:
+            dists = list(distros_for_url(url))
+            if dists:
+                if not self.url_ok(url):
+                    return
+                self.debug("Found link: %s", url)
+
+        if dists or not retrieve or url in self.fetched_urls:
+            list(map(self.add, dists))
+            return  # don't need the actual page
+
+        if not self.url_ok(url):
+            self.fetched_urls[url] = True
+            return
+
+        self.info("Reading %s", url)
+        self.fetched_urls[url] = True   # prevent multiple fetch attempts
+        f = self.open_url(url, "Download error on %s: %%s -- Some packages may not be found!" % url)
+        if f is None: return
+        self.fetched_urls[f.url] = True
+        if 'html' not in f.headers.get('content-type', '').lower():
+            f.close()   # not html, we can't process it
+            return
+
+        base = f.url     # handle redirects
+        page = f.read()
+        if not isinstance(page, str): # We are in Python 3 and got bytes. We want str.
+            if isinstance(f, HTTPError):
+                # Errors have no charset, assume latin1:
+                charset = 'latin-1'
+            else:
+                charset = f.headers.get_param('charset') or 'latin-1'
+            page = page.decode(charset, "ignore")
+        f.close()
+        for match in HREF.finditer(page):
+            link = urljoin(base, htmldecode(match.group(1)))
+            self.process_url(link)
+        if url.startswith(self.index_url) and getattr(f,'code',None)!=404:
+            page = self.process_index(url, page)
+
+    def process_filename(self, fn, nested=False):
+        # process filenames or directories
+        if not os.path.exists(fn):
+            self.warn("Not found: %s", fn)
+            return
+
+        if os.path.isdir(fn) and not nested:
+            path = os.path.realpath(fn)
+            for item in os.listdir(path):
+                self.process_filename(os.path.join(path,item), True)
+
+        dists = distros_for_filename(fn)
+        if dists:
+            self.debug("Found: %s", fn)
+            list(map(self.add, dists))
+
+    def url_ok(self, url, fatal=False):
+        s = URL_SCHEME(url)
+        if (s and s.group(1).lower()=='file') or self.allows(urlparse(url)[1]):
+            return True
+        msg = ("\nNote: Bypassing %s (disallowed host; see "
+            "http://bit.ly/1dg9ijs for details).\n")
+        if fatal:
+            raise DistutilsError(msg % url)
+        else:
+            self.warn(msg, url)
+
+    def scan_egg_links(self, search_path):
+        for item in search_path:
+            if os.path.isdir(item):
+                for entry in os.listdir(item):
+                    if entry.endswith('.egg-link'):
+                        self.scan_egg_link(item, entry)
+
+    def scan_egg_link(self, path, entry):
+        lines = [_f for _f in map(str.strip,
+                                  open(os.path.join(path, entry))) if _f]
+        if len(lines)==2:
+            for dist in find_distributions(os.path.join(path, lines[0])):
+                dist.location = os.path.join(path, *lines)
+                dist.precedence = SOURCE_DIST
+                self.add(dist)
+
+    def process_index(self,url,page):
+        """Process the contents of a PyPI page"""
+        def scan(link):
+            # Process a URL to see if it's for a package page
+            if link.startswith(self.index_url):
+                parts = list(map(
+                    unquote, link[len(self.index_url):].split('/')
+                ))
+                if len(parts)==2 and '#' not in parts[1]:
+                    # it's a package page, sanitize and index it
+                    pkg = safe_name(parts[0])
+                    ver = safe_version(parts[1])
+                    self.package_pages.setdefault(pkg.lower(),{})[link] = True
+                    return to_filename(pkg), to_filename(ver)
+            return None, None
+
+        # process an index page into the package-page index
+        for match in HREF.finditer(page):
+            try:
+                scan(urljoin(url, htmldecode(match.group(1))))
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+        pkg, ver = scan(url)   # ensure this page is in the page index
+        if pkg:
+            # process individual package page
+            for new_url in find_external_links(url, page):
+                # Process the found URL
+                base, frag = egg_info_for_url(new_url)
+                if base.endswith('.py') and not frag:
+                    if ver:
+                        new_url+='#egg=%s-%s' % (pkg,ver)
+                    else:
+                        self.need_version_info(url)
+                self.scan_url(new_url)
+
+            return PYPI_MD5.sub(
+                lambda m: '%s' % m.group(1,3,2), page
+            )
+        else:
+            return ""   # no sense double-scanning non-package pages
+
+    def need_version_info(self, url):
+        self.scan_all(
+            "Page at %s links to .py file(s) without version info; an index "
+            "scan is required.", url
+        )
+
+    def scan_all(self, msg=None, *args):
+        if self.index_url not in self.fetched_urls:
+            if msg: self.warn(msg,*args)
+            self.info(
+                "Scanning index of all packages (this may take a while)"
+            )
+        self.scan_url(self.index_url)
+
+    def find_packages(self, requirement):
+        self.scan_url(self.index_url + requirement.unsafe_name+'/')
+
+        if not self.package_pages.get(requirement.key):
+            # Fall back to safe version of the name
+            self.scan_url(self.index_url + requirement.project_name+'/')
+
+        if not self.package_pages.get(requirement.key):
+            # We couldn't find the target package, so search the index page too
+            self.not_found_in_index(requirement)
+
+        for url in list(self.package_pages.get(requirement.key,())):
+            # scan each page that might be related to the desired package
+            self.scan_url(url)
+
+    def obtain(self, requirement, installer=None):
+        self.prescan()
+        self.find_packages(requirement)
+        for dist in self[requirement.key]:
+            if dist in requirement:
+                return dist
+            self.debug("%s does not match %s", requirement, dist)
+        return super(PackageIndex, self).obtain(requirement,installer)
+
+    def check_hash(self, checker, filename, tfp):
+        """
+        checker is a ContentChecker
+        """
+        checker.report(self.debug,
+            "Validating %%s checksum for %s" % filename)
+        if not checker.is_valid():
+            tfp.close()
+            os.unlink(filename)
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "%s validation failed for %s; "
+                "possible download problem?" % (
+                                checker.hash.name, os.path.basename(filename))
+            )
+
+    def add_find_links(self, urls):
+        """Add `urls` to the list that will be prescanned for searches"""
+        for url in urls:
+            if (
+                self.to_scan is None        # if we have already "gone online"
+                or not URL_SCHEME(url)      # or it's a local file/directory
+                or url.startswith('file:')
+                or list(distros_for_url(url))   # or a direct package link
+            ):
+                # then go ahead and process it now
+                self.scan_url(url)
+            else:
+                # otherwise, defer retrieval till later
+                self.to_scan.append(url)
+
+    def prescan(self):
+        """Scan urls scheduled for prescanning (e.g. --find-links)"""
+        if self.to_scan:
+            list(map(self.scan_url, self.to_scan))
+        self.to_scan = None     # from now on, go ahead and process immediately
+
+    def not_found_in_index(self, requirement):
+        if self[requirement.key]:   # we've seen at least one distro
+            meth, msg = self.info, "Couldn't retrieve index page for %r"
+        else:   # no distros seen for this name, might be misspelled
+            meth, msg = (self.warn,
+                "Couldn't find index page for %r (maybe misspelled?)")
+        meth(msg, requirement.unsafe_name)
+        self.scan_all()
+
+    def download(self, spec, tmpdir):
+        """Locate and/or download `spec` to `tmpdir`, returning a local path
+
+        `spec` may be a ``Requirement`` object, or a string containing a URL,
+        an existing local filename, or a project/version requirement spec
+        (i.e. the string form of a ``Requirement`` object).  If it is the URL
+        of a .py file with an unambiguous ``#egg=name-version`` tag (i.e., one
+        that escapes ``-`` as ``_`` throughout), a trivial ``setup.py`` is
+        automatically created alongside the downloaded file.
+
+        If `spec` is a ``Requirement`` object or a string containing a
+        project/version requirement spec, this method returns the location of
+        a matching distribution (possibly after downloading it to `tmpdir`).
+        If `spec` is a locally existing file or directory name, it is simply
+        returned unchanged.  If `spec` is a URL, it is downloaded to a subpath
+        of `tmpdir`, and the local filename is returned.  Various errors may be
+        raised if a problem occurs during downloading.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(spec,Requirement):
+            scheme = URL_SCHEME(spec)
+            if scheme:
+                # It's a url, download it to tmpdir
+                found = self._download_url(scheme.group(1), spec, tmpdir)
+                base, fragment = egg_info_for_url(spec)
+                if base.endswith('.py'):
+                    found = self.gen_setup(found,fragment,tmpdir)
+                return found
+            elif os.path.exists(spec):
+                # Existing file or directory, just return it
+                return spec
+            else:
+                try:
+                    spec = Requirement.parse(spec)
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise DistutilsError(
+                        "Not a URL, existing file, or requirement spec: %r" %
+                        (spec,)
+                    )
+        return getattr(self.fetch_distribution(spec, tmpdir),'location',None)
+
+    def fetch_distribution(
+            self, requirement, tmpdir, force_scan=False, source=False,
+            develop_ok=False, local_index=None
+            ):
+        """Obtain a distribution suitable for fulfilling `requirement`
+
+        `requirement` must be a ``pkg_resources.Requirement`` instance.
+        If necessary, or if the `force_scan` flag is set, the requirement is
+        searched for in the (online) package index as well as the locally
+        installed packages.  If a distribution matching `requirement` is found,
+        the returned distribution's ``location`` is the value you would have
+        gotten from calling the ``download()`` method with the matching
+        distribution's URL or filename.  If no matching distribution is found,
+        ``None`` is returned.
+
+        If the `source` flag is set, only source distributions and source
+        checkout links will be considered.  Unless the `develop_ok` flag is
+        set, development and system eggs (i.e., those using the ``.egg-info``
+        format) will be ignored.
+        """
+        # process a Requirement
+        self.info("Searching for %s", requirement)
+        skipped = {}
+        dist = None
+
+        def find(req, env=None):
+            if env is None:
+                env = self
+            # Find a matching distribution; may be called more than once
+
+            for dist in env[req.key]:
+
+                if dist.precedence==DEVELOP_DIST and not develop_ok:
+                    if dist not in skipped:
+                        self.warn("Skipping development or system egg: %s",dist)
+                        skipped[dist] = 1
+                    continue
+
+                if dist in req and (dist.precedence<=SOURCE_DIST or not source):
+                    return dist
+
+        if force_scan:
+            self.prescan()
+            self.find_packages(requirement)
+            dist = find(requirement)
+
+        if local_index is not None:
+            dist = dist or find(requirement, local_index)
+
+        if dist is None:
+            if self.to_scan is not None:
+                self.prescan()
+            dist = find(requirement)
+
+        if dist is None and not force_scan:
+            self.find_packages(requirement)
+            dist = find(requirement)
+
+        if dist is None:
+            self.warn(
+                "No local packages or download links found for %s%s",
+                (source and "a source distribution of " or ""),
+                requirement,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.info("Best match: %s", dist)
+            return dist.clone(location=self.download(dist.location, tmpdir))
+
+    def fetch(self, requirement, tmpdir, force_scan=False, source=False):
+        """Obtain a file suitable for fulfilling `requirement`
+
+        DEPRECATED; use the ``fetch_distribution()`` method now instead.  For
+        backward compatibility, this routine is identical but returns the
+        ``location`` of the downloaded distribution instead of a distribution
+        object.
+        """
+        dist = self.fetch_distribution(requirement,tmpdir,force_scan,source)
+        if dist is not None:
+            return dist.location
+        return None
+
+    def gen_setup(self, filename, fragment, tmpdir):
+        match = EGG_FRAGMENT.match(fragment)
+        dists = match and [
+            d for d in
+            interpret_distro_name(filename, match.group(1), None) if d.version
+        ] or []
+
+        if len(dists)==1:   # unambiguous ``#egg`` fragment
+            basename = os.path.basename(filename)
+
+            # Make sure the file has been downloaded to the temp dir.
+            if os.path.dirname(filename) != tmpdir:
+                dst = os.path.join(tmpdir, basename)
+                from setuptools.command.easy_install import samefile
+                if not samefile(filename, dst):
+                    shutil.copy2(filename, dst)
+                    filename=dst
+
+            with open(os.path.join(tmpdir, 'setup.py'), 'w') as file:
+                file.write(
+                    "from setuptools import setup\n"
+                    "setup(name=%r, version=%r, py_modules=[%r])\n"
+                    % (
+                        dists[0].project_name, dists[0].version,
+                        os.path.splitext(basename)[0]
+                    )
+                )
+            return filename
+
+        elif match:
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "Can't unambiguously interpret project/version identifier %r; "
+                "any dashes in the name or version should be escaped using "
+                "underscores. %r" % (fragment,dists)
+            )
+        else:
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "Can't process plain .py files without an '#egg=name-version'"
+                " suffix to enable automatic setup script generation."
+            )
+
+    dl_blocksize = 8192
+    def _download_to(self, url, filename):
+        self.info("Downloading %s", url)
+        # Download the file
+        fp, info = None, None
+        try:
+            checker = HashChecker.from_url(url)
+            fp = self.open_url(strip_fragment(url))
+            if isinstance(fp, HTTPError):
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "Can't download %s: %s %s" % (url, fp.code,fp.msg)
+                )
+            headers = fp.info()
+            blocknum = 0
+            bs = self.dl_blocksize
+            size = -1
+            if "content-length" in headers:
+                # Some servers return multiple Content-Length headers :(
+                sizes = get_all_headers(headers, 'Content-Length')
+                size = max(map(int, sizes))
+                self.reporthook(url, filename, blocknum, bs, size)
+            with open(filename,'wb') as tfp:
+                while True:
+                    block = fp.read(bs)
+                    if block:
+                        checker.feed(block)
+                        tfp.write(block)
+                        blocknum += 1
+                        self.reporthook(url, filename, blocknum, bs, size)
+                    else:
+                        break
+                self.check_hash(checker, filename, tfp)
+            return headers
+        finally:
+            if fp: fp.close()
+
+    def reporthook(self, url, filename, blocknum, blksize, size):
+        pass    # no-op
+
+    def open_url(self, url, warning=None):
+        if url.startswith('file:'):
+            return local_open(url)
+        try:
+            return open_with_auth(url, self.opener)
+        except (ValueError, httplib.InvalidURL) as v:
+            msg = ' '.join([str(arg) for arg in v.args])
+            if warning:
+                self.warn(warning, msg)
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsError('%s %s' % (url, msg))
+        except urllib2.HTTPError as v:
+            return v
+        except urllib2.URLError as v:
+            if warning:
+                self.warn(warning, v.reason)
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsError("Download error for %s: %s"
+                                     % (url, v.reason))
+        except httplib.BadStatusLine as v:
+            if warning:
+                self.warn(warning, v.line)
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    '%s returned a bad status line. The server might be '
+                    'down, %s' %
+                    (url, v.line)
+                )
+        except httplib.HTTPException as v:
+            if warning:
+                self.warn(warning, v)
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsError("Download error for %s: %s"
+                                     % (url, v))
+
+    def _download_url(self, scheme, url, tmpdir):
+        # Determine download filename
+        #
+        name, fragment = egg_info_for_url(url)
+        if name:
+            while '..' in name:
+                name = name.replace('..','.').replace('\\','_')
+        else:
+            name = "__downloaded__"    # default if URL has no path contents
+
+        if name.endswith('.egg.zip'):
+            name = name[:-4]    # strip the extra .zip before download
+
+        filename = os.path.join(tmpdir,name)
+
+        # Download the file
+        #
+        if scheme=='svn' or scheme.startswith('svn+'):
+            return self._download_svn(url, filename)
+        elif scheme=='git' or scheme.startswith('git+'):
+            return self._download_git(url, filename)
+        elif scheme.startswith('hg+'):
+            return self._download_hg(url, filename)
+        elif scheme=='file':
+            return url2pathname(urlparse(url)[2])
+        else:
+            self.url_ok(url, True)   # raises error if not allowed
+            return self._attempt_download(url, filename)
+
+    def scan_url(self, url):
+        self.process_url(url, True)
+
+    def _attempt_download(self, url, filename):
+        headers = self._download_to(url, filename)
+        if 'html' in headers.get('content-type','').lower():
+            return self._download_html(url, headers, filename)
+        else:
+            return filename
+
+    def _download_html(self, url, headers, filename):
+        file = open(filename)
+        for line in file:
+            if line.strip():
+                # Check for a subversion index page
+                if re.search(r'([^- ]+ - )?Revision \d+:', line):
+                    # it's a subversion index page:
+                    file.close()
+                    os.unlink(filename)
+                    return self._download_svn(url, filename)
+                break   # not an index page
+        file.close()
+        os.unlink(filename)
+        raise DistutilsError("Unexpected HTML page found at "+url)
+
+    def _download_svn(self, url, filename):
+        url = url.split('#',1)[0]   # remove any fragment for svn's sake
+        creds = ''
+        if url.lower().startswith('svn:') and '@' in url:
+            scheme, netloc, path, p, q, f = urlparse(url)
+            if not netloc and path.startswith('//') and '/' in path[2:]:
+                netloc, path = path[2:].split('/',1)
+                auth, host = splituser(netloc)
+                if auth:
+                    if ':' in auth:
+                        user, pw = auth.split(':',1)
+                        creds = " --username=%s --password=%s" % (user, pw)
+                    else:
+                        creds = " --username="+auth
+                    netloc = host
+                    url = urlunparse((scheme, netloc, url, p, q, f))
+        self.info("Doing subversion checkout from %s to %s", url, filename)
+        os.system("svn checkout%s -q %s %s" % (creds, url, filename))
+        return filename
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _vcs_split_rev_from_url(url, pop_prefix=False):
+        scheme, netloc, path, query, frag = urlsplit(url)
+
+        scheme = scheme.split('+', 1)[-1]
+
+        # Some fragment identification fails
+        path = path.split('#',1)[0]
+
+        rev = None
+        if '@' in path:
+            path, rev = path.rsplit('@', 1)
+
+        # Also, discard fragment
+        url = urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, path, query, ''))
+
+        return url, rev
+
+    def _download_git(self, url, filename):
+        filename = filename.split('#',1)[0]
+        url, rev = self._vcs_split_rev_from_url(url, pop_prefix=True)
+
+        self.info("Doing git clone from %s to %s", url, filename)
+        os.system("git clone --quiet %s %s" % (url, filename))
+
+        if rev is not None:
+            self.info("Checking out %s", rev)
+            os.system("(cd %s && git checkout --quiet %s)" % (
+                filename,
+                rev,
+            ))
+
+        return filename
+
+    def _download_hg(self, url, filename):
+        filename = filename.split('#',1)[0]
+        url, rev = self._vcs_split_rev_from_url(url, pop_prefix=True)
+
+        self.info("Doing hg clone from %s to %s", url, filename)
+        os.system("hg clone --quiet %s %s" % (url, filename))
+
+        if rev is not None:
+            self.info("Updating to %s", rev)
+            os.system("(cd %s && hg up -C -r %s >&-)" % (
+                filename,
+                rev,
+            ))
+
+        return filename
+
+    def debug(self, msg, *args):
+        log.debug(msg, *args)
+
+    def info(self, msg, *args):
+        log.info(msg, *args)
+
+    def warn(self, msg, *args):
+        log.warn(msg, *args)
+
+# This pattern matches a character entity reference (a decimal numeric
+# references, a hexadecimal numeric reference, or a named reference).
+entity_sub = re.compile(r'&(#(\d+|x[\da-fA-F]+)|[\w.:-]+);?').sub
+
+def uchr(c):
+    if not isinstance(c, int):
+        return c
+    if c>255: return unichr(c)
+    return chr(c)
+
+def decode_entity(match):
+    what = match.group(1)
+    if what.startswith('#x'):
+        what = int(what[2:], 16)
+    elif what.startswith('#'):
+        what = int(what[1:])
+    else:
+        what = name2codepoint.get(what, match.group(0))
+    return uchr(what)
+
+def htmldecode(text):
+    """Decode HTML entities in the given text."""
+    return entity_sub(decode_entity, text)
+
+def socket_timeout(timeout=15):
+    def _socket_timeout(func):
+        def _socket_timeout(*args, **kwargs):
+            old_timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
+            socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
+            try:
+                return func(*args, **kwargs)
+            finally:
+                socket.setdefaulttimeout(old_timeout)
+        return _socket_timeout
+    return _socket_timeout
+
+def _encode_auth(auth):
+    """
+    A function compatible with Python 2.3-3.3 that will encode
+    auth from a URL suitable for an HTTP header.
+    >>> str(_encode_auth('username%3Apassword'))
+    'dXNlcm5hbWU6cGFzc3dvcmQ='
+
+    Long auth strings should not cause a newline to be inserted.
+    >>> long_auth = 'username:' + 'password'*10
+    >>> chr(10) in str(_encode_auth(long_auth))
+    False
+    """
+    auth_s = unquote(auth)
+    # convert to bytes
+    auth_bytes = auth_s.encode()
+    # use the legacy interface for Python 2.3 support
+    encoded_bytes = base64.encodestring(auth_bytes)
+    # convert back to a string
+    encoded = encoded_bytes.decode()
+    # strip the trailing carriage return
+    return encoded.replace('\n','')
+
+class Credential(object):
+    """
+    A username/password pair. Use like a namedtuple.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        yield self.username
+        yield self.password
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%(username)s:%(password)s' % vars(self)
+
+class PyPIConfig(ConfigParser.ConfigParser):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """
+        Load from ~/.pypirc
+        """
+        defaults = dict.fromkeys(['username', 'password', 'repository'], '')
+        ConfigParser.ConfigParser.__init__(self, defaults)
+
+        rc = os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~'), '.pypirc')
+        if os.path.exists(rc):
+            self.read(rc)
+
+    @property
+    def creds_by_repository(self):
+        sections_with_repositories = [
+            section for section in self.sections()
+            if self.get(section, 'repository').strip()
+        ]
+
+        return dict(map(self._get_repo_cred, sections_with_repositories))
+
+    def _get_repo_cred(self, section):
+        repo = self.get(section, 'repository').strip()
+        return repo, Credential(
+            self.get(section, 'username').strip(),
+            self.get(section, 'password').strip(),
+        )
+
+    def find_credential(self, url):
+        """
+        If the URL indicated appears to be a repository defined in this
+        config, return the credential for that repository.
+        """
+        for repository, cred in self.creds_by_repository.items():
+            if url.startswith(repository):
+                return cred
+
+
+def open_with_auth(url, opener=urllib2.urlopen):
+    """Open a urllib2 request, handling HTTP authentication"""
+
+    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urlparse(url)
+
+    # Double scheme does not raise on Mac OS X as revealed by a
+    # failing test. We would expect "nonnumeric port". Refs #20.
+    if netloc.endswith(':'):
+        raise httplib.InvalidURL("nonnumeric port: ''")
+
+    if scheme in ('http', 'https'):
+        auth, host = splituser(netloc)
+    else:
+        auth = None
+
+    if not auth:
+        cred = PyPIConfig().find_credential(url)
+        if cred:
+            auth = str(cred)
+            info = cred.username, url
+            log.info('Authenticating as %s for %s (from .pypirc)' % info)
+
+    if auth:
+        auth = "Basic " + _encode_auth(auth)
+        new_url = urlunparse((scheme,host,path,params,query,frag))
+        request = urllib2.Request(new_url)
+        request.add_header("Authorization", auth)
+    else:
+        request = urllib2.Request(url)
+
+    request.add_header('User-Agent', user_agent)
+    fp = opener(request)
+
+    if auth:
+        # Put authentication info back into request URL if same host,
+        # so that links found on the page will work
+        s2, h2, path2, param2, query2, frag2 = urlparse(fp.url)
+        if s2==scheme and h2==host:
+            fp.url = urlunparse((s2,netloc,path2,param2,query2,frag2))
+
+    return fp
+
+# adding a timeout to avoid freezing package_index
+open_with_auth = socket_timeout(_SOCKET_TIMEOUT)(open_with_auth)
+
+
+def fix_sf_url(url):
+    return url      # backward compatibility
+
+def local_open(url):
+    """Read a local path, with special support for directories"""
+    scheme, server, path, param, query, frag = urlparse(url)
+    filename = url2pathname(path)
+    if os.path.isfile(filename):
+        return urllib2.urlopen(url)
+    elif path.endswith('/') and os.path.isdir(filename):
+        files = []
+        for f in os.listdir(filename):
+            if f=='index.html':
+                with open(os.path.join(filename,f),'r') as fp:
+                    body = fp.read()
+                break
+            elif os.path.isdir(os.path.join(filename,f)):
+                f+='/'
+            files.append("<a href=%r>%s</a>" % (f,f))
+        else:
+            body = ("<html><head><title>%s" % url) + \
+                "%s" % '\n'.join(files)
+        status, message = 200, "OK"
+    else:
+        status, message, body = 404, "Path not found", "Not found"
+
+    headers = {'content-type': 'text/html'}
+    return HTTPError(url, status, message, headers, StringIO(body))
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/py26compat.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/py26compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..738b0cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/py26compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+"""
+Compatibility Support for Python 2.6 and earlier
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+from setuptools.compat import splittag
+
+def strip_fragment(url):
+	"""
+	In `Python 8280 `_, Python 2.7 and
+	later was patched to disregard the fragment when making URL requests.
+	Do the same for Python 2.6 and earlier.
+	"""
+	url, fragment = splittag(url)
+	return url
+
+if sys.version_info >= (2,7):
+	strip_fragment = lambda x: x
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/py27compat.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/py27compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d2886d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/py27compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+"""
+Compatibility Support for Python 2.7 and earlier
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+def get_all_headers(message, key):
+	"""
+	Given an HTTPMessage, return all headers matching a given key.
+	"""
+	return message.get_all(key)
+
+if sys.version_info < (3,):
+	def get_all_headers(message, key):
+		return message.getheaders(key)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/py31compat.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/py31compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c487ac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/py31compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import sys
+import unittest
+
+__all__ = ['get_config_vars', 'get_path']
+
+try:
+    # Python 2.7 or >=3.2
+    from sysconfig import get_config_vars, get_path
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.sysconfig import get_config_vars, get_python_lib
+    def get_path(name):
+        if name not in ('platlib', 'purelib'):
+            raise ValueError("Name must be purelib or platlib")
+        return get_python_lib(name=='platlib')
+
+try:
+    # Python >=3.2
+    from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
+except ImportError:
+    import shutil
+    import tempfile
+    class TemporaryDirectory(object):
+        """"
+        Very simple temporary directory context manager.
+        Will try to delete afterward, but will also ignore OS and similar
+        errors on deletion.
+        """
+        def __init__(self):
+            self.name = None # Handle mkdtemp raising an exception
+            self.name = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self.name
+
+        def __exit__(self, exctype, excvalue, exctrace):
+            try:
+                shutil.rmtree(self.name, True)
+            except OSError: #removal errors are not the only possible
+                pass
+            self.name = None
+
+
+unittest_main = unittest.main
+
+_PY31 = (3, 1) <= sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 2)
+if _PY31:
+    # on Python 3.1, translate testRunner==None to TextTestRunner
+    # for compatibility with Python 2.6, 2.7, and 3.2+
+    def unittest_main(*args, **kwargs):
+        if 'testRunner' in kwargs and kwargs['testRunner'] is None:
+            kwargs['testRunner'] = unittest.TextTestRunner
+        return unittest.main(*args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..213cebf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py
@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import operator
+import functools
+import itertools
+import re
+import contextlib
+import pickle
+
+import pkg_resources
+
+if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+    import org.python.modules.posix.PosixModule as _os
+else:
+    _os = sys.modules[os.name]
+try:
+    _file = file
+except NameError:
+    _file = None
+_open = open
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError
+from pkg_resources import working_set
+
+from setuptools import compat
+from setuptools.compat import builtins
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AbstractSandbox", "DirectorySandbox", "SandboxViolation", "run_setup",
+]
+
+def _execfile(filename, globals, locals=None):
+    """
+    Python 3 implementation of execfile.
+    """
+    mode = 'rb'
+    with open(filename, mode) as stream:
+        script = stream.read()
+    # compile() function in Python 2.6 and 3.1 requires LF line endings.
+    if sys.version_info[:2] < (2, 7) or sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 0) and sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 2):
+        script = script.replace(b'\r\n', b'\n')
+        script = script.replace(b'\r', b'\n')
+    if locals is None:
+        locals = globals
+    code = compile(script, filename, 'exec')
+    exec(code, globals, locals)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def save_argv(repl=None):
+    saved = sys.argv[:]
+    if repl is not None:
+        sys.argv[:] = repl
+    try:
+        yield saved
+    finally:
+        sys.argv[:] = saved
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def save_path():
+    saved = sys.path[:]
+    try:
+        yield saved
+    finally:
+        sys.path[:] = saved
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def override_temp(replacement):
+    """
+    Monkey-patch tempfile.tempdir with replacement, ensuring it exists
+    """
+    if not os.path.isdir(replacement):
+        os.makedirs(replacement)
+
+    saved = tempfile.tempdir
+
+    tempfile.tempdir = replacement
+
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        tempfile.tempdir = saved
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def pushd(target):
+    saved = os.getcwd()
+    os.chdir(target)
+    try:
+        yield saved
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(saved)
+
+
+class UnpickleableException(Exception):
+    """
+    An exception representing another Exception that could not be pickled.
+    """
+    @classmethod
+    def dump(cls, type, exc):
+        """
+        Always return a dumped (pickled) type and exc. If exc can't be pickled,
+        wrap it in UnpickleableException first.
+        """
+        try:
+            return pickle.dumps(type), pickle.dumps(exc)
+        except Exception:
+            return cls.dump(cls, cls(repr(exc)))
+
+
+class ExceptionSaver:
+    """
+    A Context Manager that will save an exception, serialized, and restore it
+    later.
+    """
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, exc, tb):
+        if not exc:
+            return
+
+        # dump the exception
+        self._saved = UnpickleableException.dump(type, exc)
+        self._tb = tb
+
+        # suppress the exception
+        return True
+
+    def resume(self):
+        "restore and re-raise any exception"
+
+        if '_saved' not in vars(self):
+            return
+
+        type, exc = map(pickle.loads, self._saved)
+        compat.reraise(type, exc, self._tb)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def save_modules():
+    """
+    Context in which imported modules are saved.
+
+    Translates exceptions internal to the context into the equivalent exception
+    outside the context.
+    """
+    saved = sys.modules.copy()
+    with ExceptionSaver() as saved_exc:
+        yield saved
+
+    sys.modules.update(saved)
+    # remove any modules imported since
+    del_modules = (
+        mod_name for mod_name in sys.modules
+        if mod_name not in saved
+        # exclude any encodings modules. See #285
+        and not mod_name.startswith('encodings.')
+    )
+    _clear_modules(del_modules)
+
+    saved_exc.resume()
+
+
+def _clear_modules(module_names):
+    for mod_name in list(module_names):
+        del sys.modules[mod_name]
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def save_pkg_resources_state():
+    saved = pkg_resources.__getstate__()
+    try:
+        yield saved
+    finally:
+        pkg_resources.__setstate__(saved)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def setup_context(setup_dir):
+    temp_dir = os.path.join(setup_dir, 'temp')
+    with save_pkg_resources_state():
+        with save_modules():
+            hide_setuptools()
+            with save_path():
+                with save_argv():
+                    with override_temp(temp_dir):
+                        with pushd(setup_dir):
+                            # ensure setuptools commands are available
+                            __import__('setuptools')
+                            yield
+
+
+def _needs_hiding(mod_name):
+    """
+    >>> _needs_hiding('setuptools')
+    True
+    >>> _needs_hiding('pkg_resources')
+    True
+    >>> _needs_hiding('setuptools_plugin')
+    False
+    >>> _needs_hiding('setuptools.__init__')
+    True
+    >>> _needs_hiding('distutils')
+    True
+    """
+    pattern = re.compile('(setuptools|pkg_resources|distutils)(\.|$)')
+    return bool(pattern.match(mod_name))
+
+
+def hide_setuptools():
+    """
+    Remove references to setuptools' modules from sys.modules to allow the
+    invocation to import the most appropriate setuptools. This technique is
+    necessary to avoid issues such as #315 where setuptools upgrading itself
+    would fail to find a function declared in the metadata.
+    """
+    modules = filter(_needs_hiding, sys.modules)
+    _clear_modules(modules)
+
+
+def run_setup(setup_script, args):
+    """Run a distutils setup script, sandboxed in its directory"""
+    setup_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(setup_script))
+    with setup_context(setup_dir):
+        try:
+            sys.argv[:] = [setup_script]+list(args)
+            sys.path.insert(0, setup_dir)
+            # reset to include setup dir, w/clean callback list
+            working_set.__init__()
+            working_set.callbacks.append(lambda dist:dist.activate())
+            def runner():
+                ns = dict(__file__=setup_script, __name__='__main__')
+                _execfile(setup_script, ns)
+            DirectorySandbox(setup_dir).run(runner)
+        except SystemExit as v:
+            if v.args and v.args[0]:
+                raise
+            # Normal exit, just return
+
+
+class AbstractSandbox:
+    """Wrap 'os' module and 'open()' builtin for virtualizing setup scripts"""
+
+    _active = False
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._attrs = [
+            name for name in dir(_os)
+                if not name.startswith('_') and hasattr(self,name)
+        ]
+
+    def _copy(self, source):
+        for name in self._attrs:
+            setattr(os, name, getattr(source,name))
+
+    def run(self, func):
+        """Run 'func' under os sandboxing"""
+        try:
+            self._copy(self)
+            if _file:
+                builtins.file = self._file
+            builtins.open = self._open
+            self._active = True
+            return func()
+        finally:
+            self._active = False
+            if _file:
+                builtins.file = _file
+            builtins.open = _open
+            self._copy(_os)
+
+    def _mk_dual_path_wrapper(name):
+        original = getattr(_os,name)
+        def wrap(self,src,dst,*args,**kw):
+            if self._active:
+                src,dst = self._remap_pair(name,src,dst,*args,**kw)
+            return original(src,dst,*args,**kw)
+        return wrap
+
+    for name in ["rename", "link", "symlink"]:
+        if hasattr(_os,name): locals()[name] = _mk_dual_path_wrapper(name)
+
+    def _mk_single_path_wrapper(name, original=None):
+        original = original or getattr(_os,name)
+        def wrap(self,path,*args,**kw):
+            if self._active:
+                path = self._remap_input(name,path,*args,**kw)
+            return original(path,*args,**kw)
+        return wrap
+
+    if _file:
+        _file = _mk_single_path_wrapper('file', _file)
+    _open = _mk_single_path_wrapper('open', _open)
+    for name in [
+        "stat", "listdir", "chdir", "open", "chmod", "chown", "mkdir",
+        "remove", "unlink", "rmdir", "utime", "lchown", "chroot", "lstat",
+        "startfile", "mkfifo", "mknod", "pathconf", "access"
+    ]:
+        if hasattr(_os,name): locals()[name] = _mk_single_path_wrapper(name)
+
+    def _mk_single_with_return(name):
+        original = getattr(_os,name)
+        def wrap(self,path,*args,**kw):
+            if self._active:
+                path = self._remap_input(name,path,*args,**kw)
+                return self._remap_output(name, original(path,*args,**kw))
+            return original(path,*args,**kw)
+        return wrap
+
+    for name in ['readlink', 'tempnam']:
+        if hasattr(_os,name): locals()[name] = _mk_single_with_return(name)
+
+    def _mk_query(name):
+        original = getattr(_os,name)
+        def wrap(self,*args,**kw):
+            retval = original(*args,**kw)
+            if self._active:
+                return self._remap_output(name, retval)
+            return retval
+        return wrap
+
+    for name in ['getcwd', 'tmpnam']:
+        if hasattr(_os,name): locals()[name] = _mk_query(name)
+
+    def _validate_path(self,path):
+        """Called to remap or validate any path, whether input or output"""
+        return path
+
+    def _remap_input(self,operation,path,*args,**kw):
+        """Called for path inputs"""
+        return self._validate_path(path)
+
+    def _remap_output(self,operation,path):
+        """Called for path outputs"""
+        return self._validate_path(path)
+
+    def _remap_pair(self,operation,src,dst,*args,**kw):
+        """Called for path pairs like rename, link, and symlink operations"""
+        return (
+            self._remap_input(operation+'-from',src,*args,**kw),
+            self._remap_input(operation+'-to',dst,*args,**kw)
+        )
+
+
+if hasattr(os, 'devnull'):
+    _EXCEPTIONS = [os.devnull,]
+else:
+    _EXCEPTIONS = []
+
+try:
+    from win32com.client.gencache import GetGeneratePath
+    _EXCEPTIONS.append(GetGeneratePath())
+    del GetGeneratePath
+except ImportError:
+    # it appears pywin32 is not installed, so no need to exclude.
+    pass
+
+class DirectorySandbox(AbstractSandbox):
+    """Restrict operations to a single subdirectory - pseudo-chroot"""
+
+    write_ops = dict.fromkeys([
+        "open", "chmod", "chown", "mkdir", "remove", "unlink", "rmdir",
+        "utime", "lchown", "chroot", "mkfifo", "mknod", "tempnam",
+    ])
+
+    _exception_patterns = [
+        # Allow lib2to3 to attempt to save a pickled grammar object (#121)
+        '.*lib2to3.*\.pickle$',
+    ]
+    "exempt writing to paths that match the pattern"
+
+    def __init__(self, sandbox, exceptions=_EXCEPTIONS):
+        self._sandbox = os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(sandbox))
+        self._prefix = os.path.join(self._sandbox,'')
+        self._exceptions = [
+            os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(path))
+            for path in exceptions
+        ]
+        AbstractSandbox.__init__(self)
+
+    def _violation(self, operation, *args, **kw):
+        raise SandboxViolation(operation, args, kw)
+
+    if _file:
+        def _file(self, path, mode='r', *args, **kw):
+            if mode not in ('r', 'rt', 'rb', 'rU', 'U') and not self._ok(path):
+                self._violation("file", path, mode, *args, **kw)
+            return _file(path,mode,*args,**kw)
+
+    def _open(self, path, mode='r', *args, **kw):
+        if mode not in ('r', 'rt', 'rb', 'rU', 'U') and not self._ok(path):
+            self._violation("open", path, mode, *args, **kw)
+        return _open(path,mode,*args,**kw)
+
+    def tmpnam(self):
+        self._violation("tmpnam")
+
+    def _ok(self, path):
+        active = self._active
+        try:
+            self._active = False
+            realpath = os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(path))
+            return (
+                self._exempted(realpath)
+                or realpath == self._sandbox
+                or realpath.startswith(self._prefix)
+            )
+        finally:
+            self._active = active
+
+    def _exempted(self, filepath):
+        start_matches = (
+            filepath.startswith(exception)
+            for exception in self._exceptions
+        )
+        pattern_matches = (
+            re.match(pattern, filepath)
+            for pattern in self._exception_patterns
+        )
+        candidates = itertools.chain(start_matches, pattern_matches)
+        return any(candidates)
+
+    def _remap_input(self, operation, path, *args, **kw):
+        """Called for path inputs"""
+        if operation in self.write_ops and not self._ok(path):
+            self._violation(operation, os.path.realpath(path), *args, **kw)
+        return path
+
+    def _remap_pair(self, operation, src, dst, *args, **kw):
+        """Called for path pairs like rename, link, and symlink operations"""
+        if not self._ok(src) or not self._ok(dst):
+            self._violation(operation, src, dst, *args, **kw)
+        return (src,dst)
+
+    def open(self, file, flags, mode=0o777, *args, **kw):
+        """Called for low-level os.open()"""
+        if flags & WRITE_FLAGS and not self._ok(file):
+            self._violation("os.open", file, flags, mode, *args, **kw)
+        return _os.open(file,flags,mode, *args, **kw)
+
+WRITE_FLAGS = functools.reduce(
+    operator.or_, [getattr(_os, a, 0) for a in
+        "O_WRONLY O_RDWR O_APPEND O_CREAT O_TRUNC O_TEMPORARY".split()]
+)
+
+class SandboxViolation(DistutilsError):
+    """A setup script attempted to modify the filesystem outside the sandbox"""
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return """SandboxViolation: %s%r %s
+
+The package setup script has attempted to modify files on your system
+that are not within the EasyInstall build area, and has been aborted.
+
+This package cannot be safely installed by EasyInstall, and may not
+support alternate installation locations even if you run its setup
+script by hand.  Please inform the package's author and the EasyInstall
+maintainers to find out if a fix or workaround is available.""" % self.args
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+#
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/script (dev).tmpl b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/script (dev).tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d58b1bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/script (dev).tmpl	
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# EASY-INSTALL-DEV-SCRIPT: %(spec)r,%(script_name)r
+__requires__ = %(spec)r
+__import__('pkg_resources').require(%(spec)r)
+__file__ = %(dev_path)r
+exec(compile(open(__file__).read(), __file__, 'exec'))
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/script.tmpl b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/script.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff5efbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/script.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# EASY-INSTALL-SCRIPT: %(spec)r,%(script_name)r
+__requires__ = %(spec)r
+__import__('pkg_resources').run_script(%(spec)r, %(script_name)r)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/site-patch.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/site-patch.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c216801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/site-patch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+def __boot():
+    import sys
+    import os
+    PYTHONPATH = os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH')
+    if PYTHONPATH is None or (sys.platform=='win32' and not PYTHONPATH):
+        PYTHONPATH = []
+    else:
+        PYTHONPATH = PYTHONPATH.split(os.pathsep)
+
+    pic = getattr(sys,'path_importer_cache',{})
+    stdpath = sys.path[len(PYTHONPATH):]
+    mydir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+    #print "searching",stdpath,sys.path
+
+    for item in stdpath:
+        if item==mydir or not item:
+            continue    # skip if current dir. on Windows, or my own directory
+        importer = pic.get(item)
+        if importer is not None:
+            loader = importer.find_module('site')
+            if loader is not None:
+                # This should actually reload the current module
+                loader.load_module('site')
+                break
+        else:
+            try:
+                import imp # Avoid import loop in Python >= 3.3
+                stream, path, descr = imp.find_module('site',[item])
+            except ImportError:
+                continue
+            if stream is None:
+                continue
+            try:
+                # This should actually reload the current module
+                imp.load_module('site',stream,path,descr)
+            finally:
+                stream.close()
+            break
+    else:
+        raise ImportError("Couldn't find the real 'site' module")
+
+    #print "loaded", __file__
+
+    known_paths = dict([(makepath(item)[1],1) for item in sys.path]) # 2.2 comp
+
+    oldpos = getattr(sys,'__egginsert',0)   # save old insertion position
+    sys.__egginsert = 0                     # and reset the current one
+
+    for item in PYTHONPATH:
+        addsitedir(item)
+
+    sys.__egginsert += oldpos           # restore effective old position
+
+    d, nd = makepath(stdpath[0])
+    insert_at = None
+    new_path = []
+
+    for item in sys.path:
+        p, np = makepath(item)
+
+        if np==nd and insert_at is None:
+            # We've hit the first 'system' path entry, so added entries go here
+            insert_at = len(new_path)
+
+        if np in known_paths or insert_at is None:
+            new_path.append(item)
+        else:
+            # new path after the insert point, back-insert it
+            new_path.insert(insert_at, item)
+            insert_at += 1
+
+    sys.path[:] = new_path
+
+if __name__=='site':
+    __boot()
+    del __boot
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/ssl_support.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/ssl_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc7db06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/ssl_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+import os
+import socket
+import atexit
+import re
+
+import pkg_resources
+from pkg_resources import ResolutionError, ExtractionError
+from setuptools.compat import urllib2
+
+try:
+    import ssl
+except ImportError:
+    ssl = None
+
+__all__ = [
+    'VerifyingHTTPSHandler', 'find_ca_bundle', 'is_available', 'cert_paths',
+    'opener_for'
+]
+
+cert_paths = """
+/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt
+/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
+/usr/share/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt
+/usr/local/share/certs/ca-root.crt
+/etc/ssl/cert.pem
+/System/Library/OpenSSL/certs/cert.pem
+""".strip().split()
+
+
+HTTPSHandler = HTTPSConnection = object
+
+for what, where in (
+    ('HTTPSHandler', ['urllib2','urllib.request']),
+    ('HTTPSConnection', ['httplib', 'http.client']),
+):
+    for module in where:
+        try:
+            exec("from %s import %s" % (module, what))
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+
+is_available = ssl is not None and object not in (HTTPSHandler, HTTPSConnection)
+
+
+try:
+    from ssl import CertificateError, match_hostname
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from backports.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError
+        from backports.ssl_match_hostname import match_hostname
+    except ImportError:
+        CertificateError = None
+        match_hostname = None
+
+if not CertificateError:
+    class CertificateError(ValueError):
+        pass
+
+if not match_hostname:
+    def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
+        """Matching according to RFC 6125, section 6.4.3
+
+        http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#section-6.4.3
+        """
+        pats = []
+        if not dn:
+            return False
+
+        # Ported from python3-syntax:
+        # leftmost, *remainder = dn.split(r'.')
+        parts = dn.split(r'.')
+        leftmost = parts[0]
+        remainder = parts[1:]
+
+        wildcards = leftmost.count('*')
+        if wildcards > max_wildcards:
+            # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
+            # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survey of established
+            # policy among SSL implementations showed it to be a
+            # reasonable choice.
+            raise CertificateError(
+                "too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: " + repr(dn))
+
+        # speed up common case w/o wildcards
+        if not wildcards:
+            return dn.lower() == hostname.lower()
+
+        # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
+        # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in which
+        # the wildcard character comprises a label other than the left-most label.
+        if leftmost == '*':
+            # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
+            # fragment.
+            pats.append('[^.]+')
+        elif leftmost.startswith('xn--') or hostname.startswith('xn--'):
+            # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
+            # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
+            # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
+            # U-label of an internationalized domain name.
+            pats.append(re.escape(leftmost))
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless string, e.g. www*
+            pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r'\*', '[^.]*'))
+
+        # add the remaining fragments, ignore any wildcards
+        for frag in remainder:
+            pats.append(re.escape(frag))
+
+        pat = re.compile(r'\A' + r'\.'.join(pats) + r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
+        return pat.match(hostname)
+
+    def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
+        """Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
+        SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*.  RFC 2818 and RFC 6125
+        rules are followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
+
+        CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
+        returns nothing.
+        """
+        if not cert:
+            raise ValueError("empty or no certificate")
+        dnsnames = []
+        san = cert.get('subjectAltName', ())
+        for key, value in san:
+            if key == 'DNS':
+                if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                    return
+                dnsnames.append(value)
+        if not dnsnames:
+            # The subject is only checked when there is no dNSName entry
+            # in subjectAltName
+            for sub in cert.get('subject', ()):
+                for key, value in sub:
+                    # XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
+                    # must be used.
+                    if key == 'commonName':
+                        if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                            return
+                        dnsnames.append(value)
+        if len(dnsnames) > 1:
+            raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+                "doesn't match either of %s"
+                % (hostname, ', '.join(map(repr, dnsnames))))
+        elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
+            raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+                "doesn't match %r"
+                % (hostname, dnsnames[0]))
+        else:
+            raise CertificateError("no appropriate commonName or "
+                "subjectAltName fields were found")
+
+
+class VerifyingHTTPSHandler(HTTPSHandler):
+    """Simple verifying handler: no auth, subclasses, timeouts, etc."""
+
+    def __init__(self, ca_bundle):
+        self.ca_bundle = ca_bundle
+        HTTPSHandler.__init__(self)
+
+    def https_open(self, req):
+        return self.do_open(
+            lambda host, **kw: VerifyingHTTPSConn(host, self.ca_bundle, **kw), req
+        )
+
+
+class VerifyingHTTPSConn(HTTPSConnection):
+    """Simple verifying connection: no auth, subclasses, timeouts, etc."""
+    def __init__(self, host, ca_bundle, **kw):
+        HTTPSConnection.__init__(self, host, **kw)
+        self.ca_bundle = ca_bundle
+
+    def connect(self):
+        sock = socket.create_connection(
+            (self.host, self.port), getattr(self, 'source_address', None)
+        )
+
+        # Handle the socket if a (proxy) tunnel is present
+        if hasattr(self, '_tunnel') and getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', None):
+            self.sock = sock
+            self._tunnel()
+            # http://bugs.python.org/issue7776: Python>=3.4.1 and >=2.7.7
+            # change self.host to mean the proxy server host when tunneling is
+            # being used. Adapt, since we are interested in the destination
+            # host for the match_hostname() comparison.
+            actual_host = self._tunnel_host
+        else:
+            actual_host = self.host
+
+        self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(
+            sock, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED, ca_certs=self.ca_bundle
+        )
+        try:
+            match_hostname(self.sock.getpeercert(), actual_host)
+        except CertificateError:
+            self.sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
+            self.sock.close()
+            raise
+
+def opener_for(ca_bundle=None):
+    """Get a urlopen() replacement that uses ca_bundle for verification"""
+    return urllib2.build_opener(
+        VerifyingHTTPSHandler(ca_bundle or find_ca_bundle())
+    ).open
+
+
+_wincerts = None
+
+def get_win_certfile():
+    global _wincerts
+    if _wincerts is not None:
+        return _wincerts.name
+
+    try:
+        from wincertstore import CertFile
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+    class MyCertFile(CertFile):
+        def __init__(self, stores=(), certs=()):
+            CertFile.__init__(self)
+            for store in stores:
+                self.addstore(store)
+            self.addcerts(certs)
+            atexit.register(self.close)
+
+    _wincerts = MyCertFile(stores=['CA', 'ROOT'])
+    return _wincerts.name
+
+
+def find_ca_bundle():
+    """Return an existing CA bundle path, or None"""
+    if os.name=='nt':
+        return get_win_certfile()
+    else:
+        for cert_path in cert_paths:
+            if os.path.isfile(cert_path):
+                return cert_path
+    try:
+        return pkg_resources.resource_filename('certifi', 'cacert.pem')
+    except (ImportError, ResolutionError, ExtractionError):
+        return None
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/unicode_utils.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/unicode_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2de941
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/unicode_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import unicodedata
+import sys
+from setuptools.compat import unicode as decoded_string
+
+
+# HFS Plus uses decomposed UTF-8
+def decompose(path):
+    if isinstance(path, decoded_string):
+        return unicodedata.normalize('NFD', path)
+    try:
+        path = path.decode('utf-8')
+        path = unicodedata.normalize('NFD', path)
+        path = path.encode('utf-8')
+    except UnicodeError:
+        pass  # Not UTF-8
+    return path
+
+
+def filesys_decode(path):
+    """
+    Ensure that the given path is decoded,
+    NONE when no expected encoding works
+    """
+
+    fs_enc = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+    if isinstance(path, decoded_string):
+        return path
+
+    for enc in (fs_enc, "utf-8"):
+        try:
+            return path.decode(enc)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            continue
+
+
+def try_encode(string, enc):
+    "turn unicode encoding into a functional routine"
+    try:
+        return string.encode(enc)
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        return None
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/utils.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91e4b87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import os
+import os.path
+
+
+def cs_path_exists(fspath):
+    if not os.path.exists(fspath): 
+        return False
+    # make absolute so we always have a directory
+    abspath = os.path.abspath(fspath)
+    directory, filename = os.path.split(abspath)
+    return filename in os.listdir(directory)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/version.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1be1f7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+__version__ = '18.5'
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/windows_support.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/windows_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb977cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/setuptools/windows_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import platform
+import ctypes
+
+
+def windows_only(func):
+    if platform.system() != 'Windows':
+        return lambda *args, **kwargs: None
+    return func
+
+
+@windows_only
+def hide_file(path):
+    """
+    Set the hidden attribute on a file or directory.
+
+    From http://stackoverflow.com/questions/19622133/
+
+    `path` must be text.
+    """
+    __import__('ctypes.wintypes')
+    SetFileAttributes = ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetFileAttributesW
+    SetFileAttributes.argtypes = ctypes.wintypes.LPWSTR, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD
+    SetFileAttributes.restype = ctypes.wintypes.BOOL
+
+    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN = 0x02
+
+    ret = SetFileAttributes(path, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN)
+    if not ret:
+        raise ctypes.WinError()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e2607d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+Six is a Python 2 and 3 compatibility library.  It provides utility functions
+for smoothing over the differences between the Python versions with the goal of
+writing Python code that is compatible on both Python versions.  See the
+documentation for more information on what is provided.
+
+Six supports every Python version since 2.6.  It is contained in only one Python
+file, so it can be easily copied into your project. (The copyright and license
+notice must be retained.)
+
+Online documentation is at https://pythonhosted.org/six/.
+
+Bugs can be reported to https://bitbucket.org/gutworth/six.  The code can also
+be found there.
+
+For questions about six or porting in general, email the python-porting mailing
+list: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-porting
+
+
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/METADATA b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fc3d07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: six
+Version: 1.10.0
+Summary: Python 2 and 3 compatibility utilities
+Home-page: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/six/
+Author: Benjamin Peterson
+Author-email: benjamin@python.org
+License: MIT
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
+
+Six is a Python 2 and 3 compatibility library.  It provides utility functions
+for smoothing over the differences between the Python versions with the goal of
+writing Python code that is compatible on both Python versions.  See the
+documentation for more information on what is provided.
+
+Six supports every Python version since 2.6.  It is contained in only one Python
+file, so it can be easily copied into your project. (The copyright and license
+notice must be retained.)
+
+Online documentation is at https://pythonhosted.org/six/.
+
+Bugs can be reported to https://bitbucket.org/gutworth/six.  The code can also
+be found there.
+
+For questions about six or porting in general, email the python-porting mailing
+list: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-porting
+
+
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/RECORD b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6350c4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+six.py,sha256=A6hdJZVjI3t_geebZ9BzUvwRrIXo0lfwzQlM2LcKyas,30098
+six-1.10.0.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst,sha256=QWBtSTT2zzabwJv1NQbTfClSX13m-Qc6tqU4TRL1RLs,774
+six-1.10.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=5HceJsUnHof2IRamlCKO2MwNjve1eSP4rLzVQDfwpCQ,1283
+six-1.10.0.dist-info/RECORD,,
+six-1.10.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=GrqQvamwgBV4nLoJe0vhYRSWzWsx7xjlt74FT0SWYfE,110
+six-1.10.0.dist-info/metadata.json,sha256=jtOeeTBubYDChl_5Ql5ZPlKoHgg6rdqRIjOz1e5Ek2U,658
+six-1.10.0.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=_iVH_iYEtEXnD8nYGQYpYFUvkUW9sEO1GYbkeKSAais,4
+__pycache__/six.cpython-34.pyc,,
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0de529b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.26.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/metadata.json b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21f9f6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"generator": "bdist_wheel (0.26.0)", "summary": "Python 2 and 3 compatibility utilities", "classifiers": ["Programming Language :: Python :: 2", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License", "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries", "Topic :: Utilities"], "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "http://pypi.python.org/pypi/six/"}, "contacts": [{"email": "benjamin@python.org", "name": "Benjamin Peterson", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}}}, "license": "MIT", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "six", "version": "1.10.0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/top_level.txt b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffe2fce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six-1.10.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+six
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..190c023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/six.py
@@ -0,0 +1,868 @@
+"""Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
+
+# Copyright (c) 2010-2015 Benjamin Peterson
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+
+__author__ = "Benjamin Peterson "
+__version__ = "1.10.0"
+
+
+# Useful for very coarse version differentiation.
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+PY34 = sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 4)
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+    integer_types = int,
+    class_types = type,
+    text_type = str
+    binary_type = bytes
+
+    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
+    text_type = unicode
+    binary_type = str
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
+        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
+        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+    else:
+        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
+        class X(object):
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1 << 31
+        try:
+            len(X())
+        except OverflowError:
+            # 32-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+        else:
+            # 64-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
+        del X
+
+
+def _add_doc(func, doc):
+    """Add documentation to a function."""
+    func.__doc__ = doc
+
+
+def _import_module(name):
+    """Import module, returning the module after the last dot."""
+    __import__(name)
+    return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+class _LazyDescr(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, tp):
+        result = self._resolve()
+        setattr(obj, self.name, result)  # Invokes __set__.
+        try:
+            # This is a bit ugly, but it avoids running this again by
+            # removing this descriptor.
+            delattr(obj.__class__, self.name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return result
+
+
+class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
+        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new is None:
+                new = name
+            self.mod = new
+        else:
+            self.mod = old
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        return _import_module(self.mod)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        _module = self._resolve()
+        value = getattr(_module, attr)
+        setattr(self, attr, value)
+        return value
+
+
+class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        super(_LazyModule, self).__init__(name)
+        self.__doc__ = self.__class__.__doc__
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        attrs = ["__doc__", "__name__"]
+        attrs += [attr.name for attr in self._moved_attributes]
+        return attrs
+
+    # Subclasses should override this
+    _moved_attributes = []
+
+
+class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
+        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new_mod is None:
+                new_mod = name
+            self.mod = new_mod
+            if new_attr is None:
+                if old_attr is None:
+                    new_attr = name
+                else:
+                    new_attr = old_attr
+            self.attr = new_attr
+        else:
+            self.mod = old_mod
+            if old_attr is None:
+                old_attr = name
+            self.attr = old_attr
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        module = _import_module(self.mod)
+        return getattr(module, self.attr)
+
+
+class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
+
+    """
+    A meta path importer to import six.moves and its submodules.
+
+    This class implements a PEP302 finder and loader. It should be compatible
+    with Python 2.5 and all existing versions of Python3
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, six_module_name):
+        self.name = six_module_name
+        self.known_modules = {}
+
+    def _add_module(self, mod, *fullnames):
+        for fullname in fullnames:
+            self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname] = mod
+
+    def _get_module(self, fullname):
+        return self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname]
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if fullname in self.known_modules:
+            return self
+        return None
+
+    def __get_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            return self.known_modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ImportError("This loader does not know module " + fullname)
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            # in case of a reload
+            return sys.modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        mod = self.__get_module(fullname)
+        if isinstance(mod, MovedModule):
+            mod = mod._resolve()
+        else:
+            mod.__loader__ = self
+        sys.modules[fullname] = mod
+        return mod
+
+    def is_package(self, fullname):
+        """
+        Return true, if the named module is a package.
+
+        We need this method to get correct spec objects with
+        Python 3.4 (see PEP451)
+        """
+        return hasattr(self.__get_module(fullname), "__path__")
+
+    def get_code(self, fullname):
+        """Return None
+
+        Required, if is_package is implemented"""
+        self.__get_module(fullname)  # eventually raises ImportError
+        return None
+    get_source = get_code  # same as get_code
+
+_importer = _SixMetaPathImporter(__name__)
+
+
+class _MovedItems(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+
+
+_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("cStringIO", "cStringIO", "io", "StringIO"),
+    MovedAttribute("filter", "itertools", "builtins", "ifilter", "filter"),
+    MovedAttribute("filterfalse", "itertools", "itertools", "ifilterfalse", "filterfalse"),
+    MovedAttribute("input", "__builtin__", "builtins", "raw_input", "input"),
+    MovedAttribute("intern", "__builtin__", "sys"),
+    MovedAttribute("map", "itertools", "builtins", "imap", "map"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwd", "os", "os", "getcwdu", "getcwd"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwdb", "os", "os", "getcwd", "getcwdb"),
+    MovedAttribute("range", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("reload_module", "__builtin__", "importlib" if PY34 else "imp", "reload"),
+    MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
+    MovedAttribute("shlex_quote", "pipes", "shlex", "quote"),
+    MovedAttribute("StringIO", "StringIO", "io"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserDict", "UserDict", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserList", "UserList", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserString", "UserString", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("xrange", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip", "itertools", "builtins", "izip", "zip"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip_longest", "itertools", "itertools", "izip_longest", "zip_longest"),
+    MovedModule("builtins", "__builtin__"),
+    MovedModule("configparser", "ConfigParser"),
+    MovedModule("copyreg", "copy_reg"),
+    MovedModule("dbm_gnu", "gdbm", "dbm.gnu"),
+    MovedModule("_dummy_thread", "dummy_thread", "_dummy_thread"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookiejar", "cookielib", "http.cookiejar"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookies", "Cookie", "http.cookies"),
+    MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
+    MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
+    MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_multipart", "email.MIMEMultipart", "email.mime.multipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_nonmultipart", "email.MIMENonMultipart", "email.mime.nonmultipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_text", "email.MIMEText", "email.mime.text"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_base", "email.MIMEBase", "email.mime.base"),
+    MovedModule("BaseHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("CGIHTTPServer", "CGIHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("SimpleHTTPServer", "SimpleHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("cPickle", "cPickle", "pickle"),
+    MovedModule("queue", "Queue"),
+    MovedModule("reprlib", "repr"),
+    MovedModule("socketserver", "SocketServer"),
+    MovedModule("_thread", "thread", "_thread"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_ttk", "ttk", "tkinter.ttk"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser",
+                "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog",
+                "tkinter.commondialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
+                "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_parse", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_error", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedModule("urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_client", "xmlrpclib", "xmlrpc.client"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_server", "SimpleXMLRPCServer", "xmlrpc.server"),
+]
+# Add windows specific modules.
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    _moved_attributes += [
+        MovedModule("winreg", "_winreg"),
+    ]
+
+for attr in _moved_attributes:
+    setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
+    if isinstance(attr, MovedModule):
+        _importer._add_module(attr, "moves." + attr.name)
+del attr
+
+_MovedItems._moved_attributes = _moved_attributes
+
+moves = _MovedItems(__name__ + ".moves")
+_importer._add_module(moves, "moves")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_parse"""
+
+
+_urllib_parse_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("ParseResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("SplitResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qs", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qsl", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urldefrag", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urljoin", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlencode", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splitquery", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splittag", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splituser", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_fragment", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_netloc", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_params", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_query", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_relative", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_parse_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_parse._moved_attributes = _urllib_parse_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(__name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse"),
+                      "moves.urllib_parse", "moves.urllib.parse")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_error(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_error"""
+
+
+_urllib_error_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("URLError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("ContentTooShortError", "urllib", "urllib.error"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_error_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_error, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_error._moved_attributes = _urllib_error_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_error(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.error"),
+                      "moves.urllib_error", "moves.urllib.error")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_request(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_request"""
+
+
+_urllib_request_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("urlopen", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("install_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("build_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("pathname2url", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("url2pathname", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("getproxies", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("Request", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("OpenerDirector", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDefaultErrorHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPRedirectHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPCookieProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("BaseHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgr", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPSHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FileHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("CacheFTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("UnknownHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPErrorProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlretrieve", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlcleanup", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("URLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FancyURLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("proxy_bypass", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_request_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_request, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_request._moved_attributes = _urllib_request_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_request(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.request"),
+                      "moves.urllib_request", "moves.urllib.request")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_response(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_response"""
+
+
+_urllib_response_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("addbase", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addclosehook", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfo", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfourl", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_response_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_response, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_response._moved_attributes = _urllib_response_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_response(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.response"),
+                      "moves.urllib_response", "moves.urllib.response")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_robotparser"""
+
+
+_urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("RobotFileParser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser._moved_attributes = _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.robotparser"),
+                      "moves.urllib_robotparser", "moves.urllib.robotparser")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib(types.ModuleType):
+
+    """Create a six.moves.urllib namespace that resembles the Python 3 namespace"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+    parse = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_parse")
+    error = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_error")
+    request = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_request")
+    response = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_response")
+    robotparser = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_robotparser")
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return ['parse', 'error', 'request', 'response', 'robotparser']
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib(__name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+                      "moves.urllib")
+
+
+def add_move(move):
+    """Add an item to six.moves."""
+    setattr(_MovedItems, move.name, move)
+
+
+def remove_move(name):
+    """Remove item from six.moves."""
+    try:
+        delattr(_MovedItems, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            del moves.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+
+
+if PY3:
+    _meth_func = "__func__"
+    _meth_self = "__self__"
+
+    _func_closure = "__closure__"
+    _func_code = "__code__"
+    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
+    _func_globals = "__globals__"
+else:
+    _meth_func = "im_func"
+    _meth_self = "im_self"
+
+    _func_closure = "func_closure"
+    _func_code = "func_code"
+    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
+    _func_globals = "func_globals"
+
+
+try:
+    advance_iterator = next
+except NameError:
+    def advance_iterator(it):
+        return it.next()
+next = advance_iterator
+
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound
+
+    create_bound_method = types.MethodType
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return func
+
+    Iterator = object
+else:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound.im_func
+
+    def create_bound_method(func, obj):
+        return types.MethodType(func, obj, obj.__class__)
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return types.MethodType(func, None, cls)
+
+    class Iterator(object):
+
+        def next(self):
+            return type(self).__next__(self)
+
+    callable = callable
+_add_doc(get_unbound_function,
+         """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function""")
+
+
+get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
+get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
+get_function_closure = operator.attrgetter(_func_closure)
+get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)
+get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)
+get_function_globals = operator.attrgetter(_func_globals)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.keys(**kw))
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.values(**kw))
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.items(**kw))
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.lists(**kw))
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("keys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("values")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("items")
+else:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterkeys(**kw)
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return d.itervalues(**kw)
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return d.iteritems(**kw)
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterlists(**kw)
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("viewkeys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("viewvalues")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("viewitems")
+
+_add_doc(iterkeys, "Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(itervalues, "Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iteritems,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iterlists,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, [values]) pairs of a dictionary.")
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+    unichr = chr
+    import struct
+    int2byte = struct.Struct(">B").pack
+    del struct
+    byte2int = operator.itemgetter(0)
+    indexbytes = operator.getitem
+    iterbytes = iter
+    import io
+    StringIO = io.StringIO
+    BytesIO = io.BytesIO
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertCountEqual"
+    if sys.version_info[1] <= 1:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+    else:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegex"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegex"
+else:
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+    # Workaround for standalone backslash
+
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s.replace(r'\\', r'\\\\'), "unicode_escape")
+    unichr = unichr
+    int2byte = chr
+
+    def byte2int(bs):
+        return ord(bs[0])
+
+    def indexbytes(buf, i):
+        return ord(buf[i])
+    iterbytes = functools.partial(itertools.imap, ord)
+    import StringIO
+    StringIO = BytesIO = StringIO.StringIO
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertItemsEqual"
+    _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+    _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+_add_doc(b, """Byte literal""")
+_add_doc(u, """Text literal""")
+
+
+def assertCountEqual(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertCountEqual)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRaisesRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRaisesRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    exec_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "exec")
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value is None:
+            value = tp()
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+else:
+    def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
+        """Execute code in a namespace."""
+        if _globs_ is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
+            if _locs_ is None:
+                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
+            del frame
+        elif _locs_ is None:
+            _locs_ = _globs_
+        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""")
+
+    exec_("""def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    raise tp, value, tb
+""")
+
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] == (3, 2):
+    exec_("""def raise_from(value, from_value):
+    if from_value is None:
+        raise value
+    raise value from from_value
+""")
+elif sys.version_info[:2] > (3, 2):
+    exec_("""def raise_from(value, from_value):
+    raise value from from_value
+""")
+else:
+    def raise_from(value, from_value):
+        raise value
+
+
+print_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "print", None)
+if print_ is None:
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """The new-style print function for Python 2.4 and 2.5."""
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+
+        def write(data):
+            if not isinstance(data, basestring):
+                data = str(data)
+            # If the file has an encoding, encode unicode with it.
+            if (isinstance(fp, file) and
+                    isinstance(data, unicode) and
+                    fp.encoding is not None):
+                errors = getattr(fp, "errors", None)
+                if errors is None:
+                    errors = "strict"
+                data = data.encode(fp.encoding, errors)
+            fp.write(data)
+        want_unicode = False
+        sep = kwargs.pop("sep", None)
+        if sep is not None:
+            if isinstance(sep, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(sep, str):
+                raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
+        end = kwargs.pop("end", None)
+        if end is not None:
+            if isinstance(end, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(end, str):
+                raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments to print()")
+        if not want_unicode:
+            for arg in args:
+                if isinstance(arg, unicode):
+                    want_unicode = True
+                    break
+        if want_unicode:
+            newline = unicode("\n")
+            space = unicode(" ")
+        else:
+            newline = "\n"
+            space = " "
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = space
+        if end is None:
+            end = newline
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if i:
+                write(sep)
+            write(arg)
+        write(end)
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 3):
+    _print = print_
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        fp = kwargs.get("file", sys.stdout)
+        flush = kwargs.pop("flush", False)
+        _print(*args, **kwargs)
+        if flush and fp is not None:
+            fp.flush()
+
+_add_doc(reraise, """Reraise an exception.""")
+
+if sys.version_info[0:2] < (3, 4):
+    def wraps(wrapped, assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,
+              updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES):
+        def wrapper(f):
+            f = functools.wraps(wrapped, assigned, updated)(f)
+            f.__wrapped__ = wrapped
+            return f
+        return wrapper
+else:
+    wraps = functools.wraps
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
+    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
+    # the actual metaclass.
+    class metaclass(meta):
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            return meta(name, bases, d)
+    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})
+
+
+def add_metaclass(metaclass):
+    """Class decorator for creating a class with a metaclass."""
+    def wrapper(cls):
+        orig_vars = cls.__dict__.copy()
+        slots = orig_vars.get('__slots__')
+        if slots is not None:
+            if isinstance(slots, str):
+                slots = [slots]
+            for slots_var in slots:
+                orig_vars.pop(slots_var)
+        orig_vars.pop('__dict__', None)
+        orig_vars.pop('__weakref__', None)
+        return metaclass(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, orig_vars)
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
+    """
+    A decorator that defines __unicode__ and __str__ methods under Python 2.
+    Under Python 3 it does nothing.
+
+    To support Python 2 and 3 with a single code base, define a __str__ method
+    returning text and apply this decorator to the class.
+    """
+    if PY2:
+        if '__str__' not in klass.__dict__:
+            raise ValueError("@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied "
+                             "to %s because it doesn't define __str__()." %
+                             klass.__name__)
+        klass.__unicode__ = klass.__str__
+        klass.__str__ = lambda self: self.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
+    return klass
+
+
+# Complete the moves implementation.
+# This code is at the end of this module to speed up module loading.
+# Turn this module into a package.
+__path__ = []  # required for PEP 302 and PEP 451
+__package__ = __name__  # see PEP 366 @ReservedAssignment
+if globals().get("__spec__") is not None:
+    __spec__.submodule_search_locations = []  # PEP 451 @UndefinedVariable
+# Remove other six meta path importers, since they cause problems. This can
+# happen if six is removed from sys.modules and then reloaded. (Setuptools does
+# this for some reason.)
+if sys.meta_path:
+    for i, importer in enumerate(sys.meta_path):
+        # Here's some real nastiness: Another "instance" of the six module might
+        # be floating around. Therefore, we can't use isinstance() to check for
+        # the six meta path importer, since the other six instance will have
+        # inserted an importer with different class.
+        if (type(importer).__name__ == "_SixMetaPathImporter" and
+                importer.name == __name__):
+            del sys.meta_path[i]
+            break
+    del i, importer
+# Finally, add the importer to the meta path import hook.
+sys.meta_path.append(_importer)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2815b1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+# sqlalchemy/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+from .sql import (
+    alias,
+    and_,
+    asc,
+    between,
+    bindparam,
+    case,
+    cast,
+    collate,
+    delete,
+    desc,
+    distinct,
+    except_,
+    except_all,
+    exists,
+    extract,
+    false,
+    func,
+    insert,
+    intersect,
+    intersect_all,
+    join,
+    literal,
+    literal_column,
+    modifier,
+    not_,
+    null,
+    or_,
+    outerjoin,
+    outparam,
+    over,
+    select,
+    subquery,
+    text,
+    true,
+    tuple_,
+    type_coerce,
+    union,
+    union_all,
+    update,
+    )
+
+from .types import (
+    BIGINT,
+    BINARY,
+    BLOB,
+    BOOLEAN,
+    BigInteger,
+    Binary,
+    Boolean,
+    CHAR,
+    CLOB,
+    DATE,
+    DATETIME,
+    DECIMAL,
+    Date,
+    DateTime,
+    Enum,
+    FLOAT,
+    Float,
+    INT,
+    INTEGER,
+    Integer,
+    Interval,
+    LargeBinary,
+    NCHAR,
+    NVARCHAR,
+    NUMERIC,
+    Numeric,
+    PickleType,
+    REAL,
+    SMALLINT,
+    SmallInteger,
+    String,
+    TEXT,
+    TIME,
+    TIMESTAMP,
+    Text,
+    Time,
+    TypeDecorator,
+    Unicode,
+    UnicodeText,
+    VARBINARY,
+    VARCHAR,
+    )
+
+
+from .schema import (
+    CheckConstraint,
+    Column,
+    ColumnDefault,
+    Constraint,
+    DefaultClause,
+    FetchedValue,
+    ForeignKey,
+    ForeignKeyConstraint,
+    Index,
+    MetaData,
+    PassiveDefault,
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint,
+    Sequence,
+    Table,
+    ThreadLocalMetaData,
+    UniqueConstraint,
+    DDL,
+)
+
+
+from .inspection import inspect
+from .engine import create_engine, engine_from_config
+
+__version__ = '0.9.7'
+
+
+def __go(lcls):
+    global __all__
+
+    from . import events
+    from . import util as _sa_util
+
+    import inspect as _inspect
+
+    __all__ = sorted(name for name, obj in lcls.items()
+                     if not (name.startswith('_') or _inspect.ismodule(obj)))
+
+    _sa_util.dependencies.resolve_all("sqlalchemy")
+__go(locals())
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9253a21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# connectors/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+class Connector(object):
+    pass
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/mxodbc.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/mxodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..851dc11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/mxodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# connectors/mxodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+Provide an SQLALchemy connector for the eGenix mxODBC commercial
+Python adapter for ODBC. This is not a free product, but eGenix
+provides SQLAlchemy with a license for use in continuous integration
+testing.
+
+This has been tested for use with mxODBC 3.1.2 on SQL Server 2005
+and 2008, using the SQL Server Native driver. However, it is
+possible for this to be used on other database platforms.
+
+For more info on mxODBC, see http://www.egenix.com/
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+import re
+import warnings
+
+from . import Connector
+
+
+class MxODBCConnector(Connector):
+    driver = 'mxodbc'
+
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        # this classmethod will normally be replaced by an instance
+        # attribute of the same name, so this is normally only called once.
+        cls._load_mx_exceptions()
+        platform = sys.platform
+        if platform == 'win32':
+            from mx.ODBC import Windows as module
+        # this can be the string "linux2", and possibly others
+        elif 'linux' in platform:
+            from mx.ODBC import unixODBC as module
+        elif platform == 'darwin':
+            from mx.ODBC import iODBC as module
+        else:
+            raise ImportError("Unrecognized platform for mxODBC import")
+        return module
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _load_mx_exceptions(cls):
+        """ Import mxODBC exception classes into the module namespace,
+        as if they had been imported normally. This is done here
+        to avoid requiring all SQLAlchemy users to install mxODBC.
+        """
+        global InterfaceError, ProgrammingError
+        from mx.ODBC import InterfaceError
+        from mx.ODBC import ProgrammingError
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        def connect(conn):
+            conn.stringformat = self.dbapi.MIXED_STRINGFORMAT
+            conn.datetimeformat = self.dbapi.PYDATETIME_DATETIMEFORMAT
+            conn.decimalformat = self.dbapi.DECIMAL_DECIMALFORMAT
+            conn.errorhandler = self._error_handler()
+        return connect
+
+    def _error_handler(self):
+        """ Return a handler that adjusts mxODBC's raised Warnings to
+        emit Python standard warnings.
+        """
+        from mx.ODBC.Error import Warning as MxOdbcWarning
+
+        def error_handler(connection, cursor, errorclass, errorvalue):
+            if issubclass(errorclass, MxOdbcWarning):
+                errorclass.__bases__ = (Warning,)
+                warnings.warn(message=str(errorvalue),
+                              category=errorclass,
+                              stacklevel=2)
+            else:
+                raise errorclass(errorvalue)
+        return error_handler
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        """ Return a tuple of *args,**kwargs for creating a connection.
+
+        The mxODBC 3.x connection constructor looks like this:
+
+            connect(dsn, user='', password='',
+                    clear_auto_commit=1, errorhandler=None)
+
+        This method translates the values in the provided uri
+        into args and kwargs needed to instantiate an mxODBC Connection.
+
+        The arg 'errorhandler' is not used by SQLAlchemy and will
+        not be populated.
+
+        """
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        args = opts.pop('host')
+        opts.pop('port', None)
+        opts.pop('database', None)
+        return (args,), opts
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        # TODO: eGenix recommends checking connection.closed here
+        # Does that detect dropped connections ?
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError):
+            return "connection already closed" in str(e)
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            return '[08S01]' in str(e)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        # eGenix suggests using conn.dbms_version instead
+        # of what we're doing here
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = []
+        r = re.compile('[.\-]')
+        # 18 == pyodbc.SQL_DBMS_VER
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.getinfo(18)[1]):
+            try:
+                version.append(int(n))
+            except ValueError:
+                version.append(n)
+        return tuple(version)
+
+    def _get_direct(self, context):
+        if context:
+            native_odbc_execute = context.execution_options.\
+                get('native_odbc_execute', 'auto')
+            # default to direct=True in all cases, is more generally
+            # compatible especially with SQL Server
+            return False if native_odbc_execute is True else True
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        cursor.executemany(
+            statement, parameters, direct=self._get_direct(context))
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        cursor.execute(statement, parameters, direct=self._get_direct(context))
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/mysqldb.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/mysqldb.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f936825
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/mysqldb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# connectors/mysqldb.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define behaviors common to MySQLdb dialects.
+
+Currently includes MySQL and Drizzle.
+
+"""
+
+from . import Connector
+from ..engine import base as engine_base, default
+from ..sql import operators as sql_operators
+from .. import exc, log, schema, sql, types as sqltypes, util, processors
+import re
+
+
+# the subclassing of Connector by all classes
+# here is not strictly necessary
+
+
+class MySQLDBExecutionContext(Connector):
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        if hasattr(self, '_rowcount'):
+            return self._rowcount
+        else:
+            return self.cursor.rowcount
+
+
+class MySQLDBCompiler(Connector):
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self.process(binary.left, **kw) + " %% " + \
+                    self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+
+    def post_process_text(self, text):
+        return text.replace('%', '%%')
+
+
+class MySQLDBIdentifierPreparer(Connector):
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        value = value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+        return value.replace("%", "%%")
+
+
+class MySQLDBConnector(Connector):
+    driver = 'mysqldb'
+    supports_unicode_statements = False
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'format'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        # is overridden when pymysql is used
+        return __import__('MySQLdb')
+
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        rowcount = cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+        if context is not None:
+            context._rowcount = rowcount
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(database='db', username='user',
+                                          password='passwd')
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'compress', bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'connect_timeout', int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'read_timeout', int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'client_flag', int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'local_infile', int)
+        # Note: using either of the below will cause all strings to be returned
+        # as Unicode, both in raw SQL operations and with column types like
+        # String and MSString.
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'use_unicode', bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'charset', str)
+
+        # Rich values 'cursorclass' and 'conv' are not supported via
+        # query string.
+
+        ssl = {}
+        keys = ['ssl_ca', 'ssl_key', 'ssl_cert', 'ssl_capath', 'ssl_cipher']
+        for key in keys:
+            if key in opts:
+                ssl[key[4:]] = opts[key]
+                util.coerce_kw_type(ssl, key[4:], str)
+                del opts[key]
+        if ssl:
+            opts['ssl'] = ssl
+
+        # FOUND_ROWS must be set in CLIENT_FLAGS to enable
+        # supports_sane_rowcount.
+        client_flag = opts.get('client_flag', 0)
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            try:
+                CLIENT_FLAGS = __import__(
+                                    self.dbapi.__name__ + '.constants.CLIENT'
+                                    ).constants.CLIENT
+                client_flag |= CLIENT_FLAGS.FOUND_ROWS
+            except (AttributeError, ImportError):
+                self.supports_sane_rowcount = False
+            opts['client_flag'] = client_flag
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = []
+        r = re.compile('[.\-]')
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.get_server_info()):
+            try:
+                version.append(int(n))
+            except ValueError:
+                version.append(n)
+        return tuple(version)
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.args[0]
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""
+
+        try:
+            # note: the SQL here would be
+            # "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set%%'"
+            cset_name = connection.connection.character_set_name
+        except AttributeError:
+            util.warn(
+                "No 'character_set_name' can be detected with "
+                "this MySQL-Python version; "
+                "please upgrade to a recent version of MySQL-Python.  "
+                "Assuming latin1.")
+            return 'latin1'
+        else:
+            return cset_name()
+
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/pyodbc.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef72c80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/pyodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# connectors/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from . import Connector
+from .. import util
+
+
+import sys
+import re
+
+
+class PyODBCConnector(Connector):
+    driver = 'pyodbc'
+
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        # PyODBC unicode is broken on UCS-4 builds
+        supports_unicode = sys.maxunicode == 65535
+        supports_unicode_statements = supports_unicode
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+    default_paramstyle = 'named'
+
+    # for non-DSN connections, this should
+    # hold the desired driver name
+    pyodbc_driver_name = None
+
+    # will be set to True after initialize()
+    # if the freetds.so is detected
+    freetds = False
+
+    # will be set to the string version of
+    # the FreeTDS driver if freetds is detected
+    freetds_driver_version = None
+
+    # will be set to True after initialize()
+    # if the libessqlsrv.so is detected
+    easysoft = False
+
+    def __init__(self, supports_unicode_binds=None, **kw):
+        super(PyODBCConnector, self).__init__(**kw)
+        self._user_supports_unicode_binds = supports_unicode_binds
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('pyodbc')
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        keys = opts
+        query = url.query
+
+        connect_args = {}
+        for param in ('ansi', 'unicode_results', 'autocommit'):
+            if param in keys:
+                connect_args[param] = util.asbool(keys.pop(param))
+
+        if 'odbc_connect' in keys:
+            connectors = [util.unquote_plus(keys.pop('odbc_connect'))]
+        else:
+            dsn_connection = 'dsn' in keys or \
+                ('host' in keys and 'database' not in keys)
+            if dsn_connection:
+                connectors = ['dsn=%s' % (keys.pop('host', '') or
+                                          keys.pop('dsn', ''))]
+            else:
+                port = ''
+                if 'port' in keys and 'port' not in query:
+                    port = ',%d' % int(keys.pop('port'))
+
+                connectors = ["DRIVER={%s}" %
+                              keys.pop('driver', self.pyodbc_driver_name),
+                              'Server=%s%s' % (keys.pop('host', ''), port),
+                              'Database=%s' % keys.pop('database', '')]
+
+            user = keys.pop("user", None)
+            if user:
+                connectors.append("UID=%s" % user)
+                connectors.append("PWD=%s" % keys.pop('password', ''))
+            else:
+                connectors.append("Trusted_Connection=Yes")
+
+            # if set to 'Yes', the ODBC layer will try to automagically
+            # convert textual data from your database encoding to your
+            # client encoding.  This should obviously be set to 'No' if
+            # you query a cp1253 encoded database from a latin1 client...
+            if 'odbc_autotranslate' in keys:
+                connectors.append("AutoTranslate=%s" %
+                                  keys.pop("odbc_autotranslate"))
+
+            connectors.extend(['%s=%s' % (k, v) for k, v in keys.items()])
+        return [[";".join(connectors)], connect_args]
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError):
+            return "The cursor's connection has been closed." in str(e) or \
+                'Attempt to use a closed connection.' in str(e)
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            return '[08S01]' in str(e)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        # determine FreeTDS first.   can't issue SQL easily
+        # without getting unicode_statements/binds set up.
+
+        pyodbc = self.dbapi
+
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+
+        _sql_driver_name = dbapi_con.getinfo(pyodbc.SQL_DRIVER_NAME)
+        self.freetds = bool(re.match(r".*libtdsodbc.*\.so", _sql_driver_name
+                                     ))
+        self.easysoft = bool(re.match(r".*libessqlsrv.*\.so", _sql_driver_name
+                                      ))
+
+        if self.freetds:
+            self.freetds_driver_version = dbapi_con.getinfo(
+                pyodbc.SQL_DRIVER_VER)
+
+        self.supports_unicode_statements = (
+            not util.py2k or
+            (not self.freetds and not self.easysoft)
+        )
+
+        if self._user_supports_unicode_binds is not None:
+            self.supports_unicode_binds = self._user_supports_unicode_binds
+        elif util.py2k:
+            self.supports_unicode_binds = (
+                not self.freetds or self.freetds_driver_version >= '0.91'
+            ) and not self.easysoft
+        else:
+            self.supports_unicode_binds = True
+
+        # run other initialization which asks for user name, etc.
+        super(PyODBCConnector, self).initialize(connection)
+
+
+    def _dbapi_version(self):
+        if not self.dbapi:
+            return ()
+        return self._parse_dbapi_version(self.dbapi.version)
+
+    def _parse_dbapi_version(self, vers):
+        m = re.match(
+            r'(?:py.*-)?([\d\.]+)(?:-(\w+))?',
+            vers
+        )
+        if not m:
+            return ()
+        vers = tuple([int(x) for x in m.group(1).split(".")])
+        if m.group(2):
+            vers += (m.group(2),)
+        return vers
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = []
+        r = re.compile('[.\-]')
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.getinfo(self.dbapi.SQL_DBMS_VER)):
+            try:
+                version.append(int(n))
+            except ValueError:
+                version.append(n)
+        return tuple(version)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/zxJDBC.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/zxJDBC.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0af742
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/zxJDBC.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# connectors/zxJDBC.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+import sys
+from . import Connector
+
+
+class ZxJDBCConnector(Connector):
+    driver = 'zxjdbc'
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = False
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+    supports_unicode_statements = sys.version > '2.5.0+'
+    description_encoding = None
+    default_paramstyle = 'qmark'
+
+    jdbc_db_name = None
+    jdbc_driver_name = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        from com.ziclix.python.sql import zxJDBC
+        return zxJDBC
+
+    def _driver_kwargs(self):
+        """Return kw arg dict to be sent to connect()."""
+        return {}
+
+    def _create_jdbc_url(self, url):
+        """Create a JDBC url from a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL`"""
+        return 'jdbc:%s://%s%s/%s' % (self.jdbc_db_name, url.host,
+                                      url.port is not None
+                                      and ':%s' % url.port or '',
+                                      url.database)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = self._driver_kwargs()
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return [
+            [self._create_jdbc_url(url),
+             url.username, url.password,
+             self.jdbc_driver_name],
+            opts]
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if not isinstance(e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError):
+            return False
+        e = str(e)
+        return 'connection is closed' in e or 'cursor is closed' in e
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        # use connection.connection.dbversion, and parse appropriately
+        # to get a tuple
+        raise NotImplementedError()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cprocessors.cpython-34m.so b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cprocessors.cpython-34m.so
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diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cresultproxy.cpython-34m.so b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cresultproxy.cpython-34m.so
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diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/databases/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/databases/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19a7ad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/databases/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# databases/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Include imports from the sqlalchemy.dialects package for backwards
+compatibility with pre 0.6 versions.
+
+"""
+from ..dialects.sqlite import base as sqlite
+from ..dialects.postgresql import base as postgresql
+postgres = postgresql
+from ..dialects.mysql import base as mysql
+from ..dialects.drizzle import base as drizzle
+from ..dialects.oracle import base as oracle
+from ..dialects.firebird import base as firebird
+from ..dialects.mssql import base as mssql
+from ..dialects.sybase import base as sybase
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'drizzle',
+    'firebird',
+    'mssql',
+    'mysql',
+    'postgresql',
+    'sqlite',
+    'oracle',
+    'sybase',
+)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f847a61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# dialects/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+__all__ = (
+    'drizzle',
+    'firebird',
+    'mssql',
+    'mysql',
+    'oracle',
+    'postgresql',
+    'sqlite',
+    'sybase',
+)
+
+from .. import util
+
+
+def _auto_fn(name):
+    """default dialect importer.
+
+    plugs into the :class:`.PluginLoader`
+    as a first-hit system.
+
+    """
+    if "." in name:
+        dialect, driver = name.split(".")
+    else:
+        dialect = name
+        driver = "base"
+    try:
+        module = __import__('sqlalchemy.dialects.%s' % (dialect, )).dialects
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+    module = getattr(module, dialect)
+    if hasattr(module, driver):
+        module = getattr(module, driver)
+        return lambda: module.dialect
+    else:
+        return None
+
+registry = util.PluginLoader("sqlalchemy.dialects", auto_fn=_auto_fn)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/drizzle/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/drizzle/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1392b8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/drizzle/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.drizzle import base, mysqldb
+
+base.dialect = mysqldb.dialect
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.drizzle.base import \
+    BIGINT, BINARY, BLOB, \
+    BOOLEAN, CHAR, DATE, \
+    DATETIME, DECIMAL, DOUBLE, \
+    ENUM, FLOAT, INTEGER, \
+    NUMERIC, REAL, TEXT, \
+    TIME, TIMESTAMP, VARBINARY, \
+    VARCHAR, dialect
+
+__all__ = (
+    'BIGINT', 'BINARY', 'BLOB',
+    'BOOLEAN', 'CHAR', 'DATE',
+    'DATETIME', 'DECIMAL', 'DOUBLE',
+    'ENUM', 'FLOAT', 'INTEGER',
+    'NUMERIC', 'REAL', 'TEXT',
+    'TIME', 'TIMESTAMP', 'VARBINARY',
+    'VARCHAR', 'dialect'
+)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/drizzle/base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/drizzle/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea4e9bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/drizzle/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+# drizzle/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+# Copyright (C) 2010-2011 Monty Taylor 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: drizzle
+    :name: Drizzle
+
+Drizzle is a variant of MySQL. Unlike MySQL, Drizzle's default storage engine
+is InnoDB (transactions, foreign-keys) rather than MyISAM. For more
+`Notable Differences `_, visit
+the `Drizzle Documentation `_.
+
+The SQLAlchemy Drizzle dialect leans heavily on the MySQL dialect, so much of
+the :doc:`SQLAlchemy MySQL ` documentation is also relevant.
+
+
+"""
+
+from sqlalchemy import exc
+from sqlalchemy import log
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes
+from sqlalchemy.engine import reflection
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import base as mysql_dialect
+from sqlalchemy.types import DATE, DATETIME, BOOLEAN, TIME, \
+                             BLOB, BINARY, VARBINARY
+
+
+class _NumericType(object):
+    """Base for Drizzle numeric types."""
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        super(_NumericType, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+
+class _FloatType(_NumericType, sqltypes.Float):
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        if isinstance(self, (REAL, DOUBLE)) and \
+            (
+                (precision is None and scale is not None) or
+                (precision is not None and scale is None)
+            ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "You must specify both precision and scale or omit "
+                "both altogether.")
+
+        super(_FloatType, self).__init__(precision=precision,
+                                         asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+        self.scale = scale
+
+
+class _StringType(mysql_dialect._StringType):
+    """Base for Drizzle string types."""
+
+    def __init__(self, collation=None, binary=False, **kw):
+        kw['national'] = False
+        super(_StringType, self).__init__(collation=collation, binary=binary,
+                                          **kw)
+
+
+class NUMERIC(_NumericType, sqltypes.NUMERIC):
+    """Drizzle NUMERIC type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NUMERIC'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a NUMERIC.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        """
+
+        super(NUMERIC, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale,
+                                      asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+
+class DECIMAL(_NumericType, sqltypes.DECIMAL):
+    """Drizzle DECIMAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DECIMAL'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a DECIMAL.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        """
+        super(DECIMAL, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale,
+                                      asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+
+class DOUBLE(_FloatType):
+    """Drizzle DOUBLE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DOUBLE'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a DOUBLE.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        """
+
+        super(DOUBLE, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale,
+                                     asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+
+class REAL(_FloatType, sqltypes.REAL):
+    """Drizzle REAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'REAL'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a REAL.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        """
+
+        super(REAL, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale,
+                                   asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+
+class FLOAT(_FloatType, sqltypes.FLOAT):
+    """Drizzle FLOAT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'FLOAT'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=False, **kw):
+        """Construct a FLOAT.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        """
+
+        super(FLOAT, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale,
+                                    asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+
+class INTEGER(sqltypes.INTEGER):
+    """Drizzle INTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'INTEGER'
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        """Construct an INTEGER."""
+
+        super(INTEGER, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+
+class BIGINT(sqltypes.BIGINT):
+    """Drizzle BIGINTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'BIGINT'
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        """Construct a BIGINTEGER."""
+
+        super(BIGINT, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+
+class TIME(mysql_dialect.TIME):
+    """Drizzle TIME type."""
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+    """Drizzle TIMESTAMP type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TIMESTAMP'
+
+
+class TEXT(_StringType, sqltypes.TEXT):
+    """Drizzle TEXT type, for text up to 2^16 characters."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TEXT'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a TEXT.
+
+        :param length: Optional, if provided the server may optimize storage
+          by substituting the smallest TEXT type sufficient to store
+          ``length`` characters.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+
+        super(TEXT, self).__init__(length=length, **kw)
+
+
+class VARCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.VARCHAR):
+    """Drizzle VARCHAR type, for variable-length character data."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'VARCHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a VARCHAR.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+
+        super(VARCHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class CHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.CHAR):
+    """Drizzle CHAR type, for fixed-length character data."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'CHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a CHAR.
+
+        :param length: Maximum data length, in characters.
+
+        :param binary: Optional, use the default binary collation for the
+          national character set.  This does not affect the type of data
+          stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, request a particular collation.  Must be
+          compatible with the national character set.
+
+        """
+
+        super(CHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ENUM(mysql_dialect.ENUM):
+    """Drizzle ENUM type."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *enums, **kw):
+        """Construct an ENUM.
+
+        Example:
+
+          Column('myenum', ENUM("foo", "bar", "baz"))
+
+        :param enums: The range of valid values for this ENUM.  Values will be
+          quoted when generating the schema according to the quoting flag (see
+          below).
+
+        :param strict: Defaults to False: ensure that a given value is in this
+          ENUM's range of permissible values when inserting or updating rows.
+          Note that Drizzle will not raise a fatal error if you attempt to
+          store an out of range value- an alternate value will be stored
+          instead.
+          (See Drizzle ENUM documentation.)
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        :param quoting: Defaults to 'auto': automatically determine enum value
+          quoting.  If all enum values are surrounded by the same quoting
+          character, then use 'quoted' mode.  Otherwise, use 'unquoted' mode.
+
+          'quoted': values in enums are already quoted, they will be used
+          directly when generating the schema - this usage is deprecated.
+
+          'unquoted': values in enums are not quoted, they will be escaped and
+          surrounded by single quotes when generating the schema.
+
+          Previous versions of this type always required manually quoted
+          values to be supplied; future versions will always quote the string
+          literals for you.  This is a transitional option.
+
+        """
+
+        super(ENUM, self).__init__(*enums, **kw)
+
+
+class _DrizzleBoolean(sqltypes.Boolean):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NUMERIC
+
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.Numeric: NUMERIC,
+    sqltypes.Float: FLOAT,
+    sqltypes.Time: TIME,
+    sqltypes.Enum: ENUM,
+    sqltypes.Boolean: _DrizzleBoolean,
+}
+
+
+# All the types we have in Drizzle
+ischema_names = {
+    'BIGINT': BIGINT,
+    'BINARY': BINARY,
+    'BLOB': BLOB,
+    'BOOLEAN': BOOLEAN,
+    'CHAR': CHAR,
+    'DATE': DATE,
+    'DATETIME': DATETIME,
+    'DECIMAL': DECIMAL,
+    'DOUBLE': DOUBLE,
+    'ENUM': ENUM,
+    'FLOAT': FLOAT,
+    'INT': INTEGER,
+    'INTEGER': INTEGER,
+    'NUMERIC': NUMERIC,
+    'TEXT': TEXT,
+    'TIME': TIME,
+    'TIMESTAMP': TIMESTAMP,
+    'VARBINARY': VARBINARY,
+    'VARCHAR': VARCHAR,
+}
+
+
+class DrizzleCompiler(mysql_dialect.MySQLCompiler):
+
+    def visit_typeclause(self, typeclause):
+        type_ = typeclause.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+        if isinstance(type_, sqltypes.Integer):
+            return 'INTEGER'
+        else:
+            return super(DrizzleCompiler, self).visit_typeclause(typeclause)
+
+    def visit_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
+        type_ = self.process(cast.typeclause)
+        if type_ is None:
+            return self.process(cast.clause)
+
+        return 'CAST(%s AS %s)' % (self.process(cast.clause), type_)
+
+
+class DrizzleDDLCompiler(mysql_dialect.MySQLDDLCompiler):
+    pass
+
+
+class DrizzleTypeCompiler(mysql_dialect.MySQLTypeCompiler):
+    def _extend_numeric(self, type_, spec):
+        return spec
+
+    def _extend_string(self, type_, defaults, spec):
+        """Extend a string-type declaration with standard SQL
+        COLLATE annotations and Drizzle specific extensions.
+
+        """
+
+        def attr(name):
+            return getattr(type_, name, defaults.get(name))
+
+        if attr('collation'):
+            collation = 'COLLATE %s' % type_.collation
+        elif attr('binary'):
+            collation = 'BINARY'
+        else:
+            collation = None
+
+        return ' '.join([c for c in (spec, collation)
+                         if c is not None])
+
+    def visit_NCHAR(self, type):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Drizzle does not support NCHAR")
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Drizzle does not support NVARCHAR")
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_):
+        if type_.scale is not None and type_.precision is not None:
+            return "FLOAT(%s, %s)" % (type_.precision, type_.scale)
+        else:
+            return "FLOAT"
+
+    def visit_BOOLEAN(self, type_):
+        return "BOOLEAN"
+
+    def visit_BLOB(self, type_):
+        return "BLOB"
+
+
+class DrizzleExecutionContext(mysql_dialect.MySQLExecutionContext):
+    pass
+
+
+class DrizzleIdentifierPreparer(mysql_dialect.MySQLIdentifierPreparer):
+    pass
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class DrizzleDialect(mysql_dialect.MySQLDialect):
+    """Details of the Drizzle dialect.
+
+    Not used directly in application code.
+    """
+
+    name = 'drizzle'
+
+    _supports_cast = True
+    supports_sequences = False
+    supports_native_boolean = True
+    supports_views = False
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'format'
+    colspecs = colspecs
+
+    statement_compiler = DrizzleCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = DrizzleDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler = DrizzleTypeCompiler
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    preparer = DrizzleIdentifierPreparer
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        """Force autocommit - Drizzle Bug#707842 doesn't set this properly"""
+
+        def connect(conn):
+            conn.autocommit(False)
+        return connect
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return a Unicode SHOW TABLES from a given schema."""
+
+        if schema is not None:
+            current_schema = schema
+        else:
+            current_schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        charset = 'utf8'
+        rp = connection.execute("SHOW TABLES FROM %s" %
+            self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(current_schema))
+        return [row[0] for row in self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _detect_casing(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out identifier case sensitivity.
+
+        Cached per-connection. This value can not change without a server
+        restart.
+        """
+
+        return 0
+
+    def _detect_collations(self, connection):
+        """Pull the active COLLATIONS list from the server.
+
+        Cached per-connection.
+        """
+
+        collations = {}
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        rs = connection.execute(
+            'SELECT CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME FROM'
+            ' data_dictionary.COLLATIONS')
+        for row in self._compat_fetchall(rs, charset):
+            collations[row[0]] = row[1]
+        return collations
+
+    def _detect_ansiquotes(self, connection):
+        """Detect and adjust for the ANSI_QUOTES sql mode."""
+
+        self._server_ansiquotes = False
+        self._backslash_escapes = False
+
+
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/drizzle/mysqldb.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/drizzle/mysqldb.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d91cc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/drizzle/mysqldb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+"""
+.. dialect:: drizzle+mysqldb
+    :name: MySQL-Python
+    :dbapi: mysqldb
+    :connectstring: drizzle+mysqldb://:@[:]/
+    :url: http://sourceforge.net/projects/mysql-python
+
+
+"""
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.drizzle.base import (
+    DrizzleDialect,
+    DrizzleExecutionContext,
+    DrizzleCompiler,
+    DrizzleIdentifierPreparer)
+from sqlalchemy.connectors.mysqldb import (
+    MySQLDBExecutionContext,
+    MySQLDBCompiler,
+    MySQLDBIdentifierPreparer,
+    MySQLDBConnector)
+
+
+class DrizzleExecutionContext_mysqldb(MySQLDBExecutionContext,
+                                      DrizzleExecutionContext):
+    pass
+
+
+class DrizzleCompiler_mysqldb(MySQLDBCompiler, DrizzleCompiler):
+    pass
+
+
+class DrizzleIdentifierPreparer_mysqldb(MySQLDBIdentifierPreparer,
+                                        DrizzleIdentifierPreparer):
+    pass
+
+
+class DrizzleDialect_mysqldb(MySQLDBConnector, DrizzleDialect):
+    execution_ctx_cls = DrizzleExecutionContext_mysqldb
+    statement_compiler = DrizzleCompiler_mysqldb
+    preparer = DrizzleIdentifierPreparer_mysqldb
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""
+
+        return 'utf8'
+
+
+dialect = DrizzleDialect_mysqldb
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e8a882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# firebird/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.firebird import base, kinterbasdb, fdb
+
+base.dialect = fdb.dialect
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.firebird.base import \
+    SMALLINT, BIGINT, FLOAT, FLOAT, DATE, TIME, \
+    TEXT, NUMERIC, FLOAT, TIMESTAMP, VARCHAR, CHAR, BLOB,\
+    dialect
+
+__all__ = (
+    'SMALLINT', 'BIGINT', 'FLOAT', 'FLOAT', 'DATE', 'TIME',
+    'TEXT', 'NUMERIC', 'FLOAT', 'TIMESTAMP', 'VARCHAR', 'CHAR', 'BLOB',
+    'dialect'
+)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcdb6d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+# firebird/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: firebird
+    :name: Firebird
+
+Firebird Dialects
+-----------------
+
+Firebird offers two distinct dialects_ (not to be confused with a
+SQLAlchemy ``Dialect``):
+
+dialect 1
+  This is the old syntax and behaviour, inherited from Interbase pre-6.0.
+
+dialect 3
+  This is the newer and supported syntax, introduced in Interbase 6.0.
+
+The SQLAlchemy Firebird dialect detects these versions and
+adjusts its representation of SQL accordingly.  However,
+support for dialect 1 is not well tested and probably has
+incompatibilities.
+
+Locking Behavior
+----------------
+
+Firebird locks tables aggressively.  For this reason, a DROP TABLE may
+hang until other transactions are released.  SQLAlchemy does its best
+to release transactions as quickly as possible.  The most common cause
+of hanging transactions is a non-fully consumed result set, i.e.::
+
+    result = engine.execute("select * from table")
+    row = result.fetchone()
+    return
+
+Where above, the ``ResultProxy`` has not been fully consumed.  The
+connection will be returned to the pool and the transactional state
+rolled back once the Python garbage collector reclaims the objects
+which hold onto the connection, which often occurs asynchronously.
+The above use case can be alleviated by calling ``first()`` on the
+``ResultProxy`` which will fetch the first row and immediately close
+all remaining cursor/connection resources.
+
+RETURNING support
+-----------------
+
+Firebird 2.0 supports returning a result set from inserts, and 2.1
+extends that to deletes and updates. This is generically exposed by
+the SQLAlchemy ``returning()`` method, such as::
+
+    # INSERT..RETURNING
+    result = table.insert().returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).\\
+                   values(name='foo')
+    print result.fetchall()
+
+    # UPDATE..RETURNING
+    raises = empl.update().returning(empl.c.id, empl.c.salary).\\
+                  where(empl.c.sales>100).\\
+                  values(dict(salary=empl.c.salary * 1.1))
+    print raises.fetchall()
+
+
+.. _dialects: http://mc-computing.com/Databases/Firebird/SQL_Dialect.html
+
+"""
+
+import datetime
+
+from sqlalchemy import schema as sa_schema
+from sqlalchemy import exc, types as sqltypes, sql, util
+from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+from sqlalchemy.engine import base, default, reflection
+from sqlalchemy.sql import compiler
+
+
+from sqlalchemy.types import (BIGINT, BLOB, DATE, FLOAT, INTEGER, NUMERIC,
+                              SMALLINT, TEXT, TIME, TIMESTAMP, Integer)
+
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set([
+    "active", "add", "admin", "after", "all", "alter", "and", "any", "as",
+    "asc", "ascending", "at", "auto", "avg", "before", "begin", "between",
+    "bigint", "bit_length", "blob", "both", "by", "case", "cast", "char",
+    "character", "character_length", "char_length", "check", "close",
+    "collate", "column", "commit", "committed", "computed", "conditional",
+    "connect", "constraint", "containing", "count", "create", "cross",
+    "cstring", "current", "current_connection", "current_date",
+    "current_role", "current_time", "current_timestamp",
+    "current_transaction", "current_user", "cursor", "database", "date",
+    "day", "dec", "decimal", "declare", "default", "delete", "desc",
+    "descending", "disconnect", "distinct", "do", "domain", "double",
+    "drop", "else", "end", "entry_point", "escape", "exception",
+    "execute", "exists", "exit", "external", "extract", "fetch", "file",
+    "filter", "float", "for", "foreign", "from", "full", "function",
+    "gdscode", "generator", "gen_id", "global", "grant", "group",
+    "having", "hour", "if", "in", "inactive", "index", "inner",
+    "input_type", "insensitive", "insert", "int", "integer", "into", "is",
+    "isolation", "join", "key", "leading", "left", "length", "level",
+    "like", "long", "lower", "manual", "max", "maximum_segment", "merge",
+    "min", "minute", "module_name", "month", "names", "national",
+    "natural", "nchar", "no", "not", "null", "numeric", "octet_length",
+    "of", "on", "only", "open", "option", "or", "order", "outer",
+    "output_type", "overflow", "page", "pages", "page_size", "parameter",
+    "password", "plan", "position", "post_event", "precision", "primary",
+    "privileges", "procedure", "protected", "rdb$db_key", "read", "real",
+    "record_version", "recreate", "recursive", "references", "release",
+    "reserv", "reserving", "retain", "returning_values", "returns",
+    "revoke", "right", "rollback", "rows", "row_count", "savepoint",
+    "schema", "second", "segment", "select", "sensitive", "set", "shadow",
+    "shared", "singular", "size", "smallint", "snapshot", "some", "sort",
+    "sqlcode", "stability", "start", "starting", "starts", "statistics",
+    "sub_type", "sum", "suspend", "table", "then", "time", "timestamp",
+    "to", "trailing", "transaction", "trigger", "trim", "uncommitted",
+    "union", "unique", "update", "upper", "user", "using", "value",
+    "values", "varchar", "variable", "varying", "view", "wait", "when",
+    "where", "while", "with", "work", "write", "year",
+])
+
+
+class _StringType(sqltypes.String):
+    """Base for Firebird string types."""
+
+    def __init__(self, charset=None, **kw):
+        self.charset = charset
+        super(_StringType, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+
+class VARCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.VARCHAR):
+    """Firebird VARCHAR type"""
+    __visit_name__ = 'VARCHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        super(VARCHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class CHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.CHAR):
+    """Firebird CHAR type"""
+    __visit_name__ = 'CHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        super(CHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class _FBDateTime(sqltypes.DateTime):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if type(value) == datetime.date:
+                return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.DateTime: _FBDateTime
+}
+
+ischema_names = {
+    'SHORT': SMALLINT,
+    'LONG': INTEGER,
+    'QUAD': FLOAT,
+    'FLOAT': FLOAT,
+    'DATE': DATE,
+    'TIME': TIME,
+    'TEXT': TEXT,
+    'INT64': BIGINT,
+    'DOUBLE': FLOAT,
+    'TIMESTAMP': TIMESTAMP,
+    'VARYING': VARCHAR,
+    'CSTRING': CHAR,
+    'BLOB': BLOB,
+}
+
+
+# TODO: date conversion types (should be implemented as _FBDateTime,
+# _FBDate, etc. as bind/result functionality is required)
+
+class FBTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_SMALLINT(type_)
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_TIMESTAMP(type_)
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_):
+        return "BLOB SUB_TYPE 1"
+
+    def visit_BLOB(self, type_):
+        return "BLOB SUB_TYPE 0"
+
+    def _extend_string(self, type_, basic):
+        charset = getattr(type_, 'charset', None)
+        if charset is None:
+            return basic
+        else:
+            return '%s CHARACTER SET %s' % (basic, charset)
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_):
+        basic = super(FBTypeCompiler, self).visit_CHAR(type_)
+        return self._extend_string(type_, basic)
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_):
+        if not type_.length:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "VARCHAR requires a length on dialect %s" %
+                self.dialect.name)
+        basic = super(FBTypeCompiler, self).visit_VARCHAR(type_)
+        return self._extend_string(type_, basic)
+
+
+class FBCompiler(sql.compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    """Firebird specific idiosyncrasies"""
+
+    ansi_bind_rules = True
+
+    # def visit_contains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+    # cant use CONTAINING b.c. it's case insensitive.
+
+    # def visit_notcontains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+    # cant use NOT CONTAINING b.c. it's case insensitive.
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_startswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return '%s STARTING WITH %s' % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw))
+
+    def visit_notstartswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return '%s NOT STARTING WITH %s' % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw))
+
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "mod(%s, %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw))
+
+    def visit_alias(self, alias, asfrom=False, **kwargs):
+        if self.dialect._version_two:
+            return super(FBCompiler, self).\
+                visit_alias(alias, asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            # Override to not use the AS keyword which FB 1.5 does not like
+            if asfrom:
+                alias_name = isinstance(alias.name,
+                                        expression._truncated_label) and \
+                    self._truncated_identifier("alias",
+                                               alias.name) or alias.name
+
+                return self.process(
+                    alias.original, asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs) + \
+                    " " + \
+                    self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name)
+            else:
+                return self.process(alias.original, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_substring_func(self, func, **kw):
+        s = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[0])
+        start = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[1])
+        if len(func.clauses.clauses) > 2:
+            length = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[2])
+            return "SUBSTRING(%s FROM %s FOR %s)" % (s, start, length)
+        else:
+            return "SUBSTRING(%s FROM %s)" % (s, start)
+
+    def visit_length_func(self, function, **kw):
+        if self.dialect._version_two:
+            return "char_length" + self.function_argspec(function)
+        else:
+            return "strlen" + self.function_argspec(function)
+
+    visit_char_length_func = visit_length_func
+
+    def function_argspec(self, func, **kw):
+        # TODO: this probably will need to be
+        # narrowed to a fixed list, some no-arg functions
+        # may require parens - see similar example in the oracle
+        # dialect
+        if func.clauses is not None and len(func.clauses):
+            return self.process(func.clause_expr, **kw)
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def default_from(self):
+        return " FROM rdb$database"
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq):
+        return "gen_id(%s, 1)" % self.preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select):
+        """Called when building a ``SELECT`` statement, position is just
+        before column list Firebird puts the limit and offset right
+        after the ``SELECT``...
+        """
+
+        result = ""
+        if select._limit:
+            result += "FIRST %s " % self.process(sql.literal(select._limit))
+        if select._offset:
+            result += "SKIP %s " % self.process(sql.literal(select._offset))
+        if select._distinct:
+            result += "DISTINCT "
+        return result
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select):
+        """Already taken care of in the `get_select_precolumns` method."""
+
+        return ""
+
+    def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
+        columns = [
+            self._label_select_column(None, c, True, False, {})
+            for c in expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+        ]
+
+        return 'RETURNING ' + ', '.join(columns)
+
+
+class FBDDLCompiler(sql.compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    """Firebird syntactic idiosyncrasies"""
+
+    def visit_create_sequence(self, create):
+        """Generate a ``CREATE GENERATOR`` statement for the sequence."""
+
+        # no syntax for these
+        # http://www.firebirdsql.org/manual/generatorguide-sqlsyntax.html
+        if create.element.start is not None:
+            raise NotImplemented(
+                "Firebird SEQUENCE doesn't support START WITH")
+        if create.element.increment is not None:
+            raise NotImplemented(
+                "Firebird SEQUENCE doesn't support INCREMENT BY")
+
+        if self.dialect._version_two:
+            return "CREATE SEQUENCE %s" % \
+                self.preparer.format_sequence(create.element)
+        else:
+            return "CREATE GENERATOR %s" % \
+                self.preparer.format_sequence(create.element)
+
+    def visit_drop_sequence(self, drop):
+        """Generate a ``DROP GENERATOR`` statement for the sequence."""
+
+        if self.dialect._version_two:
+            return "DROP SEQUENCE %s" % \
+                self.preparer.format_sequence(drop.element)
+        else:
+            return "DROP GENERATOR %s" % \
+                self.preparer.format_sequence(drop.element)
+
+
+class FBIdentifierPreparer(sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    """Install Firebird specific reserved words."""
+
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+    illegal_initial_characters = compiler.ILLEGAL_INITIAL_CHARACTERS.union(
+        ['_'])
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect):
+        super(FBIdentifierPreparer, self).__init__(dialect, omit_schema=True)
+
+
+class FBExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        """Get the next value from the sequence using ``gen_id()``."""
+
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            "SELECT gen_id(%s, 1) FROM rdb$database" %
+            self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq),
+            type_
+        )
+
+
+class FBDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    """Firebird dialect"""
+
+    name = 'firebird'
+
+    max_identifier_length = 31
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = False
+    supports_default_values = True
+    postfetch_lastrowid = False
+
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+
+    requires_name_normalize = True
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+
+    statement_compiler = FBCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = FBDDLCompiler
+    preparer = FBIdentifierPreparer
+    type_compiler = FBTypeCompiler
+    execution_ctx_cls = FBExecutionContext
+
+    colspecs = colspecs
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+
+    construct_arguments = []
+
+    # defaults to dialect ver. 3,
+    # will be autodetected off upon
+    # first connect
+    _version_two = True
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(FBDialect, self).initialize(connection)
+        self._version_two = ('firebird' in self.server_version_info and
+                             self.server_version_info >= (2, )
+                             ) or \
+                            ('interbase' in self.server_version_info and
+                                self.server_version_info >= (6, )
+                             )
+
+        if not self._version_two:
+            # TODO: whatever other pre < 2.0 stuff goes here
+            self.ischema_names = ischema_names.copy()
+            self.ischema_names['TIMESTAMP'] = sqltypes.DATE
+            self.colspecs = {
+                sqltypes.DateTime: sqltypes.DATE
+            }
+
+        self.implicit_returning = self._version_two and \
+            self.__dict__.get('implicit_returning', True)
+
+    def normalize_name(self, name):
+        # Remove trailing spaces: FB uses a CHAR() type,
+        # that is padded with spaces
+        name = name and name.rstrip()
+        if name is None:
+            return None
+        elif name.upper() == name and \
+                not self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes(name.lower()):
+            return name.lower()
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    def denormalize_name(self, name):
+        if name is None:
+            return None
+        elif name.lower() == name and \
+                not self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes(name.lower()):
+            return name.upper()
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        """Return ``True`` if the given table exists, ignoring
+        the `schema`."""
+
+        tblqry = """
+        SELECT 1 AS has_table FROM rdb$database
+        WHERE EXISTS (SELECT rdb$relation_name
+                      FROM rdb$relations
+                      WHERE rdb$relation_name=?)
+        """
+        c = connection.execute(tblqry, [self.denormalize_name(table_name)])
+        return c.first() is not None
+
+    def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None):
+        """Return ``True`` if the given sequence (generator) exists."""
+
+        genqry = """
+        SELECT 1 AS has_sequence FROM rdb$database
+        WHERE EXISTS (SELECT rdb$generator_name
+                      FROM rdb$generators
+                      WHERE rdb$generator_name=?)
+        """
+        c = connection.execute(genqry, [self.denormalize_name(sequence_name)])
+        return c.first() is not None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        # there are two queries commonly mentioned for this.
+        # this one, using view_blr, is at the Firebird FAQ among other places:
+        # http://www.firebirdfaq.org/faq174/
+        s = """
+        select rdb$relation_name
+        from rdb$relations
+        where rdb$view_blr is null
+        and (rdb$system_flag is null or rdb$system_flag = 0);
+        """
+
+        # the other query is this one.  It's not clear if there's really
+        # any difference between these two.  This link:
+        # http://www.alberton.info/firebird_sql_meta_info.html#.Ur3vXfZGni8
+        # states them as interchangeable.  Some discussion at [ticket:2898]
+        # SELECT DISTINCT rdb$relation_name
+        # FROM rdb$relation_fields
+        # WHERE rdb$system_flag=0 AND rdb$view_context IS NULL
+
+        return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in connection.execute(s)]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        # see http://www.firebirdfaq.org/faq174/
+        s = """
+        select rdb$relation_name
+        from rdb$relations
+        where rdb$view_blr is not null
+        and (rdb$system_flag is null or rdb$system_flag = 0);
+        """
+        return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in connection.execute(s)]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        qry = """
+        SELECT rdb$view_source AS view_source
+        FROM rdb$relations
+        WHERE rdb$relation_name=?
+        """
+        rp = connection.execute(qry, [self.denormalize_name(view_name)])
+        row = rp.first()
+        if row:
+            return row['view_source']
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        # Query to extract the PK/FK constrained fields of the given table
+        keyqry = """
+        SELECT se.rdb$field_name AS fname
+        FROM rdb$relation_constraints rc
+             JOIN rdb$index_segments se ON rc.rdb$index_name=se.rdb$index_name
+        WHERE rc.rdb$constraint_type=? AND rc.rdb$relation_name=?
+        """
+        tablename = self.denormalize_name(table_name)
+        # get primary key fields
+        c = connection.execute(keyqry, ["PRIMARY KEY", tablename])
+        pkfields = [self.normalize_name(r['fname']) for r in c.fetchall()]
+        return {'constrained_columns': pkfields, 'name': None}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_column_sequence(self, connection,
+                            table_name, column_name,
+                            schema=None, **kw):
+        tablename = self.denormalize_name(table_name)
+        colname = self.denormalize_name(column_name)
+        # Heuristic-query to determine the generator associated to a PK field
+        genqry = """
+        SELECT trigdep.rdb$depended_on_name AS fgenerator
+        FROM rdb$dependencies tabdep
+             JOIN rdb$dependencies trigdep
+                  ON tabdep.rdb$dependent_name=trigdep.rdb$dependent_name
+                     AND trigdep.rdb$depended_on_type=14
+                     AND trigdep.rdb$dependent_type=2
+             JOIN rdb$triggers trig ON
+                    trig.rdb$trigger_name=tabdep.rdb$dependent_name
+        WHERE tabdep.rdb$depended_on_name=?
+          AND tabdep.rdb$depended_on_type=0
+          AND trig.rdb$trigger_type=1
+          AND tabdep.rdb$field_name=?
+          AND (SELECT count(*)
+           FROM rdb$dependencies trigdep2
+           WHERE trigdep2.rdb$dependent_name = trigdep.rdb$dependent_name) = 2
+        """
+        genr = connection.execute(genqry, [tablename, colname]).first()
+        if genr is not None:
+            return dict(name=self.normalize_name(genr['fgenerator']))
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        # Query to extract the details of all the fields of the given table
+        tblqry = """
+        SELECT r.rdb$field_name AS fname,
+                        r.rdb$null_flag AS null_flag,
+                        t.rdb$type_name AS ftype,
+                        f.rdb$field_sub_type AS stype,
+                        f.rdb$field_length/
+                            COALESCE(cs.rdb$bytes_per_character,1) AS flen,
+                        f.rdb$field_precision AS fprec,
+                        f.rdb$field_scale AS fscale,
+                        COALESCE(r.rdb$default_source,
+                                f.rdb$default_source) AS fdefault
+        FROM rdb$relation_fields r
+             JOIN rdb$fields f ON r.rdb$field_source=f.rdb$field_name
+             JOIN rdb$types t
+              ON t.rdb$type=f.rdb$field_type AND
+                    t.rdb$field_name='RDB$FIELD_TYPE'
+             LEFT JOIN rdb$character_sets cs ON
+                    f.rdb$character_set_id=cs.rdb$character_set_id
+        WHERE f.rdb$system_flag=0 AND r.rdb$relation_name=?
+        ORDER BY r.rdb$field_position
+        """
+        # get the PK, used to determine the eventual associated sequence
+        pk_constraint = self.get_pk_constraint(connection, table_name)
+        pkey_cols = pk_constraint['constrained_columns']
+
+        tablename = self.denormalize_name(table_name)
+        # get all of the fields for this table
+        c = connection.execute(tblqry, [tablename])
+        cols = []
+        while True:
+            row = c.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            name = self.normalize_name(row['fname'])
+            orig_colname = row['fname']
+
+            # get the data type
+            colspec = row['ftype'].rstrip()
+            coltype = self.ischema_names.get(colspec)
+            if coltype is None:
+                util.warn("Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
+                          (colspec, name))
+                coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+            elif issubclass(coltype, Integer) and row['fprec'] != 0:
+                coltype = NUMERIC(
+                    precision=row['fprec'],
+                    scale=row['fscale'] * -1)
+            elif colspec in ('VARYING', 'CSTRING'):
+                coltype = coltype(row['flen'])
+            elif colspec == 'TEXT':
+                coltype = TEXT(row['flen'])
+            elif colspec == 'BLOB':
+                if row['stype'] == 1:
+                    coltype = TEXT()
+                else:
+                    coltype = BLOB()
+            else:
+                coltype = coltype()
+
+            # does it have a default value?
+            defvalue = None
+            if row['fdefault'] is not None:
+                # the value comes down as "DEFAULT 'value'": there may be
+                # more than one whitespace around the "DEFAULT" keyword
+                # and it may also be lower case
+                # (see also http://tracker.firebirdsql.org/browse/CORE-356)
+                defexpr = row['fdefault'].lstrip()
+                assert defexpr[:8].rstrip().upper() == \
+                    'DEFAULT', "Unrecognized default value: %s" % \
+                    defexpr
+                defvalue = defexpr[8:].strip()
+                if defvalue == 'NULL':
+                    # Redundant
+                    defvalue = None
+            col_d = {
+                'name': name,
+                'type': coltype,
+                'nullable': not bool(row['null_flag']),
+                'default': defvalue,
+                'autoincrement': defvalue is None
+            }
+
+            if orig_colname.lower() == orig_colname:
+                col_d['quote'] = True
+
+            # if the PK is a single field, try to see if its linked to
+            # a sequence thru a trigger
+            if len(pkey_cols) == 1 and name == pkey_cols[0]:
+                seq_d = self.get_column_sequence(connection, tablename, name)
+                if seq_d is not None:
+                    col_d['sequence'] = seq_d
+
+            cols.append(col_d)
+        return cols
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        # Query to extract the details of each UK/FK of the given table
+        fkqry = """
+        SELECT rc.rdb$constraint_name AS cname,
+               cse.rdb$field_name AS fname,
+               ix2.rdb$relation_name AS targetrname,
+               se.rdb$field_name AS targetfname
+        FROM rdb$relation_constraints rc
+             JOIN rdb$indices ix1 ON ix1.rdb$index_name=rc.rdb$index_name
+             JOIN rdb$indices ix2 ON ix2.rdb$index_name=ix1.rdb$foreign_key
+             JOIN rdb$index_segments cse ON
+                        cse.rdb$index_name=ix1.rdb$index_name
+             JOIN rdb$index_segments se
+                  ON se.rdb$index_name=ix2.rdb$index_name
+                     AND se.rdb$field_position=cse.rdb$field_position
+        WHERE rc.rdb$constraint_type=? AND rc.rdb$relation_name=?
+        ORDER BY se.rdb$index_name, se.rdb$field_position
+        """
+        tablename = self.denormalize_name(table_name)
+
+        c = connection.execute(fkqry, ["FOREIGN KEY", tablename])
+        fks = util.defaultdict(lambda: {
+            'name': None,
+            'constrained_columns': [],
+            'referred_schema': None,
+            'referred_table': None,
+            'referred_columns': []
+        })
+
+        for row in c:
+            cname = self.normalize_name(row['cname'])
+            fk = fks[cname]
+            if not fk['name']:
+                fk['name'] = cname
+                fk['referred_table'] = self.normalize_name(row['targetrname'])
+            fk['constrained_columns'].append(
+                self.normalize_name(row['fname']))
+            fk['referred_columns'].append(
+                self.normalize_name(row['targetfname']))
+        return list(fks.values())
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        qry = """
+        SELECT ix.rdb$index_name AS index_name,
+               ix.rdb$unique_flag AS unique_flag,
+               ic.rdb$field_name AS field_name
+        FROM rdb$indices ix
+             JOIN rdb$index_segments ic
+                  ON ix.rdb$index_name=ic.rdb$index_name
+             LEFT OUTER JOIN rdb$relation_constraints
+                  ON rdb$relation_constraints.rdb$index_name =
+                        ic.rdb$index_name
+        WHERE ix.rdb$relation_name=? AND ix.rdb$foreign_key IS NULL
+          AND rdb$relation_constraints.rdb$constraint_type IS NULL
+        ORDER BY index_name, ic.rdb$field_position
+        """
+        c = connection.execute(qry, [self.denormalize_name(table_name)])
+
+        indexes = util.defaultdict(dict)
+        for row in c:
+            indexrec = indexes[row['index_name']]
+            if 'name' not in indexrec:
+                indexrec['name'] = self.normalize_name(row['index_name'])
+                indexrec['column_names'] = []
+                indexrec['unique'] = bool(row['unique_flag'])
+
+            indexrec['column_names'].append(
+                self.normalize_name(row['field_name']))
+
+        return list(indexes.values())
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/fdb.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/fdb.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddffc80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/fdb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# firebird/fdb.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: firebird+fdb
+    :name: fdb
+    :dbapi: pyodbc
+    :connectstring: firebird+fdb://user:password@host:port/path/to/db\
+[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/fdb/
+
+    fdb is a kinterbasdb compatible DBAPI for Firebird.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8 - Support for the fdb Firebird driver.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9 - The fdb dialect is now the default dialect
+       under the ``firebird://`` URL space, as ``fdb`` is now the official
+       Python driver for Firebird.
+
+Arguments
+----------
+
+The ``fdb`` dialect is based on the
+:mod:`sqlalchemy.dialects.firebird.kinterbasdb` dialect, however does not
+accept every argument that Kinterbasdb does.
+
+* ``enable_rowcount`` - True by default, setting this to False disables
+  the usage of "cursor.rowcount" with the
+  Kinterbasdb dialect, which SQLAlchemy ordinarily calls upon automatically
+  after any UPDATE or DELETE statement.   When disabled, SQLAlchemy's
+  ResultProxy will return -1 for result.rowcount.   The rationale here is
+  that Kinterbasdb requires a second round trip to the database when
+  .rowcount is called -  since SQLA's resultproxy automatically closes
+  the cursor after a non-result-returning statement, rowcount must be
+  called, if at all, before the result object is returned.   Additionally,
+  cursor.rowcount may not return correct results with older versions
+  of Firebird, and setting this flag to False will also cause the
+  SQLAlchemy ORM to ignore its usage. The behavior can also be controlled on a
+  per-execution basis using the ``enable_rowcount`` option with
+  :meth:`.Connection.execution_options`::
+
+      conn = engine.connect().execution_options(enable_rowcount=True)
+      r = conn.execute(stmt)
+      print r.rowcount
+
+* ``retaining`` - False by default.   Setting this to True will pass the
+  ``retaining=True`` keyword argument to the ``.commit()`` and ``.rollback()``
+  methods of the DBAPI connection, which can improve performance in some
+  situations, but apparently with significant caveats.
+  Please read the fdb and/or kinterbasdb DBAPI documentation in order to
+  understand the implications of this flag.
+
+  .. versionadded:: 0.8.2 - ``retaining`` keyword argument specifying
+     transaction retaining behavior - in 0.8 it defaults to ``True``
+     for backwards compatibility.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 - the ``retaining`` flag defaults to ``False``.
+     In 0.8 it defaulted to ``True``.
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    http://pythonhosted.org/fdb/usage-guide.html#retaining-transactions
+    - information on the "retaining" flag.
+
+"""
+
+from .kinterbasdb import FBDialect_kinterbasdb
+from ... import util
+
+
+class FBDialect_fdb(FBDialect_kinterbasdb):
+
+    def __init__(self, enable_rowcount=True,
+                 retaining=False, **kwargs):
+        super(FBDialect_fdb, self).__init__(
+            enable_rowcount=enable_rowcount,
+            retaining=retaining, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('fdb')
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        if opts.get('port'):
+            opts['host'] = "%s/%s" % (opts['host'], opts['port'])
+            del opts['port']
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'type_conv', int)
+
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        """Get the version of the Firebird server used by a connection.
+
+        Returns a tuple of (`major`, `minor`, `build`), three integers
+        representing the version of the attached server.
+        """
+
+        # This is the simpler approach (the other uses the services api),
+        # that for backward compatibility reasons returns a string like
+        #   LI-V6.3.3.12981 Firebird 2.0
+        # where the first version is a fake one resembling the old
+        # Interbase signature.
+
+        isc_info_firebird_version = 103
+        fbconn = connection.connection
+
+        version = fbconn.db_info(isc_info_firebird_version)
+
+        return self._parse_version_info(version)
+
+dialect = FBDialect_fdb
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/kinterbasdb.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/kinterbasdb.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bd7887
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/kinterbasdb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# firebird/kinterbasdb.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: firebird+kinterbasdb
+    :name: kinterbasdb
+    :dbapi: kinterbasdb
+    :connectstring: firebird+kinterbasdb://user:password@host:port/path/to/db\
+[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: http://firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=devel&sub=python
+
+Arguments
+----------
+
+The Kinterbasdb backend accepts the ``enable_rowcount`` and ``retaining``
+arguments accepted by the :mod:`sqlalchemy.dialects.firebird.fdb` dialect.
+In addition, it also accepts the following:
+
+* ``type_conv`` - select the kind of mapping done on the types: by default
+  SQLAlchemy uses 200 with Unicode, datetime and decimal support.  See
+  the linked documents below for further information.
+
+* ``concurrency_level`` - set the backend policy with regards to threading
+  issues: by default SQLAlchemy uses policy 1.  See the linked documents
+  below for further information.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    http://sourceforge.net/projects/kinterbasdb
+
+    http://kinterbasdb.sourceforge.net/dist_docs/usage.html#adv_param_conv_dynamic_type_translation
+
+    http://kinterbasdb.sourceforge.net/dist_docs/usage.html#special_issue_concurrency
+
+"""
+
+from .base import FBDialect, FBExecutionContext
+from ... import util, types as sqltypes
+from re import match
+import decimal
+
+
+class _kinterbasdb_numeric(object):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+                return str(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+
+class _FBNumeric_kinterbasdb(_kinterbasdb_numeric, sqltypes.Numeric):
+    pass
+
+
+class _FBFloat_kinterbasdb(_kinterbasdb_numeric, sqltypes.Float):
+    pass
+
+
+class FBExecutionContext_kinterbasdb(FBExecutionContext):
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        if self.execution_options.get('enable_rowcount',
+                                      self.dialect.enable_rowcount):
+            return self.cursor.rowcount
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class FBDialect_kinterbasdb(FBDialect):
+    driver = 'kinterbasdb'
+    supports_sane_rowcount = False
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    execution_ctx_cls = FBExecutionContext_kinterbasdb
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        FBDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _FBNumeric_kinterbasdb,
+            sqltypes.Float: _FBFloat_kinterbasdb,
+        }
+
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, type_conv=200, concurrency_level=1,
+                 enable_rowcount=True,
+                 retaining=False, **kwargs):
+        super(FBDialect_kinterbasdb, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.enable_rowcount = enable_rowcount
+        self.type_conv = type_conv
+        self.concurrency_level = concurrency_level
+        self.retaining = retaining
+        if enable_rowcount:
+            self.supports_sane_rowcount = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('kinterbasdb')
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        # kinterbase does not accept a None, but wants an empty list
+        # when there are no arguments.
+        cursor.execute(statement, parameters or [])
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.rollback(self.retaining)
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.commit(self.retaining)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        if opts.get('port'):
+            opts['host'] = "%s/%s" % (opts['host'], opts['port'])
+            del opts['port']
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'type_conv', int)
+
+        type_conv = opts.pop('type_conv', self.type_conv)
+        concurrency_level = opts.pop('concurrency_level',
+                                     self.concurrency_level)
+
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            initialized = getattr(self.dbapi, 'initialized', None)
+            if initialized is None:
+                # CVS rev 1.96 changed the name of the attribute:
+                # http://kinterbasdb.cvs.sourceforge.net/viewvc/kinterbasdb/
+                # Kinterbasdb-3.0/__init__.py?r1=1.95&r2=1.96
+                initialized = getattr(self.dbapi, '_initialized', False)
+            if not initialized:
+                self.dbapi.init(type_conv=type_conv,
+                                concurrency_level=concurrency_level)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        """Get the version of the Firebird server used by a connection.
+
+        Returns a tuple of (`major`, `minor`, `build`), three integers
+        representing the version of the attached server.
+        """
+
+        # This is the simpler approach (the other uses the services api),
+        # that for backward compatibility reasons returns a string like
+        #   LI-V6.3.3.12981 Firebird 2.0
+        # where the first version is a fake one resembling the old
+        # Interbase signature.
+
+        fbconn = connection.connection
+        version = fbconn.server_version
+
+        return self._parse_version_info(version)
+
+    def _parse_version_info(self, version):
+        m = match(
+            '\w+-V(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)( \w+ (\d+)\.(\d+))?', version)
+        if not m:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Could not determine version from string '%s'" % version)
+
+        if m.group(5) != None:
+            return tuple([int(x) for x in m.group(6, 7, 4)] + ['firebird'])
+        else:
+            return tuple([int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3)] + ['interbase'])
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, (self.dbapi.OperationalError,
+                          self.dbapi.ProgrammingError)):
+            msg = str(e)
+            return ('Unable to complete network request to host' in msg or
+                    'Invalid connection state' in msg or
+                    'Invalid cursor state' in msg or
+                    'connection shutdown' in msg)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+dialect = FBDialect_kinterbasdb
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d004776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# mssql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql import base, pyodbc, adodbapi, \
+    pymssql, zxjdbc, mxodbc
+
+base.dialect = pyodbc.dialect
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql.base import \
+    INTEGER, BIGINT, SMALLINT, TINYINT, VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, CHAR, \
+    NCHAR, TEXT, NTEXT, DECIMAL, NUMERIC, FLOAT, DATETIME,\
+    DATETIME2, DATETIMEOFFSET, DATE, TIME, SMALLDATETIME, \
+    BINARY, VARBINARY, BIT, REAL, IMAGE, TIMESTAMP,\
+    MONEY, SMALLMONEY, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, SQL_VARIANT, dialect
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'INTEGER', 'BIGINT', 'SMALLINT', 'TINYINT', 'VARCHAR', 'NVARCHAR', 'CHAR',
+    'NCHAR', 'TEXT', 'NTEXT', 'DECIMAL', 'NUMERIC', 'FLOAT', 'DATETIME',
+    'DATETIME2', 'DATETIMEOFFSET', 'DATE', 'TIME', 'SMALLDATETIME',
+    'BINARY', 'VARBINARY', 'BIT', 'REAL', 'IMAGE', 'TIMESTAMP',
+    'MONEY', 'SMALLMONEY', 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER', 'SQL_VARIANT', 'dialect'
+)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/adodbapi.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/adodbapi.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9927f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/adodbapi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# mssql/adodbapi.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+adodbapi
+    :name: adodbapi
+    :dbapi: adodbapi
+    :connectstring: mssql+adodbapi://:@
+    :url: http://adodbapi.sourceforge.net/
+
+.. note::
+
+    The adodbapi dialect is not implemented SQLAlchemy versions 0.6 and
+    above at this time.
+
+"""
+import datetime
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, util
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql.base import MSDateTime, MSDialect
+import sys
+
+
+class MSDateTime_adodbapi(MSDateTime):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            # adodbapi will return datetimes with empty time
+            # values as datetime.date() objects.
+            # Promote them back to full datetime.datetime()
+            if type(value) is datetime.date:
+                return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            return value
+        return process
+
+
+class MSDialect_adodbapi(MSDialect):
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+    supports_unicode = sys.maxunicode == 65535
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    driver = 'adodbapi'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import adodbapi as module
+        return module
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MSDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.DateTime: MSDateTime_adodbapi
+        }
+    )
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        keys = url.query
+
+        connectors = ["Provider=SQLOLEDB"]
+        if 'port' in keys:
+            connectors.append("Data Source=%s, %s" %
+                              (keys.get("host"), keys.get("port")))
+        else:
+            connectors.append("Data Source=%s" % keys.get("host"))
+        connectors.append("Initial Catalog=%s" % keys.get("database"))
+        user = keys.get("user")
+        if user:
+            connectors.append("User Id=%s" % user)
+            connectors.append("Password=%s" % keys.get("password", ""))
+        else:
+            connectors.append("Integrated Security=SSPI")
+        return [[";".join(connectors)], {}]
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        return isinstance(e, self.dbapi.adodbapi.DatabaseError) and \
+            "'connection failure'" in str(e)
+
+dialect = MSDialect_adodbapi
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d10904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1724 @@
+# mssql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql
+    :name: Microsoft SQL Server
+
+
+Auto Increment Behavior
+-----------------------
+
+SQL Server provides so-called "auto incrementing" behavior using the
+``IDENTITY`` construct, which can be placed on an integer primary key.
+SQLAlchemy considers ``IDENTITY`` within its default "autoincrement" behavior,
+described at :paramref:`.Column.autoincrement`; this means
+that by default, the first integer primary key column in a :class:`.Table`
+will be considered to be the identity column and will generate DDL as such::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, MetaData, Column, Integer
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table('t', m,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('x', Integer))
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+The above example will generate DDL as:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE t (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY(1,1),
+        x INTEGER NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+For the case where this default generation of ``IDENTITY`` is not desired,
+specify ``autoincrement=False`` on all integer primary key columns::
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table('t', m,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column('x', Integer))
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+.. note::
+
+    An INSERT statement which refers to an explicit value for such
+    a column is prohibited by SQL Server, however SQLAlchemy will detect this
+    and modify the ``IDENTITY_INSERT`` flag accordingly at statement execution
+    time.  As this is not a high performing process, care should be taken to
+    set the ``autoincrement`` flag appropriately for columns that will not
+    actually require IDENTITY behavior.
+
+Controlling "Start" and "Increment"
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Specific control over the parameters of the ``IDENTITY`` value is supported
+using the :class:`.schema.Sequence` object.  While this object normally
+represents an explicit "sequence" for supporting backends, on SQL Server it is
+re-purposed to specify behavior regarding the identity column, including
+support of the "start" and "increment" values::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, Integer, Sequence, Column
+
+    Table('test', metadata,
+           Column('id', Integer,
+                  Sequence('blah', start=100, increment=10),
+                  primary_key=True),
+           Column('name', String(20))
+         ).create(some_engine)
+
+would yield:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+   CREATE TABLE test (
+     id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY(100,10) PRIMARY KEY,
+     name VARCHAR(20) NULL,
+     )
+
+Note that the ``start`` and ``increment`` values for sequences are
+optional and will default to 1,1.
+
+INSERT behavior
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Handling of the ``IDENTITY`` column at INSERT time involves two key
+techniques. The most common is being able to fetch the "last inserted value"
+for a given ``IDENTITY`` column, a process which SQLAlchemy performs
+implicitly in many cases, most importantly within the ORM.
+
+The process for fetching this value has several variants:
+
+* In the vast majority of cases, RETURNING is used in conjunction with INSERT
+  statements on SQL Server in order to get newly generated primary key values:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    INSERT INTO t (x) OUTPUT inserted.id VALUES (?)
+
+* When RETURNING is not available or has been disabled via
+  ``implicit_returning=False``, either the ``scope_identity()`` function or
+  the ``@@identity`` variable is used; behavior varies by backend:
+
+  * when using PyODBC, the phrase ``; select scope_identity()`` will be
+    appended to the end of the INSERT statement; a second result set will be
+    fetched in order to receive the value.  Given a table as::
+
+        t = Table('t', m, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column('x', Integer),
+                implicit_returning=False)
+
+    an INSERT will look like:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        INSERT INTO t (x) VALUES (?); select scope_identity()
+
+  * Other dialects such as pymssql will call upon
+    ``SELECT scope_identity() AS lastrowid`` subsequent to an INSERT
+    statement. If the flag ``use_scope_identity=False`` is passed to
+    :func:`.create_engine`, the statement ``SELECT @@identity AS lastrowid``
+    is used instead.
+
+A table that contains an ``IDENTITY`` column will prohibit an INSERT statement
+that refers to the identity column explicitly.  The SQLAlchemy dialect will
+detect when an INSERT construct, created using a core :func:`.insert`
+construct (not a plain string SQL), refers to the identity column, and
+in this case will emit ``SET IDENTITY_INSERT ON`` prior to the insert
+statement proceeding, and ``SET IDENTITY_INSERT OFF`` subsequent to the
+execution.  Given this example::
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table('t', m, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('x', Integer))
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+    engine.execute(t.insert(), {'id': 1, 'x':1}, {'id':2, 'x':2})
+
+The above column will be created with IDENTITY, however the INSERT statement
+we emit is specifying explicit values.  In the echo output we can see
+how SQLAlchemy handles this:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE t (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY(1,1),
+        x INTEGER NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+    COMMIT
+    SET IDENTITY_INSERT t ON
+    INSERT INTO t (id, x) VALUES (?, ?)
+    ((1, 1), (2, 2))
+    SET IDENTITY_INSERT t OFF
+    COMMIT
+
+
+
+This
+is an auxilliary use case suitable for testing and bulk insert scenarios.
+
+
+Collation Support
+-----------------
+
+Character collations are supported by the base string types,
+specified by the string argument "collation"::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import VARCHAR
+    Column('login', VARCHAR(32, collation='Latin1_General_CI_AS'))
+
+When such a column is associated with a :class:`.Table`, the
+CREATE TABLE statement for this column will yield::
+
+    login VARCHAR(32) COLLATE Latin1_General_CI_AS NULL
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8 Character collations are now part of the base string
+   types.
+
+LIMIT/OFFSET Support
+--------------------
+
+MSSQL has no support for the LIMIT or OFFSET keysowrds. LIMIT is
+supported directly through the ``TOP`` Transact SQL keyword::
+
+    select.limit
+
+will yield::
+
+    SELECT TOP n
+
+If using SQL Server 2005 or above, LIMIT with OFFSET
+support is available through the ``ROW_NUMBER OVER`` construct.
+For versions below 2005, LIMIT with OFFSET usage will fail.
+
+Nullability
+-----------
+MSSQL has support for three levels of column nullability. The default
+nullability allows nulls and is explicit in the CREATE TABLE
+construct::
+
+    name VARCHAR(20) NULL
+
+If ``nullable=None`` is specified then no specification is made. In
+other words the database's configured default is used. This will
+render::
+
+    name VARCHAR(20)
+
+If ``nullable`` is ``True`` or ``False`` then the column will be
+``NULL` or ``NOT NULL`` respectively.
+
+Date / Time Handling
+--------------------
+DATE and TIME are supported.   Bind parameters are converted
+to datetime.datetime() objects as required by most MSSQL drivers,
+and results are processed from strings if needed.
+The DATE and TIME types are not available for MSSQL 2005 and
+previous - if a server version below 2008 is detected, DDL
+for these types will be issued as DATETIME.
+
+.. _mssql_indexes:
+
+Clustered Index Support
+-----------------------
+
+The MSSQL dialect supports clustered indexes (and primary keys) via the
+``mssql_clustered`` option.  This option is available to :class:`.Index`,
+:class:`.UniqueConstraint`. and :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`.
+
+To generate a clustered index::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_clustered=True)
+
+which renders the index as ``CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX my_index ON table (x)``.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+To generate a clustered primary key use::
+
+    Table('my_table', metadata,
+          Column('x', ...),
+          Column('y', ...),
+          PrimaryKeyConstraint("x", "y", mssql_clustered=True))
+
+which will render the table, for example, as::
+
+  CREATE TABLE my_table (x INTEGER NOT NULL, y INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                         PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (x, y))
+
+Similarly, we can generate a clustered unique constraint using::
+
+    Table('my_table', metadata,
+          Column('x', ...),
+          Column('y', ...),
+          PrimaryKeyConstraint("x"),
+          UniqueConstraint("y", mssql_clustered=True),
+          )
+
+  .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+MSSQL-Specific Index Options
+-----------------------------
+
+In addition to clustering, the MSSQL dialect supports other special options
+for :class:`.Index`.
+
+INCLUDE
+^^^^^^^
+
+The ``mssql_include`` option renders INCLUDE(colname) for the given string
+names::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_include=['y'])
+
+would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x) INCLUDE (y)``
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+Index ordering
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Index ordering is available via functional expressions, such as::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x.desc())
+
+would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x DESC)``
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`schema_indexes_functional`
+
+Compatibility Levels
+--------------------
+MSSQL supports the notion of setting compatibility levels at the
+database level. This allows, for instance, to run a database that
+is compatible with SQL2000 while running on a SQL2005 database
+server. ``server_version_info`` will always return the database
+server version information (in this case SQL2005) and not the
+compatibility level information. Because of this, if running under
+a backwards compatibility mode SQAlchemy may attempt to use T-SQL
+statements that are unable to be parsed by the database server.
+
+Triggers
+--------
+
+SQLAlchemy by default uses OUTPUT INSERTED to get at newly
+generated primary key values via IDENTITY columns or other
+server side defaults.   MS-SQL does not
+allow the usage of OUTPUT INSERTED on tables that have triggers.
+To disable the usage of OUTPUT INSERTED on a per-table basis,
+specify ``implicit_returning=False`` for each :class:`.Table`
+which has triggers::
+
+    Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        # ...,
+        implicit_returning=False
+    )
+
+Declarative form::
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        # ...
+        __table_args__ = {'implicit_returning':False}
+
+
+This option can also be specified engine-wide using the
+``implicit_returning=False`` argument on :func:`.create_engine`.
+
+Enabling Snapshot Isolation
+---------------------------
+
+Not necessarily specific to SQLAlchemy, SQL Server has a default transaction
+isolation mode that locks entire tables, and causes even mildly concurrent
+applications to have long held locks and frequent deadlocks.
+Enabling snapshot isolation for the database as a whole is recommended
+for modern levels of concurrency support.  This is accomplished via the
+following ALTER DATABASE commands executed at the SQL prompt::
+
+    ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION ON
+
+    ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase SET READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT ON
+
+Background on SQL Server snapshot isolation is available at
+http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms175095.aspx.
+
+Known Issues
+------------
+
+* No support for more than one ``IDENTITY`` column per table
+* reflection of indexes does not work with versions older than
+  SQL Server 2005
+
+"""
+import datetime
+import operator
+import re
+
+from ... import sql, schema as sa_schema, exc, util
+from ...sql import compiler, expression, \
+    util as sql_util, cast
+from ... import engine
+from ...engine import reflection, default
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...types import INTEGER, BIGINT, SMALLINT, DECIMAL, NUMERIC, \
+    FLOAT, TIMESTAMP, DATETIME, DATE, BINARY,\
+    VARBINARY, TEXT, VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, CHAR, NCHAR
+
+
+from ...util import update_wrapper
+from . import information_schema as ischema
+
+MS_2008_VERSION = (10,)
+MS_2005_VERSION = (9,)
+MS_2000_VERSION = (8,)
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set(
+    ['add', 'all', 'alter', 'and', 'any', 'as', 'asc', 'authorization',
+     'backup', 'begin', 'between', 'break', 'browse', 'bulk', 'by', 'cascade',
+     'case', 'check', 'checkpoint', 'close', 'clustered', 'coalesce',
+     'collate', 'column', 'commit', 'compute', 'constraint', 'contains',
+     'containstable', 'continue', 'convert', 'create', 'cross', 'current',
+     'current_date', 'current_time', 'current_timestamp', 'current_user',
+     'cursor', 'database', 'dbcc', 'deallocate', 'declare', 'default',
+     'delete', 'deny', 'desc', 'disk', 'distinct', 'distributed', 'double',
+     'drop', 'dump', 'else', 'end', 'errlvl', 'escape', 'except', 'exec',
+     'execute', 'exists', 'exit', 'external', 'fetch', 'file', 'fillfactor',
+     'for', 'foreign', 'freetext', 'freetexttable', 'from', 'full',
+     'function', 'goto', 'grant', 'group', 'having', 'holdlock', 'identity',
+     'identity_insert', 'identitycol', 'if', 'in', 'index', 'inner', 'insert',
+     'intersect', 'into', 'is', 'join', 'key', 'kill', 'left', 'like',
+     'lineno', 'load', 'merge', 'national', 'nocheck', 'nonclustered', 'not',
+     'null', 'nullif', 'of', 'off', 'offsets', 'on', 'open', 'opendatasource',
+     'openquery', 'openrowset', 'openxml', 'option', 'or', 'order', 'outer',
+     'over', 'percent', 'pivot', 'plan', 'precision', 'primary', 'print',
+     'proc', 'procedure', 'public', 'raiserror', 'read', 'readtext',
+     'reconfigure', 'references', 'replication', 'restore', 'restrict',
+     'return', 'revert', 'revoke', 'right', 'rollback', 'rowcount',
+     'rowguidcol', 'rule', 'save', 'schema', 'securityaudit', 'select',
+     'session_user', 'set', 'setuser', 'shutdown', 'some', 'statistics',
+     'system_user', 'table', 'tablesample', 'textsize', 'then', 'to', 'top',
+     'tran', 'transaction', 'trigger', 'truncate', 'tsequal', 'union',
+     'unique', 'unpivot', 'update', 'updatetext', 'use', 'user', 'values',
+     'varying', 'view', 'waitfor', 'when', 'where', 'while', 'with',
+     'writetext',
+     ])
+
+
+class REAL(sqltypes.REAL):
+    __visit_name__ = 'REAL'
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        # REAL is a synonym for FLOAT(24) on SQL server
+        kw['precision'] = 24
+        super(REAL, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+
+class TINYINT(sqltypes.Integer):
+    __visit_name__ = 'TINYINT'
+
+
+# MSSQL DATE/TIME types have varied behavior, sometimes returning
+# strings.  MSDate/TIME check for everything, and always
+# filter bind parameters into datetime objects (required by pyodbc,
+# not sure about other dialects).
+
+class _MSDate(sqltypes.Date):
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if type(value) == datetime.date:
+                return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+    _reg = re.compile(r"(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)")
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
+                return value.date()
+            elif isinstance(value, util.string_types):
+                return datetime.date(*[
+                    int(x or 0)
+                    for x in self._reg.match(value).groups()
+                ])
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+
+class TIME(sqltypes.TIME):
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, **kwargs):
+        self.precision = precision
+        super(TIME, self).__init__()
+
+    __zero_date = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
+                value = datetime.datetime.combine(
+                    self.__zero_date, value.time())
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime.time):
+                value = datetime.datetime.combine(self.__zero_date, value)
+            return value
+        return process
+
+    _reg = re.compile(r"(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)(?:\.(\d{0,6}))?")
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
+                return value.time()
+            elif isinstance(value, util.string_types):
+                return datetime.time(*[
+                    int(x or 0)
+                    for x in self._reg.match(value).groups()])
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+_MSTime = TIME
+
+
+class _DateTimeBase(object):
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if type(value) == datetime.date:
+                return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+
+class _MSDateTime(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    pass
+
+
+class SMALLDATETIME(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    __visit_name__ = 'SMALLDATETIME'
+
+
+class DATETIME2(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATETIME2'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, **kw):
+        super(DATETIME2, self).__init__(**kw)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+# TODO: is this not an Interval ?
+class DATETIMEOFFSET(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATETIMEOFFSET'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, **kwargs):
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class _StringType(object):
+
+    """Base for MSSQL string types."""
+
+    def __init__(self, collation=None):
+        super(_StringType, self).__init__(collation=collation)
+
+
+class NTEXT(sqltypes.UnicodeText):
+
+    """MSSQL NTEXT type, for variable-length unicode text up to 2^30
+    characters."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NTEXT'
+
+
+class IMAGE(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = 'IMAGE'
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'BIT'
+
+
+class MONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'MONEY'
+
+
+class SMALLMONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'SMALLMONEY'
+
+
+class UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
+
+
+class SQL_VARIANT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'SQL_VARIANT'
+
+# old names.
+MSDateTime = _MSDateTime
+MSDate = _MSDate
+MSReal = REAL
+MSTinyInteger = TINYINT
+MSTime = TIME
+MSSmallDateTime = SMALLDATETIME
+MSDateTime2 = DATETIME2
+MSDateTimeOffset = DATETIMEOFFSET
+MSText = TEXT
+MSNText = NTEXT
+MSString = VARCHAR
+MSNVarchar = NVARCHAR
+MSChar = CHAR
+MSNChar = NCHAR
+MSBinary = BINARY
+MSVarBinary = VARBINARY
+MSImage = IMAGE
+MSBit = BIT
+MSMoney = MONEY
+MSSmallMoney = SMALLMONEY
+MSUniqueIdentifier = UNIQUEIDENTIFIER
+MSVariant = SQL_VARIANT
+
+ischema_names = {
+    'int': INTEGER,
+    'bigint': BIGINT,
+    'smallint': SMALLINT,
+    'tinyint': TINYINT,
+    'varchar': VARCHAR,
+    'nvarchar': NVARCHAR,
+    'char': CHAR,
+    'nchar': NCHAR,
+    'text': TEXT,
+    'ntext': NTEXT,
+    'decimal': DECIMAL,
+    'numeric': NUMERIC,
+    'float': FLOAT,
+    'datetime': DATETIME,
+    'datetime2': DATETIME2,
+    'datetimeoffset': DATETIMEOFFSET,
+    'date': DATE,
+    'time': TIME,
+    'smalldatetime': SMALLDATETIME,
+    'binary': BINARY,
+    'varbinary': VARBINARY,
+    'bit': BIT,
+    'real': REAL,
+    'image': IMAGE,
+    'timestamp': TIMESTAMP,
+    'money': MONEY,
+    'smallmoney': SMALLMONEY,
+    'uniqueidentifier': UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
+    'sql_variant': SQL_VARIANT,
+}
+
+
+class MSTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+
+    def _extend(self, spec, type_, length=None):
+        """Extend a string-type declaration with standard SQL
+        COLLATE annotations.
+
+        """
+
+        if getattr(type_, 'collation', None):
+            collation = 'COLLATE %s' % type_.collation
+        else:
+            collation = None
+
+        if not length:
+            length = type_.length
+
+        if length:
+            spec = spec + "(%s)" % length
+
+        return ' '.join([c for c in (spec, collation)
+                         if c is not None])
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_):
+        precision = getattr(type_, 'precision', None)
+        if precision is None:
+            return "FLOAT"
+        else:
+            return "FLOAT(%(precision)s)" % {'precision': precision}
+
+    def visit_TINYINT(self, type_):
+        return "TINYINT"
+
+    def visit_DATETIMEOFFSET(self, type_):
+        if type_.precision:
+            return "DATETIMEOFFSET(%s)" % type_.precision
+        else:
+            return "DATETIMEOFFSET"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_):
+        precision = getattr(type_, 'precision', None)
+        if precision:
+            return "TIME(%s)" % precision
+        else:
+            return "TIME"
+
+    def visit_DATETIME2(self, type_):
+        precision = getattr(type_, 'precision', None)
+        if precision:
+            return "DATETIME2(%s)" % precision
+        else:
+            return "DATETIME2"
+
+    def visit_SMALLDATETIME(self, type_):
+        return "SMALLDATETIME"
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_NVARCHAR(type_)
+
+    def visit_unicode_text(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_NTEXT(type_)
+
+    def visit_NTEXT(self, type_):
+        return self._extend("NTEXT", type_)
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_):
+        return self._extend("TEXT", type_)
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_):
+        return self._extend("VARCHAR", type_, length=type_.length or 'max')
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_):
+        return self._extend("CHAR", type_)
+
+    def visit_NCHAR(self, type_):
+        return self._extend("NCHAR", type_)
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_):
+        return self._extend("NVARCHAR", type_, length=type_.length or 'max')
+
+    def visit_date(self, type_):
+        if self.dialect.server_version_info < MS_2008_VERSION:
+            return self.visit_DATETIME(type_)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_DATE(type_)
+
+    def visit_time(self, type_):
+        if self.dialect.server_version_info < MS_2008_VERSION:
+            return self.visit_DATETIME(type_)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_TIME(type_)
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_IMAGE(type_)
+
+    def visit_IMAGE(self, type_):
+        return "IMAGE"
+
+    def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_):
+        return self._extend(
+            "VARBINARY",
+            type_,
+            length=type_.length or 'max')
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_BIT(type_)
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_):
+        return "BIT"
+
+    def visit_MONEY(self, type_):
+        return "MONEY"
+
+    def visit_SMALLMONEY(self, type_):
+        return 'SMALLMONEY'
+
+    def visit_UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(self, type_):
+        return "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
+
+    def visit_SQL_VARIANT(self, type_):
+        return 'SQL_VARIANT'
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    _enable_identity_insert = False
+    _select_lastrowid = False
+    _result_proxy = None
+    _lastrowid = None
+
+    def _opt_encode(self, statement):
+        if not self.dialect.supports_unicode_statements:
+            return self.dialect._encoder(statement)[0]
+        else:
+            return statement
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        """Activate IDENTITY_INSERT if needed."""
+
+        if self.isinsert:
+            tbl = self.compiled.statement.table
+            seq_column = tbl._autoincrement_column
+            insert_has_sequence = seq_column is not None
+
+            if insert_has_sequence:
+                self._enable_identity_insert = \
+                    seq_column.key in self.compiled_parameters[0] or \
+                    (
+                        self.compiled.statement.parameters and (
+                            (
+                                self.compiled.statement._has_multi_parameters
+                                and
+                                seq_column.key in
+                                self.compiled.statement.parameters[0]
+                            ) or (
+                                not
+                                self.compiled.statement._has_multi_parameters
+                                and
+                                seq_column.key in
+                                self.compiled.statement.parameters
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+            else:
+                self._enable_identity_insert = False
+
+            self._select_lastrowid = insert_has_sequence and \
+                not self.compiled.returning and \
+                not self._enable_identity_insert and \
+                not self.executemany
+
+            if self._enable_identity_insert:
+                self.root_connection._cursor_execute(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    self._opt_encode(
+                        "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s ON" %
+                        self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_table(tbl)),
+                    (),
+                    self)
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        """Disable IDENTITY_INSERT if enabled."""
+
+        conn = self.root_connection
+        if self._select_lastrowid:
+            if self.dialect.use_scope_identity:
+                conn._cursor_execute(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    "SELECT scope_identity() AS lastrowid", (), self)
+            else:
+                conn._cursor_execute(self.cursor,
+                                     "SELECT @@identity AS lastrowid",
+                                     (),
+                                     self)
+            # fetchall() ensures the cursor is consumed without closing it
+            row = self.cursor.fetchall()[0]
+            self._lastrowid = int(row[0])
+
+        if (self.isinsert or self.isupdate or self.isdelete) and \
+                self.compiled.returning:
+            self._result_proxy = engine.FullyBufferedResultProxy(self)
+
+        if self._enable_identity_insert:
+            conn._cursor_execute(
+                self.cursor,
+                self._opt_encode(
+                    "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF" %
+                    self.dialect.identifier_preparer. format_table(
+                        self.compiled.statement.table)),
+                (),
+                self)
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        return self._lastrowid
+
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
+        if self._enable_identity_insert:
+            try:
+                self.cursor.execute(
+                    self._opt_encode(
+                        "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF" %
+                        self.dialect.identifier_preparer. format_table(
+                            self.compiled.statement.table)))
+            except:
+                pass
+
+    def get_result_proxy(self):
+        if self._result_proxy:
+            return self._result_proxy
+        else:
+            return engine.ResultProxy(self)
+
+
+class MSSQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    returning_precedes_values = True
+
+    extract_map = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map,
+        {
+            'doy': 'dayofyear',
+            'dow': 'weekday',
+            'milliseconds': 'millisecond',
+            'microseconds': 'microsecond'
+        })
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.tablealiases = {}
+        super(MSSQLCompiler, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_current_date_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "GETDATE()"
+
+    def visit_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LEN%s" % self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+    def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LEN%s" % self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+    def visit_concat_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s + %s" % \
+            (self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+             self.process(binary.right, **kw))
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        return '1'
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        return '0'
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "CONTAINS (%s, %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw))
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select):
+        """ MS-SQL puts TOP, its version of LIMIT, here """
+        if select._distinct or select._limit is not None:
+            s = select._distinct and "DISTINCT " or ""
+
+            # ODBC drivers and possibly others
+            # don't support bind params in the SELECT clause on SQL Server.
+            # so have to use literal here.
+            if select._limit is not None:
+                if not select._offset:
+                    s += "TOP %d " % select._limit
+            return s
+        return compiler.SQLCompiler.get_select_precolumns(self, select)
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def get_crud_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select):
+        # Limit in mssql is after the select keyword
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_select(self, select, **kwargs):
+        """Look for ``LIMIT`` and OFFSET in a select statement, and if
+        so tries to wrap it in a subquery with ``row_number()`` criterion.
+
+        """
+        if select._offset and not getattr(select, '_mssql_visit', None):
+            # to use ROW_NUMBER(), an ORDER BY is required.
+            if not select._order_by_clause.clauses:
+                raise exc.CompileError('MSSQL requires an order_by when '
+                                       'using an offset.')
+            _offset = select._offset
+            _limit = select._limit
+            _order_by_clauses = select._order_by_clause.clauses
+            select = select._generate()
+            select._mssql_visit = True
+            select = select.column(
+                sql.func.ROW_NUMBER().over(order_by=_order_by_clauses)
+                .label("mssql_rn")
+            ).order_by(None).alias()
+
+            mssql_rn = sql.column('mssql_rn')
+            limitselect = sql.select([c for c in select.c if
+                                      c.key != 'mssql_rn'])
+            limitselect.append_whereclause(mssql_rn > _offset)
+            if _limit is not None:
+                limitselect.append_whereclause(mssql_rn <= (_limit + _offset))
+            return self.process(limitselect, iswrapper=True, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return compiler.SQLCompiler.visit_select(self, select, **kwargs)
+
+    def _schema_aliased_table(self, table):
+        if getattr(table, 'schema', None) is not None:
+            if table not in self.tablealiases:
+                self.tablealiases[table] = table.alias()
+            return self.tablealiases[table]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def visit_table(self, table, mssql_aliased=False, iscrud=False, **kwargs):
+        if mssql_aliased is table or iscrud:
+            return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_table(table, **kwargs)
+
+        # alias schema-qualified tables
+        alias = self._schema_aliased_table(table)
+        if alias is not None:
+            return self.process(alias, mssql_aliased=table, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_table(table, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_alias(self, alias, **kwargs):
+        # translate for schema-qualified table aliases
+        kwargs['mssql_aliased'] = alias.original
+        return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_alias(alias, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kw):
+        field = self.extract_map.get(extract.field, extract.field)
+        return 'DATEPART("%s", %s)' % \
+            (field, self.process(extract.expr, **kw))
+
+    def visit_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt):
+        return "SAVE TRANSACTION %s" % \
+            self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt)
+
+    def visit_rollback_to_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt):
+        return ("ROLLBACK TRANSACTION %s"
+                % self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt))
+
+    def visit_column(self, column, add_to_result_map=None, **kwargs):
+        if column.table is not None and \
+                (not self.isupdate and not self.isdelete) or \
+                self.is_subquery():
+            # translate for schema-qualified table aliases
+            t = self._schema_aliased_table(column.table)
+            if t is not None:
+                converted = expression._corresponding_column_or_error(
+                    t, column)
+                if add_to_result_map is not None:
+                    add_to_result_map(
+                        column.name,
+                        column.name,
+                        (column, column.name, column.key),
+                        column.type
+                    )
+
+                return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).\
+                    visit_column(converted, **kwargs)
+
+        return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_column(
+            column, add_to_result_map=add_to_result_map, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_binary(self, binary, **kwargs):
+        """Move bind parameters to the right-hand side of an operator, where
+        possible.
+
+        """
+        if (
+            isinstance(binary.left, expression.BindParameter)
+            and binary.operator == operator.eq
+            and not isinstance(binary.right, expression.BindParameter)
+        ):
+            return self.process(
+                expression.BinaryExpression(binary.right,
+                                            binary.left,
+                                            binary.operator),
+                **kwargs)
+        return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_binary(binary, **kwargs)
+
+    def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
+
+        if self.isinsert or self.isupdate:
+            target = stmt.table.alias("inserted")
+        else:
+            target = stmt.table.alias("deleted")
+
+        adapter = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(target)
+
+        columns = [
+            self._label_select_column(None, adapter.traverse(c),
+                                      True, False, {})
+            for c in expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+        ]
+
+        return 'OUTPUT ' + ', '.join(columns)
+
+    def get_cte_preamble(self, recursive):
+        # SQL Server finds it too inconvenient to accept
+        # an entirely optional, SQL standard specified,
+        # "RECURSIVE" word with their "WITH",
+        # so here we go
+        return "WITH"
+
+    def label_select_column(self, select, column, asfrom):
+        if isinstance(column, expression.Function):
+            return column.label(None)
+        else:
+            return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).\
+                label_select_column(select, column, asfrom)
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select):
+        # "FOR UPDATE" is only allowed on "DECLARE CURSOR" which
+        # SQLAlchemy doesn't use
+        return ''
+
+    def order_by_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        order_by = self.process(select._order_by_clause, **kw)
+
+        # MSSQL only allows ORDER BY in subqueries if there is a LIMIT
+        if order_by and (not self.is_subquery() or select._limit):
+            return " ORDER BY " + order_by
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def update_from_clause(self, update_stmt,
+                           from_table, extra_froms,
+                           from_hints,
+                           **kw):
+        """Render the UPDATE..FROM clause specific to MSSQL.
+
+        In MSSQL, if the UPDATE statement involves an alias of the table to
+        be updated, then the table itself must be added to the FROM list as
+        well. Otherwise, it is optional. Here, we add it regardless.
+
+        """
+        return "FROM " + ', '.join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True,
+                                 fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in [from_table] + extra_froms)
+
+
+class MSSQLStrictCompiler(MSSQLCompiler):
+
+    """A subclass of MSSQLCompiler which disables the usage of bind
+    parameters where not allowed natively by MS-SQL.
+
+    A dialect may use this compiler on a platform where native
+    binds are used.
+
+    """
+    ansi_bind_rules = True
+
+    def visit_in_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        kw['literal_binds'] = True
+        return "%s IN %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def visit_notin_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        kw['literal_binds'] = True
+        return "%s NOT IN %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        """
+        For date and datetime values, convert to a string
+        format acceptable to MSSQL. That seems to be the
+        so-called ODBC canonical date format which looks
+        like this:
+
+            yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss.mmm(24h)
+
+        For other data types, call the base class implementation.
+        """
+        # datetime and date are both subclasses of datetime.date
+        if issubclass(type(value), datetime.date):
+            # SQL Server wants single quotes around the date string.
+            return "'" + str(value) + "'"
+        else:
+            return super(MSSQLStrictCompiler, self).\
+                render_literal_value(value, type_)
+
+
+class MSDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        colspec = (self.preparer.format_column(column) + " "
+                   + self.dialect.type_compiler.process(column.type))
+
+        if column.nullable is not None:
+            if not column.nullable or column.primary_key or \
+                    isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence):
+                colspec += " NOT NULL"
+            else:
+                colspec += " NULL"
+
+        if column.table is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "mssql requires Table-bound columns "
+                "in order to generate DDL")
+
+        # install an IDENTITY Sequence if we either a sequence or an implicit
+        # IDENTITY column
+        if isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence):
+            if column.default.start == 0:
+                start = 0
+            else:
+                start = column.default.start or 1
+
+            colspec += " IDENTITY(%s,%s)" % (start,
+                                             column.default.increment or 1)
+        elif column is column.table._autoincrement_column:
+            colspec += " IDENTITY(1,1)"
+        else:
+            default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        return colspec
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create, include_schema=False):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+
+        # handle clustering option
+        if index.dialect_options['mssql']['clustered']:
+            text += "CLUSTERED "
+
+        text += "INDEX %s ON %s (%s)" \
+            % (
+                self._prepared_index_name(index,
+                                          include_schema=include_schema),
+                preparer.format_table(index.table),
+                ', '.join(
+                    self.sql_compiler.process(expr,
+                                              include_table=False,
+                                              literal_binds=True) for
+                    expr in index.expressions)
+            )
+
+        # handle other included columns
+        if index.dialect_options['mssql']['include']:
+            inclusions = [index.table.c[col]
+                          if isinstance(col, util.string_types) else col
+                          for col in
+                          index.dialect_options['mssql']['include']
+                          ]
+
+            text += " INCLUDE (%s)" \
+                % ', '.join([preparer.quote(c.name)
+                             for c in inclusions])
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop):
+        return "\nDROP INDEX %s ON %s" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(drop.element, include_schema=False),
+            self.preparer.format_table(drop.element.table)
+        )
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ''
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % \
+                    self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        text += "PRIMARY KEY "
+
+        if constraint.dialect_options['mssql']['clustered']:
+            text += "CLUSTERED "
+
+        text += "(%s)" % ', '.join(self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+                                   for c in constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_unique_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ''
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % \
+                    self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        text += "UNIQUE "
+
+        if constraint.dialect_options['mssql']['clustered']:
+            text += "CLUSTERED "
+
+        text += "(%s)" % ', '.join(self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+                                   for c in constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+
+class MSIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect):
+        super(MSIdentifierPreparer, self).__init__(dialect, initial_quote='[',
+                                                   final_quote=']')
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        return value
+
+    def quote_schema(self, schema, force=None):
+        """Prepare a quoted table and schema name."""
+        result = '.'.join([self.quote(x, force) for x in schema.split('.')])
+        return result
+
+
+def _db_plus_owner_listing(fn):
+    def wrap(dialect, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        dbname, owner = _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema)
+        return _switch_db(dbname, connection, fn, dialect, connection,
+                          dbname, owner, schema, **kw)
+    return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
+
+
+def _db_plus_owner(fn):
+    def wrap(dialect, connection, tablename, schema=None, **kw):
+        dbname, owner = _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema)
+        return _switch_db(dbname, connection, fn, dialect, connection,
+                          tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw)
+    return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
+
+
+def _switch_db(dbname, connection, fn, *arg, **kw):
+    if dbname:
+        current_db = connection.scalar("select db_name()")
+        connection.execute("use %s" % dbname)
+    try:
+        return fn(*arg, **kw)
+    finally:
+        if dbname:
+            connection.execute("use %s" % current_db)
+
+
+def _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema):
+    if not schema:
+        return None, dialect.default_schema_name
+    elif "." in schema:
+        return schema.split(".", 1)
+    else:
+        return None, schema
+
+
+class MSDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = 'mssql'
+    supports_default_values = True
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext
+    use_scope_identity = True
+    max_identifier_length = 128
+    schema_name = "dbo"
+
+    colspecs = {
+        sqltypes.DateTime: _MSDateTime,
+        sqltypes.Date: _MSDate,
+        sqltypes.Time: TIME,
+    }
+
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+    postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+    server_version_info = ()
+
+    statement_compiler = MSSQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = MSDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler = MSTypeCompiler
+    preparer = MSIdentifierPreparer
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (sa_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint, {
+            "clustered": False
+        }),
+        (sa_schema.UniqueConstraint, {
+            "clustered": False
+        }),
+        (sa_schema.Index, {
+            "clustered": False,
+            "include": None
+        })
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 query_timeout=None,
+                 use_scope_identity=True,
+                 max_identifier_length=None,
+                 schema_name="dbo", **opts):
+        self.query_timeout = int(query_timeout or 0)
+        self.schema_name = schema_name
+
+        self.use_scope_identity = use_scope_identity
+        self.max_identifier_length = int(max_identifier_length or 0) or \
+            self.max_identifier_length
+        super(MSDialect, self).__init__(**opts)
+
+    def do_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        # give the DBAPI a push
+        connection.execute("IF @@TRANCOUNT = 0 BEGIN TRANSACTION")
+        super(MSDialect, self).do_savepoint(connection, name)
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        # SQL Server does not support RELEASE SAVEPOINT
+        pass
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(MSDialect, self).initialize(connection)
+        if self.server_version_info[0] not in list(range(8, 17)):
+            # FreeTDS with version 4.2 seems to report here
+            # a number like "95.10.255".  Don't know what
+            # that is.  So emit warning.
+            util.warn(
+                "Unrecognized server version info '%s'.   Version specific "
+                "behaviors may not function properly.   If using ODBC "
+                "with FreeTDS, ensure server version 7.0 or 8.0, not 4.2, "
+                "is configured in the FreeTDS configuration." %
+                ".".join(str(x) for x in self.server_version_info))
+        if self.server_version_info >= MS_2005_VERSION and \
+                'implicit_returning' not in self.__dict__:
+            self.implicit_returning = True
+        if self.server_version_info >= MS_2008_VERSION:
+            self.supports_multivalues_insert = True
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        if self.server_version_info < MS_2005_VERSION:
+            return self.schema_name
+
+        query = sql.text("""
+            SELECT default_schema_name FROM
+            sys.database_principals
+            WHERE principal_id=database_principal_id()
+        """)
+        default_schema_name = connection.scalar(query)
+        if default_schema_name is not None:
+            return util.text_type(default_schema_name)
+        else:
+            return self.schema_name
+
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def has_table(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema):
+        columns = ischema.columns
+
+        whereclause = columns.c.table_name == tablename
+
+        if owner:
+            whereclause = sql.and_(whereclause,
+                                   columns.c.table_schema == owner)
+        s = sql.select([columns], whereclause)
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+        return c.first() is not None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        s = sql.select([ischema.schemata.c.schema_name],
+                       order_by=[ischema.schemata.c.schema_name]
+                       )
+        schema_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
+        return schema_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner_listing
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        tables = ischema.tables
+        s = sql.select([tables.c.table_name],
+                       sql.and_(
+            tables.c.table_schema == owner,
+            tables.c.table_type == 'BASE TABLE'
+        ),
+            order_by=[tables.c.table_name]
+        )
+        table_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
+        return table_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner_listing
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        tables = ischema.tables
+        s = sql.select([tables.c.table_name],
+                       sql.and_(
+            tables.c.table_schema == owner,
+            tables.c.table_type == 'VIEW'
+        ),
+            order_by=[tables.c.table_name]
+        )
+        view_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
+        return view_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        # using system catalogs, don't support index reflection
+        # below MS 2005
+        if self.server_version_info < MS_2005_VERSION:
+            return []
+
+        rp = connection.execute(
+            sql.text("select ind.index_id, ind.is_unique, ind.name "
+                     "from sys.indexes as ind join sys.tables as tab on "
+                     "ind.object_id=tab.object_id "
+                     "join sys.schemas as sch on sch.schema_id=tab.schema_id "
+                     "where tab.name = :tabname "
+                     "and sch.name=:schname "
+                     "and ind.is_primary_key=0",
+                     bindparams=[
+                         sql.bindparam('tabname', tablename,
+                                       sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True)),
+                         sql.bindparam('schname', owner,
+                                       sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True))
+                     ],
+                     typemap={
+                         'name': sqltypes.Unicode()
+                     }
+                     )
+        )
+        indexes = {}
+        for row in rp:
+            indexes[row['index_id']] = {
+                'name': row['name'],
+                'unique': row['is_unique'] == 1,
+                'column_names': []
+            }
+        rp = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(
+                "select ind_col.index_id, ind_col.object_id, col.name "
+                "from sys.columns as col "
+                "join sys.tables as tab on tab.object_id=col.object_id "
+                "join sys.index_columns as ind_col on "
+                "(ind_col.column_id=col.column_id and "
+                "ind_col.object_id=tab.object_id) "
+                "join sys.schemas as sch on sch.schema_id=tab.schema_id "
+                "where tab.name=:tabname "
+                "and sch.name=:schname",
+                bindparams=[
+                    sql.bindparam('tabname', tablename,
+                                  sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True)),
+                    sql.bindparam('schname', owner,
+                                  sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True))
+                ],
+                typemap={'name': sqltypes.Unicode()}
+            ),
+        )
+        for row in rp:
+            if row['index_id'] in indexes:
+                indexes[row['index_id']]['column_names'].append(row['name'])
+
+        return list(indexes.values())
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, viewname,
+                            dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        rp = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(
+                "select definition from sys.sql_modules as mod, "
+                "sys.views as views, "
+                "sys.schemas as sch"
+                " where "
+                "mod.object_id=views.object_id and "
+                "views.schema_id=sch.schema_id and "
+                "views.name=:viewname and sch.name=:schname",
+                bindparams=[
+                    sql.bindparam('viewname', viewname,
+                                  sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True)),
+                    sql.bindparam('schname', owner,
+                                  sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True))
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+        if rp:
+            view_def = rp.scalar()
+            return view_def
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_columns(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        # Get base columns
+        columns = ischema.columns
+        if owner:
+            whereclause = sql.and_(columns.c.table_name == tablename,
+                                   columns.c.table_schema == owner)
+        else:
+            whereclause = columns.c.table_name == tablename
+        s = sql.select([columns], whereclause,
+                       order_by=[columns.c.ordinal_position])
+
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+        cols = []
+        while True:
+            row = c.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            (name, type, nullable, charlen,
+                numericprec, numericscale, default, collation) = (
+                row[columns.c.column_name],
+                row[columns.c.data_type],
+                row[columns.c.is_nullable] == 'YES',
+                row[columns.c.character_maximum_length],
+                row[columns.c.numeric_precision],
+                row[columns.c.numeric_scale],
+                row[columns.c.column_default],
+                row[columns.c.collation_name]
+            )
+            coltype = self.ischema_names.get(type, None)
+
+            kwargs = {}
+            if coltype in (MSString, MSChar, MSNVarchar, MSNChar, MSText,
+                           MSNText, MSBinary, MSVarBinary,
+                           sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+                kwargs['length'] = charlen
+                if collation:
+                    kwargs['collation'] = collation
+                if coltype == MSText or \
+                        (coltype in (MSString, MSNVarchar) and charlen == -1):
+                    kwargs.pop('length')
+
+            if coltype is None:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
+                    (type, name))
+                coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+            else:
+                if issubclass(coltype, sqltypes.Numeric) and \
+                        coltype is not MSReal:
+                    kwargs['scale'] = numericscale
+                    kwargs['precision'] = numericprec
+
+                coltype = coltype(**kwargs)
+            cdict = {
+                'name': name,
+                'type': coltype,
+                'nullable': nullable,
+                'default': default,
+                'autoincrement': False,
+            }
+            cols.append(cdict)
+        # autoincrement and identity
+        colmap = {}
+        for col in cols:
+            colmap[col['name']] = col
+        # We also run an sp_columns to check for identity columns:
+        cursor = connection.execute("sp_columns @table_name = '%s', "
+                                    "@table_owner = '%s'"
+                                    % (tablename, owner))
+        ic = None
+        while True:
+            row = cursor.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            (col_name, type_name) = row[3], row[5]
+            if type_name.endswith("identity") and col_name in colmap:
+                ic = col_name
+                colmap[col_name]['autoincrement'] = True
+                colmap[col_name]['sequence'] = dict(
+                    name='%s_identity' % col_name)
+                break
+        cursor.close()
+
+        if ic is not None and self.server_version_info >= MS_2005_VERSION:
+            table_fullname = "%s.%s" % (owner, tablename)
+            cursor = connection.execute(
+                "select ident_seed('%s'), ident_incr('%s')"
+                % (table_fullname, table_fullname)
+            )
+
+            row = cursor.first()
+            if row is not None and row[0] is not None:
+                colmap[ic]['sequence'].update({
+                    'start': int(row[0]),
+                    'increment': int(row[1])
+                })
+        return cols
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, tablename,
+                          dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        pkeys = []
+        TC = ischema.constraints
+        C = ischema.key_constraints.alias('C')
+
+        # Primary key constraints
+        s = sql.select([C.c.column_name,
+                        TC.c.constraint_type,
+                        C.c.constraint_name],
+                       sql.and_(TC.c.constraint_name == C.c.constraint_name,
+                                TC.c.table_schema == C.c.table_schema,
+                                C.c.table_name == tablename,
+                                C.c.table_schema == owner)
+                       )
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+        constraint_name = None
+        for row in c:
+            if 'PRIMARY' in row[TC.c.constraint_type.name]:
+                pkeys.append(row[0])
+                if constraint_name is None:
+                    constraint_name = row[C.c.constraint_name.name]
+        return {'constrained_columns': pkeys, 'name': constraint_name}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, tablename,
+                         dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        RR = ischema.ref_constraints
+        C = ischema.key_constraints.alias('C')
+        R = ischema.key_constraints.alias('R')
+
+        # Foreign key constraints
+        s = sql.select([C.c.column_name,
+                        R.c.table_schema, R.c.table_name, R.c.column_name,
+                        RR.c.constraint_name, RR.c.match_option,
+                        RR.c.update_rule,
+                        RR.c.delete_rule],
+                       sql.and_(C.c.table_name == tablename,
+                                C.c.table_schema == owner,
+                                C.c.constraint_name == RR.c.constraint_name,
+                                R.c.constraint_name ==
+                                RR.c.unique_constraint_name,
+                                C.c.ordinal_position == R.c.ordinal_position
+                                ),
+                       order_by=[RR.c.constraint_name, R.c.ordinal_position]
+                       )
+
+        # group rows by constraint ID, to handle multi-column FKs
+        fkeys = []
+        fknm, scols, rcols = (None, [], [])
+
+        def fkey_rec():
+            return {
+                'name': None,
+                'constrained_columns': [],
+                'referred_schema': None,
+                'referred_table': None,
+                'referred_columns': []
+            }
+
+        fkeys = util.defaultdict(fkey_rec)
+
+        for r in connection.execute(s).fetchall():
+            scol, rschema, rtbl, rcol, rfknm, fkmatch, fkuprule, fkdelrule = r
+
+            rec = fkeys[rfknm]
+            rec['name'] = rfknm
+            if not rec['referred_table']:
+                rec['referred_table'] = rtbl
+                if schema is not None or owner != rschema:
+                    if dbname:
+                        rschema = dbname + "." + rschema
+                    rec['referred_schema'] = rschema
+
+            local_cols, remote_cols = \
+                rec['constrained_columns'],\
+                rec['referred_columns']
+
+            local_cols.append(scol)
+            remote_cols.append(rcol)
+
+        return list(fkeys.values())
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/information_schema.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/information_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..371a1ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/information_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# mssql/information_schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+# TODO: should be using the sys. catalog with SQL Server, not information
+# schema
+
+from ... import Table, MetaData, Column
+from ...types import String, Unicode, UnicodeText, Integer, TypeDecorator
+from ... import cast
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...ext.compiler import compiles
+
+ischema = MetaData()
+
+
+class CoerceUnicode(TypeDecorator):
+    impl = Unicode
+
+    def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+        if util.py2k and isinstance(value, util.binary_type):
+            value = value.decode(dialect.encoding)
+        return value
+
+    def bind_expression(self, bindvalue):
+        return _cast_on_2005(bindvalue)
+
+
+class _cast_on_2005(expression.ColumnElement):
+    def __init__(self, bindvalue):
+        self.bindvalue = bindvalue
+
+
+@compiles(_cast_on_2005)
+def _compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+    from . import base
+    if compiler.dialect.server_version_info < base.MS_2005_VERSION:
+        return compiler.process(element.bindvalue, **kw)
+    else:
+        return compiler.process(cast(element.bindvalue, Unicode), **kw)
+
+schemata = Table("SCHEMATA", ischema,
+                 Column("CATALOG_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="catalog_name"),
+                 Column("SCHEMA_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="schema_name"),
+                 Column("SCHEMA_OWNER", CoerceUnicode, key="schema_owner"),
+                 schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+tables = Table("TABLES", ischema,
+               Column("TABLE_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode, key="table_catalog"),
+               Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+               Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+               Column(
+                   "TABLE_TYPE", String(convert_unicode=True),
+                   key="table_type"),
+               schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+columns = Table("COLUMNS", ischema,
+                Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+                Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+                Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="column_name"),
+                Column("IS_NULLABLE", Integer, key="is_nullable"),
+                Column("DATA_TYPE", String, key="data_type"),
+                Column("ORDINAL_POSITION", Integer, key="ordinal_position"),
+                Column("CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH", Integer,
+                       key="character_maximum_length"),
+                Column("NUMERIC_PRECISION", Integer, key="numeric_precision"),
+                Column("NUMERIC_SCALE", Integer, key="numeric_scale"),
+                Column("COLUMN_DEFAULT", Integer, key="column_default"),
+                Column("COLLATION_NAME", String, key="collation_name"),
+                schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+constraints = Table("TABLE_CONSTRAINTS", ischema,
+                    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+                    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+                    Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                           key="constraint_name"),
+                    Column("CONSTRAINT_TYPE", String(
+                        convert_unicode=True), key="constraint_type"),
+                    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+column_constraints = Table("CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE", ischema,
+                           Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode,
+                                  key="table_schema"),
+                           Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                                  key="table_name"),
+                           Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                                  key="column_name"),
+                           Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                                  key="constraint_name"),
+                           schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+key_constraints = Table("KEY_COLUMN_USAGE", ischema,
+                        Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="table_schema"),
+                        Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="table_name"),
+                        Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="column_name"),
+                        Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="constraint_name"),
+                        Column("ORDINAL_POSITION", Integer,
+                               key="ordinal_position"),
+                        schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+ref_constraints = Table("REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS", ischema,
+                        Column("CONSTRAINT_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="constraint_catalog"),
+                        Column("CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="constraint_schema"),
+                        Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="constraint_name"),
+                        # TODO: is CATLOG misspelled ?
+                        Column("UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CATLOG", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="unique_constraint_catalog"),
+
+                        Column("UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="unique_constraint_schema"),
+                        Column("UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="unique_constraint_name"),
+                        Column("MATCH_OPTION", String, key="match_option"),
+                        Column("UPDATE_RULE", String, key="update_rule"),
+                        Column("DELETE_RULE", String, key="delete_rule"),
+                        schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+views = Table("VIEWS", ischema,
+              Column("TABLE_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode, key="table_catalog"),
+              Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+              Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+              Column("VIEW_DEFINITION", CoerceUnicode, key="view_definition"),
+              Column("CHECK_OPTION", String, key="check_option"),
+              Column("IS_UPDATABLE", String, key="is_updatable"),
+              schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/mxodbc.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/mxodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffe38d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/mxodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# mssql/mxodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+mxodbc
+    :name: mxODBC
+    :dbapi: mxodbc
+    :connectstring: mssql+mxodbc://:@
+    :url: http://www.egenix.com/
+
+Execution Modes
+---------------
+
+mxODBC features two styles of statement execution, using the
+``cursor.execute()`` and ``cursor.executedirect()`` methods (the second being
+an extension to the DBAPI specification). The former makes use of a particular
+API call specific to the SQL Server Native Client ODBC driver known
+SQLDescribeParam, while the latter does not.
+
+mxODBC apparently only makes repeated use of a single prepared statement
+when SQLDescribeParam is used. The advantage to prepared statement reuse is
+one of performance. The disadvantage is that SQLDescribeParam has a limited
+set of scenarios in which bind parameters are understood, including that they
+cannot be placed within the argument lists of function calls, anywhere outside
+the FROM, or even within subqueries within the FROM clause - making the usage
+of bind parameters within SELECT statements impossible for all but the most
+simplistic statements.
+
+For this reason, the mxODBC dialect uses the "native" mode by default only for
+INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements, and uses the escaped string mode for
+all other statements.
+
+This behavior can be controlled via
+:meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Executable.execution_options` using the
+``native_odbc_execute`` flag with a value of ``True`` or ``False``, where a
+value of ``True`` will unconditionally use native bind parameters and a value
+of ``False`` will unconditionally use string-escaped parameters.
+
+"""
+
+
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...connectors.mxodbc import MxODBCConnector
+from .pyodbc import MSExecutionContext_pyodbc, _MSNumeric_pyodbc
+from .base import (MSDialect,
+                   MSSQLStrictCompiler,
+                   _MSDateTime, _MSDate, _MSTime)
+
+
+class _MSNumeric_mxodbc(_MSNumeric_pyodbc):
+    """Include pyodbc's numeric processor.
+    """
+
+
+class _MSDate_mxodbc(_MSDate):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return "%s-%s-%s" % (value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            else:
+                return None
+        return process
+
+
+class _MSTime_mxodbc(_MSTime):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return "%s:%s:%s" % (value.hour, value.minute, value.second)
+            else:
+                return None
+        return process
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext_mxodbc(MSExecutionContext_pyodbc):
+    """
+    The pyodbc execution context is useful for enabling
+    SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY in cases where OUTPUT clause
+    does not work (tables with insert triggers).
+    """
+    # todo - investigate whether the pyodbc execution context
+    #       is really only being used in cases where OUTPUT
+    #       won't work.
+
+
+class MSDialect_mxodbc(MxODBCConnector, MSDialect):
+
+    # this is only needed if "native ODBC" mode is used,
+    # which is now disabled by default.
+    # statement_compiler = MSSQLStrictCompiler
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext_mxodbc
+
+    # flag used by _MSNumeric_mxodbc
+    _need_decimal_fix = True
+
+    colspecs = {
+        sqltypes.Numeric: _MSNumeric_mxodbc,
+        sqltypes.DateTime: _MSDateTime,
+        sqltypes.Date: _MSDate_mxodbc,
+        sqltypes.Time: _MSTime_mxodbc,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, description_encoding=None, **params):
+        super(MSDialect_mxodbc, self).__init__(**params)
+        self.description_encoding = description_encoding
+
+dialect = MSDialect_mxodbc
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pymssql.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pymssql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f76336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pymssql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# mssql/pymssql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+pymssql
+    :name: pymssql
+    :dbapi: pymssql
+    :connectstring: mssql+pymssql://:@?\
+charset=utf8
+    :url: http://pymssql.org/
+
+pymssql is a Python module that provides a Python DBAPI interface around
+`FreeTDS `_.  Compatible builds are available for
+Linux, MacOSX and Windows platforms.
+
+"""
+from .base import MSDialect
+from ... import types as sqltypes, util, processors
+import re
+
+
+class _MSNumeric_pymssql(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, type_):
+        if not self.asdecimal:
+            return processors.to_float
+        else:
+            return sqltypes.Numeric.result_processor(self, dialect, type_)
+
+
+class MSDialect_pymssql(MSDialect):
+    supports_sane_rowcount = False
+    driver = 'pymssql'
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MSDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _MSNumeric_pymssql,
+            sqltypes.Float: sqltypes.Float,
+        }
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        module = __import__('pymssql')
+        # pymmsql doesn't have a Binary method.  we use string
+        # TODO: monkeypatching here is less than ideal
+        module.Binary = lambda x: x if hasattr(x, 'decode') else str(x)
+
+        client_ver = tuple(int(x) for x in module.__version__.split("."))
+        if client_ver < (1, ):
+            util.warn("The pymssql dialect expects at least "
+                      "the 1.0 series of the pymssql DBAPI.")
+        return module
+
+    def __init__(self, **params):
+        super(MSDialect_pymssql, self).__init__(**params)
+        self.use_scope_identity = True
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        vers = connection.scalar("select @@version")
+        m = re.match(
+            r"Microsoft SQL Server.*? - (\d+).(\d+).(\d+).(\d+)", vers)
+        if m:
+            return tuple(int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        port = opts.pop('port', None)
+        if port and 'host' in opts:
+            opts['host'] = "%s:%s" % (opts['host'], port)
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        for msg in (
+            "Adaptive Server connection timed out",
+            "Net-Lib error during Connection reset by peer",
+            "message 20003",  # connection timeout
+            "Error 10054",
+            "Not connected to any MS SQL server",
+            "Connection is closed"
+        ):
+            if msg in str(e):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+dialect = MSDialect_pymssql
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c75fe1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+# mssql/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+pyodbc
+    :name: PyODBC
+    :dbapi: pyodbc
+    :connectstring: mssql+pyodbc://:@
+    :url: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyodbc/
+
+Additional Connection Examples
+-------------------------------
+
+Examples of pyodbc connection string URLs:
+
+* ``mssql+pyodbc://mydsn`` - connects using the specified DSN named ``mydsn``.
+  The connection string that is created will appear like::
+
+    dsn=mydsn;Trusted_Connection=Yes
+
+* ``mssql+pyodbc://user:pass@mydsn`` - connects using the DSN named
+  ``mydsn`` passing in the ``UID`` and ``PWD`` information. The
+  connection string that is created will appear like::
+
+    dsn=mydsn;UID=user;PWD=pass
+
+* ``mssql+pyodbc://user:pass@mydsn/?LANGUAGE=us_english`` - connects
+  using the DSN named ``mydsn`` passing in the ``UID`` and ``PWD``
+  information, plus the additional connection configuration option
+  ``LANGUAGE``. The connection string that is created will appear
+  like::
+
+    dsn=mydsn;UID=user;PWD=pass;LANGUAGE=us_english
+
+* ``mssql+pyodbc://user:pass@host/db`` - connects using a connection
+  that would appear like::
+
+    DRIVER={SQL Server};Server=host;Database=db;UID=user;PWD=pass
+
+* ``mssql+pyodbc://user:pass@host:123/db`` - connects using a connection
+  string which includes the port
+  information using the comma syntax. This will create the following
+  connection string::
+
+    DRIVER={SQL Server};Server=host,123;Database=db;UID=user;PWD=pass
+
+* ``mssql+pyodbc://user:pass@host/db?port=123`` - connects using a connection
+  string that includes the port
+  information as a separate ``port`` keyword. This will create the
+  following connection string::
+
+    DRIVER={SQL Server};Server=host;Database=db;UID=user;PWD=pass;port=123
+
+* ``mssql+pyodbc://user:pass@host/db?driver=MyDriver`` - connects using a
+  connection string that includes a custom ODBC driver name.  This will create
+  the following connection string::
+
+    DRIVER={MyDriver};Server=host;Database=db;UID=user;PWD=pass
+
+If you require a connection string that is outside the options
+presented above, use the ``odbc_connect`` keyword to pass in a
+urlencoded connection string. What gets passed in will be urldecoded
+and passed directly.
+
+For example::
+
+    mssql+pyodbc:///?odbc_connect=dsn%3Dmydsn%3BDatabase%3Ddb
+
+would create the following connection string::
+
+    dsn=mydsn;Database=db
+
+Encoding your connection string can be easily accomplished through
+the python shell. For example::
+
+    >>> import urllib
+    >>> urllib.quote_plus('dsn=mydsn;Database=db')
+    'dsn%3Dmydsn%3BDatabase%3Ddb'
+
+Unicode Binds
+-------------
+
+The current state of PyODBC on a unix backend with FreeTDS and/or
+EasySoft is poor regarding unicode; different OS platforms and versions of
+UnixODBC versus IODBC versus FreeTDS/EasySoft versus PyODBC itself
+dramatically alter how strings are received.  The PyODBC dialect attempts to
+use all the information it knows to determine whether or not a Python unicode
+literal can be passed directly to the PyODBC driver or not; while SQLAlchemy
+can encode these to bytestrings first, some users have reported that PyODBC
+mis-handles bytestrings for certain encodings and requires a Python unicode
+object, while the author has observed widespread cases where a Python unicode
+is completely misinterpreted by PyODBC, particularly when dealing with
+the information schema tables used in table reflection, and the value
+must first be encoded to a bytestring.
+
+It is for this reason that whether or not unicode literals for bound
+parameters be sent to PyODBC can be controlled using the
+``supports_unicode_binds`` parameter to ``create_engine()``.  When
+left at its default of ``None``, the PyODBC dialect will use its
+best guess as to whether or not the driver deals with unicode literals
+well.  When ``False``, unicode literals will be encoded first, and when
+``True`` unicode literals will be passed straight through.  This is an interim
+flag that hopefully should not be needed when the unicode situation stabilizes
+for unix + PyODBC.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.7
+    ``supports_unicode_binds`` parameter to ``create_engine()``\ .
+
+"""
+
+from .base import MSExecutionContext, MSDialect
+from ...connectors.pyodbc import PyODBCConnector
+from ... import types as sqltypes, util
+import decimal
+
+
+class _ms_numeric_pyodbc(object):
+
+    """Turns Decimals with adjusted() < 0 or > 7 into strings.
+
+    The routines here are needed for older pyodbc versions
+    as well as current mxODBC versions.
+
+    """
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+
+        super_process = super(_ms_numeric_pyodbc, self).\
+            bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        if not dialect._need_decimal_fix:
+            return super_process
+
+        def process(value):
+            if self.asdecimal and \
+                    isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+
+                adjusted = value.adjusted()
+                if adjusted < 0:
+                    return self._small_dec_to_string(value)
+                elif adjusted > 7:
+                    return self._large_dec_to_string(value)
+
+            if super_process:
+                return super_process(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+    # these routines needed for older versions of pyodbc.
+    # as of 2.1.8 this logic is integrated.
+
+    def _small_dec_to_string(self, value):
+        return "%s0.%s%s" % (
+            (value < 0 and '-' or ''),
+            '0' * (abs(value.adjusted()) - 1),
+            "".join([str(nint) for nint in value.as_tuple()[1]]))
+
+    def _large_dec_to_string(self, value):
+        _int = value.as_tuple()[1]
+        if 'E' in str(value):
+            result = "%s%s%s" % (
+                (value < 0 and '-' or ''),
+                "".join([str(s) for s in _int]),
+                "0" * (value.adjusted() - (len(_int) - 1)))
+        else:
+            if (len(_int) - 1) > value.adjusted():
+                result = "%s%s.%s" % (
+                    (value < 0 and '-' or ''),
+                    "".join(
+                        [str(s) for s in _int][0:value.adjusted() + 1]),
+                    "".join(
+                        [str(s) for s in _int][value.adjusted() + 1:]))
+            else:
+                result = "%s%s" % (
+                    (value < 0 and '-' or ''),
+                    "".join(
+                        [str(s) for s in _int][0:value.adjusted() + 1]))
+        return result
+
+
+class _MSNumeric_pyodbc(_ms_numeric_pyodbc, sqltypes.Numeric):
+    pass
+
+
+class _MSFloat_pyodbc(_ms_numeric_pyodbc, sqltypes.Float):
+    pass
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext_pyodbc(MSExecutionContext):
+    _embedded_scope_identity = False
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        """where appropriate, issue "select scope_identity()" in the same
+        statement.
+
+        Background on why "scope_identity()" is preferable to "@@identity":
+        http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms190315.aspx
+
+        Background on why we attempt to embed "scope_identity()" into the same
+        statement as the INSERT:
+        http://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/wiki/FAQs#How_do_I_retrieve_autogenerated/identity_values?
+
+        """
+
+        super(MSExecutionContext_pyodbc, self).pre_exec()
+
+        # don't embed the scope_identity select into an
+        # "INSERT .. DEFAULT VALUES"
+        if self._select_lastrowid and \
+                self.dialect.use_scope_identity and \
+                len(self.parameters[0]):
+            self._embedded_scope_identity = True
+
+            self.statement += "; select scope_identity()"
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        if self._embedded_scope_identity:
+            # Fetch the last inserted id from the manipulated statement
+            # We may have to skip over a number of result sets with
+            # no data (due to triggers, etc.)
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    # fetchall() ensures the cursor is consumed
+                    # without closing it (FreeTDS particularly)
+                    row = self.cursor.fetchall()[0]
+                    break
+                except self.dialect.dbapi.Error as e:
+                    # no way around this - nextset() consumes the previous set
+                    # so we need to just keep flipping
+                    self.cursor.nextset()
+
+            self._lastrowid = int(row[0])
+        else:
+            super(MSExecutionContext_pyodbc, self).post_exec()
+
+
+class MSDialect_pyodbc(PyODBCConnector, MSDialect):
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext_pyodbc
+
+    pyodbc_driver_name = 'SQL Server'
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MSDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _MSNumeric_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.Float: _MSFloat_pyodbc
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, description_encoding=None, **params):
+        if 'description_encoding' in params:
+            self.description_encoding = params.pop('description_encoding')
+        super(MSDialect_pyodbc, self).__init__(**params)
+        self.use_scope_identity = self.use_scope_identity and \
+            self.dbapi and \
+            hasattr(self.dbapi.Cursor, 'nextset')
+        self._need_decimal_fix = self.dbapi and \
+            self._dbapi_version() < (2, 1, 8)
+
+dialect = MSDialect_pyodbc
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/zxjdbc.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/zxjdbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b23a010
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/zxjdbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# mssql/zxjdbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+zxjdbc
+    :name: zxJDBC for Jython
+    :dbapi: zxjdbc
+    :connectstring: mssql+zxjdbc://user:pass@host:port/dbname\
+[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :driverurl: http://jtds.sourceforge.net/
+
+
+"""
+from ...connectors.zxJDBC import ZxJDBCConnector
+from .base import MSDialect, MSExecutionContext
+from ... import engine
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext_zxjdbc(MSExecutionContext):
+
+    _embedded_scope_identity = False
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        super(MSExecutionContext_zxjdbc, self).pre_exec()
+        # scope_identity after the fact returns null in jTDS so we must
+        # embed it
+        if self._select_lastrowid and self.dialect.use_scope_identity:
+            self._embedded_scope_identity = True
+            self.statement += "; SELECT scope_identity()"
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        if self._embedded_scope_identity:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    row = self.cursor.fetchall()[0]
+                    break
+                except self.dialect.dbapi.Error:
+                    self.cursor.nextset()
+            self._lastrowid = int(row[0])
+
+        if (self.isinsert or self.isupdate or self.isdelete) and \
+                self.compiled.returning:
+            self._result_proxy = engine.FullyBufferedResultProxy(self)
+
+        if self._enable_identity_insert:
+            table = self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_table(
+                self.compiled.statement.table)
+            self.cursor.execute("SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF" % table)
+
+
+class MSDialect_zxjdbc(ZxJDBCConnector, MSDialect):
+    jdbc_db_name = 'jtds:sqlserver'
+    jdbc_driver_name = 'net.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.Driver'
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext_zxjdbc
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        return tuple(
+            int(x)
+            for x in connection.connection.dbversion.split('.')
+        )
+
+dialect = MSDialect_zxjdbc
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..498603c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# mysql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from . import base, mysqldb, oursql, \
+    pyodbc, zxjdbc, mysqlconnector, pymysql,\
+    gaerdbms, cymysql
+
+# default dialect
+base.dialect = mysqldb.dialect
+
+from .base import \
+    BIGINT, BINARY, BIT, BLOB, BOOLEAN, CHAR, DATE, DATETIME, \
+    DECIMAL, DOUBLE, ENUM, DECIMAL,\
+    FLOAT, INTEGER, INTEGER, LONGBLOB, LONGTEXT, MEDIUMBLOB, \
+    MEDIUMINT, MEDIUMTEXT, NCHAR, \
+    NVARCHAR, NUMERIC, SET, SMALLINT, REAL, TEXT, TIME, TIMESTAMP, \
+    TINYBLOB, TINYINT, TINYTEXT,\
+    VARBINARY, VARCHAR, YEAR, dialect
+
+__all__ = (
+    'BIGINT', 'BINARY', 'BIT', 'BLOB', 'BOOLEAN', 'CHAR', 'DATE', 'DATETIME',
+    'DECIMAL', 'DOUBLE', 'ENUM', 'DECIMAL', 'FLOAT', 'INTEGER', 'INTEGER',
+    'LONGBLOB', 'LONGTEXT', 'MEDIUMBLOB', 'MEDIUMINT', 'MEDIUMTEXT', 'NCHAR',
+    'NVARCHAR', 'NUMERIC', 'SET', 'SMALLINT', 'REAL', 'TEXT', 'TIME',
+    'TIMESTAMP', 'TINYBLOB', 'TINYINT', 'TINYTEXT', 'VARBINARY', 'VARCHAR',
+    'YEAR', 'dialect'
+)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c5633f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3158 @@
+# mysql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql
+    :name: MySQL
+
+Supported Versions and Features
+-------------------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy supports MySQL starting with version 4.1 through modern releases.
+However, no heroic measures are taken to work around major missing
+SQL features - if your server version does not support sub-selects, for
+example, they won't work in SQLAlchemy either.
+
+See the official MySQL documentation for detailed information about features
+supported in any given server release.
+
+.. _mysql_connection_timeouts:
+
+Connection Timeouts
+-------------------
+
+MySQL features an automatic connection close behavior, for connections that
+have been idle for eight hours or more.   To circumvent having this issue, use
+the ``pool_recycle`` option which controls the maximum age of any connection::
+
+    engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqldb://...', pool_recycle=3600)
+
+.. _mysql_storage_engines:
+
+CREATE TABLE arguments including Storage Engines
+------------------------------------------------
+
+MySQL's CREATE TABLE syntax includes a wide array of special options,
+including ``ENGINE``, ``CHARSET``, ``MAX_ROWS``, ``ROW_FORMAT``,
+``INSERT_METHOD``, and many more.
+To accommodate the rendering of these arguments, specify the form
+``mysql_argument_name="value"``.  For example, to specify a table with
+``ENGINE`` of ``InnoDB``, ``CHARSET`` of ``utf8``, and ``KEY_BLOCK_SIZE``
+of ``1024``::
+
+  Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('data', String(32)),
+        mysql_engine='InnoDB',
+        mysql_charset='utf8',
+        mysql_key_block_size="1024"
+       )
+
+The MySQL dialect will normally transfer any keyword specified as
+``mysql_keyword_name`` to be rendered as ``KEYWORD_NAME`` in the
+``CREATE TABLE`` statement.  A handful of these names will render with a space
+instead of an underscore; to support this, the MySQL dialect has awareness of
+these particular names, which include ``DATA DIRECTORY``
+(e.g. ``mysql_data_directory``), ``CHARACTER SET`` (e.g.
+``mysql_character_set``) and ``INDEX DIRECTORY`` (e.g.
+``mysql_index_directory``).
+
+The most common argument is ``mysql_engine``, which refers to the storage
+engine for the table.  Historically, MySQL server installations would default
+to ``MyISAM`` for this value, although newer versions may be defaulting
+to ``InnoDB``.  The ``InnoDB`` engine is typically preferred for its support
+of transactions and foreign keys.
+
+A :class:`.Table` that is created in a MySQL database with a storage engine
+of ``MyISAM`` will be essentially non-transactional, meaning any
+INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statement referring to this table will be invoked as
+autocommit.   It also will have no support for foreign key constraints; while
+the ``CREATE TABLE`` statement accepts foreign key options, when using the
+``MyISAM`` storage engine these arguments are discarded.  Reflecting such a
+table will also produce no foreign key constraint information.
+
+For fully atomic transactions as well as support for foreign key
+constraints, all participating ``CREATE TABLE`` statements must specify a
+transactional engine, which in the vast majority of cases is ``InnoDB``.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `The InnoDB Storage Engine
+    `_ -
+    on the MySQL website.
+
+Case Sensitivity and Table Reflection
+-------------------------------------
+
+MySQL has inconsistent support for case-sensitive identifier
+names, basing support on specific details of the underlying
+operating system. However, it has been observed that no matter
+what case sensitivity behavior is present, the names of tables in
+foreign key declarations are *always* received from the database
+as all-lower case, making it impossible to accurately reflect a
+schema where inter-related tables use mixed-case identifier names.
+
+Therefore it is strongly advised that table names be declared as
+all lower case both within SQLAlchemy as well as on the MySQL
+database itself, especially if database reflection features are
+to be used.
+
+Transaction Isolation Level
+---------------------------
+
+:func:`.create_engine` accepts an ``isolation_level``
+parameter which results in the command ``SET SESSION
+TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL `` being invoked for
+every new connection. Valid values for this parameter are
+``READ COMMITTED``, ``READ UNCOMMITTED``,
+``REPEATABLE READ``, and ``SERIALIZABLE``::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+                    "mysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+                    isolation_level="READ UNCOMMITTED"
+                )
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+AUTO_INCREMENT Behavior
+-----------------------
+
+When creating tables, SQLAlchemy will automatically set ``AUTO_INCREMENT`` on
+the first :class:`.Integer` primary key column which is not marked as a
+foreign key::
+
+  >>> t = Table('mytable', metadata,
+  ...   Column('mytable_id', Integer, primary_key=True)
+  ... )
+  >>> t.create()
+  CREATE TABLE mytable (
+          id INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
+          PRIMARY KEY (id)
+  )
+
+You can disable this behavior by passing ``False`` to the
+:paramref:`~.Column.autoincrement` argument of :class:`.Column`.  This flag
+can also be used to enable auto-increment on a secondary column in a
+multi-column key for some storage engines::
+
+  Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('gid', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
+       )
+
+Ansi Quoting Style
+------------------
+
+MySQL features two varieties of identifier "quoting style", one using
+backticks and the other using quotes, e.g. ```some_identifier```  vs.
+``"some_identifier"``.   All MySQL dialects detect which version
+is in use by checking the value of ``sql_mode`` when a connection is first
+established with a particular :class:`.Engine`.  This quoting style comes
+into play when rendering table and column names as well as when reflecting
+existing database structures.  The detection is entirely automatic and
+no special configuration is needed to use either quoting style.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.6 detection of ANSI quoting style is entirely automatic,
+   there's no longer any end-user ``create_engine()`` options in this regard.
+
+MySQL SQL Extensions
+--------------------
+
+Many of the MySQL SQL extensions are handled through SQLAlchemy's generic
+function and operator support::
+
+  table.select(table.c.password==func.md5('plaintext'))
+  table.select(table.c.username.op('regexp')('^[a-d]'))
+
+And of course any valid MySQL statement can be executed as a string as well.
+
+Some limited direct support for MySQL extensions to SQL is currently
+available.
+
+* SELECT pragma::
+
+    select(..., prefixes=['HIGH_PRIORITY', 'SQL_SMALL_RESULT'])
+
+* UPDATE with LIMIT::
+
+    update(..., mysql_limit=10)
+
+rowcount Support
+----------------
+
+SQLAlchemy standardizes the DBAPI ``cursor.rowcount`` attribute to be the
+usual definition of "number of rows matched by an UPDATE or DELETE" statement.
+This is in contradiction to the default setting on most MySQL DBAPI drivers,
+which is "number of rows actually modified/deleted".  For this reason, the
+SQLAlchemy MySQL dialects always set the ``constants.CLIENT.FOUND_ROWS`` flag,
+or whatever is equivalent for the DBAPI in use, on connect, unless the flag
+value is overridden using DBAPI-specific options
+(such as ``client_flag`` for the MySQL-Python driver, ``found_rows`` for the
+OurSQL driver).
+
+See also:
+
+:attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount`
+
+
+CAST Support
+------------
+
+MySQL documents the CAST operator as available in version 4.0.2.  When using
+the SQLAlchemy :func:`.cast` function, SQLAlchemy
+will not render the CAST token on MySQL before this version, based on server
+version detection, instead rendering the internal expression directly.
+
+CAST may still not be desirable on an early MySQL version post-4.0.2, as it
+didn't add all datatype support until 4.1.1.   If your application falls into
+this narrow area, the behavior of CAST can be controlled using the
+:ref:`sqlalchemy.ext.compiler_toplevel` system, as per the recipe below::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import Cast
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+    @compiles(Cast, 'mysql')
+    def _check_mysql_version(element, compiler, **kw):
+        if compiler.dialect.server_version_info < (4, 1, 0):
+            return compiler.process(element.clause, **kw)
+        else:
+            return compiler.visit_cast(element, **kw)
+
+The above function, which only needs to be declared once
+within an application, overrides the compilation of the
+:func:`.cast` construct to check for version 4.1.0 before
+fully rendering CAST; else the internal element of the
+construct is rendered directly.
+
+
+.. _mysql_indexes:
+
+MySQL Specific Index Options
+----------------------------
+
+MySQL-specific extensions to the :class:`.Index` construct are available.
+
+Index Length
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL provides an option to create index entries with a certain length, where
+"length" refers to the number of characters or bytes in each value which will
+become part of the index. SQLAlchemy provides this feature via the
+``mysql_length`` parameter::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, mysql_length=10)
+
+    Index('a_b_idx', my_table.c.a, my_table.c.b, mysql_length={'a': 4,
+                                                               'b': 9})
+
+Prefix lengths are given in characters for nonbinary string types and in bytes
+for binary string types. The value passed to the keyword argument *must* be
+either an integer (and, thus, specify the same prefix length value for all
+columns of the index) or a dict in which keys are column names and values are
+prefix length values for corresponding columns. MySQL only allows a length for
+a column of an index if it is for a CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT, BINARY, VARBINARY and
+BLOB.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8.2 ``mysql_length`` may now be specified as a dictionary
+   for use with composite indexes.
+
+Index Types
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Some MySQL storage engines permit you to specify an index type when creating
+an index or primary key constraint. SQLAlchemy provides this feature via the
+``mysql_using`` parameter on :class:`.Index`::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, mysql_using='hash')
+
+As well as the ``mysql_using`` parameter on :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`::
+
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint("data", mysql_using='hash')
+
+The value passed to the keyword argument will be simply passed through to the
+underlying CREATE INDEX or PRIMARY KEY clause, so it *must* be a valid index
+type for your MySQL storage engine.
+
+More information can be found at:
+
+http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create-index.html
+
+http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create-table.html
+
+.. _mysql_foreign_keys:
+
+MySQL Foreign Keys
+------------------
+
+MySQL's behavior regarding foreign keys has some important caveats.
+
+Foreign Key Arguments to Avoid
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL does not support the foreign key arguments "DEFERRABLE", "INITIALLY",
+or "MATCH".  Using the ``deferrable`` or ``initially`` keyword argument with
+:class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` or :class:`.ForeignKey` will have the effect of
+these keywords being rendered in a DDL expression, which will then raise an
+error on MySQL.  In order to use these keywords on a foreign key while having
+them ignored on a MySQL backend, use a custom compile rule::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+
+    @compiles(ForeignKeyConstraint, "mysql")
+    def process(element, compiler, **kw):
+        element.deferrable = element.initially = None
+        return compiler.visit_foreign_key_constraint(element, **kw)
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 - the MySQL backend no longer silently ignores
+   the ``deferrable`` or ``initially`` keyword arguments of
+   :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` and :class:`.ForeignKey`.
+
+The "MATCH" keyword is in fact more insidious, and is explicitly disallowed
+by SQLAlchemy in conjunction with the MySQL backend.  This argument is
+silently ignored by MySQL, but in addition has the effect of ON UPDATE and ON
+DELETE options also being ignored by the backend.   Therefore MATCH should
+never be used with the MySQL backend; as is the case with DEFERRABLE and
+INITIALLY, custom compilation rules can be used to correct a MySQL
+ForeignKeyConstraint at DDL definition time.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.0 - the MySQL backend will raise a
+   :class:`.CompileError` when the ``match`` keyword is used with
+   :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` or :class:`.ForeignKey`.
+
+Reflection of Foreign Key Constraints
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Not all MySQL storage engines support foreign keys.  When using the
+very common ``MyISAM`` MySQL storage engine, the information loaded by table
+reflection will not include foreign keys.  For these tables, you may supply a
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.ForeignKeyConstraint` at reflection time::
+
+  Table('mytable', metadata,
+        ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id']),
+        autoload=True
+       )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`mysql_storage_engines`
+
+"""
+
+import datetime
+import re
+import sys
+
+from ... import schema as sa_schema
+from ... import exc, log, sql, util
+from ...sql import compiler
+from array import array as _array
+
+from ...engine import reflection
+from ...engine import default
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...util import topological
+from ...types import DATE, BOOLEAN, \
+    BLOB, BINARY, VARBINARY
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set(
+    ['accessible', 'add', 'all', 'alter', 'analyze', 'and', 'as', 'asc',
+     'asensitive', 'before', 'between', 'bigint', 'binary', 'blob', 'both',
+     'by', 'call', 'cascade', 'case', 'change', 'char', 'character', 'check',
+     'collate', 'column', 'condition', 'constraint', 'continue', 'convert',
+     'create', 'cross', 'current_date', 'current_time', 'current_timestamp',
+     'current_user', 'cursor', 'database', 'databases', 'day_hour',
+     'day_microsecond', 'day_minute', 'day_second', 'dec', 'decimal',
+     'declare', 'default', 'delayed', 'delete', 'desc', 'describe',
+     'deterministic', 'distinct', 'distinctrow', 'div', 'double', 'drop',
+     'dual', 'each', 'else', 'elseif', 'enclosed', 'escaped', 'exists',
+     'exit', 'explain', 'false', 'fetch', 'float', 'float4', 'float8',
+     'for', 'force', 'foreign', 'from', 'fulltext', 'grant', 'group',
+     'having', 'high_priority', 'hour_microsecond', 'hour_minute',
+     'hour_second', 'if', 'ignore', 'in', 'index', 'infile', 'inner', 'inout',
+     'insensitive', 'insert', 'int', 'int1', 'int2', 'int3', 'int4', 'int8',
+     'integer', 'interval', 'into', 'is', 'iterate', 'join', 'key', 'keys',
+     'kill', 'leading', 'leave', 'left', 'like', 'limit', 'linear', 'lines',
+     'load', 'localtime', 'localtimestamp', 'lock', 'long', 'longblob',
+     'longtext', 'loop', 'low_priority', 'master_ssl_verify_server_cert',
+     'match', 'mediumblob', 'mediumint', 'mediumtext', 'middleint',
+     'minute_microsecond', 'minute_second', 'mod', 'modifies', 'natural',
+     'not', 'no_write_to_binlog', 'null', 'numeric', 'on', 'optimize',
+     'option', 'optionally', 'or', 'order', 'out', 'outer', 'outfile',
+     'precision', 'primary', 'procedure', 'purge', 'range', 'read', 'reads',
+     'read_only', 'read_write', 'real', 'references', 'regexp', 'release',
+     'rename', 'repeat', 'replace', 'require', 'restrict', 'return',
+     'revoke', 'right', 'rlike', 'schema', 'schemas', 'second_microsecond',
+     'select', 'sensitive', 'separator', 'set', 'show', 'smallint', 'spatial',
+     'specific', 'sql', 'sqlexception', 'sqlstate', 'sqlwarning',
+     'sql_big_result', 'sql_calc_found_rows', 'sql_small_result', 'ssl',
+     'starting', 'straight_join', 'table', 'terminated', 'then', 'tinyblob',
+     'tinyint', 'tinytext', 'to', 'trailing', 'trigger', 'true', 'undo',
+     'union', 'unique', 'unlock', 'unsigned', 'update', 'usage', 'use',
+     'using', 'utc_date', 'utc_time', 'utc_timestamp', 'values', 'varbinary',
+     'varchar', 'varcharacter', 'varying', 'when', 'where', 'while', 'with',
+
+     'write', 'x509', 'xor', 'year_month', 'zerofill',  # 5.0
+
+     'columns', 'fields', 'privileges', 'soname', 'tables',  # 4.1
+
+     'accessible', 'linear', 'master_ssl_verify_server_cert', 'range',
+     'read_only', 'read_write',  # 5.1
+
+     'general', 'ignore_server_ids', 'master_heartbeat_period', 'maxvalue',
+     'resignal', 'signal', 'slow',  # 5.5
+
+     'get', 'io_after_gtids', 'io_before_gtids', 'master_bind', 'one_shot',
+        'partition', 'sql_after_gtids', 'sql_before_gtids',  # 5.6
+
+     ])
+
+AUTOCOMMIT_RE = re.compile(
+    r'\s*(?:UPDATE|INSERT|CREATE|DELETE|DROP|ALTER|LOAD +DATA|REPLACE)',
+    re.I | re.UNICODE)
+SET_RE = re.compile(
+    r'\s*SET\s+(?:(?:GLOBAL|SESSION)\s+)?\w',
+    re.I | re.UNICODE)
+
+
+class _NumericType(object):
+
+    """Base for MySQL numeric types.
+
+    This is the base both for NUMERIC as well as INTEGER, hence
+    it's a mixin.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, unsigned=False, zerofill=False, **kw):
+        self.unsigned = unsigned
+        self.zerofill = zerofill
+        super(_NumericType, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self,
+                                 to_inspect=[_NumericType, sqltypes.Numeric])
+
+
+class _FloatType(_NumericType, sqltypes.Float):
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        if isinstance(self, (REAL, DOUBLE)) and \
+            (
+                (precision is None and scale is not None) or
+                (precision is not None and scale is None)
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "You must specify both precision and scale or omit "
+                "both altogether.")
+        super(_FloatType, self).__init__(
+            precision=precision, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+        self.scale = scale
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self, to_inspect=[_FloatType,
+                                                   _NumericType,
+                                                   sqltypes.Float])
+
+
+class _IntegerType(_NumericType, sqltypes.Integer):
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        self.display_width = display_width
+        super(_IntegerType, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self, to_inspect=[_IntegerType,
+                                                   _NumericType,
+                                                   sqltypes.Integer])
+
+
+class _StringType(sqltypes.String):
+
+    """Base for MySQL string types."""
+
+    def __init__(self, charset=None, collation=None,
+                 ascii=False, binary=False, unicode=False,
+                 national=False, **kw):
+        self.charset = charset
+
+        # allow collate= or collation=
+        kw.setdefault('collation', kw.pop('collate', collation))
+
+        self.ascii = ascii
+        self.unicode = unicode
+        self.binary = binary
+        self.national = national
+        super(_StringType, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self,
+                                 to_inspect=[_StringType, sqltypes.String])
+
+
+class NUMERIC(_NumericType, sqltypes.NUMERIC):
+
+    """MySQL NUMERIC type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NUMERIC'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a NUMERIC.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(NUMERIC, self).__init__(precision=precision,
+                                      scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+
+class DECIMAL(_NumericType, sqltypes.DECIMAL):
+
+    """MySQL DECIMAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DECIMAL'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a DECIMAL.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(DECIMAL, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale,
+                                      asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+
+class DOUBLE(_FloatType):
+
+    """MySQL DOUBLE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DOUBLE'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a DOUBLE.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :class:`.DOUBLE` type by default converts from float
+            to Decimal, using a truncation that defaults to 10 digits.
+            Specify either ``scale=n`` or ``decimal_return_scale=n`` in order
+            to change this scale, or ``asdecimal=False`` to return values
+            directly as Python floating points.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(DOUBLE, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale,
+                                     asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+
+class REAL(_FloatType, sqltypes.REAL):
+
+    """MySQL REAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'REAL'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a REAL.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :class:`.REAL` type by default converts from float
+            to Decimal, using a truncation that defaults to 10 digits.
+            Specify either ``scale=n`` or ``decimal_return_scale=n`` in order
+            to change this scale, or ``asdecimal=False`` to return values
+            directly as Python floating points.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(REAL, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale,
+                                   asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+
+class FLOAT(_FloatType, sqltypes.FLOAT):
+
+    """MySQL FLOAT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'FLOAT'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=False, **kw):
+        """Construct a FLOAT.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(FLOAT, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale,
+                                    asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+
+class INTEGER(_IntegerType, sqltypes.INTEGER):
+
+    """MySQL INTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'INTEGER'
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct an INTEGER.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(INTEGER, self).__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class BIGINT(_IntegerType, sqltypes.BIGINT):
+
+    """MySQL BIGINTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'BIGINT'
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a BIGINTEGER.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(BIGINT, self).__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class MEDIUMINT(_IntegerType):
+
+    """MySQL MEDIUMINTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'MEDIUMINT'
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a MEDIUMINTEGER
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(MEDIUMINT, self).__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class TINYINT(_IntegerType):
+
+    """MySQL TINYINT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TINYINT'
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a TINYINT.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(TINYINT, self).__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class SMALLINT(_IntegerType, sqltypes.SMALLINT):
+
+    """MySQL SMALLINTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'SMALLINT'
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a SMALLINTEGER.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(SMALLINT, self).__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+
+    """MySQL BIT type.
+
+    This type is for MySQL 5.0.3 or greater for MyISAM, and 5.0.5 or greater
+    for MyISAM, MEMORY, InnoDB and BDB.  For older versions, use a
+    MSTinyInteger() type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'BIT'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None):
+        """Construct a BIT.
+
+        :param length: Optional, number of bits.
+
+        """
+        self.length = length
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Convert a MySQL's 64 bit, variable length binary string to a long.
+
+        TODO: this is MySQL-db, pyodbc specific.  OurSQL and mysqlconnector
+        already do this, so this logic should be moved to those dialects.
+
+        """
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                v = 0
+                for i in map(ord, value):
+                    v = v << 8 | i
+                return v
+            return value
+        return process
+
+
+class TIME(sqltypes.TIME):
+
+    """MySQL TIME type. """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TIME'
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, fsp=None):
+        """Construct a MySQL TIME type.
+
+        :param timezone: not used by the MySQL dialect.
+        :param fsp: fractional seconds precision value.
+         MySQL 5.6 supports storage of fractional seconds;
+         this parameter will be used when emitting DDL
+         for the TIME type.
+
+         .. note::
+
+            DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may
+            be limited; current support includes
+            MySQL Connector/Python.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8 The MySQL-specific TIME
+           type as well as fractional seconds support.
+
+        """
+        super(TIME, self).__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.fsp = fsp
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        time = datetime.time
+
+        def process(value):
+            # convert from a timedelta value
+            if value is not None:
+                microseconds = value.microseconds
+                seconds = value.seconds
+                minutes = seconds // 60
+                return time(minutes // 60,
+                            minutes % 60,
+                            seconds - minutes * 60,
+                            microsecond=microseconds)
+            else:
+                return None
+        return process
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+
+    """MySQL TIMESTAMP type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TIMESTAMP'
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, fsp=None):
+        """Construct a MySQL TIMESTAMP type.
+
+        :param timezone: not used by the MySQL dialect.
+        :param fsp: fractional seconds precision value.
+         MySQL 5.6.4 supports storage of fractional seconds;
+         this parameter will be used when emitting DDL
+         for the TIMESTAMP type.
+
+         .. note::
+
+            DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may
+            be limited; current support includes
+            MySQL Connector/Python.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.5 Added MySQL-specific :class:`.mysql.TIMESTAMP`
+           with fractional seconds support.
+
+        """
+        super(TIMESTAMP, self).__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.fsp = fsp
+
+
+class DATETIME(sqltypes.DATETIME):
+
+    """MySQL DATETIME type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATETIME'
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, fsp=None):
+        """Construct a MySQL DATETIME type.
+
+        :param timezone: not used by the MySQL dialect.
+        :param fsp: fractional seconds precision value.
+         MySQL 5.6.4 supports storage of fractional seconds;
+         this parameter will be used when emitting DDL
+         for the DATETIME type.
+
+         .. note::
+
+            DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may
+            be limited; current support includes
+            MySQL Connector/Python.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.5 Added MySQL-specific :class:`.mysql.DATETIME`
+           with fractional seconds support.
+
+        """
+        super(DATETIME, self).__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.fsp = fsp
+
+
+class YEAR(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+
+    """MySQL YEAR type, for single byte storage of years 1901-2155."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'YEAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None):
+        self.display_width = display_width
+
+
+class TEXT(_StringType, sqltypes.TEXT):
+
+    """MySQL TEXT type, for text up to 2^16 characters."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TEXT'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a TEXT.
+
+        :param length: Optional, if provided the server may optimize storage
+          by substituting the smallest TEXT type sufficient to store
+          ``length`` characters.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super(TEXT, self).__init__(length=length, **kw)
+
+
+class TINYTEXT(_StringType):
+
+    """MySQL TINYTEXT type, for text up to 2^8 characters."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TINYTEXT'
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a TINYTEXT.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super(TINYTEXT, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class MEDIUMTEXT(_StringType):
+
+    """MySQL MEDIUMTEXT type, for text up to 2^24 characters."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'MEDIUMTEXT'
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a MEDIUMTEXT.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super(MEDIUMTEXT, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class LONGTEXT(_StringType):
+
+    """MySQL LONGTEXT type, for text up to 2^32 characters."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'LONGTEXT'
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a LONGTEXT.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super(LONGTEXT, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class VARCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.VARCHAR):
+
+    """MySQL VARCHAR type, for variable-length character data."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'VARCHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a VARCHAR.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super(VARCHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class CHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.CHAR):
+
+    """MySQL CHAR type, for fixed-length character data."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'CHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a CHAR.
+
+        :param length: Maximum data length, in characters.
+
+        :param binary: Optional, use the default binary collation for the
+          national character set.  This does not affect the type of data
+          stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, request a particular collation.  Must be
+          compatible with the national character set.
+
+        """
+        super(CHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_string_for_cast(self, type_):
+        # copy the given string type into a CHAR
+        # for the purposes of rendering a CAST expression
+        type_ = sqltypes.to_instance(type_)
+        if isinstance(type_, sqltypes.CHAR):
+            return type_
+        elif isinstance(type_, _StringType):
+            return CHAR(
+                length=type_.length,
+                charset=type_.charset,
+                collation=type_.collation,
+                ascii=type_.ascii,
+                binary=type_.binary,
+                unicode=type_.unicode,
+                national=False  # not supported in CAST
+            )
+        else:
+            return CHAR(length=type_.length)
+
+
+class NVARCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.NVARCHAR):
+
+    """MySQL NVARCHAR type.
+
+    For variable-length character data in the server's configured national
+    character set.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NVARCHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct an NVARCHAR.
+
+        :param length: Maximum data length, in characters.
+
+        :param binary: Optional, use the default binary collation for the
+          national character set.  This does not affect the type of data
+          stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, request a particular collation.  Must be
+          compatible with the national character set.
+
+        """
+        kwargs['national'] = True
+        super(NVARCHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class NCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.NCHAR):
+
+    """MySQL NCHAR type.
+
+    For fixed-length character data in the server's configured national
+    character set.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NCHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct an NCHAR.
+
+        :param length: Maximum data length, in characters.
+
+        :param binary: Optional, use the default binary collation for the
+          national character set.  This does not affect the type of data
+          stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, request a particular collation.  Must be
+          compatible with the national character set.
+
+        """
+        kwargs['national'] = True
+        super(NCHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class TINYBLOB(sqltypes._Binary):
+
+    """MySQL TINYBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^8 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TINYBLOB'
+
+
+class MEDIUMBLOB(sqltypes._Binary):
+
+    """MySQL MEDIUMBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^24 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'MEDIUMBLOB'
+
+
+class LONGBLOB(sqltypes._Binary):
+
+    """MySQL LONGBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^32 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'LONGBLOB'
+
+
+class _EnumeratedValues(_StringType):
+
+    def _init_values(self, values, kw):
+        self.quoting = kw.pop('quoting', 'auto')
+
+        if self.quoting == 'auto' and len(values):
+            # What quoting character are we using?
+            q = None
+            for e in values:
+                if len(e) == 0:
+                    self.quoting = 'unquoted'
+                    break
+                elif q is None:
+                    q = e[0]
+
+                if len(e) == 1 or e[0] != q or e[-1] != q:
+                    self.quoting = 'unquoted'
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.quoting = 'quoted'
+
+        if self.quoting == 'quoted':
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                'Manually quoting %s value literals is deprecated.  Supply '
+                'unquoted values and use the quoting= option in cases of '
+                'ambiguity.' % self.__class__.__name__)
+
+            values = self._strip_values(values)
+
+        self._enumerated_values = values
+        length = max([len(v) for v in values] + [0])
+        return values, length
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _strip_values(cls, values):
+        strip_values = []
+        for a in values:
+            if a[0:1] == '"' or a[0:1] == "'":
+                # strip enclosing quotes and unquote interior
+                a = a[1:-1].replace(a[0] * 2, a[0])
+            strip_values.append(a)
+        return strip_values
+
+
+class ENUM(sqltypes.Enum, _EnumeratedValues):
+
+    """MySQL ENUM type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'ENUM'
+
+    def __init__(self, *enums, **kw):
+        """Construct an ENUM.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column('myenum', ENUM("foo", "bar", "baz"))
+
+        :param enums: The range of valid values for this ENUM.  Values will be
+          quoted when generating the schema according to the quoting flag (see
+          below).
+
+        :param strict: Defaults to False: ensure that a given value is in this
+          ENUM's range of permissible values when inserting or updating rows.
+          Note that MySQL will not raise a fatal error if you attempt to store
+          an out of range value- an alternate value will be stored instead.
+          (See MySQL ENUM documentation.)
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        :param quoting: Defaults to 'auto': automatically determine enum value
+          quoting.  If all enum values are surrounded by the same quoting
+          character, then use 'quoted' mode.  Otherwise, use 'unquoted' mode.
+
+          'quoted': values in enums are already quoted, they will be used
+          directly when generating the schema - this usage is deprecated.
+
+          'unquoted': values in enums are not quoted, they will be escaped and
+          surrounded by single quotes when generating the schema.
+
+          Previous versions of this type always required manually quoted
+          values to be supplied; future versions will always quote the string
+          literals for you.  This is a transitional option.
+
+        """
+        values, length = self._init_values(enums, kw)
+        self.strict = kw.pop('strict', False)
+        kw.pop('metadata', None)
+        kw.pop('schema', None)
+        kw.pop('name', None)
+        kw.pop('quote', None)
+        kw.pop('native_enum', None)
+        kw.pop('inherit_schema', None)
+        _StringType.__init__(self, length=length, **kw)
+        sqltypes.Enum.__init__(self, *values)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self, to_inspect=[ENUM, _StringType, sqltypes.Enum])
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_convert = super(ENUM, self).bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if self.strict and value is not None and value not in self.enums:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError('"%s" not a valid value for '
+                                              'this enum' % value)
+            if super_convert:
+                return super_convert(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+    def adapt(self, cls, **kw):
+        if issubclass(cls, ENUM):
+            kw['strict'] = self.strict
+        return sqltypes.Enum.adapt(self, cls, **kw)
+
+
+class SET(_EnumeratedValues):
+
+    """MySQL SET type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'SET'
+
+    def __init__(self, *values, **kw):
+        """Construct a SET.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column('myset', SET("foo", "bar", "baz"))
+
+        :param values: The range of valid values for this SET.  Values will be
+          quoted when generating the schema according to the quoting flag (see
+          below).
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 quoting is applied automatically to
+             :class:`.mysql.SET` in the same way as for :class:`.mysql.ENUM`.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        :param quoting: Defaults to 'auto': automatically determine enum value
+          quoting.  If all enum values are surrounded by the same quoting
+          character, then use 'quoted' mode.  Otherwise, use 'unquoted' mode.
+
+          'quoted': values in enums are already quoted, they will be used
+          directly when generating the schema - this usage is deprecated.
+
+          'unquoted': values in enums are not quoted, they will be escaped and
+          surrounded by single quotes when generating the schema.
+
+          Previous versions of this type always required manually quoted
+          values to be supplied; future versions will always quote the string
+          literals for you.  This is a transitional option.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+        values, length = self._init_values(values, kw)
+        self.values = tuple(values)
+
+        kw.setdefault('length', length)
+        super(SET, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            # The good news:
+            #   No ',' quoting issues- commas aren't allowed in SET values
+            # The bad news:
+            #   Plenty of driver inconsistencies here.
+            if isinstance(value, set):
+                # ..some versions convert '' to an empty set
+                if not value:
+                    value.add('')
+                return value
+            # ...and some versions return strings
+            if value is not None:
+                return set(value.split(','))
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_convert = super(SET, self).bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None or isinstance(
+                    value, util.int_types + util.string_types):
+                pass
+            else:
+                if None in value:
+                    value = set(value)
+                    value.remove(None)
+                    value.add('')
+                value = ','.join(value)
+            if super_convert:
+                return super_convert(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+# old names
+MSTime = TIME
+MSSet = SET
+MSEnum = ENUM
+MSLongBlob = LONGBLOB
+MSMediumBlob = MEDIUMBLOB
+MSTinyBlob = TINYBLOB
+MSBlob = BLOB
+MSBinary = BINARY
+MSVarBinary = VARBINARY
+MSNChar = NCHAR
+MSNVarChar = NVARCHAR
+MSChar = CHAR
+MSString = VARCHAR
+MSLongText = LONGTEXT
+MSMediumText = MEDIUMTEXT
+MSTinyText = TINYTEXT
+MSText = TEXT
+MSYear = YEAR
+MSTimeStamp = TIMESTAMP
+MSBit = BIT
+MSSmallInteger = SMALLINT
+MSTinyInteger = TINYINT
+MSMediumInteger = MEDIUMINT
+MSBigInteger = BIGINT
+MSNumeric = NUMERIC
+MSDecimal = DECIMAL
+MSDouble = DOUBLE
+MSReal = REAL
+MSFloat = FLOAT
+MSInteger = INTEGER
+
+colspecs = {
+    _IntegerType: _IntegerType,
+    _NumericType: _NumericType,
+    _FloatType: _FloatType,
+    sqltypes.Numeric: NUMERIC,
+    sqltypes.Float: FLOAT,
+    sqltypes.Time: TIME,
+    sqltypes.Enum: ENUM,
+}
+
+# Everything 3.23 through 5.1 excepting OpenGIS types.
+ischema_names = {
+    'bigint': BIGINT,
+    'binary': BINARY,
+    'bit': BIT,
+    'blob': BLOB,
+    'boolean': BOOLEAN,
+    'char': CHAR,
+    'date': DATE,
+    'datetime': DATETIME,
+    'decimal': DECIMAL,
+    'double': DOUBLE,
+    'enum': ENUM,
+    'fixed': DECIMAL,
+    'float': FLOAT,
+    'int': INTEGER,
+    'integer': INTEGER,
+    'longblob': LONGBLOB,
+    'longtext': LONGTEXT,
+    'mediumblob': MEDIUMBLOB,
+    'mediumint': MEDIUMINT,
+    'mediumtext': MEDIUMTEXT,
+    'nchar': NCHAR,
+    'nvarchar': NVARCHAR,
+    'numeric': NUMERIC,
+    'set': SET,
+    'smallint': SMALLINT,
+    'text': TEXT,
+    'time': TIME,
+    'timestamp': TIMESTAMP,
+    'tinyblob': TINYBLOB,
+    'tinyint': TINYINT,
+    'tinytext': TINYTEXT,
+    'varbinary': VARBINARY,
+    'varchar': VARCHAR,
+    'year': YEAR,
+}
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+
+    def should_autocommit_text(self, statement):
+        return AUTOCOMMIT_RE.match(statement)
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+
+    render_table_with_column_in_update_from = True
+    """Overridden from base SQLCompiler value"""
+
+    extract_map = compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map.copy()
+    extract_map.update({'milliseconds': 'millisecond'})
+
+    def visit_random_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "rand%s" % self.function_argspec(fn)
+
+    def visit_utc_timestamp_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "UTC_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_sysdate_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "SYSDATE()"
+
+    def visit_concat_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "concat(%s, %s)" % (self.process(binary.left),
+                                   self.process(binary.right))
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "MATCH (%s) AGAINST (%s IN BOOLEAN MODE)" % \
+            (self.process(binary.left), self.process(binary.right))
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def visit_typeclause(self, typeclause):
+        type_ = typeclause.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+        if isinstance(type_, sqltypes.Integer):
+            if getattr(type_, 'unsigned', False):
+                return 'UNSIGNED INTEGER'
+            else:
+                return 'SIGNED INTEGER'
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+            return 'DATETIME'
+        elif isinstance(type_, (sqltypes.DECIMAL, sqltypes.DateTime,
+                                sqltypes.Date, sqltypes.Time)):
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler.process(type_)
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.String) \
+                and not isinstance(type_, (ENUM, SET)):
+            adapted = CHAR._adapt_string_for_cast(type_)
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler.process(adapted)
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes._Binary):
+            return 'BINARY'
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.NUMERIC):
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler.process(
+                type_).replace('NUMERIC', 'DECIMAL')
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def visit_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
+        # No cast until 4, no decimals until 5.
+        if not self.dialect._supports_cast:
+            return self.process(cast.clause.self_group())
+
+        type_ = self.process(cast.typeclause)
+        if type_ is None:
+            return self.process(cast.clause.self_group())
+
+        return 'CAST(%s AS %s)' % (self.process(cast.clause), type_)
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        value = super(MySQLCompiler, self).render_literal_value(value, type_)
+        if self.dialect._backslash_escapes:
+            value = value.replace('\\', '\\\\')
+        return value
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select):
+        """Add special MySQL keywords in place of DISTINCT.
+
+        .. note::
+
+          this usage is deprecated.  :meth:`.Select.prefix_with`
+          should be used for special keywords at the start
+          of a SELECT.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(select._distinct, util.string_types):
+            return select._distinct.upper() + " "
+        elif select._distinct:
+            return "DISTINCT "
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def visit_join(self, join, asfrom=False, **kwargs):
+        return ''.join(
+            (self.process(join.left, asfrom=True, **kwargs),
+             (join.isouter and " LEFT OUTER JOIN " or " INNER JOIN "),
+             self.process(join.right, asfrom=True, **kwargs),
+             " ON ",
+             self.process(join.onclause, **kwargs)))
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select):
+        if select._for_update_arg.read:
+            return " LOCK IN SHARE MODE"
+        else:
+            return " FOR UPDATE"
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select):
+        # MySQL supports:
+        #   LIMIT 
+        #   LIMIT , 
+        # and in server versions > 3.3:
+        #   LIMIT  OFFSET 
+        # The latter is more readable for offsets but we're stuck with the
+        # former until we can refine dialects by server revision.
+
+        limit, offset = select._limit, select._offset
+
+        if (limit, offset) == (None, None):
+            return ''
+        elif offset is not None:
+            # As suggested by the MySQL docs, need to apply an
+            # artificial limit if one wasn't provided
+            # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/select.html
+            if limit is None:
+                # hardwire the upper limit.  Currently
+                # needed by OurSQL with Python 3
+                # (https://bugs.launchpad.net/oursql/+bug/686232),
+                # but also is consistent with the usage of the upper
+                # bound as part of MySQL's "syntax" for OFFSET with
+                # no LIMIT
+                return ' \n LIMIT %s, %s' % (
+                    self.process(sql.literal(offset)),
+                    "18446744073709551615")
+            else:
+                return ' \n LIMIT %s, %s' % (
+                    self.process(sql.literal(offset)),
+                    self.process(sql.literal(limit)))
+        else:
+            # No offset provided, so just use the limit
+            return ' \n LIMIT %s' % (self.process(sql.literal(limit)),)
+
+    def update_limit_clause(self, update_stmt):
+        limit = update_stmt.kwargs.get('%s_limit' % self.dialect.name, None)
+        if limit:
+            return "LIMIT %s" % limit
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def update_tables_clause(self, update_stmt, from_table,
+                             extra_froms, **kw):
+        return ', '.join(t._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True, **kw)
+                         for t in [from_table] + list(extra_froms))
+
+    def update_from_clause(self, update_stmt, from_table,
+                           extra_froms, from_hints, **kw):
+        return None
+
+
+# ug.  "InnoDB needs indexes on foreign keys and referenced keys [...].
+#       Starting with MySQL 4.1.2, these indexes are created automatically.
+#       In older versions, the indexes must be created explicitly or the
+#       creation of foreign key constraints fails."
+
+class MySQLDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+
+    def create_table_constraints(self, table):
+        """Get table constraints."""
+        constraint_string = super(
+            MySQLDDLCompiler, self).create_table_constraints(table)
+
+        # why self.dialect.name and not 'mysql'?  because of drizzle
+        is_innodb = 'engine' in table.dialect_options[self.dialect.name] and \
+                    table.dialect_options[self.dialect.name][
+                        'engine'].lower() == 'innodb'
+
+        auto_inc_column = table._autoincrement_column
+
+        if is_innodb and \
+                auto_inc_column is not None and \
+                auto_inc_column is not list(table.primary_key)[0]:
+            if constraint_string:
+                constraint_string += ", \n\t"
+            constraint_string += "KEY %s (%s)" % (
+                self.preparer.quote(
+                    "idx_autoinc_%s" % auto_inc_column.name
+                ),
+                self.preparer.format_column(auto_inc_column)
+            )
+
+        return constraint_string
+
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kw):
+        """Builds column DDL."""
+
+        colspec = [self.preparer.format_column(column),
+                   self.dialect.type_compiler.process(column.type)
+                   ]
+
+        default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+        if default is not None:
+            colspec.append('DEFAULT ' + default)
+
+        is_timestamp = isinstance(column.type, sqltypes.TIMESTAMP)
+        if not column.nullable and not is_timestamp:
+            colspec.append('NOT NULL')
+
+        elif column.nullable and is_timestamp and default is None:
+            colspec.append('NULL')
+
+        if column is column.table._autoincrement_column and \
+                column.server_default is None:
+            colspec.append('AUTO_INCREMENT')
+
+        return ' '.join(colspec)
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        """Build table-level CREATE options like ENGINE and COLLATE."""
+
+        table_opts = []
+
+        opts = dict(
+            (
+                k[len(self.dialect.name) + 1:].upper(),
+                v
+            )
+            for k, v in table.kwargs.items()
+            if k.startswith('%s_' % self.dialect.name)
+        )
+
+        for opt in topological.sort([
+            ('DEFAULT_CHARSET', 'COLLATE'),
+            ('DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET', 'COLLATE'),
+            ('PARTITION_BY', 'PARTITIONS'),  # only for test consistency
+        ], opts):
+            arg = opts[opt]
+            if opt in _options_of_type_string:
+                arg = "'%s'" % arg.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace("'", "''")
+
+            if opt in ('DATA_DIRECTORY', 'INDEX_DIRECTORY',
+                       'DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET', 'CHARACTER_SET',
+                       'DEFAULT_CHARSET',
+                       'DEFAULT_COLLATE', 'PARTITION_BY'):
+                opt = opt.replace('_', ' ')
+
+            joiner = '='
+            if opt in ('TABLESPACE', 'DEFAULT CHARACTER SET',
+                       'CHARACTER SET', 'COLLATE',
+                       'PARTITION BY', 'PARTITIONS'):
+                joiner = ' '
+
+            table_opts.append(joiner.join((opt, arg)))
+        return ' '.join(table_opts)
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        table = preparer.format_table(index.table)
+        columns = [self.sql_compiler.process(expr, include_table=False,
+                                             literal_binds=True)
+                   for expr in index.expressions]
+
+        name = self._prepared_index_name(index)
+
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+        text += "INDEX %s ON %s " % (name, table)
+
+        length = index.dialect_options['mysql']['length']
+        if length is not None:
+
+            if isinstance(length, dict):
+                # length value can be a (column_name --> integer value)
+                # mapping specifying the prefix length for each column of the
+                # index
+                columns = ', '.join(
+                    '%s(%d)' % (expr, length[col.name]) if col.name in length
+                    else
+                    (
+                        '%s(%d)' % (expr, length[expr]) if expr in length
+                        else '%s' % expr
+                    )
+                    for col, expr in zip(index.expressions, columns)
+                )
+            else:
+                # or can be an integer value specifying the same
+                # prefix length for all columns of the index
+                columns = ', '.join(
+                    '%s(%d)' % (col, length)
+                    for col in columns
+                )
+        else:
+            columns = ', '.join(columns)
+        text += '(%s)' % columns
+
+        using = index.dialect_options['mysql']['using']
+        if using is not None:
+            text += " USING %s" % (preparer.quote(using))
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        text = super(MySQLDDLCompiler, self).\
+            visit_primary_key_constraint(constraint)
+        using = constraint.dialect_options['mysql']['using']
+        if using:
+            text += " USING %s" % (self.preparer.quote(using))
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop):
+        index = drop.element
+
+        return "\nDROP INDEX %s ON %s" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index,
+                                      include_schema=False),
+            self.preparer.format_table(index.table))
+
+    def visit_drop_constraint(self, drop):
+        constraint = drop.element
+        if isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint):
+            qual = "FOREIGN KEY "
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        elif isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint):
+            qual = "PRIMARY KEY "
+            const = ""
+        elif isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.UniqueConstraint):
+            qual = "INDEX "
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        else:
+            qual = ""
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s DROP %s%s" % \
+            (self.preparer.format_table(constraint.table),
+             qual, const)
+
+    def define_constraint_match(self, constraint):
+        if constraint.match is not None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "MySQL ignores the 'MATCH' keyword while at the same time "
+                "causes ON UPDATE/ON DELETE clauses to be ignored.")
+        return ""
+
+
+class MySQLTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+
+    def _extend_numeric(self, type_, spec):
+        "Extend a numeric-type declaration with MySQL specific extensions."
+
+        if not self._mysql_type(type_):
+            return spec
+
+        if type_.unsigned:
+            spec += ' UNSIGNED'
+        if type_.zerofill:
+            spec += ' ZEROFILL'
+        return spec
+
+    def _extend_string(self, type_, defaults, spec):
+        """Extend a string-type declaration with standard SQL CHARACTER SET /
+        COLLATE annotations and MySQL specific extensions.
+
+        """
+
+        def attr(name):
+            return getattr(type_, name, defaults.get(name))
+
+        if attr('charset'):
+            charset = 'CHARACTER SET %s' % attr('charset')
+        elif attr('ascii'):
+            charset = 'ASCII'
+        elif attr('unicode'):
+            charset = 'UNICODE'
+        else:
+            charset = None
+
+        if attr('collation'):
+            collation = 'COLLATE %s' % type_.collation
+        elif attr('binary'):
+            collation = 'BINARY'
+        else:
+            collation = None
+
+        if attr('national'):
+            # NATIONAL (aka NCHAR/NVARCHAR) trumps charsets.
+            return ' '.join([c for c in ('NATIONAL', spec, collation)
+                             if c is not None])
+        return ' '.join([c for c in (spec, charset, collation)
+                         if c is not None])
+
+    def _mysql_type(self, type_):
+        return isinstance(type_, (_StringType, _NumericType))
+
+    def visit_NUMERIC(self, type_):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "NUMERIC")
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "NUMERIC(%(precision)s)" %
+                                        {'precision': type_.precision})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "NUMERIC(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" %
+                                        {'precision': type_.precision,
+                                         'scale': type_.scale})
+
+    def visit_DECIMAL(self, type_):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "DECIMAL")
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "DECIMAL(%(precision)s)" %
+                                        {'precision': type_.precision})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "DECIMAL(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" %
+                                        {'precision': type_.precision,
+                                         'scale': type_.scale})
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE(self, type_):
+        if type_.precision is not None and type_.scale is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "DOUBLE(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" %
+                                        {'precision': type_.precision,
+                                         'scale': type_.scale})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, 'DOUBLE')
+
+    def visit_REAL(self, type_):
+        if type_.precision is not None and type_.scale is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "REAL(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" %
+                                        {'precision': type_.precision,
+                                         'scale': type_.scale})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, 'REAL')
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and \
+                type_.scale is not None and \
+                type_.precision is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "FLOAT(%s, %s)" % (type_.precision, type_.scale))
+        elif type_.precision is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "FLOAT(%s)" % (type_.precision,))
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "FLOAT")
+
+    def visit_INTEGER(self, type_):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "INTEGER(%(display_width)s)" %
+                {'display_width': type_.display_width})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "INTEGER")
+
+    def visit_BIGINT(self, type_):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "BIGINT(%(display_width)s)" %
+                {'display_width': type_.display_width})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "BIGINT")
+
+    def visit_MEDIUMINT(self, type_):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "MEDIUMINT(%(display_width)s)" %
+                {'display_width': type_.display_width})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "MEDIUMINT")
+
+    def visit_TINYINT(self, type_):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "TINYINT(%s)" % type_.display_width)
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "TINYINT")
+
+    def visit_SMALLINT(self, type_):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "SMALLINT(%(display_width)s)" %
+                                        {'display_width': type_.display_width}
+                                        )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "SMALLINT")
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_):
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return "BIT(%s)" % type_.length
+        else:
+            return "BIT"
+
+    def visit_DATETIME(self, type_):
+        if getattr(type_, 'fsp', None):
+            return "DATETIME(%d)" % type_.fsp
+        else:
+            return "DATETIME"
+
+    def visit_DATE(self, type_):
+        return "DATE"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_):
+        if getattr(type_, 'fsp', None):
+            return "TIME(%d)" % type_.fsp
+        else:
+            return "TIME"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_):
+        if getattr(type_, 'fsp', None):
+            return "TIMESTAMP(%d)" % type_.fsp
+        else:
+            return "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_YEAR(self, type_):
+        if type_.display_width is None:
+            return "YEAR"
+        else:
+            return "YEAR(%s)" % type_.display_width
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_):
+        if type_.length:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "TEXT(%d)" % type_.length)
+        else:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "TEXT")
+
+    def visit_TINYTEXT(self, type_):
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "TINYTEXT")
+
+    def visit_MEDIUMTEXT(self, type_):
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "MEDIUMTEXT")
+
+    def visit_LONGTEXT(self, type_):
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "LONGTEXT")
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_):
+        if type_.length:
+            return self._extend_string(
+                type_, {}, "VARCHAR(%d)" % type_.length)
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "VARCHAR requires a length on dialect %s" %
+                self.dialect.name)
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_):
+        if type_.length:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "CHAR(%(length)s)" %
+                                       {'length': type_.length})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "CHAR")
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_):
+        # We'll actually generate the equiv. "NATIONAL VARCHAR" instead
+        # of "NVARCHAR".
+        if type_.length:
+            return self._extend_string(
+                type_, {'national': True},
+                "VARCHAR(%(length)s)" % {'length': type_.length})
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "NVARCHAR requires a length on dialect %s" %
+                self.dialect.name)
+
+    def visit_NCHAR(self, type_):
+        # We'll actually generate the equiv.
+        # "NATIONAL CHAR" instead of "NCHAR".
+        if type_.length:
+            return self._extend_string(
+                type_, {'national': True},
+                "CHAR(%(length)s)" % {'length': type_.length})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {'national': True}, "CHAR")
+
+    def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_):
+        return "VARBINARY(%d)" % type_.length
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_)
+
+    def visit_enum(self, type_):
+        if not type_.native_enum:
+            return super(MySQLTypeCompiler, self).visit_enum(type_)
+        else:
+            return self._visit_enumerated_values("ENUM", type_, type_.enums)
+
+    def visit_BLOB(self, type_):
+        if type_.length:
+            return "BLOB(%d)" % type_.length
+        else:
+            return "BLOB"
+
+    def visit_TINYBLOB(self, type_):
+        return "TINYBLOB"
+
+    def visit_MEDIUMBLOB(self, type_):
+        return "MEDIUMBLOB"
+
+    def visit_LONGBLOB(self, type_):
+        return "LONGBLOB"
+
+    def _visit_enumerated_values(self, name, type_, enumerated_values):
+        quoted_enums = []
+        for e in enumerated_values:
+            quoted_enums.append("'%s'" % e.replace("'", "''"))
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "%s(%s)" % (
+            name, ",".join(quoted_enums))
+        )
+
+    def visit_ENUM(self, type_):
+        return self._visit_enumerated_values("ENUM", type_,
+                                             type_._enumerated_values)
+
+    def visit_SET(self, type_):
+        return self._visit_enumerated_values("SET", type_,
+                                             type_._enumerated_values)
+
+    def visit_BOOLEAN(self, type):
+        return "BOOL"
+
+
+class MySQLIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, server_ansiquotes=False, **kw):
+        if not server_ansiquotes:
+            quote = "`"
+        else:
+            quote = '"'
+
+        super(MySQLIdentifierPreparer, self).__init__(
+            dialect,
+            initial_quote=quote,
+            escape_quote=quote)
+
+    def _quote_free_identifiers(self, *ids):
+        """Unilaterally identifier-quote any number of strings."""
+
+        return tuple([self.quote_identifier(i) for i in ids if i is not None])
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class MySQLDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+
+    """Details of the MySQL dialect.
+    Not used directly in application code.
+    """
+
+    name = 'mysql'
+    supports_alter = True
+
+    # identifiers are 64, however aliases can be 255...
+    max_identifier_length = 255
+    max_index_name_length = 64
+
+    supports_native_enum = True
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'format'
+    colspecs = colspecs
+
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = MySQLDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler = MySQLTypeCompiler
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    preparer = MySQLIdentifierPreparer
+
+    # default SQL compilation settings -
+    # these are modified upon initialize(),
+    # i.e. first connect
+    _backslash_escapes = True
+    _server_ansiquotes = False
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (sa_schema.Table, {
+            "*": None
+        }),
+        (sql.Update, {
+            "limit": None
+        }),
+        (sa_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint, {
+            "using": None
+        }),
+        (sa_schema.Index, {
+            "using": None,
+            "length": None,
+        })
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, isolation_level=None, **kwargs):
+        kwargs.pop('use_ansiquotes', None)   # legacy
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.isolation_level = isolation_level
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        if self.isolation_level is not None:
+            def connect(conn):
+                self.set_isolation_level(conn, self.isolation_level)
+            return connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    _isolation_lookup = set(['SERIALIZABLE', 'READ UNCOMMITTED',
+                             'READ COMMITTED', 'REPEATABLE READ'])
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        level = level.replace('_', ' ')
+        if level not in self._isolation_lookup:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+                "Valid isolation levels for %s are %s" %
+                (level, self.name, ", ".join(self._isolation_lookup))
+            )
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL %s" % level)
+        cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, connection):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute('SELECT @@tx_isolation')
+        val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        if util.py3k and isinstance(val, bytes):
+            val = val.decode()
+        return val.upper().replace("-", " ")
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection):
+        """Execute a COMMIT."""
+
+        # COMMIT/ROLLBACK were introduced in 3.23.15.
+        # Yes, we have at least one user who has to talk to these old
+        # versions!
+        #
+        # Ignore commit/rollback if support isn't present, otherwise even
+        # basic operations via autocommit fail.
+        try:
+            dbapi_connection.commit()
+        except:
+            if self.server_version_info < (3, 23, 15):
+                args = sys.exc_info()[1].args
+                if args and args[0] == 1064:
+                    return
+            raise
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        """Execute a ROLLBACK."""
+
+        try:
+            dbapi_connection.rollback()
+        except:
+            if self.server_version_info < (3, 23, 15):
+                args = sys.exc_info()[1].args
+                if args and args[0] == 1064:
+                    return
+            raise
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA BEGIN :xid"), xid=xid)
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA END :xid"), xid=xid)
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA PREPARE :xid"), xid=xid)
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                             recover=False):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            connection.execute(sql.text("XA END :xid"), xid=xid)
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA ROLLBACK :xid"), xid=xid)
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                           recover=False):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self.do_prepare_twophase(connection, xid)
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA COMMIT :xid"), xid=xid)
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        resultset = connection.execute("XA RECOVER")
+        return [row['data'][0:row['gtrid_length']] for row in resultset]
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, (self.dbapi.OperationalError,
+                          self.dbapi.ProgrammingError)):
+            return self._extract_error_code(e) in \
+                (2006, 2013, 2014, 2045, 2055)
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.InterfaceError):
+            # if underlying connection is closed,
+            # this is the error you get
+            return "(0, '')" in str(e)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _compat_fetchall(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """Proxy result rows to smooth over MySQL-Python driver
+        inconsistencies."""
+
+        return [_DecodingRowProxy(row, charset) for row in rp.fetchall()]
+
+    def _compat_fetchone(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """Proxy a result row to smooth over MySQL-Python driver
+        inconsistencies."""
+
+        return _DecodingRowProxy(rp.fetchone(), charset)
+
+    def _compat_first(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """Proxy a result row to smooth over MySQL-Python driver
+        inconsistencies."""
+
+        return _DecodingRowProxy(rp.first(), charset)
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return connection.execute('SELECT DATABASE()').scalar()
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        # SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE and SHOW TABLES LIKE do not function properly
+        # on macosx (and maybe win?) with multibyte table names.
+        #
+        # TODO: if this is not a problem on win, make the strategy swappable
+        # based on platform.  DESCRIBE is slower.
+
+        # [ticket:726]
+        # full_name = self.identifier_preparer.format_table(table,
+        #                                                   use_schema=True)
+
+        full_name = '.'.join(self.identifier_preparer._quote_free_identifiers(
+            schema, table_name))
+
+        st = "DESCRIBE %s" % full_name
+        rs = None
+        try:
+            try:
+                rs = connection.execute(st)
+                have = rs.fetchone() is not None
+                rs.close()
+                return have
+            except exc.DBAPIError as e:
+                if self._extract_error_code(e.orig) == 1146:
+                    return False
+                raise
+        finally:
+            if rs:
+                rs.close()
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        self._connection_charset = self._detect_charset(connection)
+        self._detect_ansiquotes(connection)
+        if self._server_ansiquotes:
+            # if ansiquotes == True, build a new IdentifierPreparer
+            # with the new setting
+            self.identifier_preparer = self.preparer(
+                self, server_ansiquotes=self._server_ansiquotes)
+
+        default.DefaultDialect.initialize(self, connection)
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_cast(self):
+        return self.server_version_info is None or \
+            self.server_version_info >= (4, 0, 2)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        rp = connection.execute("SHOW schemas")
+        return [r[0] for r in rp]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return a Unicode SHOW TABLES from a given schema."""
+        if schema is not None:
+            current_schema = schema
+        else:
+            current_schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        if self.server_version_info < (5, 0, 2):
+            rp = connection.execute(
+                "SHOW TABLES FROM %s" %
+                self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(current_schema))
+            return [row[0] for
+                    row in self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)]
+        else:
+            rp = connection.execute(
+                "SHOW FULL TABLES FROM %s" %
+                self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(current_schema))
+
+            return [row[0]
+                    for row in self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)
+                    if row[1] == 'BASE TABLE']
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if self.server_version_info < (5, 0, 2):
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        if self.server_version_info < (5, 0, 2):
+            return self.get_table_names(connection, schema)
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        rp = connection.execute(
+            "SHOW FULL TABLES FROM %s" %
+            self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema))
+        return [row[0]
+                for row in self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)
+                if row[1] in ('VIEW', 'SYSTEM VIEW')]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_options(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+        return parsed_state.table_options
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+        return parsed_state.columns
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+        for key in parsed_state.keys:
+            if key['type'] == 'PRIMARY':
+                # There can be only one.
+                cols = [s[0] for s in key['columns']]
+                return {'constrained_columns': cols, 'name': None}
+        return {'constrained_columns': [], 'name': None}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+        default_schema = None
+
+        fkeys = []
+
+        for spec in parsed_state.constraints:
+            # only FOREIGN KEYs
+            ref_name = spec['table'][-1]
+            ref_schema = len(spec['table']) > 1 and \
+                spec['table'][-2] or schema
+
+            if not ref_schema:
+                if default_schema is None:
+                    default_schema = \
+                        connection.dialect.default_schema_name
+                if schema == default_schema:
+                    ref_schema = schema
+
+            loc_names = spec['local']
+            ref_names = spec['foreign']
+
+            con_kw = {}
+            for opt in ('onupdate', 'ondelete'):
+                if spec.get(opt, False):
+                    con_kw[opt] = spec[opt]
+
+            fkey_d = {
+                'name': spec['name'],
+                'constrained_columns': loc_names,
+                'referred_schema': ref_schema,
+                'referred_table': ref_name,
+                'referred_columns': ref_names,
+                'options': con_kw
+            }
+            fkeys.append(fkey_d)
+        return fkeys
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+
+        indexes = []
+        for spec in parsed_state.keys:
+            unique = False
+            flavor = spec['type']
+            if flavor == 'PRIMARY':
+                continue
+            if flavor == 'UNIQUE':
+                unique = True
+            elif flavor in (None, 'FULLTEXT', 'SPATIAL'):
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.logger.info(
+                    "Converting unknown KEY type %s to a plain KEY" % flavor)
+                pass
+            index_d = {}
+            index_d['name'] = spec['name']
+            index_d['column_names'] = [s[0] for s in spec['columns']]
+            index_d['unique'] = unique
+            index_d['type'] = flavor
+            indexes.append(index_d)
+        return indexes
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(self, connection, table_name,
+                               schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+
+        return [
+            {
+                'name': key['name'],
+                'column_names': [col[0] for col in key['columns']]
+            }
+            for key in parsed_state.keys
+            if key['type'] == 'UNIQUE'
+        ]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        full_name = '.'.join(self.identifier_preparer._quote_free_identifiers(
+            schema, view_name))
+        sql = self._show_create_table(connection, None, charset,
+                                      full_name=full_name)
+        return sql
+
+    def _parsed_state_or_create(self, connection, table_name,
+                                schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._setup_parser(
+            connection,
+            table_name,
+            schema,
+            info_cache=kw.get('info_cache', None)
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _tabledef_parser(self):
+        """return the MySQLTableDefinitionParser, generate if needed.
+
+        The deferred creation ensures that the dialect has
+        retrieved server version information first.
+
+        """
+        if (self.server_version_info < (4, 1) and self._server_ansiquotes):
+            # ANSI_QUOTES doesn't affect SHOW CREATE TABLE on < 4.1
+            preparer = self.preparer(self, server_ansiquotes=False)
+        else:
+            preparer = self.identifier_preparer
+        return MySQLTableDefinitionParser(self, preparer)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _setup_parser(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        parser = self._tabledef_parser
+        full_name = '.'.join(self.identifier_preparer._quote_free_identifiers(
+            schema, table_name))
+        sql = self._show_create_table(connection, None, charset,
+                                      full_name=full_name)
+        if sql.startswith('CREATE ALGORITHM'):
+            # Adapt views to something table-like.
+            columns = self._describe_table(connection, None, charset,
+                                           full_name=full_name)
+            sql = parser._describe_to_create(table_name, columns)
+        return parser.parse(sql, charset)
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _detect_casing(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out identifier case sensitivity.
+
+        Cached per-connection. This value can not change without a server
+        restart.
+
+        """
+        # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/name-case-sensitivity.html
+
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        row = self._compat_first(connection.execute(
+            "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'lower_case_table_names'"),
+            charset=charset)
+        if not row:
+            cs = 0
+        else:
+            # 4.0.15 returns OFF or ON according to [ticket:489]
+            # 3.23 doesn't, 4.0.27 doesn't..
+            if row[1] == 'OFF':
+                cs = 0
+            elif row[1] == 'ON':
+                cs = 1
+            else:
+                cs = int(row[1])
+        return cs
+
+    def _detect_collations(self, connection):
+        """Pull the active COLLATIONS list from the server.
+
+        Cached per-connection.
+        """
+
+        collations = {}
+        if self.server_version_info < (4, 1, 0):
+            pass
+        else:
+            charset = self._connection_charset
+            rs = connection.execute('SHOW COLLATION')
+            for row in self._compat_fetchall(rs, charset):
+                collations[row[0]] = row[1]
+        return collations
+
+    def _detect_ansiquotes(self, connection):
+        """Detect and adjust for the ANSI_QUOTES sql mode."""
+
+        row = self._compat_first(
+            connection.execute("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'sql_mode'"),
+            charset=self._connection_charset)
+
+        if not row:
+            mode = ''
+        else:
+            mode = row[1] or ''
+            # 4.0
+            if mode.isdigit():
+                mode_no = int(mode)
+                mode = (mode_no | 4 == mode_no) and 'ANSI_QUOTES' or ''
+
+        self._server_ansiquotes = 'ANSI_QUOTES' in mode
+
+        # as of MySQL 5.0.1
+        self._backslash_escapes = 'NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES' not in mode
+
+    def _show_create_table(self, connection, table, charset=None,
+                           full_name=None):
+        """Run SHOW CREATE TABLE for a ``Table``."""
+
+        if full_name is None:
+            full_name = self.identifier_preparer.format_table(table)
+        st = "SHOW CREATE TABLE %s" % full_name
+
+        rp = None
+        try:
+            rp = connection.execute(st)
+        except exc.DBAPIError as e:
+            if self._extract_error_code(e.orig) == 1146:
+                raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name)
+            else:
+                raise
+        row = self._compat_first(rp, charset=charset)
+        if not row:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name)
+        return row[1].strip()
+
+        return sql
+
+    def _describe_table(self, connection, table, charset=None,
+                        full_name=None):
+        """Run DESCRIBE for a ``Table`` and return processed rows."""
+
+        if full_name is None:
+            full_name = self.identifier_preparer.format_table(table)
+        st = "DESCRIBE %s" % full_name
+
+        rp, rows = None, None
+        try:
+            try:
+                rp = connection.execute(st)
+            except exc.DBAPIError as e:
+                if self._extract_error_code(e.orig) == 1146:
+                    raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name)
+                else:
+                    raise
+            rows = self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)
+        finally:
+            if rp:
+                rp.close()
+        return rows
+
+
+class ReflectedState(object):
+
+    """Stores raw information about a SHOW CREATE TABLE statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.columns = []
+        self.table_options = {}
+        self.table_name = None
+        self.keys = []
+        self.constraints = []
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class MySQLTableDefinitionParser(object):
+
+    """Parses the results of a SHOW CREATE TABLE statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, preparer):
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.preparer = preparer
+        self._prep_regexes()
+
+    def parse(self, show_create, charset):
+        state = ReflectedState()
+        state.charset = charset
+        for line in re.split(r'\r?\n', show_create):
+            if line.startswith('  ' + self.preparer.initial_quote):
+                self._parse_column(line, state)
+            # a regular table options line
+            elif line.startswith(') '):
+                self._parse_table_options(line, state)
+            # an ANSI-mode table options line
+            elif line == ')':
+                pass
+            elif line.startswith('CREATE '):
+                self._parse_table_name(line, state)
+            # Not present in real reflection, but may be if
+            # loading from a file.
+            elif not line:
+                pass
+            else:
+                type_, spec = self._parse_constraints(line)
+                if type_ is None:
+                    util.warn("Unknown schema content: %r" % line)
+                elif type_ == 'key':
+                    state.keys.append(spec)
+                elif type_ == 'constraint':
+                    state.constraints.append(spec)
+                else:
+                    pass
+        return state
+
+    def _parse_constraints(self, line):
+        """Parse a KEY or CONSTRAINT line.
+
+        :param line: A line of SHOW CREATE TABLE output
+        """
+
+        # KEY
+        m = self._re_key.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            # convert columns into name, length pairs
+            spec['columns'] = self._parse_keyexprs(spec['columns'])
+            return 'key', spec
+
+        # CONSTRAINT
+        m = self._re_constraint.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            spec['table'] = \
+                self.preparer.unformat_identifiers(spec['table'])
+            spec['local'] = [c[0]
+                             for c in self._parse_keyexprs(spec['local'])]
+            spec['foreign'] = [c[0]
+                               for c in self._parse_keyexprs(spec['foreign'])]
+            return 'constraint', spec
+
+        # PARTITION and SUBPARTITION
+        m = self._re_partition.match(line)
+        if m:
+            # Punt!
+            return 'partition', line
+
+        # No match.
+        return (None, line)
+
+    def _parse_table_name(self, line, state):
+        """Extract the table name.
+
+        :param line: The first line of SHOW CREATE TABLE
+        """
+
+        regex, cleanup = self._pr_name
+        m = regex.match(line)
+        if m:
+            state.table_name = cleanup(m.group('name'))
+
+    def _parse_table_options(self, line, state):
+        """Build a dictionary of all reflected table-level options.
+
+        :param line: The final line of SHOW CREATE TABLE output.
+        """
+
+        options = {}
+
+        if not line or line == ')':
+            pass
+
+        else:
+            rest_of_line = line[:]
+            for regex, cleanup in self._pr_options:
+                m = regex.search(rest_of_line)
+                if not m:
+                    continue
+                directive, value = m.group('directive'), m.group('val')
+                if cleanup:
+                    value = cleanup(value)
+                options[directive.lower()] = value
+                rest_of_line = regex.sub('', rest_of_line)
+
+        for nope in ('auto_increment', 'data directory', 'index directory'):
+            options.pop(nope, None)
+
+        for opt, val in options.items():
+            state.table_options['%s_%s' % (self.dialect.name, opt)] = val
+
+    def _parse_column(self, line, state):
+        """Extract column details.
+
+        Falls back to a 'minimal support' variant if full parse fails.
+
+        :param line: Any column-bearing line from SHOW CREATE TABLE
+        """
+
+        spec = None
+        m = self._re_column.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            spec['full'] = True
+        else:
+            m = self._re_column_loose.match(line)
+            if m:
+                spec = m.groupdict()
+                spec['full'] = False
+        if not spec:
+            util.warn("Unknown column definition %r" % line)
+            return
+        if not spec['full']:
+            util.warn("Incomplete reflection of column definition %r" % line)
+
+        name, type_, args, notnull = \
+            spec['name'], spec['coltype'], spec['arg'], spec['notnull']
+
+        try:
+            col_type = self.dialect.ischema_names[type_]
+        except KeyError:
+            util.warn("Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
+                      (type_, name))
+            col_type = sqltypes.NullType
+
+        # Column type positional arguments eg. varchar(32)
+        if args is None or args == '':
+            type_args = []
+        elif args[0] == "'" and args[-1] == "'":
+            type_args = self._re_csv_str.findall(args)
+        else:
+            type_args = [int(v) for v in self._re_csv_int.findall(args)]
+
+        # Column type keyword options
+        type_kw = {}
+        for kw in ('unsigned', 'zerofill'):
+            if spec.get(kw, False):
+                type_kw[kw] = True
+        for kw in ('charset', 'collate'):
+            if spec.get(kw, False):
+                type_kw[kw] = spec[kw]
+
+        if issubclass(col_type, _EnumeratedValues):
+            type_args = _EnumeratedValues._strip_values(type_args)
+
+        type_instance = col_type(*type_args, **type_kw)
+
+        col_args, col_kw = [], {}
+
+        # NOT NULL
+        col_kw['nullable'] = True
+        if spec.get('notnull', False):
+            col_kw['nullable'] = False
+
+        # AUTO_INCREMENT
+        if spec.get('autoincr', False):
+            col_kw['autoincrement'] = True
+        elif issubclass(col_type, sqltypes.Integer):
+            col_kw['autoincrement'] = False
+
+        # DEFAULT
+        default = spec.get('default', None)
+
+        if default == 'NULL':
+            # eliminates the need to deal with this later.
+            default = None
+
+        col_d = dict(name=name, type=type_instance, default=default)
+        col_d.update(col_kw)
+        state.columns.append(col_d)
+
+    def _describe_to_create(self, table_name, columns):
+        """Re-format DESCRIBE output as a SHOW CREATE TABLE string.
+
+        DESCRIBE is a much simpler reflection and is sufficient for
+        reflecting views for runtime use.  This method formats DDL
+        for columns only- keys are omitted.
+
+        :param columns: A sequence of DESCRIBE or SHOW COLUMNS 6-tuples.
+          SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM rows must be rearranged for use with
+          this function.
+        """
+
+        buffer = []
+        for row in columns:
+            (name, col_type, nullable, default, extra) = \
+                [row[i] for i in (0, 1, 2, 4, 5)]
+
+            line = [' ']
+            line.append(self.preparer.quote_identifier(name))
+            line.append(col_type)
+            if not nullable:
+                line.append('NOT NULL')
+            if default:
+                if 'auto_increment' in default:
+                    pass
+                elif (col_type.startswith('timestamp') and
+                      default.startswith('C')):
+                    line.append('DEFAULT')
+                    line.append(default)
+                elif default == 'NULL':
+                    line.append('DEFAULT')
+                    line.append(default)
+                else:
+                    line.append('DEFAULT')
+                    line.append("'%s'" % default.replace("'", "''"))
+            if extra:
+                line.append(extra)
+
+            buffer.append(' '.join(line))
+
+        return ''.join([('CREATE TABLE %s (\n' %
+                         self.preparer.quote_identifier(table_name)),
+                        ',\n'.join(buffer),
+                        '\n) '])
+
+    def _parse_keyexprs(self, identifiers):
+        """Unpack '"col"(2),"col" ASC'-ish strings into components."""
+
+        return self._re_keyexprs.findall(identifiers)
+
+    def _prep_regexes(self):
+        """Pre-compile regular expressions."""
+
+        self._re_columns = []
+        self._pr_options = []
+
+        _final = self.preparer.final_quote
+
+        quotes = dict(zip(('iq', 'fq', 'esc_fq'),
+                          [re.escape(s) for s in
+                           (self.preparer.initial_quote,
+                            _final,
+                            self.preparer._escape_identifier(_final))]))
+
+        self._pr_name = _pr_compile(
+            r'^CREATE (?:\w+ +)?TABLE +'
+            r'%(iq)s(?P(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +\($' % quotes,
+            self.preparer._unescape_identifier)
+
+        # `col`,`col2`(32),`col3`(15) DESC
+        #
+        # Note: ASC and DESC aren't reflected, so we'll punt...
+        self._re_keyexprs = _re_compile(
+            r'(?:'
+            r'(?:%(iq)s((?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s)'
+            r'(?:\((\d+)\))?(?=\,|$))+' % quotes)
+
+        # 'foo' or 'foo','bar' or 'fo,o','ba''a''r'
+        self._re_csv_str = _re_compile(r'\x27(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])*\x27')
+
+        # 123 or 123,456
+        self._re_csv_int = _re_compile(r'\d+')
+
+        # `colname`  [type opts]
+        #  (NOT NULL | NULL)
+        #   DEFAULT ('value' | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP...)
+        #   COMMENT 'comment'
+        #  COLUMN_FORMAT (FIXED|DYNAMIC|DEFAULT)
+        #  STORAGE (DISK|MEMORY)
+        self._re_column = _re_compile(
+            r'  '
+            r'%(iq)s(?P(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +'
+            r'(?P\w+)'
+            r'(?:\((?P(?:\d+|\d+,\d+|'
+            r'(?:\x27(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])*\x27,?)+))\))?'
+            r'(?: +(?PUNSIGNED))?'
+            r'(?: +(?PZEROFILL))?'
+            r'(?: +CHARACTER SET +(?P[\w_]+))?'
+            r'(?: +COLLATE +(?P[\w_]+))?'
+            r'(?: +(?PNOT NULL))?'
+            r'(?: +DEFAULT +(?P'
+            r'(?:NULL|\x27(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])*\x27|\w+'
+            r'(?: +ON UPDATE \w+)?)'
+            r'))?'
+            r'(?: +(?PAUTO_INCREMENT))?'
+            r'(?: +COMMENT +(P(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])+))?'
+            r'(?: +COLUMN_FORMAT +(?P\w+))?'
+            r'(?: +STORAGE +(?P\w+))?'
+            r'(?: +(?P.*))?'
+            r',?$'
+            % quotes
+        )
+
+        # Fallback, try to parse as little as possible
+        self._re_column_loose = _re_compile(
+            r'  '
+            r'%(iq)s(?P(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +'
+            r'(?P\w+)'
+            r'(?:\((?P(?:\d+|\d+,\d+|\x27(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])+\x27))\))?'
+            r'.*?(?PNOT NULL)?'
+            % quotes
+        )
+
+        # (PRIMARY|UNIQUE|FULLTEXT|SPATIAL) INDEX `name` (USING (BTREE|HASH))?
+        # (`col` (ASC|DESC)?, `col` (ASC|DESC)?)
+        # KEY_BLOCK_SIZE size | WITH PARSER name
+        self._re_key = _re_compile(
+            r'  '
+            r'(?:(?P\S+) )?KEY'
+            r'(?: +%(iq)s(?P(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s)?'
+            r'(?: +USING +(?P\S+))?'
+            r' +\((?P.+?)\)'
+            r'(?: +USING +(?P\S+))?'
+            r'(?: +KEY_BLOCK_SIZE *[ =]? *(?P\S+))?'
+            r'(?: +WITH PARSER +(?P\S+))?'
+            r',?$'
+            % quotes
+        )
+
+        # CONSTRAINT `name` FOREIGN KEY (`local_col`)
+        # REFERENCES `remote` (`remote_col`)
+        # MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE
+        # ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE RESTRICT
+        #
+        # unique constraints come back as KEYs
+        kw = quotes.copy()
+        kw['on'] = 'RESTRICT|CASCADE|SET NULL|NOACTION'
+        self._re_constraint = _re_compile(
+            r'  '
+            r'CONSTRAINT +'
+            r'%(iq)s(?P(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +'
+            r'FOREIGN KEY +'
+            r'\((?P[^\)]+?)\) REFERENCES +'
+            r'(?P%(iq)s[^%(fq)s]+%(fq)s'
+            r'(?:\.%(iq)s[^%(fq)s]+%(fq)s)?) +'
+            r'\((?P[^\)]+?)\)'
+            r'(?: +(?PMATCH \w+))?'
+            r'(?: +ON DELETE (?P%(on)s))?'
+            r'(?: +ON UPDATE (?P%(on)s))?'
+            % kw
+        )
+
+        # PARTITION
+        #
+        # punt!
+        self._re_partition = _re_compile(r'(?:.*)(?:SUB)?PARTITION(?:.*)')
+
+        # Table-level options (COLLATE, ENGINE, etc.)
+        # Do the string options first, since they have quoted
+        # strings we need to get rid of.
+        for option in _options_of_type_string:
+            self._add_option_string(option)
+
+        for option in ('ENGINE', 'TYPE', 'AUTO_INCREMENT',
+                       'AVG_ROW_LENGTH', 'CHARACTER SET',
+                       'DEFAULT CHARSET', 'CHECKSUM',
+                       'COLLATE', 'DELAY_KEY_WRITE', 'INSERT_METHOD',
+                       'MAX_ROWS', 'MIN_ROWS', 'PACK_KEYS', 'ROW_FORMAT',
+                       'KEY_BLOCK_SIZE'):
+            self._add_option_word(option)
+
+        self._add_option_regex('UNION', r'\([^\)]+\)')
+        self._add_option_regex('TABLESPACE', r'.*? STORAGE DISK')
+        self._add_option_regex(
+            'RAID_TYPE',
+            r'\w+\s+RAID_CHUNKS\s*\=\s*\w+RAID_CHUNKSIZE\s*=\s*\w+')
+
+    _optional_equals = r'(?:\s*(?:=\s*)|\s+)'
+
+    def _add_option_string(self, directive):
+        regex = (r'(?P%s)%s'
+                 r"'(?P(?:[^']|'')*?)'(?!')" %
+                 (re.escape(directive), self._optional_equals))
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(
+            regex, lambda v: v.replace("\\\\", "\\").replace("''", "'")
+        ))
+
+    def _add_option_word(self, directive):
+        regex = (r'(?P%s)%s'
+                 r'(?P\w+)' %
+                 (re.escape(directive), self._optional_equals))
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(regex))
+
+    def _add_option_regex(self, directive, regex):
+        regex = (r'(?P%s)%s'
+                 r'(?P%s)' %
+                 (re.escape(directive), self._optional_equals, regex))
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(regex))
+
+_options_of_type_string = ('COMMENT', 'DATA DIRECTORY', 'INDEX DIRECTORY',
+                           'PASSWORD', 'CONNECTION')
+
+
+class _DecodingRowProxy(object):
+
+    """Return unicode-decoded values based on type inspection.
+
+    Smooth over data type issues (esp. with alpha driver versions) and
+    normalize strings as Unicode regardless of user-configured driver
+    encoding settings.
+
+    """
+
+    # Some MySQL-python versions can return some columns as
+    # sets.Set(['value']) (seriously) but thankfully that doesn't
+    # seem to come up in DDL queries.
+
+    def __init__(self, rowproxy, charset):
+        self.rowproxy = rowproxy
+        self.charset = charset
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        item = self.rowproxy[index]
+        if isinstance(item, _array):
+            item = item.tostring()
+
+        if self.charset and isinstance(item, util.binary_type):
+            return item.decode(self.charset)
+        else:
+            return item
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        item = getattr(self.rowproxy, attr)
+        if isinstance(item, _array):
+            item = item.tostring()
+        if self.charset and isinstance(item, util.binary_type):
+            return item.decode(self.charset)
+        else:
+            return item
+
+
+def _pr_compile(regex, cleanup=None):
+    """Prepare a 2-tuple of compiled regex and callable."""
+
+    return (_re_compile(regex), cleanup)
+
+
+def _re_compile(regex):
+    """Compile a string to regex, I and UNICODE."""
+
+    return re.compile(regex, re.I | re.UNICODE)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/cymysql.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/cymysql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51b6304
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/cymysql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# mysql/cymysql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+cymysql
+    :name: CyMySQL
+    :dbapi: cymysql
+    :connectstring: mysql+cymysql://:@/\
+[?]
+    :url: https://github.com/nakagami/CyMySQL
+
+"""
+import re
+
+from .mysqldb import MySQLDialect_mysqldb
+from .base import (BIT, MySQLDialect)
+from ... import util
+
+
+class _cymysqlBIT(BIT):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Convert a MySQL's 64 bit, variable length binary string to a long.
+        """
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                v = 0
+                for i in util.iterbytes(value):
+                    v = v << 8 | i
+                return v
+            return value
+        return process
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_cymysql(MySQLDialect_mysqldb):
+    driver = 'cymysql'
+
+    description_encoding = None
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MySQLDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            BIT: _cymysqlBIT,
+        }
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('cymysql')
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = []
+        r = re.compile('[.\-]')
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.server_version):
+            try:
+                version.append(int(n))
+            except ValueError:
+                version.append(n)
+        return tuple(version)
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        return connection.connection.charset
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.errno
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.OperationalError):
+            return self._extract_error_code(e) in \
+                (2006, 2013, 2014, 2045, 2055)
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.InterfaceError):
+            # if underlying connection is closed,
+            # this is the error you get
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_cymysql
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/gaerdbms.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/gaerdbms.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0059f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/gaerdbms.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# mysql/gaerdbms.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""
+.. dialect:: mysql+gaerdbms
+    :name: Google Cloud SQL
+    :dbapi: rdbms
+    :connectstring: mysql+gaerdbms:///?instance=
+    :url: https://developers.google.com/appengine/docs/python/cloud-sql/\
+developers-guide
+
+    This dialect is based primarily on the :mod:`.mysql.mysqldb` dialect with
+    minimal changes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7.8
+
+
+Pooling
+-------
+
+Google App Engine connections appear to be randomly recycled,
+so the dialect does not pool connections.  The :class:`.NullPool`
+implementation is installed within the :class:`.Engine` by
+default.
+
+"""
+
+import os
+
+from .mysqldb import MySQLDialect_mysqldb
+from ...pool import NullPool
+import re
+
+
+def _is_dev_environment():
+    return os.environ.get('SERVER_SOFTWARE', '').startswith('Development/')
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_gaerdbms(MySQLDialect_mysqldb):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        # from django:
+        # http://code.google.com/p/googleappengine/source/
+        #     browse/trunk/python/google/storage/speckle/
+        # python/django/backend/base.py#118
+        # see also [ticket:2649]
+        # see also http://stackoverflow.com/q/14224679/34549
+        from google.appengine.api import apiproxy_stub_map
+
+        if _is_dev_environment():
+            from google.appengine.api import rdbms_mysqldb
+            return rdbms_mysqldb
+        elif apiproxy_stub_map.apiproxy.GetStub('rdbms'):
+            from google.storage.speckle.python.api import rdbms_apiproxy
+            return rdbms_apiproxy
+        else:
+            from google.storage.speckle.python.api import rdbms_googleapi
+            return rdbms_googleapi
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        # Cloud SQL connections die at any moment
+        return NullPool
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args()
+        if not _is_dev_environment():
+            # 'dsn' and 'instance' are because we are skipping
+            # the traditional google.api.rdbms wrapper
+            opts['dsn'] = ''
+            opts['instance'] = url.query['instance']
+        return [], opts
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        match = re.compile(r"^(\d+)L?:|^\((\d+)L?,").match(str(exception))
+        # The rdbms api will wrap then re-raise some types of errors
+        # making this regex return no matches.
+        code = match.group(1) or match.group(2) if match else None
+        if code:
+            return int(code)
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_gaerdbms
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2535d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# mysql/mysqlconnector.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mysql+mysqlconnector
+    :name: MySQL Connector/Python
+    :dbapi: myconnpy
+    :connectstring: mysql+mysqlconnector://:@\
+[:]/
+    :url: http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/python/
+
+
+"""
+
+from .base import (MySQLDialect, MySQLExecutionContext,
+                   MySQLCompiler, MySQLIdentifierPreparer,
+                   BIT)
+
+from ... import util
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_mysqlconnector(MySQLExecutionContext):
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        return self.cursor.lastrowid
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler_mysqlconnector(MySQLCompiler):
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self.process(binary.left, **kw) + " %% " + \
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+
+    def post_process_text(self, text):
+        return text.replace('%', '%%')
+
+
+class MySQLIdentifierPreparer_mysqlconnector(MySQLIdentifierPreparer):
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        value = value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+        return value.replace("%", "%%")
+
+
+class _myconnpyBIT(BIT):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """MySQL-connector already converts mysql bits, so."""
+
+        return None
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_mysqlconnector(MySQLDialect):
+    driver = 'mysqlconnector'
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        supports_unicode_statements = False
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'format'
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_mysqlconnector
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler_mysqlconnector
+
+    preparer = MySQLIdentifierPreparer_mysqlconnector
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MySQLDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            BIT: _myconnpyBIT,
+        }
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        from mysql import connector
+        return connector
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'buffered', bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'raise_on_warnings', bool)
+        opts.setdefault('buffered', True)
+        opts.setdefault('raise_on_warnings', True)
+
+        # FOUND_ROWS must be set in ClientFlag to enable
+        # supports_sane_rowcount.
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            try:
+                from mysql.connector.constants import ClientFlag
+                client_flags = opts.get(
+                    'client_flags', ClientFlag.get_default())
+                client_flags |= ClientFlag.FOUND_ROWS
+                opts['client_flags'] = client_flags
+            except:
+                pass
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = dbapi_con.get_server_version()
+        return tuple(version)
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        return connection.connection.charset
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.errno
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        errnos = (2006, 2013, 2014, 2045, 2055, 2048)
+        exceptions = (self.dbapi.OperationalError, self.dbapi.InterfaceError)
+        if isinstance(e, exceptions):
+            return e.errno in errnos or \
+                "MySQL Connection not available." in str(e)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _compat_fetchall(self, rp, charset=None):
+        return rp.fetchall()
+
+    def _compat_fetchone(self, rp, charset=None):
+        return rp.fetchone()
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_mysqlconnector
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cb2e66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# mysql/mysqldb.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+mysqldb
+    :name: MySQL-Python
+    :dbapi: mysqldb
+    :connectstring: mysql+mysqldb://:@[:]/
+    :url: http://sourceforge.net/projects/mysql-python
+
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+MySQLdb requires a "charset" parameter to be passed in order for it
+to handle non-ASCII characters correctly.   When this parameter is passed,
+MySQLdb will also implicitly set the "use_unicode" flag to true, which means
+that it will return Python unicode objects instead of bytestrings.
+However, SQLAlchemy's decode process, when C extensions are enabled,
+is orders of magnitude faster than that of MySQLdb as it does not call into
+Python functions to do so.  Therefore, the **recommended URL to use for
+unicode** will include both charset and use_unicode=0::
+
+    create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://user:pass@host/dbname?charset=utf8&use_unicode=0")
+
+As of this writing, MySQLdb only runs on Python 2.   It is not known how
+MySQLdb behaves on Python 3 as far as unicode decoding.
+
+
+Known Issues
+-------------
+
+MySQL-python version 1.2.2 has a serious memory leak related
+to unicode conversion, a feature which is disabled via ``use_unicode=0``.
+It is strongly advised to use the latest version of MySQL-Python.
+
+"""
+
+from .base import (MySQLDialect, MySQLExecutionContext,
+                   MySQLCompiler, MySQLIdentifierPreparer)
+from ...connectors.mysqldb import (
+    MySQLDBExecutionContext,
+    MySQLDBCompiler,
+    MySQLDBIdentifierPreparer,
+    MySQLDBConnector
+)
+from .base import TEXT
+from ... import sql
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_mysqldb(
+        MySQLDBExecutionContext,
+        MySQLExecutionContext):
+    pass
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler_mysqldb(MySQLDBCompiler, MySQLCompiler):
+    pass
+
+
+class MySQLIdentifierPreparer_mysqldb(
+        MySQLDBIdentifierPreparer,
+        MySQLIdentifierPreparer):
+    pass
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_mysqldb(MySQLDBConnector, MySQLDialect):
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_mysqldb
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler_mysqldb
+    preparer = MySQLIdentifierPreparer_mysqldb
+
+    def _check_unicode_returns(self, connection):
+        # work around issue fixed in
+        # https://github.com/farcepest/MySQLdb1/commit/cd44524fef63bd3fcb71947392326e9742d520e8
+        # specific issue w/ the utf8_bin collation and unicode returns
+
+        has_utf8_bin = connection.scalar(
+            "show collation where %s = 'utf8' and %s = 'utf8_bin'"
+            % (
+                self.identifier_preparer.quote("Charset"),
+                self.identifier_preparer.quote("Collation")
+            ))
+        if has_utf8_bin:
+            additional_tests = [
+                sql.collate(sql.cast(
+                    sql.literal_column(
+                            "'test collated returns'"),
+                    TEXT(charset='utf8')), "utf8_bin")
+            ]
+        else:
+            additional_tests = []
+        return super(MySQLDBConnector, self)._check_unicode_returns(
+            connection, additional_tests)
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_mysqldb
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/oursql.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/oursql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa127f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/oursql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+# mysql/oursql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+oursql
+    :name: OurSQL
+    :dbapi: oursql
+    :connectstring: mysql+oursql://:@[:]/
+    :url: http://packages.python.org/oursql/
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+oursql defaults to using ``utf8`` as the connection charset, but other
+encodings may be used instead. Like the MySQL-Python driver, unicode support
+can be completely disabled::
+
+  # oursql sets the connection charset to utf8 automatically; all strings come
+  # back as utf8 str
+  create_engine('mysql+oursql:///mydb?use_unicode=0')
+
+To not automatically use ``utf8`` and instead use whatever the connection
+defaults to, there is a separate parameter::
+
+  # use the default connection charset; all strings come back as unicode
+  create_engine('mysql+oursql:///mydb?default_charset=1')
+
+  # use latin1 as the connection charset; all strings come back as unicode
+  create_engine('mysql+oursql:///mydb?charset=latin1')
+"""
+
+import re
+
+from .base import (BIT, MySQLDialect, MySQLExecutionContext)
+from ... import types as sqltypes, util
+
+
+class _oursqlBIT(BIT):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """oursql already converts mysql bits, so."""
+
+        return None
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_oursql(MySQLExecutionContext):
+
+    @property
+    def plain_query(self):
+        return self.execution_options.get('_oursql_plain_query', False)
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_oursql(MySQLDialect):
+    driver = 'oursql'
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        supports_unicode_binds = True
+        supports_unicode_statements = True
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_oursql
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MySQLDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Time: sqltypes.Time,
+            BIT: _oursqlBIT,
+        }
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('oursql')
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        """Provide an implementation of
+        *cursor.execute(statement, parameters)*."""
+
+        if context and context.plain_query:
+            cursor.execute(statement, plain_query=True)
+        else:
+            cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_begin(self, connection):
+        connection.cursor().execute('BEGIN', plain_query=True)
+
+    def _xa_query(self, connection, query, xid):
+        if util.py2k:
+            arg = connection.connection._escape_string(xid)
+        else:
+            charset = self._connection_charset
+            arg = connection.connection._escape_string(
+                xid.encode(charset)).decode(charset)
+        arg = "'%s'" % arg
+        connection.execution_options(
+            _oursql_plain_query=True).execute(query % arg)
+
+    # Because mysql is bad, these methods have to be
+    # reimplemented to use _PlainQuery. Basically, some queries
+    # refuse to return any data if they're run through
+    # the parameterized query API, or refuse to be parameterized
+    # in the first place.
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        self._xa_query(connection, 'XA BEGIN %s', xid)
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        self._xa_query(connection, 'XA END %s', xid)
+        self._xa_query(connection, 'XA PREPARE %s', xid)
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                             recover=False):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self._xa_query(connection, 'XA END %s', xid)
+        self._xa_query(connection, 'XA ROLLBACK %s', xid)
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                           recover=False):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self.do_prepare_twophase(connection, xid)
+        self._xa_query(connection, 'XA COMMIT %s', xid)
+
+    # Q: why didn't we need all these "plain_query" overrides earlier ?
+    # am i on a newer/older version of OurSQL ?
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        return MySQLDialect.has_table(
+            self,
+            connection.connect().execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            table_name,
+            schema
+        )
+
+    def get_table_options(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        return MySQLDialect.get_table_options(
+            self,
+            connection.connect().execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            table_name,
+            schema=schema,
+            **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        return MySQLDialect.get_columns(
+            self,
+            connection.connect().execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            table_name,
+            schema=schema,
+            **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return MySQLDialect.get_view_names(
+            self,
+            connection.connect().execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            schema=schema,
+            **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return MySQLDialect.get_table_names(
+            self,
+            connection.connect().execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            schema
+        )
+
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        return MySQLDialect.get_schema_names(
+            self,
+            connection.connect().execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            **kw
+        )
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        return MySQLDialect.initialize(
+            self,
+            connection.execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True)
+        )
+
+    def _show_create_table(self, connection, table, charset=None,
+                           full_name=None):
+        return MySQLDialect._show_create_table(
+            self,
+            connection.contextual_connect(close_with_result=True).
+            execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            table, charset, full_name
+        )
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError):
+            return e.errno is None and 'cursor' not in e.args[1] \
+                and e.args[1].endswith('closed')
+        else:
+            return e.errno in (2006, 2013, 2014, 2045, 2055)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(database='db', username='user',
+                                          password='passwd')
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'port', int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'compress', bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'autoping', bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'raise_on_warnings', bool)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'default_charset', bool)
+        if opts.pop('default_charset', False):
+            opts['charset'] = None
+        else:
+            util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'charset', str)
+        opts['use_unicode'] = opts.get('use_unicode', True)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'use_unicode', bool)
+
+        # FOUND_ROWS must be set in CLIENT_FLAGS to enable
+        # supports_sane_rowcount.
+        opts.setdefault('found_rows', True)
+
+        ssl = {}
+        for key in ['ssl_ca', 'ssl_key', 'ssl_cert',
+                    'ssl_capath', 'ssl_cipher']:
+            if key in opts:
+                ssl[key[4:]] = opts[key]
+                util.coerce_kw_type(ssl, key[4:], str)
+                del opts[key]
+        if ssl:
+            opts['ssl'] = ssl
+
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = []
+        r = re.compile('[.\-]')
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.server_info):
+            try:
+                version.append(int(n))
+            except ValueError:
+                version.append(n)
+        return tuple(version)
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.errno
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""
+
+        return connection.connection.charset
+
+    def _compat_fetchall(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """oursql isn't super-broken like MySQLdb, yaaay."""
+        return rp.fetchall()
+
+    def _compat_fetchone(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """oursql isn't super-broken like MySQLdb, yaaay."""
+        return rp.fetchone()
+
+    def _compat_first(self, rp, charset=None):
+        return rp.first()
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_oursql
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pymysql.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pymysql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31226ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pymysql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# mysql/pymysql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+pymysql
+    :name: PyMySQL
+    :dbapi: pymysql
+    :connectstring: mysql+pymysql://:@/\
+[?]
+    :url: http://code.google.com/p/pymysql/
+
+MySQL-Python Compatibility
+--------------------------
+
+The pymysql DBAPI is a pure Python port of the MySQL-python (MySQLdb) driver,
+and targets 100% compatibility.   Most behavioral notes for MySQL-python apply
+to the pymysql driver as well.
+
+"""
+
+from .mysqldb import MySQLDialect_mysqldb
+from ...util import py3k
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_pymysql(MySQLDialect_mysqldb):
+    driver = 'pymysql'
+
+    description_encoding = None
+    if py3k:
+        supports_unicode_statements = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('pymysql')
+
+    if py3k:
+        def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+            if isinstance(exception.args[0], Exception):
+                exception = exception.args[0]
+            return exception.args[0]
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_pymysql
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58e8b30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# mysql/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+pyodbc
+    :name: PyODBC
+    :dbapi: pyodbc
+    :connectstring: mysql+pyodbc://:@
+    :url: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyodbc/
+
+
+Limitations
+-----------
+
+The mysql-pyodbc dialect is subject to unresolved character encoding issues
+which exist within the current ODBC drivers available.
+(see http://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/issues/detail?id=25).   Consider usage
+of OurSQL, MySQLdb, or MySQL-connector/Python.
+
+"""
+
+from .base import MySQLDialect, MySQLExecutionContext
+from ...connectors.pyodbc import PyODBCConnector
+from ... import util
+import re
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_pyodbc(MySQLExecutionContext):
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()")
+        lastrowid = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        return lastrowid
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_pyodbc(PyODBCConnector, MySQLDialect):
+    supports_unicode_statements = False
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_pyodbc
+
+    pyodbc_driver_name = "MySQL"
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        # deal with http://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/issues/detail?id=25
+        kw.setdefault('convert_unicode', True)
+        super(MySQLDialect_pyodbc, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""
+
+        # Prefer 'character_set_results' for the current connection over the
+        # value in the driver.  SET NAMES or individual variable SETs will
+        # change the charset without updating the driver's view of the world.
+        #
+        # If it's decided that issuing that sort of SQL leaves you SOL, then
+        # this can prefer the driver value.
+        rs = connection.execute("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set%%'")
+        opts = dict([(row[0], row[1]) for row in self._compat_fetchall(rs)])
+        for key in ('character_set_connection', 'character_set'):
+            if opts.get(key, None):
+                return opts[key]
+
+        util.warn("Could not detect the connection character set.  "
+                  "Assuming latin1.")
+        return 'latin1'
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        m = re.compile(r"\((\d+)\)").search(str(exception.args))
+        c = m.group(1)
+        if c:
+            return int(c)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_pyodbc
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/zxjdbc.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/zxjdbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cf92cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/zxjdbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# mysql/zxjdbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+zxjdbc
+    :name: zxjdbc for Jython
+    :dbapi: zxjdbc
+    :connectstring: mysql+zxjdbc://:@[:]/\
+
+    :driverurl: http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/j/
+
+Character Sets
+--------------
+
+SQLAlchemy zxjdbc dialects pass unicode straight through to the
+zxjdbc/JDBC layer. To allow multiple character sets to be sent from the
+MySQL Connector/J JDBC driver, by default SQLAlchemy sets its
+``characterEncoding`` connection property to ``UTF-8``. It may be
+overridden via a ``create_engine`` URL parameter.
+
+"""
+import re
+
+from ... import types as sqltypes, util
+from ...connectors.zxJDBC import ZxJDBCConnector
+from .base import BIT, MySQLDialect, MySQLExecutionContext
+
+
+class _ZxJDBCBit(BIT):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Converts boolean or byte arrays from MySQL Connector/J to longs."""
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return value
+            if isinstance(value, bool):
+                return int(value)
+            v = 0
+            for i in value:
+                v = v << 8 | (i & 0xff)
+            value = v
+            return value
+        return process
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_zxjdbc(MySQLExecutionContext):
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()")
+        lastrowid = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        return lastrowid
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_zxjdbc(ZxJDBCConnector, MySQLDialect):
+    jdbc_db_name = 'mysql'
+    jdbc_driver_name = 'com.mysql.jdbc.Driver'
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_zxjdbc
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MySQLDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Time: sqltypes.Time,
+            BIT: _ZxJDBCBit
+        }
+    )
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""
+        # Prefer 'character_set_results' for the current connection over the
+        # value in the driver.  SET NAMES or individual variable SETs will
+        # change the charset without updating the driver's view of the world.
+        #
+        # If it's decided that issuing that sort of SQL leaves you SOL, then
+        # this can prefer the driver value.
+        rs = connection.execute("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set%%'")
+        opts = dict((row[0], row[1]) for row in self._compat_fetchall(rs))
+        for key in ('character_set_connection', 'character_set'):
+            if opts.get(key, None):
+                return opts[key]
+
+        util.warn("Could not detect the connection character set.  "
+                  "Assuming latin1.")
+        return 'latin1'
+
+    def _driver_kwargs(self):
+        """return kw arg dict to be sent to connect()."""
+        return dict(characterEncoding='UTF-8', yearIsDateType='false')
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        # e.g.: DBAPIError: (Error) Table 'test.u2' doesn't exist
+        # [SQLCode: 1146], [SQLState: 42S02] 'DESCRIBE `u2`' ()
+        m = re.compile(r"\[SQLCode\: (\d+)\]").search(str(exception.args))
+        c = m.group(1)
+        if c:
+            return int(c)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = []
+        r = re.compile('[.\-]')
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.dbversion):
+            try:
+                version.append(int(n))
+            except ValueError:
+                version.append(n)
+        return tuple(version)
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_zxjdbc
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd32f22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# oracle/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle import base, cx_oracle, zxjdbc
+
+base.dialect = cx_oracle.dialect
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle.base import \
+    VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, CHAR, DATE, NUMBER,\
+    BLOB, BFILE, CLOB, NCLOB, TIMESTAMP, RAW,\
+    FLOAT, DOUBLE_PRECISION, LONG, dialect, INTERVAL,\
+    VARCHAR2, NVARCHAR2, ROWID, dialect
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'VARCHAR', 'NVARCHAR', 'CHAR', 'DATE', 'NUMBER',
+    'BLOB', 'BFILE', 'CLOB', 'NCLOB', 'TIMESTAMP', 'RAW',
+    'FLOAT', 'DOUBLE_PRECISION', 'LONG', 'dialect', 'INTERVAL',
+    'VARCHAR2', 'NVARCHAR2', 'ROWID'
+)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d45f85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1354 @@
+# oracle/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: oracle
+    :name: Oracle
+
+    Oracle version 8 through current (11g at the time of this writing) are
+    supported.
+
+Connect Arguments
+-----------------
+
+The dialect supports several :func:`~sqlalchemy.create_engine()` arguments
+which affect the behavior of the dialect regardless of driver in use.
+
+* ``use_ansi`` - Use ANSI JOIN constructs (see the section on Oracle 8).
+  Defaults to ``True``.  If ``False``, Oracle-8 compatible constructs are used
+  for joins.
+
+* ``optimize_limits`` - defaults to ``False``. see the section on
+  LIMIT/OFFSET.
+
+* ``use_binds_for_limits`` - defaults to ``True``.  see the section on
+  LIMIT/OFFSET.
+
+Auto Increment Behavior
+-----------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy Table objects which include integer primary keys are usually
+assumed to have "autoincrementing" behavior, meaning they can generate their
+own primary key values upon INSERT.  Since Oracle has no "autoincrement"
+feature, SQLAlchemy relies upon sequences to produce these values.   With the
+Oracle dialect, *a sequence must always be explicitly specified to enable
+autoincrement*.  This is divergent with the majority of documentation
+examples which assume the usage of an autoincrement-capable database.   To
+specify sequences, use the sqlalchemy.schema.Sequence object which is passed
+to a Column construct::
+
+  t = Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, Sequence('id_seq'), primary_key=True),
+        Column(...), ...
+  )
+
+This step is also required when using table reflection, i.e. autoload=True::
+
+  t = Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, Sequence('id_seq'), primary_key=True),
+        autoload=True
+  )
+
+Identifier Casing
+-----------------
+
+In Oracle, the data dictionary represents all case insensitive identifier
+names using UPPERCASE text.   SQLAlchemy on the other hand considers an
+all-lower case identifier name to be case insensitive.   The Oracle dialect
+converts all case insensitive identifiers to and from those two formats during
+schema level communication, such as reflection of tables and indexes.   Using
+an UPPERCASE name on the SQLAlchemy side indicates a case sensitive
+identifier, and SQLAlchemy will quote the name - this will cause mismatches
+against data dictionary data received from Oracle, so unless identifier names
+have been truly created as case sensitive (i.e. using quoted names), all
+lowercase names should be used on the SQLAlchemy side.
+
+
+LIMIT/OFFSET Support
+--------------------
+
+Oracle has no support for the LIMIT or OFFSET keywords.  SQLAlchemy uses
+a wrapped subquery approach in conjunction with ROWNUM.  The exact methodology
+is taken from
+http://www.oracle.com/technology/oramag/oracle/06-sep/o56asktom.html .
+
+There are two options which affect its behavior:
+
+* the "FIRST ROWS()" optimization keyword is not used by default.  To enable
+  the usage of this optimization directive, specify ``optimize_limits=True``
+  to :func:`.create_engine`.
+* the values passed for the limit/offset are sent as bound parameters.   Some
+  users have observed that Oracle produces a poor query plan when the values
+  are sent as binds and not rendered literally.   To render the limit/offset
+  values literally within the SQL statement, specify
+  ``use_binds_for_limits=False`` to :func:`.create_engine`.
+
+Some users have reported better performance when the entirely different
+approach of a window query is used, i.e. ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY), to
+provide LIMIT/OFFSET (note that the majority of users don't observe this).
+To suit this case the method used for LIMIT/OFFSET can be replaced entirely.
+See the recipe at
+http://www.sqlalchemy.org/trac/wiki/UsageRecipes/WindowFunctionsByDefault
+which installs a select compiler that overrides the generation of limit/offset
+with a window function.
+
+.. _oracle_returning:
+
+RETURNING Support
+-----------------
+
+The Oracle database supports a limited form of RETURNING, in order to retrieve
+result sets of matched rows from INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE statements.
+Oracle's RETURNING..INTO syntax only supports one row being returned, as it
+relies upon OUT parameters in order to function.  In addition, supported
+DBAPIs have further limitations (see :ref:`cx_oracle_returning`).
+
+SQLAlchemy's "implicit returning" feature, which employs RETURNING within an
+INSERT and sometimes an UPDATE statement in order to fetch newly generated
+primary key values and other SQL defaults and expressions, is normally enabled
+on the Oracle backend.  By default, "implicit returning" typically only
+fetches the value of a single ``nextval(some_seq)`` expression embedded into
+an INSERT in order to increment a sequence within an INSERT statement and get
+the value back at the same time. To disable this feature across the board,
+specify ``implicit_returning=False`` to :func:`.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle://scott:tiger@dsn",
+                           implicit_returning=False)
+
+Implicit returning can also be disabled on a table-by-table basis as a table
+option::
+
+    # Core Table
+    my_table = Table("my_table", metadata, ..., implicit_returning=False)
+
+
+    # declarative
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'my_table'
+        __table_args__ = {"implicit_returning": False}
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`cx_oracle_returning` - additional cx_oracle-specific restrictions on
+    implicit returning.
+
+ON UPDATE CASCADE
+-----------------
+
+Oracle doesn't have native ON UPDATE CASCADE functionality.  A trigger based
+solution is available at
+http://asktom.oracle.com/tkyte/update_cascade/index.html .
+
+When using the SQLAlchemy ORM, the ORM has limited ability to manually issue
+cascading updates - specify ForeignKey objects using the
+"deferrable=True, initially='deferred'" keyword arguments,
+and specify "passive_updates=False" on each relationship().
+
+Oracle 8 Compatibility
+----------------------
+
+When Oracle 8 is detected, the dialect internally configures itself to the
+following behaviors:
+
+* the use_ansi flag is set to False.  This has the effect of converting all
+  JOIN phrases into the WHERE clause, and in the case of LEFT OUTER JOIN
+  makes use of Oracle's (+) operator.
+
+* the NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB datatypes are no longer generated as DDL when
+  the :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.Unicode` is used - VARCHAR2 and CLOB are
+  issued instead.   This because these types don't seem to work correctly on
+  Oracle 8 even though they are available.  The
+  :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.NVARCHAR` and
+  :class:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle.NCLOB` types will always generate
+  NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB.
+
+* the "native unicode" mode is disabled when using cx_oracle, i.e. SQLAlchemy
+  encodes all Python unicode objects to "string" before passing in as bind
+  parameters.
+
+Synonym/DBLINK Reflection
+-------------------------
+
+When using reflection with Table objects, the dialect can optionally search
+for tables indicated by synonyms, either in local or remote schemas or
+accessed over DBLINK, by passing the flag ``oracle_resolve_synonyms=True`` as
+a keyword argument to the :class:`.Table` construct::
+
+    some_table = Table('some_table', autoload=True,
+                                autoload_with=some_engine,
+                                oracle_resolve_synonyms=True)
+
+When this flag is set, the given name (such as ``some_table`` above) will
+be searched not just in the ``ALL_TABLES`` view, but also within the
+``ALL_SYNONYMS`` view to see if this name is actually a synonym to another
+name.  If the synonym is located and refers to a DBLINK, the oracle dialect
+knows how to locate the table's information using DBLINK syntax(e.g.
+``@dblink``).
+
+``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` is accepted wherever reflection arguments are
+accepted, including methods such as :meth:`.MetaData.reflect` and
+:meth:`.Inspector.get_columns`.
+
+If synonyms are not in use, this flag should be left disabled.
+
+DateTime Compatibility
+----------------------
+
+Oracle has no datatype known as ``DATETIME``, it instead has only ``DATE``,
+which can actually store a date and time value.  For this reason, the Oracle
+dialect provides a type :class:`.oracle.DATE` which is a subclass of
+:class:`.DateTime`.   This type has no special behavior, and is only
+present as a "marker" for this type; additionally, when a database column
+is reflected and the type is reported as ``DATE``, the time-supporting
+:class:`.oracle.DATE` type is used.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.9.4 Added :class:`.oracle.DATE` to subclass
+   :class:`.DateTime`.  This is a change as previous versions
+   would reflect a ``DATE`` column as :class:`.types.DATE`, which subclasses
+   :class:`.Date`.   The only significance here is for schemes that are
+   examining the type of column for use in special Python translations or
+   for migrating schemas to other database backends.
+
+"""
+
+import re
+
+from sqlalchemy import util, sql
+from sqlalchemy.engine import default, base, reflection
+from sqlalchemy.sql import compiler, visitors, expression
+from sqlalchemy.sql import (operators as sql_operators,
+                            functions as sql_functions)
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, schema as sa_schema
+from sqlalchemy.types import VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, CHAR, \
+    BLOB, CLOB, TIMESTAMP, FLOAT
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = \
+    set('SHARE RAW DROP BETWEEN FROM DESC OPTION PRIOR LONG THEN '
+        'DEFAULT ALTER IS INTO MINUS INTEGER NUMBER GRANT IDENTIFIED '
+        'ALL TO ORDER ON FLOAT DATE HAVING CLUSTER NOWAIT RESOURCE '
+        'ANY TABLE INDEX FOR UPDATE WHERE CHECK SMALLINT WITH DELETE '
+        'BY ASC REVOKE LIKE SIZE RENAME NOCOMPRESS NULL GROUP VALUES '
+        'AS IN VIEW EXCLUSIVE COMPRESS SYNONYM SELECT INSERT EXISTS '
+        'NOT TRIGGER ELSE CREATE INTERSECT PCTFREE DISTINCT USER '
+        'CONNECT SET MODE OF UNIQUE VARCHAR2 VARCHAR LOCK OR CHAR '
+        'DECIMAL UNION PUBLIC AND START UID COMMENT CURRENT LEVEL'.split())
+
+NO_ARG_FNS = set('UID CURRENT_DATE SYSDATE USER '
+                 'CURRENT_TIME CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'.split())
+
+
+class RAW(sqltypes._Binary):
+    __visit_name__ = 'RAW'
+OracleRaw = RAW
+
+
+class NCLOB(sqltypes.Text):
+    __visit_name__ = 'NCLOB'
+
+
+class VARCHAR2(VARCHAR):
+    __visit_name__ = 'VARCHAR2'
+
+NVARCHAR2 = NVARCHAR
+
+
+class NUMBER(sqltypes.Numeric, sqltypes.Integer):
+    __visit_name__ = 'NUMBER'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=None):
+        if asdecimal is None:
+            asdecimal = bool(scale and scale > 0)
+
+        super(NUMBER, self).__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal)
+
+    def adapt(self, impltype):
+        ret = super(NUMBER, self).adapt(impltype)
+        # leave a hint for the DBAPI handler
+        ret._is_oracle_number = True
+        return ret
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        if bool(self.scale and self.scale > 0):
+            return sqltypes.Numeric
+        else:
+            return sqltypes.Integer
+
+
+class DOUBLE_PRECISION(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    __visit_name__ = 'DOUBLE_PRECISION'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=None):
+        if asdecimal is None:
+            asdecimal = False
+
+        super(DOUBLE_PRECISION, self).__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal)
+
+
+class BFILE(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = 'BFILE'
+
+
+class LONG(sqltypes.Text):
+    __visit_name__ = 'LONG'
+
+
+class DATE(sqltypes.DateTime):
+
+    """Provide the oracle DATE type.
+
+    This type has no special Python behavior, except that it subclasses
+    :class:`.types.DateTime`; this is to suit the fact that the Oracle
+    ``DATE`` type supports a time value.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.4
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATE'
+
+    def _compare_type_affinity(self, other):
+        return other._type_affinity in (sqltypes.DateTime, sqltypes.Date)
+
+
+class INTERVAL(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'INTERVAL'
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 day_precision=None,
+                 second_precision=None):
+        """Construct an INTERVAL.
+
+        Note that only DAY TO SECOND intervals are currently supported.
+        This is due to a lack of support for YEAR TO MONTH intervals
+        within available DBAPIs (cx_oracle and zxjdbc).
+
+        :param day_precision: the day precision value.  this is the number of
+          digits to store for the day field.  Defaults to "2"
+        :param second_precision: the second precision value.  this is the
+          number of digits to store for the fractional seconds field.
+          Defaults to "6".
+
+        """
+        self.day_precision = day_precision
+        self.second_precision = second_precision
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_from_generic_interval(cls, interval):
+        return INTERVAL(day_precision=interval.day_precision,
+                        second_precision=interval.second_precision)
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        return sqltypes.Interval
+
+
+class ROWID(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+
+    """Oracle ROWID type.
+
+    When used in a cast() or similar, generates ROWID.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'ROWID'
+
+
+class _OracleBoolean(sqltypes.Boolean):
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NUMBER
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.Boolean: _OracleBoolean,
+    sqltypes.Interval: INTERVAL,
+    sqltypes.DateTime: DATE
+}
+
+ischema_names = {
+    'VARCHAR2': VARCHAR,
+    'NVARCHAR2': NVARCHAR,
+    'CHAR': CHAR,
+    'DATE': DATE,
+    'NUMBER': NUMBER,
+    'BLOB': BLOB,
+    'BFILE': BFILE,
+    'CLOB': CLOB,
+    'NCLOB': NCLOB,
+    'TIMESTAMP': TIMESTAMP,
+    'TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE': TIMESTAMP,
+    'INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND': INTERVAL,
+    'RAW': RAW,
+    'FLOAT': FLOAT,
+    'DOUBLE PRECISION': DOUBLE_PRECISION,
+    'LONG': LONG,
+}
+
+
+class OracleTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    # Note:
+    # Oracle DATE == DATETIME
+    # Oracle does not allow milliseconds in DATE
+    # Oracle does not support TIME columns
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_DATE(type_)
+
+    def visit_float(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_FLOAT(type_)
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_):
+        if self.dialect._supports_nchar:
+            return self.visit_NVARCHAR2(type_)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_VARCHAR2(type_)
+
+    def visit_INTERVAL(self, type_):
+        return "INTERVAL DAY%s TO SECOND%s" % (
+            type_.day_precision is not None and
+            "(%d)" % type_.day_precision or
+            "",
+            type_.second_precision is not None and
+            "(%d)" % type_.second_precision or
+            "",
+        )
+
+    def visit_LONG(self, type_):
+        return "LONG"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_):
+        if type_.timezone:
+            return "TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE"
+        else:
+            return "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(self, type_):
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "DOUBLE PRECISION")
+
+    def visit_NUMBER(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "NUMBER", **kw)
+
+    def _generate_numeric(self, type_, name, precision=None, scale=None):
+        if precision is None:
+            precision = type_.precision
+
+        if scale is None:
+            scale = getattr(type_, 'scale', None)
+
+        if precision is None:
+            return name
+        elif scale is None:
+            n = "%(name)s(%(precision)s)"
+            return n % {'name': name, 'precision': precision}
+        else:
+            n = "%(name)s(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)"
+            return n % {'name': name, 'precision': precision, 'scale': scale}
+
+    def visit_string(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR2(type_)
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR2(self, type_):
+        return self._visit_varchar(type_, '', '2')
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR2(self, type_):
+        return self._visit_varchar(type_, 'N', '2')
+    visit_NVARCHAR = visit_NVARCHAR2
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_):
+        return self._visit_varchar(type_, '', '')
+
+    def _visit_varchar(self, type_, n, num):
+        if not type_.length:
+            return "%(n)sVARCHAR%(two)s" % {'two': num, 'n': n}
+        elif not n and self.dialect._supports_char_length:
+            varchar = "VARCHAR%(two)s(%(length)s CHAR)"
+            return varchar % {'length': type_.length, 'two': num}
+        else:
+            varchar = "%(n)sVARCHAR%(two)s(%(length)s)"
+            return varchar % {'length': type_.length, 'two': num, 'n': n}
+
+    def visit_text(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_CLOB(type_)
+
+    def visit_unicode_text(self, type_):
+        if self.dialect._supports_nchar:
+            return self.visit_NCLOB(type_)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_CLOB(type_)
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_)
+
+    def visit_big_integer(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_NUMBER(type_, precision=19)
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_SMALLINT(type_)
+
+    def visit_RAW(self, type_):
+        if type_.length:
+            return "RAW(%(length)s)" % {'length': type_.length}
+        else:
+            return "RAW"
+
+    def visit_ROWID(self, type_):
+        return "ROWID"
+
+
+class OracleCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+
+    """Oracle compiler modifies the lexical structure of Select
+    statements to work under non-ANSI configured Oracle databases, if
+    the use_ansi flag is False.
+    """
+
+    compound_keywords = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.compound_keywords,
+        {
+            expression.CompoundSelect.EXCEPT: 'MINUS'
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.__wheres = {}
+        self._quoted_bind_names = {}
+        super(OracleCompiler, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "mod(%s, %s)" % (self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                                self.process(binary.right, **kw))
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LENGTH" + self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "CONTAINS (%s, %s)" % (self.process(binary.left),
+                                      self.process(binary.right))
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        return '1'
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        return '0'
+
+    def get_select_hint_text(self, byfroms):
+        return " ".join(
+            "/*+ %s */" % text for table, text in byfroms.items()
+        )
+
+    def function_argspec(self, fn, **kw):
+        if len(fn.clauses) > 0 or fn.name.upper() not in NO_ARG_FNS:
+            return compiler.SQLCompiler.function_argspec(self, fn, **kw)
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def default_from(self):
+        """Called when a ``SELECT`` statement has no froms,
+        and no ``FROM`` clause is to be appended.
+
+        The Oracle compiler tacks a "FROM DUAL" to the statement.
+        """
+
+        return " FROM DUAL"
+
+    def visit_join(self, join, **kwargs):
+        if self.dialect.use_ansi:
+            return compiler.SQLCompiler.visit_join(self, join, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            kwargs['asfrom'] = True
+            if isinstance(join.right, expression.FromGrouping):
+                right = join.right.element
+            else:
+                right = join.right
+            return self.process(join.left, **kwargs) + \
+                ", " + self.process(right, **kwargs)
+
+    def _get_nonansi_join_whereclause(self, froms):
+        clauses = []
+
+        def visit_join(join):
+            if join.isouter:
+                def visit_binary(binary):
+                    if binary.operator == sql_operators.eq:
+                        if join.right.is_derived_from(binary.left.table):
+                            binary.left = _OuterJoinColumn(binary.left)
+                        elif join.right.is_derived_from(binary.right.table):
+                            binary.right = _OuterJoinColumn(binary.right)
+                clauses.append(visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                    join.onclause, {}, {'binary': visit_binary}))
+            else:
+                clauses.append(join.onclause)
+
+            for j in join.left, join.right:
+                if isinstance(j, expression.Join):
+                    visit_join(j)
+                elif isinstance(j, expression.FromGrouping):
+                    visit_join(j.element)
+
+        for f in froms:
+            if isinstance(f, expression.Join):
+                visit_join(f)
+
+        if not clauses:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return sql.and_(*clauses)
+
+    def visit_outer_join_column(self, vc):
+        return self.process(vc.column) + "(+)"
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq):
+        return (self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq) +
+                ".nextval")
+
+    def visit_alias(self, alias, asfrom=False, ashint=False, **kwargs):
+        """Oracle doesn't like ``FROM table AS alias``.  Is the AS standard
+        SQL??
+        """
+
+        if asfrom or ashint:
+            alias_name = isinstance(alias.name, expression._truncated_label) and \
+                self._truncated_identifier("alias", alias.name) or alias.name
+
+        if ashint:
+            return alias_name
+        elif asfrom:
+            return self.process(alias.original, asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs) + \
+                " " + self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name)
+        else:
+            return self.process(alias.original, **kwargs)
+
+    def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
+        columns = []
+        binds = []
+        for i, column in enumerate(
+                expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)):
+            if column.type._has_column_expression:
+                col_expr = column.type.column_expression(column)
+            else:
+                col_expr = column
+            outparam = sql.outparam("ret_%d" % i, type_=column.type)
+            self.binds[outparam.key] = outparam
+            binds.append(
+                self.bindparam_string(self._truncate_bindparam(outparam)))
+            columns.append(
+                self.process(col_expr, within_columns_clause=False))
+            self.result_map[outparam.key] = (
+                outparam.key,
+                (column, getattr(column, 'name', None),
+                 getattr(column, 'key', None)),
+                column.type
+            )
+
+        return 'RETURNING ' + ', '.join(columns) + " INTO " + ", ".join(binds)
+
+    def _TODO_visit_compound_select(self, select):
+        """Need to determine how to get ``LIMIT``/``OFFSET`` into a
+        ``UNION`` for Oracle.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def visit_select(self, select, **kwargs):
+        """Look for ``LIMIT`` and OFFSET in a select statement, and if
+        so tries to wrap it in a subquery with ``rownum`` criterion.
+        """
+
+        if not getattr(select, '_oracle_visit', None):
+            if not self.dialect.use_ansi:
+                froms = self._display_froms_for_select(
+                    select, kwargs.get('asfrom', False))
+                whereclause = self._get_nonansi_join_whereclause(froms)
+                if whereclause is not None:
+                    select = select.where(whereclause)
+                    select._oracle_visit = True
+
+            if select._limit is not None or select._offset is not None:
+                # See http://www.oracle.com/technology/oramag/oracle/06-sep/\
+                #     o56asktom.html
+                #
+                # Generalized form of an Oracle pagination query:
+                #   select ... from (
+                #     select /*+ FIRST_ROWS(N) */ ...., rownum as ora_rn from
+                #       (  select distinct ... where ... order by ...
+                #     ) where ROWNUM <= :limit+:offset
+                #   ) where ora_rn > :offset
+                # Outer select and "ROWNUM as ora_rn" can be dropped if
+                # limit=0
+
+                # TODO: use annotations instead of clone + attr set ?
+                select = select._generate()
+                select._oracle_visit = True
+
+                # Wrap the middle select and add the hint
+                limitselect = sql.select([c for c in select.c])
+                if select._limit and self.dialect.optimize_limits:
+                    limitselect = limitselect.prefix_with(
+                        "/*+ FIRST_ROWS(%d) */" %
+                        select._limit)
+
+                limitselect._oracle_visit = True
+                limitselect._is_wrapper = True
+
+                # If needed, add the limiting clause
+                if select._limit is not None:
+                    max_row = select._limit
+                    if select._offset is not None:
+                        max_row += select._offset
+                    if not self.dialect.use_binds_for_limits:
+                        max_row = sql.literal_column("%d" % max_row)
+                    limitselect.append_whereclause(
+                        sql.literal_column("ROWNUM") <= max_row)
+
+                # If needed, add the ora_rn, and wrap again with offset.
+                if select._offset is None:
+                    limitselect._for_update_arg = select._for_update_arg
+                    select = limitselect
+                else:
+                    limitselect = limitselect.column(
+                        sql.literal_column("ROWNUM").label("ora_rn"))
+                    limitselect._oracle_visit = True
+                    limitselect._is_wrapper = True
+
+                    offsetselect = sql.select(
+                        [c for c in limitselect.c if c.key != 'ora_rn'])
+                    offsetselect._oracle_visit = True
+                    offsetselect._is_wrapper = True
+
+                    offset_value = select._offset
+                    if not self.dialect.use_binds_for_limits:
+                        offset_value = sql.literal_column("%d" % offset_value)
+                    offsetselect.append_whereclause(
+                        sql.literal_column("ora_rn") > offset_value)
+
+                    offsetselect._for_update_arg = select._for_update_arg
+                    select = offsetselect
+
+        kwargs['iswrapper'] = getattr(select, '_is_wrapper', False)
+        return compiler.SQLCompiler.visit_select(self, select, **kwargs)
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select):
+        return ""
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select):
+        if self.is_subquery():
+            return ""
+
+        tmp = ' FOR UPDATE'
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.of:
+            tmp += ' OF ' + ', '.join(
+                self.process(elem) for elem in
+                select._for_update_arg.of
+            )
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.nowait:
+            tmp += " NOWAIT"
+
+        return tmp
+
+
+class OracleDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+
+    def define_constraint_cascades(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.ondelete is not None:
+            text += " ON DELETE %s" % constraint.ondelete
+
+        # oracle has no ON UPDATE CASCADE -
+        # its only available via triggers
+        # http://asktom.oracle.com/tkyte/update_cascade/index.html
+        if constraint.onupdate is not None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Oracle does not contain native UPDATE CASCADE "
+                "functionality - onupdates will not be rendered for foreign "
+                "keys.  Consider using deferrable=True, initially='deferred' "
+                "or triggers.")
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create, **kw):
+        return super(OracleDDLCompiler, self).\
+            visit_create_index(create, include_schema=True)
+
+
+class OracleIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+
+    reserved_words = set([x.lower() for x in RESERVED_WORDS])
+    illegal_initial_characters = set(range(0, 10)).union(["_", "$"])
+
+    def _bindparam_requires_quotes(self, value):
+        """Return True if the given identifier requires quoting."""
+        lc_value = value.lower()
+        return (lc_value in self.reserved_words
+                or value[0] in self.illegal_initial_characters
+                or not self.legal_characters.match(util.text_type(value))
+                )
+
+    def format_savepoint(self, savepoint):
+        name = re.sub(r'^_+', '', savepoint.ident)
+        return super(
+            OracleIdentifierPreparer, self).format_savepoint(savepoint, name)
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            "SELECT " +
+            self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq) +
+            ".nextval FROM DUAL", type_)
+
+
+class OracleDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = 'oracle'
+    supports_alter = True
+    supports_unicode_statements = False
+    supports_unicode_binds = False
+    max_identifier_length = 30
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = False
+    postfetch_lastrowid = False
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'named'
+    colspecs = colspecs
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    requires_name_normalize = True
+
+    supports_default_values = False
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+
+    statement_compiler = OracleCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = OracleDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler = OracleTypeCompiler
+    preparer = OracleIdentifierPreparer
+    execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContext
+
+    reflection_options = ('oracle_resolve_synonyms', )
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (sa_schema.Table, {"resolve_synonyms": False})
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 use_ansi=True,
+                 optimize_limits=False,
+                 use_binds_for_limits=True,
+                 **kwargs):
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.use_ansi = use_ansi
+        self.optimize_limits = optimize_limits
+        self.use_binds_for_limits = use_binds_for_limits
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(OracleDialect, self).initialize(connection)
+        self.implicit_returning = self.__dict__.get(
+            'implicit_returning',
+            self.server_version_info > (10, )
+        )
+
+        if self._is_oracle_8:
+            self.colspecs = self.colspecs.copy()
+            self.colspecs.pop(sqltypes.Interval)
+            self.use_ansi = False
+
+    @property
+    def _is_oracle_8(self):
+        return self.server_version_info and \
+            self.server_version_info < (9, )
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_char_length(self):
+        return not self._is_oracle_8
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_nchar(self):
+        return not self._is_oracle_8
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        # Oracle does not support RELEASE SAVEPOINT
+        pass
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        cursor = connection.execute(
+            sql.text("SELECT table_name FROM all_tables "
+                     "WHERE table_name = :name AND owner = :schema_name"),
+            name=self.denormalize_name(table_name),
+            schema_name=self.denormalize_name(schema))
+        return cursor.first() is not None
+
+    def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None):
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        cursor = connection.execute(
+            sql.text("SELECT sequence_name FROM all_sequences "
+                     "WHERE sequence_name = :name AND "
+                     "sequence_owner = :schema_name"),
+            name=self.denormalize_name(sequence_name),
+            schema_name=self.denormalize_name(schema))
+        return cursor.first() is not None
+
+    def normalize_name(self, name):
+        if name is None:
+            return None
+        if util.py2k:
+            if isinstance(name, str):
+                name = name.decode(self.encoding)
+        if name.upper() == name and not \
+                self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes(name.lower()):
+            return name.lower()
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    def denormalize_name(self, name):
+        if name is None:
+            return None
+        elif name.lower() == name and not \
+                self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes(name.lower()):
+            name = name.upper()
+        if util.py2k:
+            if not self.supports_unicode_binds:
+                name = name.encode(self.encoding)
+            else:
+                name = unicode(name)
+        return name
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return self.normalize_name(
+            connection.execute('SELECT USER FROM DUAL').scalar())
+
+    def _resolve_synonym(self, connection, desired_owner=None,
+                         desired_synonym=None, desired_table=None):
+        """search for a local synonym matching the given desired owner/name.
+
+        if desired_owner is None, attempts to locate a distinct owner.
+
+        returns the actual name, owner, dblink name, and synonym name if
+        found.
+        """
+
+        q = "SELECT owner, table_owner, table_name, db_link, "\
+            "synonym_name FROM all_synonyms WHERE "
+        clauses = []
+        params = {}
+        if desired_synonym:
+            clauses.append("synonym_name = :synonym_name")
+            params['synonym_name'] = desired_synonym
+        if desired_owner:
+            clauses.append("owner = :desired_owner")
+            params['desired_owner'] = desired_owner
+        if desired_table:
+            clauses.append("table_name = :tname")
+            params['tname'] = desired_table
+
+        q += " AND ".join(clauses)
+
+        result = connection.execute(sql.text(q), **params)
+        if desired_owner:
+            row = result.first()
+            if row:
+                return (row['table_name'], row['table_owner'],
+                        row['db_link'], row['synonym_name'])
+            else:
+                return None, None, None, None
+        else:
+            rows = result.fetchall()
+            if len(rows) > 1:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "There are multiple tables visible to the schema, you "
+                    "must specify owner")
+            elif len(rows) == 1:
+                row = rows[0]
+                return (row['table_name'], row['table_owner'],
+                        row['db_link'], row['synonym_name'])
+            else:
+                return None, None, None, None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _prepare_reflection_args(self, connection, table_name, schema=None,
+                                 resolve_synonyms=False, dblink='', **kw):
+
+        if resolve_synonyms:
+            actual_name, owner, dblink, synonym = self._resolve_synonym(
+                connection,
+                desired_owner=self.denormalize_name(schema),
+                desired_synonym=self.denormalize_name(table_name)
+            )
+        else:
+            actual_name, owner, dblink, synonym = None, None, None, None
+        if not actual_name:
+            actual_name = self.denormalize_name(table_name)
+
+        if dblink:
+            # using user_db_links here since all_db_links appears
+            # to have more restricted permissions.
+            # http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28310/ds_admin005.htm
+            # will need to hear from more users if we are doing
+            # the right thing here.  See [ticket:2619]
+            owner = connection.scalar(
+                sql.text("SELECT username FROM user_db_links "
+                         "WHERE db_link=:link"), link=dblink)
+            dblink = "@" + dblink
+        elif not owner:
+            owner = self.denormalize_name(schema or self.default_schema_name)
+
+        return (actual_name, owner, dblink or '', synonym)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        s = "SELECT username FROM all_users ORDER BY username"
+        cursor = connection.execute(s,)
+        return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in cursor]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        schema = self.denormalize_name(schema or self.default_schema_name)
+
+        # note that table_names() isn't loading DBLINKed or synonym'ed tables
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        s = sql.text(
+            "SELECT table_name FROM all_tables "
+            "WHERE nvl(tablespace_name, 'no tablespace') NOT IN "
+            "('SYSTEM', 'SYSAUX') "
+            "AND OWNER = :owner "
+            "AND IOT_NAME IS NULL")
+        cursor = connection.execute(s, owner=schema)
+        return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in cursor]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        schema = self.denormalize_name(schema or self.default_schema_name)
+        s = sql.text("SELECT view_name FROM all_views WHERE owner = :owner")
+        cursor = connection.execute(s, owner=self.denormalize_name(schema))
+        return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in cursor]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """
+
+        kw arguments can be:
+
+            oracle_resolve_synonyms
+
+            dblink
+
+        """
+
+        resolve_synonyms = kw.get('oracle_resolve_synonyms', False)
+        dblink = kw.get('dblink', '')
+        info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
+
+        (table_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
+            self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                          resolve_synonyms, dblink,
+                                          info_cache=info_cache)
+        columns = []
+        if self._supports_char_length:
+            char_length_col = 'char_length'
+        else:
+            char_length_col = 'data_length'
+
+        params = {"table_name": table_name}
+        text = "SELECT column_name, data_type, %(char_length_col)s, "\
+            "data_precision, data_scale, "\
+            "nullable, data_default FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS%(dblink)s "\
+            "WHERE table_name = :table_name"
+        if schema is not None:
+            params['owner'] = schema
+            text += " AND owner = :owner "
+        text += " ORDER BY column_id"
+        text = text % {'dblink': dblink, 'char_length_col': char_length_col}
+
+        c = connection.execute(sql.text(text), **params)
+
+        for row in c:
+            (colname, orig_colname, coltype, length, precision, scale, nullable, default) = \
+                (self.normalize_name(row[0]), row[0], row[1], row[
+                 2], row[3], row[4], row[5] == 'Y', row[6])
+
+            if coltype == 'NUMBER':
+                coltype = NUMBER(precision, scale)
+            elif coltype in ('VARCHAR2', 'NVARCHAR2', 'CHAR'):
+                coltype = self.ischema_names.get(coltype)(length)
+            elif 'WITH TIME ZONE' in coltype:
+                coltype = TIMESTAMP(timezone=True)
+            else:
+                coltype = re.sub(r'\(\d+\)', '', coltype)
+                try:
+                    coltype = self.ischema_names[coltype]
+                except KeyError:
+                    util.warn("Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
+                              (coltype, colname))
+                    coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+            cdict = {
+                'name': colname,
+                'type': coltype,
+                'nullable': nullable,
+                'default': default,
+                'autoincrement': default is None
+            }
+            if orig_colname.lower() == orig_colname:
+                cdict['quote'] = True
+
+            columns.append(cdict)
+        return columns
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None,
+                    resolve_synonyms=False, dblink='', **kw):
+
+        info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
+        (table_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
+            self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                          resolve_synonyms, dblink,
+                                          info_cache=info_cache)
+        indexes = []
+
+        params = {'table_name': table_name}
+        text = \
+            "SELECT a.index_name, a.column_name, b.uniqueness "\
+            "\nFROM ALL_IND_COLUMNS%(dblink)s a, "\
+            "\nALL_INDEXES%(dblink)s b "\
+            "\nWHERE "\
+            "\na.index_name = b.index_name "\
+            "\nAND a.table_owner = b.table_owner "\
+            "\nAND a.table_name = b.table_name "\
+            "\nAND a.table_name = :table_name "
+
+        if schema is not None:
+            params['schema'] = schema
+            text += "AND a.table_owner = :schema "
+
+        text += "ORDER BY a.index_name, a.column_position"
+
+        text = text % {'dblink': dblink}
+
+        q = sql.text(text)
+        rp = connection.execute(q, **params)
+        indexes = []
+        last_index_name = None
+        pk_constraint = self.get_pk_constraint(
+            connection, table_name, schema, resolve_synonyms=resolve_synonyms,
+            dblink=dblink, info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+        pkeys = pk_constraint['constrained_columns']
+        uniqueness = dict(NONUNIQUE=False, UNIQUE=True)
+
+        oracle_sys_col = re.compile(r'SYS_NC\d+\$', re.IGNORECASE)
+
+        def upper_name_set(names):
+            return set([i.upper() for i in names])
+
+        pk_names = upper_name_set(pkeys)
+
+        def remove_if_primary_key(index):
+            # don't include the primary key index
+            if index is not None and \
+               upper_name_set(index['column_names']) == pk_names:
+                indexes.pop()
+
+        index = None
+        for rset in rp:
+            if rset.index_name != last_index_name:
+                remove_if_primary_key(index)
+                index = dict(name=self.normalize_name(rset.index_name),
+                             column_names=[])
+                indexes.append(index)
+            index['unique'] = uniqueness.get(rset.uniqueness, False)
+
+            # filter out Oracle SYS_NC names.  could also do an outer join
+            # to the all_tab_columns table and check for real col names there.
+            if not oracle_sys_col.match(rset.column_name):
+                index['column_names'].append(
+                    self.normalize_name(rset.column_name))
+            last_index_name = rset.index_name
+        remove_if_primary_key(index)
+        return indexes
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _get_constraint_data(self, connection, table_name, schema=None,
+                             dblink='', **kw):
+
+        params = {'table_name': table_name}
+
+        text = \
+            "SELECT"\
+            "\nac.constraint_name,"\
+            "\nac.constraint_type,"\
+            "\nloc.column_name AS local_column,"\
+            "\nrem.table_name AS remote_table,"\
+            "\nrem.column_name AS remote_column,"\
+            "\nrem.owner AS remote_owner,"\
+            "\nloc.position as loc_pos,"\
+            "\nrem.position as rem_pos"\
+            "\nFROM all_constraints%(dblink)s ac,"\
+            "\nall_cons_columns%(dblink)s loc,"\
+            "\nall_cons_columns%(dblink)s rem"\
+            "\nWHERE ac.table_name = :table_name"\
+            "\nAND ac.constraint_type IN ('R','P')"
+
+        if schema is not None:
+            params['owner'] = schema
+            text += "\nAND ac.owner = :owner"
+
+        text += \
+            "\nAND ac.owner = loc.owner"\
+            "\nAND ac.constraint_name = loc.constraint_name"\
+            "\nAND ac.r_owner = rem.owner(+)"\
+            "\nAND ac.r_constraint_name = rem.constraint_name(+)"\
+            "\nAND (rem.position IS NULL or loc.position=rem.position)"\
+            "\nORDER BY ac.constraint_name, loc.position"
+
+        text = text % {'dblink': dblink}
+        rp = connection.execute(sql.text(text), **params)
+        constraint_data = rp.fetchall()
+        return constraint_data
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        resolve_synonyms = kw.get('oracle_resolve_synonyms', False)
+        dblink = kw.get('dblink', '')
+        info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
+
+        (table_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
+            self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                          resolve_synonyms, dblink,
+                                          info_cache=info_cache)
+        pkeys = []
+        constraint_name = None
+        constraint_data = self._get_constraint_data(
+            connection, table_name, schema, dblink,
+            info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+
+        for row in constraint_data:
+            (cons_name, cons_type, local_column, remote_table, remote_column, remote_owner) = \
+                row[0:2] + tuple([self.normalize_name(x) for x in row[2:6]])
+            if cons_type == 'P':
+                if constraint_name is None:
+                    constraint_name = self.normalize_name(cons_name)
+                pkeys.append(local_column)
+        return {'constrained_columns': pkeys, 'name': constraint_name}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """
+
+        kw arguments can be:
+
+            oracle_resolve_synonyms
+
+            dblink
+
+        """
+
+        requested_schema = schema  # to check later on
+        resolve_synonyms = kw.get('oracle_resolve_synonyms', False)
+        dblink = kw.get('dblink', '')
+        info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
+
+        (table_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
+            self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                          resolve_synonyms, dblink,
+                                          info_cache=info_cache)
+
+        constraint_data = self._get_constraint_data(
+            connection, table_name, schema, dblink,
+            info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+
+        def fkey_rec():
+            return {
+                'name': None,
+                'constrained_columns': [],
+                'referred_schema': None,
+                'referred_table': None,
+                'referred_columns': []
+            }
+
+        fkeys = util.defaultdict(fkey_rec)
+
+        for row in constraint_data:
+            (cons_name, cons_type, local_column, remote_table, remote_column, remote_owner) = \
+                row[0:2] + tuple([self.normalize_name(x) for x in row[2:6]])
+
+            if cons_type == 'R':
+                if remote_table is None:
+                    # ticket 363
+                    util.warn(
+                        ("Got 'None' querying 'table_name' from "
+                         "all_cons_columns%(dblink)s - does the user have "
+                         "proper rights to the table?") % {'dblink': dblink})
+                    continue
+
+                rec = fkeys[cons_name]
+                rec['name'] = cons_name
+                local_cols, remote_cols = rec[
+                    'constrained_columns'], rec['referred_columns']
+
+                if not rec['referred_table']:
+                    if resolve_synonyms:
+                        ref_remote_name, ref_remote_owner, ref_dblink, ref_synonym = \
+                            self._resolve_synonym(
+                                connection,
+                                desired_owner=self.denormalize_name(
+                                    remote_owner),
+                                desired_table=self.denormalize_name(
+                                    remote_table)
+                            )
+                        if ref_synonym:
+                            remote_table = self.normalize_name(ref_synonym)
+                            remote_owner = self.normalize_name(
+                                ref_remote_owner)
+
+                    rec['referred_table'] = remote_table
+
+                    if requested_schema is not None or \
+                       self.denormalize_name(remote_owner) != schema:
+                        rec['referred_schema'] = remote_owner
+
+                local_cols.append(local_column)
+                remote_cols.append(remote_column)
+
+        return list(fkeys.values())
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None,
+                            resolve_synonyms=False, dblink='', **kw):
+        info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
+        (view_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
+            self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, view_name, schema,
+                                          resolve_synonyms, dblink,
+                                          info_cache=info_cache)
+
+        params = {'view_name': view_name}
+        text = "SELECT text FROM all_views WHERE view_name=:view_name"
+
+        if schema is not None:
+            text += " AND owner = :schema"
+            params['schema'] = schema
+
+        rp = connection.execute(sql.text(text), **params).scalar()
+        if rp:
+            if util.py2k:
+                rp = rp.decode(self.encoding)
+            return rp
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class _OuterJoinColumn(sql.ClauseElement):
+    __visit_name__ = 'outer_join_column'
+
+    def __init__(self, column):
+        self.column = column
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a1ceec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py
@@ -0,0 +1,966 @@
+# oracle/cx_oracle.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: oracle+cx_oracle
+    :name: cx-Oracle
+    :dbapi: cx_oracle
+    :connectstring: oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname\
+[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: http://cx-oracle.sourceforge.net/
+
+Additional Connect Arguments
+----------------------------
+
+When connecting with ``dbname`` present, the host, port, and dbname tokens are
+converted to a TNS name using
+the cx_oracle ``makedsn()`` function.  Otherwise, the host token is taken
+directly as a TNS name.
+
+Additional arguments which may be specified either as query string arguments
+on the URL, or as keyword arguments to :func:`.create_engine()` are:
+
+* ``allow_twophase`` - enable two-phase transactions.  Defaults to ``True``.
+
+* ``arraysize`` - set the cx_oracle.arraysize value on cursors, defaulted
+  to 50.  This setting is significant with cx_Oracle as the contents of LOB
+  objects are only readable within a "live" row (e.g. within a batch of
+  50 rows).
+
+* ``auto_convert_lobs`` - defaults to True; See :ref:`cx_oracle_lob`.
+
+* ``auto_setinputsizes`` - the cx_oracle.setinputsizes() call is issued for
+  all bind parameters.  This is required for LOB datatypes but can be
+  disabled to reduce overhead.  Defaults to ``True``.  Specific types
+  can be excluded from this process using the ``exclude_setinputsizes``
+  parameter.
+
+* ``coerce_to_unicode`` - see :ref:`cx_oracle_unicode` for detail.
+
+* ``coerce_to_decimal`` - see :ref:`cx_oracle_numeric` for detail.
+
+* ``exclude_setinputsizes`` - a tuple or list of string DBAPI type names to
+  be excluded from the "auto setinputsizes" feature.  The type names here
+  must match DBAPI types that are found in the "cx_Oracle" module namespace,
+  such as cx_Oracle.UNICODE, cx_Oracle.NCLOB, etc.   Defaults to
+  ``(STRING, UNICODE)``.
+
+  .. versionadded:: 0.8 specific DBAPI types can be excluded from the
+     auto_setinputsizes feature via the exclude_setinputsizes attribute.
+
+* ``mode`` - This is given the string value of SYSDBA or SYSOPER, or
+  alternatively an integer value.  This value is only available as a URL query
+  string argument.
+
+* ``threaded`` - enable multithreaded access to cx_oracle connections.
+  Defaults to ``True``.  Note that this is the opposite default of the
+  cx_Oracle DBAPI itself.
+
+.. _cx_oracle_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+The cx_Oracle DBAPI as of version 5 fully supports unicode, and has the
+ability to return string results as Python unicode objects natively.
+
+When used in Python 3, cx_Oracle returns all strings as Python unicode objects
+(that is, plain ``str`` in Python 3).  In Python 2, it will return as Python
+unicode those column values that are of type ``NVARCHAR`` or ``NCLOB``.  For
+column values that are of type ``VARCHAR`` or other non-unicode string types,
+it will return values as Python strings (e.g. bytestrings).
+
+The cx_Oracle SQLAlchemy dialect presents two different options for the use
+case of returning ``VARCHAR`` column values as Python unicode objects under
+Python 2:
+
+* the cx_Oracle DBAPI has the ability to coerce all string results to Python
+  unicode objects unconditionally using output type handlers.  This has
+  the advantage that the unicode conversion is global to all statements
+  at the cx_Oracle driver level, meaning it works with raw textual SQL
+  statements that have no typing information associated.  However, this system
+  has been observed to incur signfiicant performance overhead, not only
+  because it takes effect for all string values unconditionally, but also
+  because cx_Oracle under Python 2 seems to use a pure-Python function call in
+  order to do the decode operation, which under cPython can orders of
+  magnitude slower than doing it using C functions alone.
+
+* SQLAlchemy has unicode-decoding services built in, and when using
+  SQLAlchemy's C extensions, these functions do not use any Python function
+  calls and are very fast.  The disadvantage to this approach is that the
+  unicode conversion only takes effect for statements where the
+  :class:`.Unicode` type or :class:`.String` type with
+  ``convert_unicode=True`` is explicitly associated with the result column.
+  This is the case for any ORM or Core query or SQL expression as well as for
+  a :func:`.text` construct that specifies output column types, so in the vast
+  majority of cases this is not an issue. However, when sending a completely
+  raw string to :meth:`.Connection.execute`, this typing information isn't
+  present, unless the string is handled within a :func:`.text` construct that
+  adds typing information.
+
+As of version 0.9.2 of SQLAlchemy, the default approach is to use SQLAlchemy's
+typing system.  This keeps cx_Oracle's expensive Python 2 approach
+disabled unless the user explicitly wants it.  Under Python 3, SQLAlchemy
+detects that cx_Oracle is returning unicode objects natively and cx_Oracle's
+system is used.
+
+To re-enable cx_Oracle's output type handler under Python 2, the
+``coerce_to_unicode=True`` flag (new in 0.9.4) can be passed to
+:func:`.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://dsn", coerce_to_unicode=True)
+
+Alternatively, to run a pure string SQL statement and get ``VARCHAR`` results
+as Python unicode under Python 2 without using cx_Oracle's native handlers,
+the :func:`.text` feature can be used::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import text, Unicode
+    result = conn.execute(
+        text("select username from user").columns(username=Unicode))
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.9.2 cx_Oracle's outputtypehandlers are no longer used
+   for unicode results of non-unicode datatypes in Python 2, after they were
+   identified as a major performance bottleneck.  SQLAlchemy's own unicode
+   facilities are used instead.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.4 Added the ``coerce_to_unicode`` flag, to re-enable
+   cx_Oracle's outputtypehandler and revert to pre-0.9.2 behavior.
+
+.. _cx_oracle_returning:
+
+RETURNING Support
+-----------------
+
+The cx_oracle DBAPI supports a limited subset of Oracle's already limited
+RETURNING support.  Typically, results can only be guaranteed for at most one
+column being returned; this is the typical case when SQLAlchemy uses RETURNING
+to get just the value of a primary-key-associated sequence value.
+Additional column expressions will cause problems in a non-determinative way,
+due to cx_oracle's lack of support for the OCI_DATA_AT_EXEC API which is
+required for more complex RETURNING scenarios.
+
+For this reason, stability may be enhanced by disabling RETURNING support
+completely; SQLAlchemy otherwise will use RETURNING to fetch newly
+sequence-generated primary keys.  As illustrated in :ref:`oracle_returning`::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle://scott:tiger@dsn",
+                           implicit_returning=False)
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10501_01/appdev.920/a96584/oci05bnd.htm#420693
+    - OCI documentation for RETURNING
+
+    http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=31338136
+    - cx_oracle developer commentary
+
+.. _cx_oracle_lob:
+
+LOB Objects
+-----------
+
+cx_oracle returns oracle LOBs using the cx_oracle.LOB object.  SQLAlchemy
+converts these to strings so that the interface of the Binary type is
+consistent with that of other backends, and so that the linkage to a live
+cursor is not needed in scenarios like result.fetchmany() and
+result.fetchall().   This means that by default, LOB objects are fully fetched
+unconditionally by SQLAlchemy, and the linkage to a live cursor is broken.
+
+To disable this processing, pass ``auto_convert_lobs=False`` to
+:func:`.create_engine()`.
+
+Two Phase Transaction Support
+-----------------------------
+
+Two Phase transactions are implemented using XA transactions, and are known
+to work in a rudimental fashion with recent versions of cx_Oracle
+as of SQLAlchemy 0.8.0b2, 0.7.10.   However, the mechanism is not yet
+considered to be robust and should still be regarded as experimental.
+
+In particular, the cx_Oracle DBAPI as recently as 5.1.2 has a bug regarding
+two phase which prevents
+a particular DBAPI connection from being consistently usable in both
+prepared transactions as well as traditional DBAPI usage patterns; therefore
+once a particular connection is used via :meth:`.Connection.begin_prepared`,
+all subsequent usages of the underlying DBAPI connection must be within
+the context of prepared transactions.
+
+The default behavior of :class:`.Engine` is to maintain a pool of DBAPI
+connections.  Therefore, due to the above glitch, a DBAPI connection that has
+been used in a two-phase operation, and is then returned to the pool, will
+not be usable in a non-two-phase context.   To avoid this situation,
+the application can make one of several choices:
+
+* Disable connection pooling using :class:`.NullPool`
+
+* Ensure that the particular :class:`.Engine` in use is only used
+  for two-phase operations.   A :class:`.Engine` bound to an ORM
+  :class:`.Session` which includes ``twophase=True`` will consistently
+  use the two-phase transaction style.
+
+* For ad-hoc two-phase operations without disabling pooling, the DBAPI
+  connection in use can be evicted from the connection pool using the
+  :meth:`.Connection.detach` method.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.8.0b2,0.7.10
+    Support for cx_oracle prepared transactions has been implemented
+    and tested.
+
+.. _cx_oracle_numeric:
+
+Precision Numerics
+------------------
+
+The SQLAlchemy dialect goes through a lot of steps to ensure
+that decimal numbers are sent and received with full accuracy.
+An "outputtypehandler" callable is associated with each
+cx_oracle connection object which detects numeric types and
+receives them as string values, instead of receiving a Python
+``float`` directly, which is then passed to the Python
+``Decimal`` constructor.  The :class:`.Numeric` and
+:class:`.Float` types under the cx_oracle dialect are aware of
+this behavior, and will coerce the ``Decimal`` to ``float`` if
+the ``asdecimal`` flag is ``False`` (default on :class:`.Float`,
+optional on :class:`.Numeric`).
+
+Because the handler coerces to ``Decimal`` in all cases first,
+the feature can detract significantly from performance.
+If precision numerics aren't required, the decimal handling
+can be disabled by passing the flag ``coerce_to_decimal=False``
+to :func:`.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://dsn", coerce_to_decimal=False)
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+    Add the ``coerce_to_decimal`` flag.
+
+Another alternative to performance is to use the
+`cdecimal `_ library;
+see :class:`.Numeric` for additional notes.
+
+The handler attempts to use the "precision" and "scale"
+attributes of the result set column to best determine if
+subsequent incoming values should be received as ``Decimal`` as
+opposed to int (in which case no processing is added). There are
+several scenarios where OCI_ does not provide unambiguous data
+as to the numeric type, including some situations where
+individual rows may return a combination of floating point and
+integer values. Certain values for "precision" and "scale" have
+been observed to determine this scenario.  When it occurs, the
+outputtypehandler receives as string and then passes off to a
+processing function which detects, for each returned value, if a
+decimal point is present, and if so converts to ``Decimal``,
+otherwise to int.  The intention is that simple int-based
+statements like "SELECT my_seq.nextval() FROM DUAL" continue to
+return ints and not ``Decimal`` objects, and that any kind of
+floating point value is received as a string so that there is no
+floating point loss of precision.
+
+The "decimal point is present" logic itself is also sensitive to
+locale.  Under OCI_, this is controlled by the NLS_LANG
+environment variable. Upon first connection, the dialect runs a
+test to determine the current "decimal" character, which can be
+a comma "," for European locales. From that point forward the
+outputtypehandler uses that character to represent a decimal
+point. Note that cx_oracle 5.0.3 or greater is required
+when dealing with numerics with locale settings that don't use
+a period "." as the decimal character.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.6.6
+    The outputtypehandler supports the case where the locale uses a
+    comma "," character to represent a decimal point.
+
+.. _OCI: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/features/oci/index.html
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .base import OracleCompiler, OracleDialect, OracleExecutionContext
+from . import base as oracle
+from ...engine import result as _result
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, util, exc, processors
+import random
+import collections
+import decimal
+import re
+
+
+class _OracleNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        # cx_oracle accepts Decimal objects and floats
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        # we apply a cx_oracle type handler to all connections
+        # that converts floating point strings to Decimal().
+        # However, in some subquery situations, Oracle doesn't
+        # give us enough information to determine int or Decimal.
+        # It could even be int/Decimal differently on each row,
+        # regardless of the scale given for the originating type.
+        # So we still need an old school isinstance() handler
+        # here for decimals.
+
+        if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+            if self.asdecimal:
+                fstring = "%%.%df" % self._effective_decimal_return_scale
+
+                def to_decimal(value):
+                    if value is None:
+                        return None
+                    elif isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+                        return value
+                    else:
+                        return decimal.Decimal(fstring % value)
+
+                return to_decimal
+            else:
+                if self.precision is None and self.scale is None:
+                    return processors.to_float
+                elif not getattr(self, '_is_oracle_number', False) \
+                        and self.scale is not None:
+                    return processors.to_float
+                else:
+                    return None
+        else:
+            # cx_oracle 4 behavior, will assume
+            # floats
+            return super(_OracleNumeric, self).\
+                result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _OracleDate(sqltypes.Date):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return value.date()
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+
+class _LOBMixin(object):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if not dialect.auto_convert_lobs:
+            # return the cx_oracle.LOB directly.
+            return None
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return value.read()
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+
+class _NativeUnicodeMixin(object):
+    if util.py2k:
+        def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+            if dialect._cx_oracle_with_unicode:
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is None:
+                        return value
+                    else:
+                        return unicode(value)
+                return process
+            else:
+                return super(
+                    _NativeUnicodeMixin, self).bind_processor(dialect)
+
+    # we apply a connection output handler that returns
+    # unicode in all cases, so the "native_unicode" flag
+    # will be set for the default String.result_processor.
+
+
+class _OracleChar(_NativeUnicodeMixin, sqltypes.CHAR):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.FIXED_CHAR
+
+
+class _OracleNVarChar(_NativeUnicodeMixin, sqltypes.NVARCHAR):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return getattr(dbapi, 'UNICODE', dbapi.STRING)
+
+
+class _OracleText(_LOBMixin, sqltypes.Text):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.CLOB
+
+
+class _OracleLong(oracle.LONG):
+    # a raw LONG is a text type, but does *not*
+    # get the LobMixin with cx_oracle.
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.LONG_STRING
+
+
+class _OracleString(_NativeUnicodeMixin, sqltypes.String):
+    pass
+
+
+class _OracleUnicodeText(
+        _LOBMixin, _NativeUnicodeMixin, sqltypes.UnicodeText):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NCLOB
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        lob_processor = _LOBMixin.result_processor(self, dialect, coltype)
+        if lob_processor is None:
+            return None
+
+        string_processor = sqltypes.UnicodeText.result_processor(
+            self, dialect, coltype)
+
+        if string_processor is None:
+            return lob_processor
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                return string_processor(lob_processor(value))
+            return process
+
+
+class _OracleInteger(sqltypes.Integer):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_int(val):
+            if val is not None:
+                val = int(val)
+            return val
+        return to_int
+
+
+class _OracleBinary(_LOBMixin, sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.BLOB
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+
+class _OracleInterval(oracle.INTERVAL):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.INTERVAL
+
+
+class _OracleRaw(oracle.RAW):
+    pass
+
+
+class _OracleRowid(oracle.ROWID):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.ROWID
+
+
+class OracleCompiler_cx_oracle(OracleCompiler):
+    def bindparam_string(self, name, **kw):
+        quote = getattr(name, 'quote', None)
+        if quote is True or quote is not False and \
+                self.preparer._bindparam_requires_quotes(name):
+            quoted_name = '"%s"' % name
+            self._quoted_bind_names[name] = quoted_name
+            return OracleCompiler.bindparam_string(self, quoted_name, **kw)
+        else:
+            return OracleCompiler.bindparam_string(self, name, **kw)
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle(OracleExecutionContext):
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        quoted_bind_names = \
+            getattr(self.compiled, '_quoted_bind_names', None)
+        if quoted_bind_names:
+            if not self.dialect.supports_unicode_statements:
+                # if DBAPI doesn't accept unicode statements,
+                # keys in self.parameters would have been encoded
+                # here.  so convert names in quoted_bind_names
+                # to encoded as well.
+                quoted_bind_names = \
+                    dict(
+                        (fromname.encode(self.dialect.encoding),
+                         toname.encode(self.dialect.encoding))
+                        for fromname, toname in
+                        quoted_bind_names.items()
+                    )
+            for param in self.parameters:
+                for fromname, toname in quoted_bind_names.items():
+                    param[toname] = param[fromname]
+                    del param[fromname]
+
+        if self.dialect.auto_setinputsizes:
+            # cx_oracle really has issues when you setinputsizes
+            # on String, including that outparams/RETURNING
+            # breaks for varchars
+            self.set_input_sizes(
+                quoted_bind_names,
+                exclude_types=self.dialect.exclude_setinputsizes
+            )
+
+        # if a single execute, check for outparams
+        if len(self.compiled_parameters) == 1:
+            for bindparam in self.compiled.binds.values():
+                if bindparam.isoutparam:
+                    dbtype = bindparam.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect).\
+                        get_dbapi_type(self.dialect.dbapi)
+                    if not hasattr(self, 'out_parameters'):
+                        self.out_parameters = {}
+                    if dbtype is None:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Cannot create out parameter for parameter "
+                            "%r - its type %r is not supported by"
+                            " cx_oracle" %
+                            (bindparam.key, bindparam.type)
+                        )
+                    name = self.compiled.bind_names[bindparam]
+                    self.out_parameters[name] = self.cursor.var(dbtype)
+                    self.parameters[0][quoted_bind_names.get(name, name)] = \
+                        self.out_parameters[name]
+
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        c = self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        if self.dialect.arraysize:
+            c.arraysize = self.dialect.arraysize
+
+        return c
+
+    def get_result_proxy(self):
+        if hasattr(self, 'out_parameters') and self.compiled.returning:
+            returning_params = dict(
+                (k, v.getvalue())
+                for k, v in self.out_parameters.items()
+            )
+            return ReturningResultProxy(self, returning_params)
+
+        result = None
+        if self.cursor.description is not None:
+            for column in self.cursor.description:
+                type_code = column[1]
+                if type_code in self.dialect._cx_oracle_binary_types:
+                    result = _result.BufferedColumnResultProxy(self)
+
+        if result is None:
+            result = _result.ResultProxy(self)
+
+        if hasattr(self, 'out_parameters'):
+            if self.compiled_parameters is not None and \
+                    len(self.compiled_parameters) == 1:
+                result.out_parameters = out_parameters = {}
+
+                for bind, name in self.compiled.bind_names.items():
+                    if name in self.out_parameters:
+                        type = bind.type
+                        impl_type = type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+                        dbapi_type = impl_type.get_dbapi_type(
+                            self.dialect.dbapi)
+                        result_processor = impl_type.\
+                            result_processor(self.dialect,
+                                             dbapi_type)
+                        if result_processor is not None:
+                            out_parameters[name] = \
+                                result_processor(
+                                    self.out_parameters[name].getvalue())
+                        else:
+                            out_parameters[name] = self.out_parameters[
+                                name].getvalue()
+            else:
+                result.out_parameters = dict(
+                                            (k, v.getvalue())
+                    for k, v in self.out_parameters.items()
+                )
+
+        return result
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle_with_unicode(
+        OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle):
+    """Support WITH_UNICODE in Python 2.xx.
+
+    WITH_UNICODE allows cx_Oracle's Python 3 unicode handling
+    behavior under Python 2.x. This mode in some cases disallows
+    and in other cases silently passes corrupted data when
+    non-Python-unicode strings (a.k.a. plain old Python strings)
+    are passed as arguments to connect(), the statement sent to execute(),
+    or any of the bind parameter keys or values sent to execute().
+    This optional context therefore ensures that all statements are
+    passed as Python unicode objects.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle.__init__(self, *arg, **kw)
+        self.statement = util.text_type(self.statement)
+
+    def _execute_scalar(self, stmt):
+        return super(OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle_with_unicode, self).\
+            _execute_scalar(util.text_type(stmt))
+
+
+class ReturningResultProxy(_result.FullyBufferedResultProxy):
+    """Result proxy which stuffs the _returning clause + outparams
+    into the fetch."""
+
+    def __init__(self, context, returning_params):
+        self._returning_params = returning_params
+        super(ReturningResultProxy, self).__init__(context)
+
+    def _cursor_description(self):
+        returning = self.context.compiled.returning
+        return [
+            ("ret_%d" % i, None)
+            for i, col in enumerate(returning)
+        ]
+
+    def _buffer_rows(self):
+        return collections.deque(
+            [tuple(self._returning_params["ret_%d" % i]
+                   for i, c in enumerate(self._returning_params))]
+        )
+
+
+class OracleDialect_cx_oracle(OracleDialect):
+    execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle
+    statement_compiler = OracleCompiler_cx_oracle
+
+    driver = "cx_oracle"
+
+    colspecs = colspecs = {
+        sqltypes.Numeric: _OracleNumeric,
+        # generic type, assume datetime.date is desired
+        sqltypes.Date: _OracleDate,
+        sqltypes.LargeBinary: _OracleBinary,
+        sqltypes.Boolean: oracle._OracleBoolean,
+        sqltypes.Interval: _OracleInterval,
+        oracle.INTERVAL: _OracleInterval,
+        sqltypes.Text: _OracleText,
+        sqltypes.String: _OracleString,
+        sqltypes.UnicodeText: _OracleUnicodeText,
+        sqltypes.CHAR: _OracleChar,
+
+        # a raw LONG is a text type, but does *not*
+        # get the LobMixin with cx_oracle.
+        oracle.LONG: _OracleLong,
+
+        # this is only needed for OUT parameters.
+        # it would be nice if we could not use it otherwise.
+        sqltypes.Integer: _OracleInteger,
+
+        oracle.RAW: _OracleRaw,
+        sqltypes.Unicode: _OracleNVarChar,
+        sqltypes.NVARCHAR: _OracleNVarChar,
+        oracle.ROWID: _OracleRowid,
+    }
+
+    execute_sequence_format = list
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 auto_setinputsizes=True,
+                 exclude_setinputsizes=("STRING", "UNICODE"),
+                 auto_convert_lobs=True,
+                 threaded=True,
+                 allow_twophase=True,
+                 coerce_to_decimal=True,
+                 coerce_to_unicode=False,
+                 arraysize=50, **kwargs):
+        OracleDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.threaded = threaded
+        self.arraysize = arraysize
+        self.allow_twophase = allow_twophase
+        self.supports_timestamp = self.dbapi is None or \
+            hasattr(self.dbapi, 'TIMESTAMP')
+        self.auto_setinputsizes = auto_setinputsizes
+        self.auto_convert_lobs = auto_convert_lobs
+
+        if hasattr(self.dbapi, 'version'):
+            self.cx_oracle_ver = tuple([int(x) for x in
+                                        self.dbapi.version.split('.')])
+        else:
+            self.cx_oracle_ver = (0, 0, 0)
+
+        def types(*names):
+            return set(
+                getattr(self.dbapi, name, None) for name in names
+            ).difference([None])
+
+        self.exclude_setinputsizes = types(*(exclude_setinputsizes or ()))
+        self._cx_oracle_string_types = types("STRING", "UNICODE",
+                                             "NCLOB", "CLOB")
+        self._cx_oracle_unicode_types = types("UNICODE", "NCLOB")
+        self._cx_oracle_binary_types = types("BFILE", "CLOB", "NCLOB", "BLOB")
+        self.supports_unicode_binds = self.cx_oracle_ver >= (5, 0)
+
+        self.coerce_to_unicode = (
+            self.cx_oracle_ver >= (5, 0) and
+            coerce_to_unicode
+        )
+
+        self.supports_native_decimal = (
+            self.cx_oracle_ver >= (5, 0) and
+            coerce_to_decimal
+        )
+
+        self._cx_oracle_native_nvarchar = self.cx_oracle_ver >= (5, 0)
+
+        if self.cx_oracle_ver is None:
+            # this occurs in tests with mock DBAPIs
+            self._cx_oracle_string_types = set()
+            self._cx_oracle_with_unicode = False
+        elif self.cx_oracle_ver >= (5,) and not \
+                hasattr(self.dbapi, 'UNICODE'):
+            # cx_Oracle WITH_UNICODE mode.  *only* python
+            # unicode objects accepted for anything
+            self.supports_unicode_statements = True
+            self.supports_unicode_binds = True
+            self._cx_oracle_with_unicode = True
+
+            if util.py2k:
+                # There's really no reason to run with WITH_UNICODE under
+                # Python 2.x.  Give the user a hint.
+                util.warn(
+                    "cx_Oracle is compiled under Python 2.xx using the "
+                    "WITH_UNICODE flag.  Consider recompiling cx_Oracle "
+                    "without this flag, which is in no way necessary for "
+                    "full support of Unicode. Otherwise, all string-holding "
+                    "bind parameters must be explicitly typed using "
+                    "SQLAlchemy's String type or one of its subtypes,"
+                    "or otherwise be passed as Python unicode.  "
+                    "Plain Python strings passed as bind parameters will be "
+                    "silently corrupted by cx_Oracle."
+                )
+                self.execution_ctx_cls = \
+                    OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle_with_unicode
+        else:
+            self._cx_oracle_with_unicode = False
+
+        if self.cx_oracle_ver is None or \
+                not self.auto_convert_lobs or \
+                not hasattr(self.dbapi, 'CLOB'):
+            self.dbapi_type_map = {}
+        else:
+            # only use this for LOB objects.  using it for strings, dates
+            # etc. leads to a little too much magic, reflection doesn't know
+            # if it should expect encoded strings or unicodes, etc.
+            self.dbapi_type_map = {
+                self.dbapi.CLOB: oracle.CLOB(),
+                self.dbapi.NCLOB: oracle.NCLOB(),
+                self.dbapi.BLOB: oracle.BLOB(),
+                self.dbapi.BINARY: oracle.RAW(),
+            }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        import cx_Oracle
+        return cx_Oracle
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(OracleDialect_cx_oracle, self).initialize(connection)
+        if self._is_oracle_8:
+            self.supports_unicode_binds = False
+        self._detect_decimal_char(connection)
+
+    def _detect_decimal_char(self, connection):
+        """detect if the decimal separator character is not '.', as
+        is the case with European locale settings for NLS_LANG.
+
+        cx_oracle itself uses similar logic when it formats Python
+        Decimal objects to strings on the bind side (as of 5.0.3),
+        as Oracle sends/receives string numerics only in the
+        current locale.
+
+        """
+        if self.cx_oracle_ver < (5,):
+            # no output type handlers before version 5
+            return
+
+        cx_Oracle = self.dbapi
+        conn = connection.connection
+
+        # override the output_type_handler that's
+        # on the cx_oracle connection with a plain
+        # one on the cursor
+
+        def output_type_handler(cursor, name, defaultType,
+                                size, precision, scale):
+            return cursor.var(
+                cx_Oracle.STRING,
+                255, arraysize=cursor.arraysize)
+
+        cursor = conn.cursor()
+        cursor.outputtypehandler = output_type_handler
+        cursor.execute("SELECT 0.1 FROM DUAL")
+        val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        char = re.match(r"([\.,])", val).group(1)
+        if char != '.':
+            _detect_decimal = self._detect_decimal
+            self._detect_decimal = \
+                lambda value: _detect_decimal(value.replace(char, '.'))
+            self._to_decimal = \
+                lambda value: decimal.Decimal(value.replace(char, '.'))
+
+    def _detect_decimal(self, value):
+        if "." in value:
+            return decimal.Decimal(value)
+        else:
+            return int(value)
+
+    _to_decimal = decimal.Decimal
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        if self.cx_oracle_ver < (5,):
+            # no output type handlers before version 5
+            return
+
+        cx_Oracle = self.dbapi
+
+        def output_type_handler(cursor, name, defaultType,
+                                size, precision, scale):
+            # convert all NUMBER with precision + positive scale to Decimal
+            # this almost allows "native decimal" mode.
+            if self.supports_native_decimal and \
+                    defaultType == cx_Oracle.NUMBER and \
+                    precision and scale > 0:
+                return cursor.var(
+                    cx_Oracle.STRING,
+                    255,
+                    outconverter=self._to_decimal,
+                    arraysize=cursor.arraysize)
+            # if NUMBER with zero precision and 0 or neg scale, this appears
+            # to indicate "ambiguous".  Use a slower converter that will
+            # make a decision based on each value received - the type
+            # may change from row to row (!).   This kills
+            # off "native decimal" mode, handlers still needed.
+            elif self.supports_native_decimal and \
+                    defaultType == cx_Oracle.NUMBER \
+                    and not precision and scale <= 0:
+                return cursor.var(
+                    cx_Oracle.STRING,
+                    255,
+                    outconverter=self._detect_decimal,
+                    arraysize=cursor.arraysize)
+            # allow all strings to come back natively as Unicode
+            elif self.coerce_to_unicode and \
+                    defaultType in (cx_Oracle.STRING, cx_Oracle.FIXED_CHAR):
+                return cursor.var(util.text_type, size, cursor.arraysize)
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            conn.outputtypehandler = output_type_handler
+
+        return on_connect
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        dialect_opts = dict(url.query)
+        for opt in ('use_ansi', 'auto_setinputsizes', 'auto_convert_lobs',
+                    'threaded', 'allow_twophase'):
+            if opt in dialect_opts:
+                util.coerce_kw_type(dialect_opts, opt, bool)
+                setattr(self, opt, dialect_opts[opt])
+
+        if url.database:
+            # if we have a database, then we have a remote host
+            port = url.port
+            if port:
+                port = int(port)
+            else:
+                port = 1521
+            dsn = self.dbapi.makedsn(url.host, port, url.database)
+        else:
+            # we have a local tnsname
+            dsn = url.host
+
+        opts = dict(
+            user=url.username,
+            password=url.password,
+            dsn=dsn,
+            threaded=self.threaded,
+            twophase=self.allow_twophase,
+        )
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            if self._cx_oracle_with_unicode:
+                for k, v in opts.items():
+                    if isinstance(v, str):
+                        opts[k] = unicode(v)
+            else:
+                for k, v in opts.items():
+                    if isinstance(v, unicode):
+                        opts[k] = str(v)
+
+        if 'mode' in url.query:
+            opts['mode'] = url.query['mode']
+            if isinstance(opts['mode'], util.string_types):
+                mode = opts['mode'].upper()
+                if mode == 'SYSDBA':
+                    opts['mode'] = self.dbapi.SYSDBA
+                elif mode == 'SYSOPER':
+                    opts['mode'] = self.dbapi.SYSOPER
+                else:
+                    util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'mode', int)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        return tuple(
+            int(x)
+            for x in connection.connection.version.split('.')
+        )
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        error, = e.args
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.InterfaceError):
+            return "not connected" in str(e)
+        elif hasattr(error, 'code'):
+            # ORA-00028: your session has been killed
+            # ORA-03114: not connected to ORACLE
+            # ORA-03113: end-of-file on communication channel
+            # ORA-03135: connection lost contact
+            # ORA-01033: ORACLE initialization or shutdown in progress
+            # ORA-02396: exceeded maximum idle time, please connect again
+            # TODO: Others ?
+            return error.code in (28, 3114, 3113, 3135, 1033, 2396)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def create_xid(self):
+        """create a two-phase transaction ID.
+
+        this id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(), do_rollback_twophase(),
+        do_commit_twophase().  its format is unspecified."""
+
+        id = random.randint(0, 2 ** 128)
+        return (0x1234, "%032x" % id, "%032x" % 9)
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        if isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+            parameters = list(parameters)
+        cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.begin(*xid)
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        result = connection.connection.prepare()
+        connection.info['cx_oracle_prepared'] = result
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                             recover=False):
+        self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                           recover=False):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+        else:
+            oci_prepared = connection.info['cx_oracle_prepared']
+            if oci_prepared:
+                self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        connection.info.pop('cx_oracle_prepared', None)
+
+dialect = OracleDialect_cx_oracle
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/zxjdbc.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/zxjdbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82c8e2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/zxjdbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# oracle/zxjdbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: oracle+zxjdbc
+    :name: zxJDBC for Jython
+    :dbapi: zxjdbc
+    :connectstring: oracle+zxjdbc://user:pass@host/dbname
+    :driverurl: http://www.oracle.com/technology/software/tech/java/\
+sqlj_jdbc/index.html.
+
+"""
+import decimal
+import re
+
+from sqlalchemy import sql, types as sqltypes, util
+from sqlalchemy.connectors.zxJDBC import ZxJDBCConnector
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle.base import (OracleCompiler,
+                                             OracleDialect,
+                                             OracleExecutionContext)
+from sqlalchemy.engine import result as _result
+from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+import collections
+
+SQLException = zxJDBC = None
+
+
+class _ZxJDBCDate(sqltypes.Date):
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return value.date()
+        return process
+
+
+class _ZxJDBCNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        # XXX: does the dialect return Decimal or not???
+        # if it does (in all cases), we could use a None processor as well as
+        # the to_float generic processor
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+                    return value
+                else:
+                    return decimal.Decimal(str(value))
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+                    return float(value)
+                else:
+                    return value
+        return process
+
+
+class OracleCompiler_zxjdbc(OracleCompiler):
+
+    def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
+        self.returning_cols = list(
+            expression._select_iterables(returning_cols))
+
+        # within_columns_clause=False so that labels (foo AS bar) don't render
+        columns = [self.process(c, within_columns_clause=False,
+                                result_map=self.result_map)
+                   for c in self.returning_cols]
+
+        if not hasattr(self, 'returning_parameters'):
+            self.returning_parameters = []
+
+        binds = []
+        for i, col in enumerate(self.returning_cols):
+            dbtype = col.type.dialect_impl(
+                self.dialect).get_dbapi_type(self.dialect.dbapi)
+            self.returning_parameters.append((i + 1, dbtype))
+
+            bindparam = sql.bindparam(
+                "ret_%d" % i, value=ReturningParam(dbtype))
+            self.binds[bindparam.key] = bindparam
+            binds.append(
+                self.bindparam_string(self._truncate_bindparam(bindparam)))
+
+        return 'RETURNING ' + ', '.join(columns) + " INTO " + ", ".join(binds)
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContext_zxjdbc(OracleExecutionContext):
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        if hasattr(self.compiled, 'returning_parameters'):
+            # prepare a zxJDBC statement so we can grab its underlying
+            # OraclePreparedStatement's getReturnResultSet later
+            self.statement = self.cursor.prepare(self.statement)
+
+    def get_result_proxy(self):
+        if hasattr(self.compiled, 'returning_parameters'):
+            rrs = None
+            try:
+                try:
+                    rrs = self.statement.__statement__.getReturnResultSet()
+                    next(rrs)
+                except SQLException as sqle:
+                    msg = '%s [SQLCode: %d]' % (
+                        sqle.getMessage(), sqle.getErrorCode())
+                    if sqle.getSQLState() is not None:
+                        msg += ' [SQLState: %s]' % sqle.getSQLState()
+                    raise zxJDBC.Error(msg)
+                else:
+                    row = tuple(
+                        self.cursor.datahandler.getPyObject(
+                            rrs, index, dbtype)
+                        for index, dbtype in
+                        self.compiled.returning_parameters)
+                    return ReturningResultProxy(self, row)
+            finally:
+                if rrs is not None:
+                    try:
+                        rrs.close()
+                    except SQLException:
+                        pass
+                self.statement.close()
+
+        return _result.ResultProxy(self)
+
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        cursor = self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.datahandler = self.dialect.DataHandler(cursor.datahandler)
+        return cursor
+
+
+class ReturningResultProxy(_result.FullyBufferedResultProxy):
+
+    """ResultProxy backed by the RETURNING ResultSet results."""
+
+    def __init__(self, context, returning_row):
+        self._returning_row = returning_row
+        super(ReturningResultProxy, self).__init__(context)
+
+    def _cursor_description(self):
+        ret = []
+        for c in self.context.compiled.returning_cols:
+            if hasattr(c, 'name'):
+                ret.append((c.name, c.type))
+            else:
+                ret.append((c.anon_label, c.type))
+        return ret
+
+    def _buffer_rows(self):
+        return collections.deque([self._returning_row])
+
+
+class ReturningParam(object):
+
+    """A bindparam value representing a RETURNING parameter.
+
+    Specially handled by OracleReturningDataHandler.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, type):
+        self.type = type
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, ReturningParam):
+            return self.type == other.type
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, ReturningParam):
+            return self.type != other.type
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        kls = self.__class__
+        return '<%s.%s object at 0x%x type=%s>' % (
+            kls.__module__, kls.__name__, id(self), self.type)
+
+
+class OracleDialect_zxjdbc(ZxJDBCConnector, OracleDialect):
+    jdbc_db_name = 'oracle'
+    jdbc_driver_name = 'oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver'
+
+    statement_compiler = OracleCompiler_zxjdbc
+    execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContext_zxjdbc
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        OracleDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Date: _ZxJDBCDate,
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _ZxJDBCNumeric
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(OracleDialect_zxjdbc, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        global SQLException, zxJDBC
+        from java.sql import SQLException
+        from com.ziclix.python.sql import zxJDBC
+        from com.ziclix.python.sql.handler import OracleDataHandler
+
+        class OracleReturningDataHandler(OracleDataHandler):
+            """zxJDBC DataHandler that specially handles ReturningParam."""
+
+            def setJDBCObject(self, statement, index, object, dbtype=None):
+                if type(object) is ReturningParam:
+                    statement.registerReturnParameter(index, object.type)
+                elif dbtype is None:
+                    OracleDataHandler.setJDBCObject(
+                        self, statement, index, object)
+                else:
+                    OracleDataHandler.setJDBCObject(
+                        self, statement, index, object, dbtype)
+        self.DataHandler = OracleReturningDataHandler
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(OracleDialect_zxjdbc, self).initialize(connection)
+        self.implicit_returning = \
+            connection.connection.driverversion >= '10.2'
+
+    def _create_jdbc_url(self, url):
+        return 'jdbc:oracle:thin:@%s:%s:%s' % (
+            url.host, url.port or 1521, url.database)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        version = re.search(
+            r'Release ([\d\.]+)', connection.connection.dbversion).group(1)
+        return tuple(int(x) for x in version.split('.'))
+
+dialect = OracleDialect_zxjdbc
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgres.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgres.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f813e00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgres.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# dialects/postgres.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+# backwards compat with the old name
+from sqlalchemy.util import warn_deprecated
+
+warn_deprecated(
+    "The SQLAlchemy PostgreSQL dialect has been renamed from 'postgres' to "
+    "'postgresql'. The new URL format is "
+    "postgresql[+driver]://:@/"
+)
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import *
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import base
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d755e6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# postgresql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from . import base, psycopg2, pg8000, pypostgresql, zxjdbc
+
+base.dialect = psycopg2.dialect
+
+from .base import \
+    INTEGER, BIGINT, SMALLINT, VARCHAR, CHAR, TEXT, NUMERIC, FLOAT, REAL, \
+    INET, CIDR, UUID, BIT, MACADDR, OID, DOUBLE_PRECISION, TIMESTAMP, TIME, \
+    DATE, BYTEA, BOOLEAN, INTERVAL, ARRAY, ENUM, dialect, array, Any, All, \
+    TSVECTOR
+from .constraints import ExcludeConstraint
+from .hstore import HSTORE, hstore
+from .json import JSON, JSONElement, JSONB
+from .ranges import INT4RANGE, INT8RANGE, NUMRANGE, DATERANGE, TSRANGE, \
+    TSTZRANGE
+
+__all__ = (
+    'INTEGER', 'BIGINT', 'SMALLINT', 'VARCHAR', 'CHAR', 'TEXT', 'NUMERIC',
+    'FLOAT', 'REAL', 'INET', 'CIDR', 'UUID', 'BIT', 'MACADDR', 'OID',
+    'DOUBLE_PRECISION', 'TIMESTAMP', 'TIME', 'DATE', 'BYTEA', 'BOOLEAN',
+    'INTERVAL', 'ARRAY', 'ENUM', 'dialect', 'Any', 'All', 'array', 'HSTORE',
+    'hstore', 'INT4RANGE', 'INT8RANGE', 'NUMRANGE', 'DATERANGE',
+    'TSRANGE', 'TSTZRANGE', 'json', 'JSON', 'JSONB', 'JSONElement'
+)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..369a87f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2507 @@
+# postgresql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql
+    :name: PostgreSQL
+
+
+Sequences/SERIAL
+----------------
+
+PostgreSQL supports sequences, and SQLAlchemy uses these as the default means
+of creating new primary key values for integer-based primary key columns. When
+creating tables, SQLAlchemy will issue the ``SERIAL`` datatype for
+integer-based primary key columns, which generates a sequence and server side
+default corresponding to the column.
+
+To specify a specific named sequence to be used for primary key generation,
+use the :func:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Sequence` construct::
+
+    Table('sometable', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, Sequence('some_id_seq'), primary_key=True)
+        )
+
+When SQLAlchemy issues a single INSERT statement, to fulfill the contract of
+having the "last insert identifier" available, a RETURNING clause is added to
+the INSERT statement which specifies the primary key columns should be
+returned after the statement completes. The RETURNING functionality only takes
+place if Postgresql 8.2 or later is in use. As a fallback approach, the
+sequence, whether specified explicitly or implicitly via ``SERIAL``, is
+executed independently beforehand, the returned value to be used in the
+subsequent insert. Note that when an
+:func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.insert()` construct is executed using
+"executemany" semantics, the "last inserted identifier" functionality does not
+apply; no RETURNING clause is emitted nor is the sequence pre-executed in this
+case.
+
+To force the usage of RETURNING by default off, specify the flag
+``implicit_returning=False`` to :func:`.create_engine`.
+
+.. _postgresql_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level
+---------------------------
+
+All Postgresql dialects support setting of transaction isolation level
+both via a dialect-specific parameter ``isolation_level``
+accepted by :func:`.create_engine`,
+as well as the ``isolation_level`` argument as passed to
+:meth:`.Connection.execution_options`.  When using a non-psycopg2 dialect,
+this feature works by issuing the command
+``SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL `` for
+each new connection.
+
+To set isolation level using :func:`.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+pg8000://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+        isolation_level="READ UNCOMMITTED"
+    )
+
+To set using per-connection execution options::
+
+    connection = engine.connect()
+    connection = connection.execution_options(
+        isolation_level="READ COMMITTED"
+    )
+
+Valid values for ``isolation_level`` include:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+
+The :mod:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.psycopg2` and
+:mod:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.pg8000` dialects also offer the
+special level ``AUTOCOMMIT``.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`pg8000_isolation_level`
+
+.. _postgresql_schema_reflection:
+
+Remote-Schema Table Introspection and Postgresql search_path
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The Postgresql dialect can reflect tables from any schema.  The
+:paramref:`.Table.schema` argument, or alternatively the
+:paramref:`.MetaData.reflect.schema` argument determines which schema will
+be searched for the table or tables.   The reflected :class:`.Table` objects
+will in all cases retain this ``.schema`` attribute as was specified.
+However, with regards to tables which these :class:`.Table` objects refer to
+via foreign key constraint, a decision must be made as to how the ``.schema``
+is represented in those remote tables, in the case where that remote
+schema name is also a member of the current
+`Postgresql search path
+`_.
+
+By default, the Postgresql dialect mimics the behavior encouraged by
+Postgresql's own ``pg_get_constraintdef()`` builtin procedure.  This function
+returns a sample definition for a particular foreign key constraint,
+omitting the referenced schema name from that definition when the name is
+also in the Postgresql schema search path.  The interaction below
+illustrates this behavior::
+
+    test=> CREATE TABLE test_schema.referred(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY);
+    CREATE TABLE
+    test=> CREATE TABLE referring(
+    test(>         id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+    test(>         referred_id INTEGER REFERENCES test_schema.referred(id));
+    CREATE TABLE
+    test=> SET search_path TO public, test_schema;
+    test=> SELECT pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(r.oid, true) FROM
+    test-> pg_catalog.pg_class c JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
+    test-> ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+    test-> JOIN pg_catalog.pg_constraint r  ON c.oid = r.conrelid
+    test-> WHERE c.relname='referring' AND r.contype = 'f'
+    test-> ;
+                   pg_get_constraintdef
+    ---------------------------------------------------
+     FOREIGN KEY (referred_id) REFERENCES referred(id)
+    (1 row)
+
+Above, we created a table ``referred`` as a member of the remote schema
+``test_schema``, however when we added ``test_schema`` to the
+PG ``search_path`` and then asked ``pg_get_constraintdef()`` for the
+``FOREIGN KEY`` syntax, ``test_schema`` was not included in the output of
+the function.
+
+On the other hand, if we set the search path back to the typical default
+of ``public``::
+
+    test=> SET search_path TO public;
+    SET
+
+The same query against ``pg_get_constraintdef()`` now returns the fully
+schema-qualified name for us::
+
+    test=> SELECT pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(r.oid, true) FROM
+    test-> pg_catalog.pg_class c JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
+    test-> ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+    test-> JOIN pg_catalog.pg_constraint r  ON c.oid = r.conrelid
+    test-> WHERE c.relname='referring' AND r.contype = 'f';
+                         pg_get_constraintdef
+    ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     FOREIGN KEY (referred_id) REFERENCES test_schema.referred(id)
+    (1 row)
+
+SQLAlchemy will by default use the return value of ``pg_get_constraintdef()``
+in order to determine the remote schema name.  That is, if our ``search_path``
+were set to include ``test_schema``, and we invoked a table
+reflection process as follows::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import Table, MetaData, create_engine
+    >>> engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+    >>> with engine.connect() as conn:
+    ...     conn.execute("SET search_path TO test_schema, public")
+    ...     meta = MetaData()
+    ...     referring = Table('referring', meta,
+    ...                       autoload=True, autoload_with=conn)
+    ...
+    
+
+The above process would deliver to the :attr:`.MetaData.tables` collection
+``referred`` table named **without** the schema::
+
+    >>> meta.tables['referred'].schema is None
+    True
+
+To alter the behavior of reflection such that the referred schema is
+maintained regardless of the ``search_path`` setting, use the
+``postgresql_ignore_search_path`` option, which can be specified as a
+dialect-specific argument to both :class:`.Table` as well as
+:meth:`.MetaData.reflect`::
+
+    >>> with engine.connect() as conn:
+    ...     conn.execute("SET search_path TO test_schema, public")
+    ...     meta = MetaData()
+    ...     referring = Table('referring', meta, autoload=True,
+    ...                       autoload_with=conn,
+    ...                       postgresql_ignore_search_path=True)
+    ...
+    
+
+We will now have ``test_schema.referred`` stored as schema-qualified::
+
+    >>> meta.tables['test_schema.referred'].schema
+    'test_schema'
+
+.. sidebar:: Best Practices for Postgresql Schema reflection
+
+    The description of Postgresql schema reflection behavior is complex, and
+    is the product of many years of dealing with widely varied use cases and
+    user preferences. But in fact, there's no need to understand any of it if
+    you just stick to the simplest use pattern: leave the ``search_path`` set
+    to its default of ``public`` only, never refer to the name ``public`` as
+    an explicit schema name otherwise, and refer to all other schema names
+    explicitly when building up a :class:`.Table` object.  The options
+    described here are only for those users who can't, or prefer not to, stay
+    within these guidelines.
+
+Note that **in all cases**, the "default" schema is always reflected as
+``None``. The "default" schema on Postgresql is that which is returned by the
+Postgresql ``current_schema()`` function.  On a typical Postgresql
+installation, this is the name ``public``.  So a table that refers to another
+which is in the ``public`` (i.e. default) schema will always have the
+``.schema`` attribute set to ``None``.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.2 Added the ``postgresql_ignore_search_path``
+   dialect-level option accepted by :class:`.Table` and
+   :meth:`.MetaData.reflect`.
+
+
+.. seealso::
+
+        `The Schema Search Path
+        `_
+        - on the Postgresql website.
+
+INSERT/UPDATE...RETURNING
+-------------------------
+
+The dialect supports PG 8.2's ``INSERT..RETURNING``, ``UPDATE..RETURNING`` and
+``DELETE..RETURNING`` syntaxes.   ``INSERT..RETURNING`` is used by default
+for single-row INSERT statements in order to fetch newly generated
+primary key identifiers.   To specify an explicit ``RETURNING`` clause,
+use the :meth:`._UpdateBase.returning` method on a per-statement basis::
+
+    # INSERT..RETURNING
+    result = table.insert().returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).\\
+        values(name='foo')
+    print result.fetchall()
+
+    # UPDATE..RETURNING
+    result = table.update().returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).\\
+        where(table.c.name=='foo').values(name='bar')
+    print result.fetchall()
+
+    # DELETE..RETURNING
+    result = table.delete().returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).\\
+        where(table.c.name=='foo')
+    print result.fetchall()
+
+.. _postgresql_match:
+
+Full Text Search
+----------------
+
+SQLAlchemy makes available the Postgresql ``@@`` operator via the
+:meth:`.ColumnElement.match` method on any textual column expression.
+On a Postgresql dialect, an expression like the following::
+
+    select([sometable.c.text.match("search string")])
+
+will emit to the database::
+
+    SELECT text @@ to_tsquery('search string') FROM table
+
+The Postgresql text search functions such as ``to_tsquery()``
+and ``to_tsvector()`` are available
+explicitly using the standard :attr:`.func` construct.  For example::
+
+    select([
+        func.to_tsvector('fat cats ate rats').match('cat & rat')
+    ])
+
+Emits the equivalent of::
+
+    SELECT to_tsvector('fat cats ate rats') @@ to_tsquery('cat & rat')
+
+The :class:`.postgresql.TSVECTOR` type can provide for explicit CAST::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import TSVECTOR
+    from sqlalchemy import select, cast
+    select([cast("some text", TSVECTOR)])
+
+produces a statement equivalent to::
+
+    SELECT CAST('some text' AS TSVECTOR) AS anon_1
+
+Full Text Searches in Postgresql are influenced by a combination of: the
+PostgresSQL setting of ``default_text_search_config``, the ``regconfig`` used
+to build the GIN/GiST indexes, and the ``regconfig`` optionally passed in
+during a query.
+
+When performing a Full Text Search against a column that has a GIN or
+GiST index that is already pre-computed (which is common on full text
+searches) one may need to explicitly pass in a particular PostgresSQL
+``regconfig`` value to ensure the query-planner utilizes the index and does
+not re-compute the column on demand.
+
+In order to provide for this explicit query planning, or to use different
+search strategies, the ``match`` method accepts a ``postgresql_regconfig``
+keyword argument.
+
+    select([mytable.c.id]).where(
+        mytable.c.title.match('somestring', postgresql_regconfig='english')
+    )
+
+Emits the equivalent of::
+
+    SELECT mytable.id FROM mytable
+    WHERE mytable.title @@ to_tsquery('english', 'somestring')
+
+One can also specifically pass in a `'regconfig'` value to the
+``to_tsvector()`` command as the initial argument.
+
+    select([mytable.c.id]).where(
+            func.to_tsvector('english', mytable.c.title )\
+            .match('somestring', postgresql_regconfig='english')
+        )
+
+produces a statement equivalent to::
+
+    SELECT mytable.id FROM mytable
+    WHERE to_tsvector('english', mytable.title) @@
+        to_tsquery('english', 'somestring')
+
+It is recommended that you use the ``EXPLAIN ANALYZE...`` tool from
+PostgresSQL to ensure that you are generating queries with SQLAlchemy that
+take full advantage of any indexes you may have created for full text search.
+
+FROM ONLY ...
+------------------------
+
+The dialect supports PostgreSQL's ONLY keyword for targeting only a particular
+table in an inheritance hierarchy. This can be used to produce the
+``SELECT ... FROM ONLY``, ``UPDATE ONLY ...``, and ``DELETE FROM ONLY ...``
+syntaxes. It uses SQLAlchemy's hints mechanism::
+
+    # SELECT ... FROM ONLY ...
+    result = table.select().with_hint(table, 'ONLY', 'postgresql')
+    print result.fetchall()
+
+    # UPDATE ONLY ...
+    table.update(values=dict(foo='bar')).with_hint('ONLY',
+                                                   dialect_name='postgresql')
+
+    # DELETE FROM ONLY ...
+    table.delete().with_hint('ONLY', dialect_name='postgresql')
+
+.. _postgresql_indexes:
+
+Postgresql-Specific Index Options
+---------------------------------
+
+Several extensions to the :class:`.Index` construct are available, specific
+to the PostgreSQL dialect.
+
+Partial Indexes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Partial indexes add criterion to the index definition so that the index is
+applied to a subset of rows.   These can be specified on :class:`.Index`
+using the ``postgresql_where`` keyword argument::
+
+  Index('my_index', my_table.c.id, postgresql_where=tbl.c.value > 10)
+
+Operator Classes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL allows the specification of an *operator class* for each column of
+an index (see
+http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/interactive/indexes-opclass.html).
+The :class:`.Index` construct allows these to be specified via the
+``postgresql_ops`` keyword argument::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.id, my_table.c.data,
+                            postgresql_ops={
+                                'data': 'text_pattern_ops',
+                                'id': 'int4_ops'
+                            })
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.2
+    ``postgresql_ops`` keyword argument to :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+Note that the keys in the ``postgresql_ops`` dictionary are the "key" name of
+the :class:`.Column`, i.e. the name used to access it from the ``.c``
+collection of :class:`.Table`, which can be configured to be different than
+the actual name of the column as expressed in the database.
+
+Index Types
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL provides several index types: B-Tree, Hash, GiST, and GIN, as well
+as the ability for users to create their own (see
+http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/static/indexes-types.html). These can be
+specified on :class:`.Index` using the ``postgresql_using`` keyword argument::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, postgresql_using='gin')
+
+The value passed to the keyword argument will be simply passed through to the
+underlying CREATE INDEX command, so it *must* be a valid index type for your
+version of PostgreSQL.
+
+"""
+from collections import defaultdict
+import re
+
+from ... import sql, schema, exc, util
+from ...engine import default, reflection
+from ...sql import compiler, expression, operators
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+
+try:
+    from uuid import UUID as _python_UUID
+except ImportError:
+    _python_UUID = None
+
+from sqlalchemy.types import INTEGER, BIGINT, SMALLINT, VARCHAR, \
+    CHAR, TEXT, FLOAT, NUMERIC, \
+    DATE, BOOLEAN, REAL
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set(
+    ["all", "analyse", "analyze", "and", "any", "array", "as", "asc",
+     "asymmetric", "both", "case", "cast", "check", "collate", "column",
+     "constraint", "create", "current_catalog", "current_date",
+     "current_role", "current_time", "current_timestamp", "current_user",
+     "default", "deferrable", "desc", "distinct", "do", "else", "end",
+     "except", "false", "fetch", "for", "foreign", "from", "grant", "group",
+     "having", "in", "initially", "intersect", "into", "leading", "limit",
+     "localtime", "localtimestamp", "new", "not", "null", "of", "off",
+     "offset", "old", "on", "only", "or", "order", "placing", "primary",
+     "references", "returning", "select", "session_user", "some", "symmetric",
+     "table", "then", "to", "trailing", "true", "union", "unique", "user",
+     "using", "variadic", "when", "where", "window", "with", "authorization",
+     "between", "binary", "cross", "current_schema", "freeze", "full",
+     "ilike", "inner", "is", "isnull", "join", "left", "like", "natural",
+     "notnull", "outer", "over", "overlaps", "right", "similar", "verbose"
+     ])
+
+_DECIMAL_TYPES = (1231, 1700)
+_FLOAT_TYPES = (700, 701, 1021, 1022)
+_INT_TYPES = (20, 21, 23, 26, 1005, 1007, 1016)
+
+
+class BYTEA(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = 'BYTEA'
+
+
+class DOUBLE_PRECISION(sqltypes.Float):
+    __visit_name__ = 'DOUBLE_PRECISION'
+
+
+class INET(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "INET"
+PGInet = INET
+
+
+class CIDR(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "CIDR"
+PGCidr = CIDR
+
+
+class MACADDR(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "MACADDR"
+PGMacAddr = MACADDR
+
+
+class OID(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+
+    """Provide the Postgresql OID type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.5
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = "OID"
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, precision=None):
+        super(TIMESTAMP, self).__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class TIME(sqltypes.TIME):
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, precision=None):
+        super(TIME, self).__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class INTERVAL(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+
+    """Postgresql INTERVAL type.
+
+    The INTERVAL type may not be supported on all DBAPIs.
+    It is known to work on psycopg2 and not pg8000 or zxjdbc.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'INTERVAL'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None):
+        self.precision = precision
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_from_generic_interval(cls, interval):
+        return INTERVAL(precision=interval.second_precision)
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        return sqltypes.Interval
+
+PGInterval = INTERVAL
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'BIT'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, varying=False):
+        if not varying:
+            # BIT without VARYING defaults to length 1
+            self.length = length or 1
+        else:
+            # but BIT VARYING can be unlimited-length, so no default
+            self.length = length
+        self.varying = varying
+
+PGBit = BIT
+
+
+class UUID(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+
+    """Postgresql UUID type.
+
+    Represents the UUID column type, interpreting
+    data either as natively returned by the DBAPI
+    or as Python uuid objects.
+
+    The UUID type may not be supported on all DBAPIs.
+    It is known to work on psycopg2 and not pg8000.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'UUID'
+
+    def __init__(self, as_uuid=False):
+        """Construct a UUID type.
+
+
+        :param as_uuid=False: if True, values will be interpreted
+         as Python uuid objects, converting to/from string via the
+         DBAPI.
+
+         """
+        if as_uuid and _python_UUID is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "This version of Python does not support "
+                "the native UUID type."
+            )
+        self.as_uuid = as_uuid
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if self.as_uuid:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = util.text_type(value)
+                return value
+            return process
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.as_uuid:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = _python_UUID(value)
+                return value
+            return process
+        else:
+            return None
+
+PGUuid = UUID
+
+
+class TSVECTOR(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+
+    """The :class:`.postgresql.TSVECTOR` type implements the Postgresql
+    text search type TSVECTOR.
+
+    It can be used to do full text queries on natural language
+    documents.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`postgresql_match`
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'TSVECTOR'
+
+
+class _Slice(expression.ColumnElement):
+    __visit_name__ = 'slice'
+    type = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+    def __init__(self, slice_, source_comparator):
+        self.start = source_comparator._check_literal(
+            source_comparator.expr,
+            operators.getitem, slice_.start)
+        self.stop = source_comparator._check_literal(
+            source_comparator.expr,
+            operators.getitem, slice_.stop)
+
+
+class Any(expression.ColumnElement):
+
+    """Represent the clause ``left operator ANY (right)``.  ``right`` must be
+    an array expression.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.postgresql.ARRAY`
+
+        :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.any` - ARRAY-bound method
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'any'
+
+    def __init__(self, left, right, operator=operators.eq):
+        self.type = sqltypes.Boolean()
+        self.left = expression._literal_as_binds(left)
+        self.right = right
+        self.operator = operator
+
+
+class All(expression.ColumnElement):
+
+    """Represent the clause ``left operator ALL (right)``.  ``right`` must be
+    an array expression.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.postgresql.ARRAY`
+
+        :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.all` - ARRAY-bound method
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'all'
+
+    def __init__(self, left, right, operator=operators.eq):
+        self.type = sqltypes.Boolean()
+        self.left = expression._literal_as_binds(left)
+        self.right = right
+        self.operator = operator
+
+
+class array(expression.Tuple):
+
+    """A Postgresql ARRAY literal.
+
+    This is used to produce ARRAY literals in SQL expressions, e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+        from sqlalchemy import select, func
+
+        stmt = select([
+                        array([1,2]) + array([3,4,5])
+                    ])
+
+        print stmt.compile(dialect=postgresql.dialect())
+
+    Produces the SQL::
+
+        SELECT ARRAY[%(param_1)s, %(param_2)s] ||
+            ARRAY[%(param_3)s, %(param_4)s, %(param_5)s]) AS anon_1
+
+    An instance of :class:`.array` will always have the datatype
+    :class:`.ARRAY`.  The "inner" type of the array is inferred from
+    the values present, unless the ``type_`` keyword argument is passed::
+
+        array(['foo', 'bar'], type_=CHAR)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8 Added the :class:`~.postgresql.array` literal type.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :class:`.postgresql.ARRAY`
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'array'
+
+    def __init__(self, clauses, **kw):
+        super(array, self).__init__(*clauses, **kw)
+        self.type = ARRAY(self.type)
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj):
+        return array(*[
+            expression.BindParameter(None, o, _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                                     _compared_to_type=self.type, unique=True)
+            for o in obj
+        ])
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        return self
+
+
+class ARRAY(sqltypes.Concatenable, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+
+    """Postgresql ARRAY type.
+
+    Represents values as Python lists.
+
+    An :class:`.ARRAY` type is constructed given the "type"
+    of element::
+
+        mytable = Table("mytable", metadata,
+                Column("data", ARRAY(Integer))
+            )
+
+    The above type represents an N-dimensional array,
+    meaning Postgresql will interpret values with any number
+    of dimensions automatically.   To produce an INSERT
+    construct that passes in a 1-dimensional array of integers::
+
+        connection.execute(
+                mytable.insert(),
+                data=[1,2,3]
+        )
+
+    The :class:`.ARRAY` type can be constructed given a fixed number
+    of dimensions::
+
+        mytable = Table("mytable", metadata,
+                Column("data", ARRAY(Integer, dimensions=2))
+            )
+
+    This has the effect of the :class:`.ARRAY` type
+    specifying that number of bracketed blocks when a :class:`.Table`
+    is used in a CREATE TABLE statement, or when the type is used
+    within a :func:`.expression.cast` construct; it also causes
+    the bind parameter and result set processing of the type
+    to optimize itself to expect exactly that number of dimensions.
+    Note that Postgresql itself still allows N dimensions with such a type.
+
+    SQL expressions of type :class:`.ARRAY` have support for "index" and
+    "slice" behavior.  The Python ``[]`` operator works normally here, given
+    integer indexes or slices.  Note that Postgresql arrays default
+    to 1-based indexing.  The operator produces binary expression
+    constructs which will produce the appropriate SQL, both for
+    SELECT statements::
+
+        select([mytable.c.data[5], mytable.c.data[2:7]])
+
+    as well as UPDATE statements when the :meth:`.Update.values` method
+    is used::
+
+        mytable.update().values({
+            mytable.c.data[5]: 7,
+            mytable.c.data[2:7]: [1, 2, 3]
+        })
+
+    :class:`.ARRAY` provides special methods for containment operations,
+    e.g.::
+
+        mytable.c.data.contains([1, 2])
+
+    For a full list of special methods see :class:`.ARRAY.Comparator`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8 Added support for index and slice operations
+       to the :class:`.ARRAY` type, including support for UPDATE
+       statements, and special array containment operations.
+
+    The :class:`.ARRAY` type may not be supported on all DBAPIs.
+    It is known to work on psycopg2 and not pg8000.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :class:`.postgresql.array` - produce a literal array value.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'ARRAY'
+
+    class Comparator(sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator):
+
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`.ARRAY`."""
+
+        def __getitem__(self, index):
+            shift_indexes = 1 if self.expr.type.zero_indexes else 0
+            if isinstance(index, slice):
+                if shift_indexes:
+                    index = slice(
+                        index.start + shift_indexes,
+                        index.stop + shift_indexes,
+                        index.step
+                    )
+                index = _Slice(index, self)
+                return_type = self.type
+            else:
+                index += shift_indexes
+                return_type = self.type.item_type
+
+            return self._binary_operate(self.expr, operators.getitem, index,
+                                        result_type=return_type)
+
+        def any(self, other, operator=operators.eq):
+            """Return ``other operator ANY (array)`` clause.
+
+            Argument places are switched, because ANY requires array
+            expression to be on the right hand-side.
+
+            E.g.::
+
+                from sqlalchemy.sql import operators
+
+                conn.execute(
+                    select([table.c.data]).where(
+                            table.c.data.any(7, operator=operators.lt)
+                        )
+                )
+
+            :param other: expression to be compared
+            :param operator: an operator object from the
+             :mod:`sqlalchemy.sql.operators`
+             package, defaults to :func:`.operators.eq`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :class:`.postgresql.Any`
+
+                :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.all`
+
+            """
+            return Any(other, self.expr, operator=operator)
+
+        def all(self, other, operator=operators.eq):
+            """Return ``other operator ALL (array)`` clause.
+
+            Argument places are switched, because ALL requires array
+            expression to be on the right hand-side.
+
+            E.g.::
+
+                from sqlalchemy.sql import operators
+
+                conn.execute(
+                    select([table.c.data]).where(
+                            table.c.data.all(7, operator=operators.lt)
+                        )
+                )
+
+            :param other: expression to be compared
+            :param operator: an operator object from the
+             :mod:`sqlalchemy.sql.operators`
+             package, defaults to :func:`.operators.eq`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :class:`.postgresql.All`
+
+                :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.any`
+
+            """
+            return All(other, self.expr, operator=operator)
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if elements are a superset of the
+            elements of the argument array expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('@>')(other)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if elements are a proper subset of the
+            elements of the argument array expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('<@')(other)
+
+        def overlap(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if array has elements in common with
+            an argument array expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('&&')(other)
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            if isinstance(op, operators.custom_op):
+                if op.opstring in ['@>', '<@', '&&']:
+                    return op, sqltypes.Boolean
+            return sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator.\
+                _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator)
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    def __init__(self, item_type, as_tuple=False, dimensions=None,
+                 zero_indexes=False):
+        """Construct an ARRAY.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column('myarray', ARRAY(Integer))
+
+        Arguments are:
+
+        :param item_type: The data type of items of this array. Note that
+          dimensionality is irrelevant here, so multi-dimensional arrays like
+          ``INTEGER[][]``, are constructed as ``ARRAY(Integer)``, not as
+          ``ARRAY(ARRAY(Integer))`` or such.
+
+        :param as_tuple=False: Specify whether return results
+          should be converted to tuples from lists. DBAPIs such
+          as psycopg2 return lists by default. When tuples are
+          returned, the results are hashable.
+
+        :param dimensions: if non-None, the ARRAY will assume a fixed
+         number of dimensions.  This will cause the DDL emitted for this
+         ARRAY to include the exact number of bracket clauses ``[]``,
+         and will also optimize the performance of the type overall.
+         Note that PG arrays are always implicitly "non-dimensioned",
+         meaning they can store any number of dimensions no matter how
+         they were declared.
+
+        :param zero_indexes=False: when True, index values will be converted
+         between Python zero-based and Postgresql one-based indexes, e.g.
+         a value of one will be added to all index values before passing
+         to the database.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.5
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(item_type, ARRAY):
+            raise ValueError("Do not nest ARRAY types; ARRAY(basetype) "
+                             "handles multi-dimensional arrays of basetype")
+        if isinstance(item_type, type):
+            item_type = item_type()
+        self.item_type = item_type
+        self.as_tuple = as_tuple
+        self.dimensions = dimensions
+        self.zero_indexes = zero_indexes
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return list
+
+    def compare_values(self, x, y):
+        return x == y
+
+    def _proc_array(self, arr, itemproc, dim, collection):
+        if dim is None:
+            arr = list(arr)
+        if dim == 1 or dim is None and (
+                # this has to be (list, tuple), or at least
+                # not hasattr('__iter__'), since Py3K strings
+                # etc. have __iter__
+                not arr or not isinstance(arr[0], (list, tuple))):
+            if itemproc:
+                return collection(itemproc(x) for x in arr)
+            else:
+                return collection(arr)
+        else:
+            return collection(
+                self._proc_array(
+                    x, itemproc,
+                    dim - 1 if dim is not None else None,
+                    collection)
+                for x in arr
+            )
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        item_proc = self.item_type.\
+            dialect_impl(dialect).\
+            bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return value
+            else:
+                return self._proc_array(
+                    value,
+                    item_proc,
+                    self.dimensions,
+                    list)
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        item_proc = self.item_type.\
+            dialect_impl(dialect).\
+            result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return value
+            else:
+                return self._proc_array(
+                    value,
+                    item_proc,
+                    self.dimensions,
+                    tuple if self.as_tuple else list)
+        return process
+
+PGArray = ARRAY
+
+
+class ENUM(sqltypes.Enum):
+
+    """Postgresql ENUM type.
+
+    This is a subclass of :class:`.types.Enum` which includes
+    support for PG's ``CREATE TYPE``.
+
+    :class:`~.postgresql.ENUM` is used automatically when
+    using the :class:`.types.Enum` type on PG assuming
+    the ``native_enum`` is left as ``True``.   However, the
+    :class:`~.postgresql.ENUM` class can also be instantiated
+    directly in order to access some additional Postgresql-specific
+    options, namely finer control over whether or not
+    ``CREATE TYPE`` should be emitted.
+
+    Note that both :class:`.types.Enum` as well as
+    :class:`~.postgresql.ENUM` feature create/drop
+    methods; the base :class:`.types.Enum` type ultimately
+    delegates to the :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.create` and
+    :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.drop` methods present here.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *enums, **kw):
+        """Construct an :class:`~.postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+        Arguments are the same as that of
+        :class:`.types.Enum`, but also including
+        the following parameters.
+
+        :param create_type: Defaults to True.
+         Indicates that ``CREATE TYPE`` should be
+         emitted, after optionally checking for the
+         presence of the type, when the parent
+         table is being created; and additionally
+         that ``DROP TYPE`` is called when the table
+         is dropped.    When ``False``, no check
+         will be performed and no ``CREATE TYPE``
+         or ``DROP TYPE`` is emitted, unless
+         :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.create`
+         or :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.drop`
+         are called directly.
+         Setting to ``False`` is helpful
+         when invoking a creation scheme to a SQL file
+         without access to the actual database -
+         the :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.create` and
+         :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.drop` methods can
+         be used to emit SQL to a target bind.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.7.4
+
+        """
+        self.create_type = kw.pop("create_type", True)
+        super(ENUM, self).__init__(*enums, **kw)
+
+    def create(self, bind=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Emit ``CREATE TYPE`` for this
+        :class:`~.postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+        If the underlying dialect does not support
+        Postgresql CREATE TYPE, no action is taken.
+
+        :param bind: a connectable :class:`.Engine`,
+         :class:`.Connection`, or similar object to emit
+         SQL.
+        :param checkfirst: if ``True``, a query against
+         the PG catalog will be first performed to see
+         if the type does not exist already before
+         creating.
+
+        """
+        if not bind.dialect.supports_native_enum:
+            return
+
+        if not checkfirst or \
+                not bind.dialect.has_type(
+                    bind, self.name, schema=self.schema):
+            bind.execute(CreateEnumType(self))
+
+    def drop(self, bind=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Emit ``DROP TYPE`` for this
+        :class:`~.postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+        If the underlying dialect does not support
+        Postgresql DROP TYPE, no action is taken.
+
+        :param bind: a connectable :class:`.Engine`,
+         :class:`.Connection`, or similar object to emit
+         SQL.
+        :param checkfirst: if ``True``, a query against
+         the PG catalog will be first performed to see
+         if the type actually exists before dropping.
+
+        """
+        if not bind.dialect.supports_native_enum:
+            return
+
+        if not checkfirst or \
+                bind.dialect.has_type(bind, self.name, schema=self.schema):
+            bind.execute(DropEnumType(self))
+
+    def _check_for_name_in_memos(self, checkfirst, kw):
+        """Look in the 'ddl runner' for 'memos', then
+        note our name in that collection.
+
+        This to ensure a particular named enum is operated
+        upon only once within any kind of create/drop
+        sequence without relying upon "checkfirst".
+
+        """
+        if not self.create_type:
+            return True
+        if '_ddl_runner' in kw:
+            ddl_runner = kw['_ddl_runner']
+            if '_pg_enums' in ddl_runner.memo:
+                pg_enums = ddl_runner.memo['_pg_enums']
+            else:
+                pg_enums = ddl_runner.memo['_pg_enums'] = set()
+            present = self.name in pg_enums
+            pg_enums.add(self.name)
+            return present
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _on_table_create(self, target, bind, checkfirst, **kw):
+        if not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw):
+            self.create(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_metadata_create(self, target, bind, checkfirst, **kw):
+        if not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw):
+            self.create(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_metadata_drop(self, target, bind, checkfirst, **kw):
+        if not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw):
+            self.drop(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.Interval: INTERVAL,
+    sqltypes.Enum: ENUM,
+}
+
+ischema_names = {
+    'integer': INTEGER,
+    'bigint': BIGINT,
+    'smallint': SMALLINT,
+    'character varying': VARCHAR,
+    'character': CHAR,
+    '"char"': sqltypes.String,
+    'name': sqltypes.String,
+    'text': TEXT,
+    'numeric': NUMERIC,
+    'float': FLOAT,
+    'real': REAL,
+    'inet': INET,
+    'cidr': CIDR,
+    'uuid': UUID,
+    'bit': BIT,
+    'bit varying': BIT,
+    'macaddr': MACADDR,
+    'oid': OID,
+    'double precision': DOUBLE_PRECISION,
+    'timestamp': TIMESTAMP,
+    'timestamp with time zone': TIMESTAMP,
+    'timestamp without time zone': TIMESTAMP,
+    'time with time zone': TIME,
+    'time without time zone': TIME,
+    'date': DATE,
+    'time': TIME,
+    'bytea': BYTEA,
+    'boolean': BOOLEAN,
+    'interval': INTERVAL,
+    'interval year to month': INTERVAL,
+    'interval day to second': INTERVAL,
+    'tsvector': TSVECTOR
+}
+
+
+class PGCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+
+    def visit_array(self, element, **kw):
+        return "ARRAY[%s]" % self.visit_clauselist(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_slice(self, element, **kw):
+        return "%s:%s" % (
+            self.process(element.start, **kw),
+            self.process(element.stop, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_any(self, element, **kw):
+        return "%s%sANY (%s)" % (
+            self.process(element.left, **kw),
+            compiler.OPERATORS[element.operator],
+            self.process(element.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def visit_all(self, element, **kw):
+        return "%s%sALL (%s)" % (
+            self.process(element.left, **kw),
+            compiler.OPERATORS[element.operator],
+            self.process(element.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def visit_getitem_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s[%s]" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if "postgresql_regconfig" in binary.modifiers:
+            regconfig = self.render_literal_value(
+                binary.modifiers['postgresql_regconfig'],
+                sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+            if regconfig:
+                return "%s @@ to_tsquery(%s, %s)" % (
+                    self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                    regconfig,
+                    self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+                )
+        return "%s @@ to_tsquery(%s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def visit_ilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+
+        return '%s ILIKE %s' % \
+            (self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+             self.process(binary.right, **kw)) \
+            + (
+                ' ESCAPE ' +
+                self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+                if escape else ''
+            )
+
+    def visit_notilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+        return '%s NOT ILIKE %s' % \
+            (self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+             self.process(binary.right, **kw)) \
+            + (
+                ' ESCAPE ' +
+                self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+                if escape else ''
+            )
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        value = super(PGCompiler, self).render_literal_value(value, type_)
+
+        if self.dialect._backslash_escapes:
+            value = value.replace('\\', '\\\\')
+        return value
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq):
+        return "nextval('%s')" % self.preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select):
+        text = ""
+        if select._limit is not None:
+            text += " \n LIMIT " + self.process(sql.literal(select._limit))
+        if select._offset is not None:
+            if select._limit is None:
+                text += " \n LIMIT ALL"
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(sql.literal(select._offset))
+        return text
+
+    def format_from_hint_text(self, sqltext, table, hint, iscrud):
+        if hint.upper() != 'ONLY':
+            raise exc.CompileError("Unrecognized hint: %r" % hint)
+        return "ONLY " + sqltext
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select):
+        if select._distinct is not False:
+            if select._distinct is True:
+                return "DISTINCT "
+            elif isinstance(select._distinct, (list, tuple)):
+                return "DISTINCT ON (" + ', '.join(
+                    [self.process(col) for col in select._distinct]
+                ) + ") "
+            else:
+                return "DISTINCT ON (" + self.process(select._distinct) + ") "
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select):
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.read:
+            tmp = " FOR SHARE"
+        else:
+            tmp = " FOR UPDATE"
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.of:
+            tables = util.OrderedSet(
+                c.table if isinstance(c, expression.ColumnClause)
+                else c for c in select._for_update_arg.of)
+            tmp += " OF " + ", ".join(
+                self.process(table, ashint=True)
+                for table in tables
+            )
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.nowait:
+            tmp += " NOWAIT"
+
+        return tmp
+
+    def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
+
+        columns = [
+            self._label_select_column(None, c, True, False, {})
+            for c in expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+        ]
+
+        return 'RETURNING ' + ', '.join(columns)
+
+    def visit_substring_func(self, func, **kw):
+        s = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[0], **kw)
+        start = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[1], **kw)
+        if len(func.clauses.clauses) > 2:
+            length = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[2], **kw)
+            return "SUBSTRING(%s FROM %s FOR %s)" % (s, start, length)
+        else:
+            return "SUBSTRING(%s FROM %s)" % (s, start)
+
+
+class PGDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column)
+        impl_type = column.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+        if column.primary_key and \
+            column is column.table._autoincrement_column and \
+            (
+                self.dialect.supports_smallserial or
+                not isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.SmallInteger)
+            ) and (
+                column.default is None or
+                (
+                    isinstance(column.default, schema.Sequence) and
+                    column.default.optional
+                )):
+            if isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.BigInteger):
+                colspec += " BIGSERIAL"
+            elif isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.SmallInteger):
+                colspec += " SMALLSERIAL"
+            else:
+                colspec += " SERIAL"
+        else:
+            colspec += " " + self.dialect.type_compiler.process(column.type)
+            default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        if not column.nullable:
+            colspec += " NOT NULL"
+        return colspec
+
+    def visit_create_enum_type(self, create):
+        type_ = create.element
+
+        return "CREATE TYPE %s AS ENUM (%s)" % (
+            self.preparer.format_type(type_),
+            ", ".join(
+                self.sql_compiler.process(sql.literal(e), literal_binds=True)
+                for e in type_.enums)
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_enum_type(self, drop):
+        type_ = drop.element
+
+        return "DROP TYPE %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_type(type_)
+        )
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create):
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+        text += "INDEX %s ON %s " % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index,
+                                      include_schema=False),
+            preparer.format_table(index.table)
+        )
+
+        using = index.dialect_options['postgresql']['using']
+        if using:
+            text += "USING %s " % preparer.quote(using)
+
+        ops = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["ops"]
+        text += "(%s)" \
+                % (
+                    ', '.join([
+                        self.sql_compiler.process(
+                            expr.self_group()
+                            if not isinstance(expr, expression.ColumnClause)
+                            else expr,
+                            include_table=False, literal_binds=True) +
+                        (c.key in ops and (' ' + ops[c.key]) or '')
+                        for expr, c in zip(index.expressions, index.columns)])
+                )
+
+        whereclause = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["where"]
+
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            where_compiled = self.sql_compiler.process(
+                whereclause, include_table=False,
+                literal_binds=True)
+            text += " WHERE " + where_compiled
+        return text
+
+    def visit_exclude_constraint(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % \
+                    self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        elements = []
+        for c in constraint.columns:
+            op = constraint.operators[c.name]
+            elements.append(self.preparer.quote(c.name) + ' WITH ' + op)
+        text += "EXCLUDE USING %s (%s)" % (constraint.using,
+                                           ', '.join(elements))
+        if constraint.where is not None:
+            text += ' WHERE (%s)' % self.sql_compiler.process(
+                constraint.where,
+                literal_binds=True)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+
+class PGTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+
+    def visit_TSVECTOR(self, type):
+        return "TSVECTOR"
+
+    def visit_INET(self, type_):
+        return "INET"
+
+    def visit_CIDR(self, type_):
+        return "CIDR"
+
+    def visit_MACADDR(self, type_):
+        return "MACADDR"
+
+    def visit_OID(self, type_):
+        return "OID"
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_):
+        if not type_.precision:
+            return "FLOAT"
+        else:
+            return "FLOAT(%(precision)s)" % {'precision': type_.precision}
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(self, type_):
+        return "DOUBLE PRECISION"
+
+    def visit_BIGINT(self, type_):
+        return "BIGINT"
+
+    def visit_HSTORE(self, type_):
+        return "HSTORE"
+
+    def visit_JSON(self, type_):
+        return "JSON"
+
+    def visit_JSONB(self, type_):
+        return "JSONB"
+
+    def visit_INT4RANGE(self, type_):
+        return "INT4RANGE"
+
+    def visit_INT8RANGE(self, type_):
+        return "INT8RANGE"
+
+    def visit_NUMRANGE(self, type_):
+        return "NUMRANGE"
+
+    def visit_DATERANGE(self, type_):
+        return "DATERANGE"
+
+    def visit_TSRANGE(self, type_):
+        return "TSRANGE"
+
+    def visit_TSTZRANGE(self, type_):
+        return "TSTZRANGE"
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_TIMESTAMP(type_)
+
+    def visit_enum(self, type_):
+        if not type_.native_enum or not self.dialect.supports_native_enum:
+            return super(PGTypeCompiler, self).visit_enum(type_)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_ENUM(type_)
+
+    def visit_ENUM(self, type_):
+        return self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_type(type_)
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_):
+        return "TIMESTAMP%s %s" % (
+            getattr(type_, 'precision', None) and "(%d)" %
+            type_.precision or "",
+            (type_.timezone and "WITH" or "WITHOUT") + " TIME ZONE"
+        )
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_):
+        return "TIME%s %s" % (
+            getattr(type_, 'precision', None) and "(%d)" %
+            type_.precision or "",
+            (type_.timezone and "WITH" or "WITHOUT") + " TIME ZONE"
+        )
+
+    def visit_INTERVAL(self, type_):
+        if type_.precision is not None:
+            return "INTERVAL(%d)" % type_.precision
+        else:
+            return "INTERVAL"
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_):
+        if type_.varying:
+            compiled = "BIT VARYING"
+            if type_.length is not None:
+                compiled += "(%d)" % type_.length
+        else:
+            compiled = "BIT(%d)" % type_.length
+        return compiled
+
+    def visit_UUID(self, type_):
+        return "UUID"
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_BYTEA(type_)
+
+    def visit_BYTEA(self, type_):
+        return "BYTEA"
+
+    def visit_ARRAY(self, type_):
+        return self.process(type_.item_type) + ('[]' * (type_.dimensions
+                                                        if type_.dimensions
+                                                        is not None else 1))
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    def _unquote_identifier(self, value):
+        if value[0] == self.initial_quote:
+            value = value[1:-1].\
+                replace(self.escape_to_quote, self.escape_quote)
+        return value
+
+    def format_type(self, type_, use_schema=True):
+        if not type_.name:
+            raise exc.CompileError("Postgresql ENUM type requires a name.")
+
+        name = self.quote(type_.name)
+        if not self.omit_schema and use_schema and type_.schema is not None:
+            name = self.quote_schema(type_.schema) + "." + name
+        return name
+
+
+class PGInspector(reflection.Inspector):
+
+    def __init__(self, conn):
+        reflection.Inspector.__init__(self, conn)
+
+    def get_table_oid(self, table_name, schema=None):
+        """Return the oid from `table_name` and `schema`."""
+
+        return self.dialect.get_table_oid(self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                                          info_cache=self.info_cache)
+
+
+class CreateEnumType(schema._CreateDropBase):
+    __visit_name__ = "create_enum_type"
+
+
+class DropEnumType(schema._CreateDropBase):
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_enum_type"
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        return self._execute_scalar((
+            "select nextval('%s')" %
+            self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq)), type_)
+
+    def get_insert_default(self, column):
+        if column.primary_key and \
+                column is column.table._autoincrement_column:
+            if column.server_default and column.server_default.has_argument:
+
+                # pre-execute passive defaults on primary key columns
+                return self._execute_scalar("select %s" %
+                                            column.server_default.arg,
+                                            column.type)
+
+            elif (column.default is None or
+                  (column.default.is_sequence and
+                   column.default.optional)):
+
+                # execute the sequence associated with a SERIAL primary
+                # key column. for non-primary-key SERIAL, the ID just
+                # generates server side.
+
+                try:
+                    seq_name = column._postgresql_seq_name
+                except AttributeError:
+                    tab = column.table.name
+                    col = column.name
+                    tab = tab[0:29 + max(0, (29 - len(col)))]
+                    col = col[0:29 + max(0, (29 - len(tab)))]
+                    name = "%s_%s_seq" % (tab, col)
+                    column._postgresql_seq_name = seq_name = name
+
+                sch = column.table.schema
+                if sch is not None:
+                    exc = "select nextval('\"%s\".\"%s\"')" % \
+                        (sch, seq_name)
+                else:
+                    exc = "select nextval('\"%s\"')" % \
+                        (seq_name, )
+
+                return self._execute_scalar(exc, column.type)
+
+        return super(PGExecutionContext, self).get_insert_default(column)
+
+
+class PGDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = 'postgresql'
+    supports_alter = True
+    max_identifier_length = 63
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+
+    supports_native_enum = True
+    supports_native_boolean = True
+    supports_smallserial = True
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = True
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences = True
+    postfetch_lastrowid = False
+
+    supports_default_values = True
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+    default_paramstyle = 'pyformat'
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    colspecs = colspecs
+
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = PGDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler = PGTypeCompiler
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext
+    inspector = PGInspector
+    isolation_level = None
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (schema.Index, {
+            "using": False,
+            "where": None,
+            "ops": {}
+        }),
+        (schema.Table, {
+            "ignore_search_path": False
+        })
+    ]
+
+    reflection_options = ('postgresql_ignore_search_path', )
+
+    _backslash_escapes = True
+
+    def __init__(self, isolation_level=None, json_serializer=None,
+                 json_deserializer=None, **kwargs):
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.isolation_level = isolation_level
+        self._json_deserializer = json_deserializer
+        self._json_serializer = json_serializer
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(PGDialect, self).initialize(connection)
+        self.implicit_returning = self.server_version_info > (8, 2) and \
+            self.__dict__.get('implicit_returning', True)
+        self.supports_native_enum = self.server_version_info >= (8, 3)
+        if not self.supports_native_enum:
+            self.colspecs = self.colspecs.copy()
+            # pop base Enum type
+            self.colspecs.pop(sqltypes.Enum, None)
+            # psycopg2, others may have placed ENUM here as well
+            self.colspecs.pop(ENUM, None)
+
+        # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/release-9-2.html#AEN116689
+        self.supports_smallserial = self.server_version_info >= (9, 2)
+
+        self._backslash_escapes = self.server_version_info < (8, 2) or \
+            connection.scalar(
+            "show standard_conforming_strings"
+        ) == 'off'
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        if self.isolation_level is not None:
+            def connect(conn):
+                self.set_isolation_level(conn, self.isolation_level)
+            return connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    _isolation_lookup = set(['SERIALIZABLE', 'READ UNCOMMITTED',
+                             'READ COMMITTED', 'REPEATABLE READ'])
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        level = level.replace('_', ' ')
+        if level not in self._isolation_lookup:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+                "Valid isolation levels for %s are %s" %
+                (level, self.name, ", ".join(self._isolation_lookup))
+            )
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute(
+            "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION "
+            "ISOLATION LEVEL %s" % level)
+        cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, connection):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute('show transaction isolation level')
+        val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        return val.upper()
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        self.do_begin(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute("PREPARE TRANSACTION '%s'" % xid)
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(self, connection, xid,
+                             is_prepared=True, recover=False):
+        if is_prepared:
+            if recover:
+                # FIXME: ugly hack to get out of transaction
+                # context when committing recoverable transactions
+                # Must find out a way how to make the dbapi not
+                # open a transaction.
+                connection.execute("ROLLBACK")
+            connection.execute("ROLLBACK PREPARED '%s'" % xid)
+            connection.execute("BEGIN")
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+        else:
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(self, connection, xid,
+                           is_prepared=True, recover=False):
+        if is_prepared:
+            if recover:
+                connection.execute("ROLLBACK")
+            connection.execute("COMMIT PREPARED '%s'" % xid)
+            connection.execute("BEGIN")
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+        else:
+            self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        resultset = connection.execute(
+            sql.text("SELECT gid FROM pg_prepared_xacts"))
+        return [row[0] for row in resultset]
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return connection.scalar("select current_schema()")
+
+    def has_schema(self, connection, schema):
+        query = ("select nspname from pg_namespace "
+                 "where lower(nspname)=:schema")
+        cursor = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(
+                query,
+                bindparams=[
+                    sql.bindparam(
+                        'schema', util.text_type(schema.lower()),
+                        type_=sqltypes.Unicode)]
+            )
+        )
+
+        return bool(cursor.first())
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        # seems like case gets folded in pg_class...
+        if schema is None:
+            cursor = connection.execute(
+                sql.text(
+                    "select relname from pg_class c join pg_namespace n on "
+                    "n.oid=c.relnamespace where n.nspname=current_schema() "
+                    "and relname=:name",
+                    bindparams=[
+                        sql.bindparam('name', util.text_type(table_name),
+                                      type_=sqltypes.Unicode)]
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            cursor = connection.execute(
+                sql.text(
+                    "select relname from pg_class c join pg_namespace n on "
+                    "n.oid=c.relnamespace where n.nspname=:schema and "
+                    "relname=:name",
+                    bindparams=[
+                        sql.bindparam('name',
+                                      util.text_type(table_name),
+                                      type_=sqltypes.Unicode),
+                        sql.bindparam('schema',
+                                      util.text_type(schema),
+                                      type_=sqltypes.Unicode)]
+                )
+            )
+        return bool(cursor.first())
+
+    def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None):
+        if schema is None:
+            cursor = connection.execute(
+                sql.text(
+                    "SELECT relname FROM pg_class c join pg_namespace n on "
+                    "n.oid=c.relnamespace where relkind='S' and "
+                    "n.nspname=current_schema() "
+                    "and relname=:name",
+                    bindparams=[
+                        sql.bindparam('name', util.text_type(sequence_name),
+                                      type_=sqltypes.Unicode)
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            cursor = connection.execute(
+                sql.text(
+                    "SELECT relname FROM pg_class c join pg_namespace n on "
+                    "n.oid=c.relnamespace where relkind='S' and "
+                    "n.nspname=:schema and relname=:name",
+                    bindparams=[
+                        sql.bindparam('name', util.text_type(sequence_name),
+                                      type_=sqltypes.Unicode),
+                        sql.bindparam('schema',
+                                      util.text_type(schema),
+                                      type_=sqltypes.Unicode)
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+
+        return bool(cursor.first())
+
+    def has_type(self, connection, type_name, schema=None):
+        if schema is not None:
+            query = """
+            SELECT EXISTS (
+                SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_type t, pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
+                WHERE t.typnamespace = n.oid
+                AND t.typname = :typname
+                AND n.nspname = :nspname
+                )
+                """
+            query = sql.text(query)
+        else:
+            query = """
+            SELECT EXISTS (
+                SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_type t
+                WHERE t.typname = :typname
+                AND pg_type_is_visible(t.oid)
+                )
+                """
+            query = sql.text(query)
+        query = query.bindparams(
+            sql.bindparam('typname',
+                          util.text_type(type_name), type_=sqltypes.Unicode),
+        )
+        if schema is not None:
+            query = query.bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam('nspname',
+                              util.text_type(schema), type_=sqltypes.Unicode),
+            )
+        cursor = connection.execute(query)
+        return bool(cursor.scalar())
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        v = connection.execute("select version()").scalar()
+        m = re.match(
+            '.*(?:PostgreSQL|EnterpriseDB) '
+            '(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?(?:\.\d+)?(?:devel)?',
+            v)
+        if not m:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Could not determine version from string '%s'" % v)
+        return tuple([int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None])
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_oid(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Fetch the oid for schema.table_name.
+
+        Several reflection methods require the table oid.  The idea for using
+        this method is that it can be fetched one time and cached for
+        subsequent calls.
+
+        """
+        table_oid = None
+        if schema is not None:
+            schema_where_clause = "n.nspname = :schema"
+        else:
+            schema_where_clause = "pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)"
+        query = """
+            SELECT c.oid
+            FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c
+            LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+            WHERE (%s)
+            AND c.relname = :table_name AND c.relkind in ('r','v')
+        """ % schema_where_clause
+        # Since we're binding to unicode, table_name and schema_name must be
+        # unicode.
+        table_name = util.text_type(table_name)
+        if schema is not None:
+            schema = util.text_type(schema)
+        s = sql.text(query).bindparams(table_name=sqltypes.Unicode)
+        s = s.columns(oid=sqltypes.Integer)
+        if schema:
+            s = s.bindparams(sql.bindparam('schema', type_=sqltypes.Unicode))
+        c = connection.execute(s, table_name=table_name, schema=schema)
+        table_oid = c.scalar()
+        if table_oid is None:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table_name)
+        return table_oid
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        s = """
+        SELECT nspname
+        FROM pg_namespace
+        ORDER BY nspname
+        """
+        rp = connection.execute(s)
+        # what about system tables?
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            schema_names = [row[0].decode(self.encoding) for row in rp
+                            if not row[0].startswith('pg_')]
+        else:
+            schema_names = [row[0] for row in rp
+                            if not row[0].startswith('pg_')]
+        return schema_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            current_schema = schema
+        else:
+            current_schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            sql.text("SELECT relname FROM pg_class c "
+                     "WHERE relkind = 'r' "
+                     "AND '%s' = (select nspname from pg_namespace n "
+                     "where n.oid = c.relnamespace) " %
+                     current_schema,
+                     typemap={'relname': sqltypes.Unicode}
+                     )
+        )
+        return [row[0] for row in result]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            current_schema = schema
+        else:
+            current_schema = self.default_schema_name
+        s = """
+        SELECT relname
+        FROM pg_class c
+        WHERE relkind = 'v'
+          AND '%(schema)s' = (select nspname from pg_namespace n
+          where n.oid = c.relnamespace)
+        """ % dict(schema=current_schema)
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            view_names = [row[0].decode(self.encoding)
+                          for row in connection.execute(s)]
+        else:
+            view_names = [row[0] for row in connection.execute(s)]
+        return view_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            current_schema = schema
+        else:
+            current_schema = self.default_schema_name
+        s = """
+        SELECT definition FROM pg_views
+        WHERE schemaname = :schema
+        AND viewname = :view_name
+        """
+        rp = connection.execute(sql.text(s),
+                                view_name=view_name, schema=current_schema)
+        if rp:
+            if util.py2k:
+                view_def = rp.scalar().decode(self.encoding)
+            else:
+                view_def = rp.scalar()
+            return view_def
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+
+        table_oid = self.get_table_oid(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                       info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+        SQL_COLS = """
+            SELECT a.attname,
+              pg_catalog.format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod),
+              (SELECT pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid)
+                FROM pg_catalog.pg_attrdef d
+               WHERE d.adrelid = a.attrelid AND d.adnum = a.attnum
+               AND a.atthasdef)
+              AS DEFAULT,
+              a.attnotnull, a.attnum, a.attrelid as table_oid
+            FROM pg_catalog.pg_attribute a
+            WHERE a.attrelid = :table_oid
+            AND a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped
+            ORDER BY a.attnum
+        """
+        s = sql.text(SQL_COLS,
+                     bindparams=[
+                         sql.bindparam('table_oid', type_=sqltypes.Integer)],
+                     typemap={
+                         'attname': sqltypes.Unicode,
+                         'default': sqltypes.Unicode}
+                     )
+        c = connection.execute(s, table_oid=table_oid)
+        rows = c.fetchall()
+        domains = self._load_domains(connection)
+        enums = self._load_enums(connection)
+
+        # format columns
+        columns = []
+        for name, format_type, default, notnull, attnum, table_oid in rows:
+            column_info = self._get_column_info(
+                name, format_type, default, notnull, domains, enums, schema)
+            columns.append(column_info)
+        return columns
+
+    def _get_column_info(self, name, format_type, default,
+                         notnull, domains, enums, schema):
+        # strip (*) from character varying(5), timestamp(5)
+        # with time zone, geometry(POLYGON), etc.
+        attype = re.sub(r'\(.*\)', '', format_type)
+
+        # strip '[]' from integer[], etc.
+        attype = re.sub(r'\[\]', '', attype)
+
+        nullable = not notnull
+        is_array = format_type.endswith('[]')
+        charlen = re.search('\(([\d,]+)\)', format_type)
+        if charlen:
+            charlen = charlen.group(1)
+        args = re.search('\((.*)\)', format_type)
+        if args and args.group(1):
+            args = tuple(re.split('\s*,\s*', args.group(1)))
+        else:
+            args = ()
+        kwargs = {}
+
+        if attype == 'numeric':
+            if charlen:
+                prec, scale = charlen.split(',')
+                args = (int(prec), int(scale))
+            else:
+                args = ()
+        elif attype == 'double precision':
+            args = (53, )
+        elif attype == 'integer':
+            args = ()
+        elif attype in ('timestamp with time zone',
+                        'time with time zone'):
+            kwargs['timezone'] = True
+            if charlen:
+                kwargs['precision'] = int(charlen)
+            args = ()
+        elif attype in ('timestamp without time zone',
+                        'time without time zone', 'time'):
+            kwargs['timezone'] = False
+            if charlen:
+                kwargs['precision'] = int(charlen)
+            args = ()
+        elif attype == 'bit varying':
+            kwargs['varying'] = True
+            if charlen:
+                args = (int(charlen),)
+            else:
+                args = ()
+        elif attype in ('interval', 'interval year to month',
+                        'interval day to second'):
+            if charlen:
+                kwargs['precision'] = int(charlen)
+            args = ()
+        elif charlen:
+            args = (int(charlen),)
+
+        while True:
+            if attype in self.ischema_names:
+                coltype = self.ischema_names[attype]
+                break
+            elif attype in enums:
+                enum = enums[attype]
+                coltype = ENUM
+                if "." in attype:
+                    kwargs['schema'], kwargs['name'] = attype.split('.')
+                else:
+                    kwargs['name'] = attype
+                args = tuple(enum['labels'])
+                break
+            elif attype in domains:
+                domain = domains[attype]
+                attype = domain['attype']
+                # A table can't override whether the domain is nullable.
+                nullable = domain['nullable']
+                if domain['default'] and not default:
+                    # It can, however, override the default
+                    # value, but can't set it to null.
+                    default = domain['default']
+                continue
+            else:
+                coltype = None
+                break
+
+        if coltype:
+            coltype = coltype(*args, **kwargs)
+            if is_array:
+                coltype = ARRAY(coltype)
+        else:
+            util.warn("Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
+                      (attype, name))
+            coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+        # adjust the default value
+        autoincrement = False
+        if default is not None:
+            match = re.search(r"""(nextval\(')([^']+)('.*$)""", default)
+            if match is not None:
+                autoincrement = True
+                # the default is related to a Sequence
+                sch = schema
+                if '.' not in match.group(2) and sch is not None:
+                    # unconditionally quote the schema name.  this could
+                    # later be enhanced to obey quoting rules /
+                    # "quote schema"
+                    default = match.group(1) + \
+                        ('"%s"' % sch) + '.' + \
+                        match.group(2) + match.group(3)
+
+        column_info = dict(name=name, type=coltype, nullable=nullable,
+                           default=default, autoincrement=autoincrement)
+        return column_info
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        table_oid = self.get_table_oid(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                       info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+
+        if self.server_version_info < (8, 4):
+            PK_SQL = """
+                SELECT a.attname
+                FROM
+                    pg_class t
+                    join pg_index ix on t.oid = ix.indrelid
+                    join pg_attribute a
+                        on t.oid=a.attrelid AND %s
+                 WHERE
+                  t.oid = :table_oid and ix.indisprimary = 't'
+                ORDER BY a.attnum
+            """ % self._pg_index_any("a.attnum", "ix.indkey")
+
+        else:
+            # unnest() and generate_subscripts() both introduced in
+            # version 8.4
+            PK_SQL = """
+                SELECT a.attname
+                FROM pg_attribute a JOIN (
+                    SELECT unnest(ix.indkey) attnum,
+                           generate_subscripts(ix.indkey, 1) ord
+                    FROM pg_index ix
+                    WHERE ix.indrelid = :table_oid AND ix.indisprimary
+                    ) k ON a.attnum=k.attnum
+                WHERE a.attrelid = :table_oid
+                ORDER BY k.ord
+            """
+        t = sql.text(PK_SQL, typemap={'attname': sqltypes.Unicode})
+        c = connection.execute(t, table_oid=table_oid)
+        cols = [r[0] for r in c.fetchall()]
+
+        PK_CONS_SQL = """
+        SELECT conname
+           FROM  pg_catalog.pg_constraint r
+           WHERE r.conrelid = :table_oid AND r.contype = 'p'
+           ORDER BY 1
+        """
+        t = sql.text(PK_CONS_SQL, typemap={'conname': sqltypes.Unicode})
+        c = connection.execute(t, table_oid=table_oid)
+        name = c.scalar()
+
+        return {'constrained_columns': cols, 'name': name}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None,
+                         postgresql_ignore_search_path=False, **kw):
+        preparer = self.identifier_preparer
+        table_oid = self.get_table_oid(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                       info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+
+        FK_SQL = """
+          SELECT r.conname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(r.oid, true) as condef,
+                n.nspname as conschema
+          FROM  pg_catalog.pg_constraint r,
+                pg_namespace n,
+                pg_class c
+
+          WHERE r.conrelid = :table AND
+                r.contype = 'f' AND
+                c.oid = confrelid AND
+                n.oid = c.relnamespace
+          ORDER BY 1
+        """
+        # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/static/sql-createtable.html
+        FK_REGEX = re.compile(
+            r'FOREIGN KEY \((.*?)\) REFERENCES (?:(.*?)\.)?(.*?)\((.*?)\)'
+            r'[\s]?(MATCH (FULL|PARTIAL|SIMPLE)+)?'
+            r'[\s]?(ON UPDATE '
+            r'(CASCADE|RESTRICT|NO ACTION|SET NULL|SET DEFAULT)+)?'
+            r'[\s]?(ON DELETE '
+            r'(CASCADE|RESTRICT|NO ACTION|SET NULL|SET DEFAULT)+)?'
+            r'[\s]?(DEFERRABLE|NOT DEFERRABLE)?'
+            r'[\s]?(INITIALLY (DEFERRED|IMMEDIATE)+)?'
+        )
+
+        t = sql.text(FK_SQL, typemap={
+            'conname': sqltypes.Unicode,
+            'condef': sqltypes.Unicode})
+        c = connection.execute(t, table=table_oid)
+        fkeys = []
+        for conname, condef, conschema in c.fetchall():
+            m = re.search(FK_REGEX, condef).groups()
+
+            constrained_columns, referred_schema, \
+                referred_table, referred_columns, \
+                _, match, _, onupdate, _, ondelete, \
+                deferrable, _, initially = m
+
+            if deferrable is not None:
+                deferrable = True if deferrable == 'DEFERRABLE' else False
+            constrained_columns = [preparer._unquote_identifier(x)
+                                   for x in re.split(
+                                       r'\s*,\s*', constrained_columns)]
+
+            if postgresql_ignore_search_path:
+                # when ignoring search path, we use the actual schema
+                # provided it isn't the "default" schema
+                if conschema != self.default_schema_name:
+                    referred_schema = conschema
+                else:
+                    referred_schema = schema
+            elif referred_schema:
+                # referred_schema is the schema that we regexp'ed from
+                # pg_get_constraintdef().  If the schema is in the search
+                # path, pg_get_constraintdef() will give us None.
+                referred_schema = \
+                    preparer._unquote_identifier(referred_schema)
+            elif schema is not None and schema == conschema:
+                # If the actual schema matches the schema of the table
+                # we're reflecting, then we will use that.
+                referred_schema = schema
+
+            referred_table = preparer._unquote_identifier(referred_table)
+            referred_columns = [preparer._unquote_identifier(x)
+                                for x in
+                                re.split(r'\s*,\s', referred_columns)]
+            fkey_d = {
+                'name': conname,
+                'constrained_columns': constrained_columns,
+                'referred_schema': referred_schema,
+                'referred_table': referred_table,
+                'referred_columns': referred_columns,
+                'options': {
+                    'onupdate': onupdate,
+                    'ondelete': ondelete,
+                    'deferrable': deferrable,
+                    'initially': initially,
+                    'match': match
+                }
+            }
+            fkeys.append(fkey_d)
+        return fkeys
+
+    def _pg_index_any(self, col, compare_to):
+        if self.server_version_info < (8, 1):
+            # http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/10279.1124395722@sss.pgh.pa.us
+            # "In CVS tip you could replace this with "attnum = ANY (indkey)".
+            # Unfortunately, most array support doesn't work on int2vector in
+            # pre-8.1 releases, so I think you're kinda stuck with the above
+            # for now.
+            # regards, tom lane"
+            return "(%s)" % " OR ".join(
+                "%s[%d] = %s" % (compare_to, ind, col)
+                for ind in range(0, 10)
+            )
+        else:
+            return "%s = ANY(%s)" % (col, compare_to)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema, **kw):
+        table_oid = self.get_table_oid(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                       info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+
+        # cast indkey as varchar since it's an int2vector,
+        # returned as a list by some drivers such as pypostgresql
+
+        IDX_SQL = """
+          SELECT
+              i.relname as relname,
+              ix.indisunique, ix.indexprs, ix.indpred,
+              a.attname, a.attnum, ix.indkey%s
+          FROM
+              pg_class t
+                    join pg_index ix on t.oid = ix.indrelid
+                    join pg_class i on i.oid=ix.indexrelid
+                    left outer join
+                        pg_attribute a
+                        on t.oid=a.attrelid and %s
+          WHERE
+              t.relkind = 'r'
+              and t.oid = :table_oid
+              and ix.indisprimary = 'f'
+          ORDER BY
+              t.relname,
+              i.relname
+        """ % (
+            # version 8.3 here was based on observing the
+            # cast does not work in PG 8.2.4, does work in 8.3.0.
+            # nothing in PG changelogs regarding this.
+            "::varchar" if self.server_version_info >= (8, 3) else "",
+            self._pg_index_any("a.attnum", "ix.indkey")
+        )
+
+        t = sql.text(IDX_SQL, typemap={'attname': sqltypes.Unicode})
+        c = connection.execute(t, table_oid=table_oid)
+
+        indexes = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(dict))
+
+        sv_idx_name = None
+        for row in c.fetchall():
+            idx_name, unique, expr, prd, col, col_num, idx_key = row
+
+            if expr:
+                if idx_name != sv_idx_name:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Skipped unsupported reflection of "
+                        "expression-based index %s"
+                        % idx_name)
+                sv_idx_name = idx_name
+                continue
+
+            if prd and not idx_name == sv_idx_name:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Predicate of partial index %s ignored during reflection"
+                    % idx_name)
+                sv_idx_name = idx_name
+
+            index = indexes[idx_name]
+            if col is not None:
+                index['cols'][col_num] = col
+            index['key'] = [int(k.strip()) for k in idx_key.split()]
+            index['unique'] = unique
+
+        return [
+            {'name': name,
+             'unique': idx['unique'],
+             'column_names': [idx['cols'][i] for i in idx['key']]}
+            for name, idx in indexes.items()
+        ]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(self, connection, table_name,
+                               schema=None, **kw):
+        table_oid = self.get_table_oid(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                       info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+
+        UNIQUE_SQL = """
+            SELECT
+                cons.conname as name,
+                cons.conkey as key,
+                a.attnum as col_num,
+                a.attname as col_name
+            FROM
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint cons
+                join pg_attribute a
+                  on cons.conrelid = a.attrelid AND
+                    a.attnum = ANY(cons.conkey)
+            WHERE
+                cons.conrelid = :table_oid AND
+                cons.contype = 'u'
+        """
+
+        t = sql.text(UNIQUE_SQL, typemap={'col_name': sqltypes.Unicode})
+        c = connection.execute(t, table_oid=table_oid)
+
+        uniques = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(dict))
+        for row in c.fetchall():
+            uc = uniques[row.name]
+            uc["key"] = row.key
+            uc["cols"][row.col_num] = row.col_name
+
+        return [
+            {'name': name,
+             'column_names': [uc["cols"][i] for i in uc["key"]]}
+            for name, uc in uniques.items()
+        ]
+
+    def _load_enums(self, connection):
+        if not self.supports_native_enum:
+            return {}
+
+        # Load data types for enums:
+        SQL_ENUMS = """
+            SELECT t.typname as "name",
+               -- no enum defaults in 8.4 at least
+               -- t.typdefault as "default",
+               pg_catalog.pg_type_is_visible(t.oid) as "visible",
+               n.nspname as "schema",
+               e.enumlabel as "label"
+            FROM pg_catalog.pg_type t
+                 LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = t.typnamespace
+                 LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_enum e ON t.oid = e.enumtypid
+            WHERE t.typtype = 'e'
+            ORDER BY "name", e.oid -- e.oid gives us label order
+        """
+
+        s = sql.text(SQL_ENUMS, typemap={
+            'attname': sqltypes.Unicode,
+            'label': sqltypes.Unicode})
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+
+        enums = {}
+        for enum in c.fetchall():
+            if enum['visible']:
+                # 'visible' just means whether or not the enum is in a
+                # schema that's on the search path -- or not overridden by
+                # a schema with higher precedence. If it's not visible,
+                # it will be prefixed with the schema-name when it's used.
+                name = enum['name']
+            else:
+                name = "%s.%s" % (enum['schema'], enum['name'])
+
+            if name in enums:
+                enums[name]['labels'].append(enum['label'])
+            else:
+                enums[name] = {
+                    'labels': [enum['label']],
+                }
+
+        return enums
+
+    def _load_domains(self, connection):
+        # Load data types for domains:
+        SQL_DOMAINS = """
+            SELECT t.typname as "name",
+               pg_catalog.format_type(t.typbasetype, t.typtypmod) as "attype",
+               not t.typnotnull as "nullable",
+               t.typdefault as "default",
+               pg_catalog.pg_type_is_visible(t.oid) as "visible",
+               n.nspname as "schema"
+            FROM pg_catalog.pg_type t
+               LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = t.typnamespace
+            WHERE t.typtype = 'd'
+        """
+
+        s = sql.text(SQL_DOMAINS, typemap={'attname': sqltypes.Unicode})
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+
+        domains = {}
+        for domain in c.fetchall():
+            # strip (30) from character varying(30)
+            attype = re.search('([^\(]+)', domain['attype']).group(1)
+            if domain['visible']:
+                # 'visible' just means whether or not the domain is in a
+                # schema that's on the search path -- or not overridden by
+                # a schema with higher precedence. If it's not visible,
+                # it will be prefixed with the schema-name when it's used.
+                name = domain['name']
+            else:
+                name = "%s.%s" % (domain['schema'], domain['name'])
+
+            domains[name] = {
+                'attype': attype,
+                'nullable': domain['nullable'],
+                'default': domain['default']
+            }
+
+        return domains
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/constraints.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/constraints.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8ebc75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/constraints.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from sqlalchemy.schema import ColumnCollectionConstraint
+from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+
+
+class ExcludeConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level EXCLUDE constraint.
+
+    Defines an EXCLUDE constraint as described in the `postgres
+    documentation`__.
+
+    __ http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/\
+static/sql-createtable.html#SQL-CREATETABLE-EXCLUDE
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'exclude_constraint'
+
+    where = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *elements, **kw):
+        """
+        :param \*elements:
+          A sequence of two tuples of the form ``(column, operator)`` where
+          column must be a column name or Column object and operator must
+          be a string containing the operator to use.
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of this constraint.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY  when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param using:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit USING  when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint. Defaults to 'gist'.
+
+        :param where:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit WHERE  when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        """
+        ColumnCollectionConstraint.__init__(
+            self,
+            *[col for col, op in elements],
+            name=kw.get('name'),
+            deferrable=kw.get('deferrable'),
+            initially=kw.get('initially')
+        )
+        self.operators = {}
+        for col_or_string, op in elements:
+            name = getattr(col_or_string, 'name', col_or_string)
+            self.operators[name] = op
+        self.using = kw.get('using', 'gist')
+        where = kw.get('where')
+        if where:
+            self.where = expression._literal_as_text(where)
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        elements = [(col, self.operators[col])
+                    for col in self.columns.keys()]
+        c = self.__class__(*elements,
+                           name=self.name,
+                           deferrable=self.deferrable,
+                           initially=self.initially)
+        c.dispatch._update(self.dispatch)
+        return c
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/hstore.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/hstore.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9601edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/hstore.py
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+# postgresql/hstore.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+import re
+
+from .base import ARRAY, ischema_names
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...sql import functions as sqlfunc
+from ...sql.operators import custom_op
+from ... import util
+
+__all__ = ('HSTORE', 'hstore')
+
+# My best guess at the parsing rules of hstore literals, since no formal
+# grammar is given.  This is mostly reverse engineered from PG's input parser
+# behavior.
+HSTORE_PAIR_RE = re.compile(r"""
+(
+  "(?P (\\ . | [^"])* )"       # Quoted key
+)
+[ ]* => [ ]*    # Pair operator, optional adjoining whitespace
+(
+    (?P NULL )          # NULL value
+  | "(?P (\\ . | [^"])* )"   # Quoted value
+)
+""", re.VERBOSE)
+
+HSTORE_DELIMITER_RE = re.compile(r"""
+[ ]* , [ ]*
+""", re.VERBOSE)
+
+
+def _parse_error(hstore_str, pos):
+    """format an unmarshalling error."""
+
+    ctx = 20
+    hslen = len(hstore_str)
+
+    parsed_tail = hstore_str[max(pos - ctx - 1, 0):min(pos, hslen)]
+    residual = hstore_str[min(pos, hslen):min(pos + ctx + 1, hslen)]
+
+    if len(parsed_tail) > ctx:
+        parsed_tail = '[...]' + parsed_tail[1:]
+    if len(residual) > ctx:
+        residual = residual[:-1] + '[...]'
+
+    return "After %r, could not parse residual at position %d: %r" % (
+        parsed_tail, pos, residual)
+
+
+def _parse_hstore(hstore_str):
+    """Parse an hstore from its literal string representation.
+
+    Attempts to approximate PG's hstore input parsing rules as closely as
+    possible. Although currently this is not strictly necessary, since the
+    current implementation of hstore's output syntax is stricter than what it
+    accepts as input, the documentation makes no guarantees that will always
+    be the case.
+
+
+
+    """
+    result = {}
+    pos = 0
+    pair_match = HSTORE_PAIR_RE.match(hstore_str)
+
+    while pair_match is not None:
+        key = pair_match.group('key').replace(r'\"', '"').replace(
+            "\\\\", "\\")
+        if pair_match.group('value_null'):
+            value = None
+        else:
+            value = pair_match.group('value').replace(
+                r'\"', '"').replace("\\\\", "\\")
+        result[key] = value
+
+        pos += pair_match.end()
+
+        delim_match = HSTORE_DELIMITER_RE.match(hstore_str[pos:])
+        if delim_match is not None:
+            pos += delim_match.end()
+
+        pair_match = HSTORE_PAIR_RE.match(hstore_str[pos:])
+
+    if pos != len(hstore_str):
+        raise ValueError(_parse_error(hstore_str, pos))
+
+    return result
+
+
+def _serialize_hstore(val):
+    """Serialize a dictionary into an hstore literal.  Keys and values must
+    both be strings (except None for values).
+
+    """
+    def esc(s, position):
+        if position == 'value' and s is None:
+            return 'NULL'
+        elif isinstance(s, util.string_types):
+            return '"%s"' % s.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace('"', r'\"')
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("%r in %s position is not a string." %
+                             (s, position))
+
+    return ', '.join('%s=>%s' % (esc(k, 'key'), esc(v, 'value'))
+                     for k, v in val.items())
+
+
+class HSTORE(sqltypes.Concatenable, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql HSTORE type.
+
+    The :class:`.HSTORE` type stores dictionaries containing strings, e.g.::
+
+        data_table = Table('data_table', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('data', HSTORE)
+        )
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(),
+                data = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
+            )
+
+    :class:`.HSTORE` provides for a wide range of operations, including:
+
+    * Index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key'] == 'some value'
+
+    * Containment operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data.has_key('some key')
+
+        data_table.c.data.has_all(['one', 'two', 'three'])
+
+    * Concatenation::
+
+        data_table.c.data + {"k1": "v1"}
+
+    For a full list of special methods see
+    :class:`.HSTORE.comparator_factory`.
+
+    For usage with the SQLAlchemy ORM, it may be desirable to combine
+    the usage of :class:`.HSTORE` with :class:`.MutableDict` dictionary
+    now part of the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable`
+    extension.  This extension will allow "in-place" changes to the
+    dictionary, e.g. addition of new keys or replacement/removal of existing
+    keys to/from the current dictionary, to produce events which will be
+    detected by the unit of work::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableDict
+
+        class MyClass(Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'data_table'
+
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            data = Column(MutableDict.as_mutable(HSTORE))
+
+        my_object = session.query(MyClass).one()
+
+        # in-place mutation, requires Mutable extension
+        # in order for the ORM to detect
+        my_object.data['some_key'] = 'some value'
+
+        session.commit()
+
+    When the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension is not used, the ORM
+    will not be alerted to any changes to the contents of an existing
+    dictionary, unless that dictionary value is re-assigned to the
+    HSTORE-attribute itself, thus generating a change event.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.hstore` - render the Postgresql ``hstore()`` function.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'HSTORE'
+    hashable = False
+
+    class comparator_factory(sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`.HSTORE`."""
+
+        def has_key(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of a key.  Note that the
+            key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('?')(other)
+
+        def has_all(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of all keys in the PG
+            array.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('?&')(other)
+
+        def has_any(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of any key in the PG
+            array.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('?|')(other)
+
+        def defined(self, key):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of a non-NULL value for
+            the key.  Note that the key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return _HStoreDefinedFunction(self.expr, key)
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys are a superset of the keys of
+            the argument hstore expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('@>')(other)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys are a proper subset of the
+            keys of the argument hstore expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('<@')(other)
+
+        def __getitem__(self, other):
+            """Text expression.  Get the value at a given key.  Note that the
+            key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('->', precedence=5)(other)
+
+        def delete(self, key):
+            """HStore expression.  Returns the contents of this hstore with the
+            given key deleted.  Note that the key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            if isinstance(key, dict):
+                key = _serialize_hstore(key)
+            return _HStoreDeleteFunction(self.expr, key)
+
+        def slice(self, array):
+            """HStore expression.  Returns a subset of an hstore defined by
+            array of keys.
+            """
+            return _HStoreSliceFunction(self.expr, array)
+
+        def keys(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of keys."""
+            return _HStoreKeysFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def vals(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of values."""
+            return _HStoreValsFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def array(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of alternating keys and
+            values.
+            """
+            return _HStoreArrayFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def matrix(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of [key, value] pairs."""
+            return _HStoreMatrixFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            if isinstance(op, custom_op):
+                if op.opstring in ['?', '?&', '?|', '@>', '<@']:
+                    return op, sqltypes.Boolean
+                elif op.opstring == '->':
+                    return op, sqltypes.Text
+            return sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator.\
+                _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if util.py2k:
+            encoding = dialect.encoding
+
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, dict):
+                    return _serialize_hstore(value).encode(encoding)
+                else:
+                    return value
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, dict):
+                    return _serialize_hstore(value)
+                else:
+                    return value
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if util.py2k:
+            encoding = dialect.encoding
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    return _parse_hstore(value.decode(encoding))
+                else:
+                    return value
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    return _parse_hstore(value)
+                else:
+                    return value
+        return process
+
+
+ischema_names['hstore'] = HSTORE
+
+
+class hstore(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    """Construct an hstore value within a SQL expression using the
+    Postgresql ``hstore()`` function.
+
+    The :class:`.hstore` function accepts one or two arguments as described
+    in the Postgresql documentation.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array, hstore
+
+        select([hstore('key1', 'value1')])
+
+        select([
+                hstore(
+                    array(['key1', 'key2', 'key3']),
+                    array(['value1', 'value2', 'value3'])
+                )
+            ])
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.HSTORE` - the Postgresql ``HSTORE`` datatype.
+
+    """
+    type = HSTORE
+    name = 'hstore'
+
+
+class _HStoreDefinedFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.Boolean
+    name = 'defined'
+
+
+class _HStoreDeleteFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = HSTORE
+    name = 'delete'
+
+
+class _HStoreSliceFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = HSTORE
+    name = 'slice'
+
+
+class _HStoreKeysFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = 'akeys'
+
+
+class _HStoreValsFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = 'avals'
+
+
+class _HStoreArrayFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = 'hstore_to_array'
+
+
+class _HStoreMatrixFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = 'hstore_to_matrix'
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/json.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25ac342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+# postgresql/json.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import json
+
+from .base import ischema_names
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...sql.operators import custom_op
+from ... import sql
+from ...sql import elements
+from ... import util
+
+__all__ = ('JSON', 'JSONElement', 'JSONB')
+
+
+class JSONElement(elements.BinaryExpression):
+    """Represents accessing an element of a :class:`.JSON` value.
+
+    The :class:`.JSONElement` is produced whenever using the Python index
+    operator on an expression that has the type :class:`.JSON`::
+
+        expr = mytable.c.json_data['some_key']
+
+    The expression typically compiles to a JSON access such as ``col -> key``.
+    Modifiers are then available for typing behavior, including
+    :meth:`.JSONElement.cast` and :attr:`.JSONElement.astext`.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, left, right, astext=False,
+                 opstring=None, result_type=None):
+        self._astext = astext
+        if opstring is None:
+            if hasattr(right, '__iter__') and \
+                    not isinstance(right, util.string_types):
+                opstring = "#>"
+                right = "{%s}" % (
+                    ", ".join(util.text_type(elem) for elem in right))
+            else:
+                opstring = "->"
+
+        self._json_opstring = opstring
+        operator = custom_op(opstring, precedence=5)
+        right = left._check_literal(left, operator, right)
+        super(JSONElement, self).__init__(
+            left, right, operator, type_=result_type)
+
+    @property
+    def astext(self):
+        """Convert this :class:`.JSONElement` to use the 'astext' operator
+        when evaluated.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            select([data_table.c.data['some key'].astext])
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.JSONElement.cast`
+
+        """
+        if self._astext:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return JSONElement(
+                self.left,
+                self.right,
+                astext=True,
+                opstring=self._json_opstring + ">",
+                result_type=sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True)
+            )
+
+    def cast(self, type_):
+        """Convert this :class:`.JSONElement` to apply both the 'astext' operator
+        as well as an explicit type cast when evaulated.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            select([data_table.c.data['some key'].cast(Integer)])
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.JSONElement.astext`
+
+        """
+        if not self._astext:
+            return self.astext.cast(type_)
+        else:
+            return sql.cast(self, type_)
+
+
+class JSON(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql JSON type.
+
+    The :class:`.JSON` type stores arbitrary JSON format data, e.g.::
+
+        data_table = Table('data_table', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('data', JSON)
+        )
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(),
+                data = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
+            )
+
+    :class:`.JSON` provides several operations:
+
+    * Index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key']
+
+    * Index operations returning text (required for text comparison)::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key'].astext == 'some value'
+
+    * Index operations with a built-in CAST call::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key'].cast(Integer) == 5
+
+    * Path index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data[('key_1', 'key_2', ..., 'key_n')]
+
+    * Path index operations returning text (required for text comparison)::
+
+        data_table.c.data[('key_1', 'key_2', ..., 'key_n')].astext == \\
+            'some value'
+
+    Index operations return an instance of :class:`.JSONElement`, which
+    represents an expression such as ``column -> index``.  This element then
+    defines methods such as :attr:`.JSONElement.astext` and
+    :meth:`.JSONElement.cast` for setting up type behavior.
+
+    The :class:`.JSON` type, when used with the SQLAlchemy ORM, does not
+    detect in-place mutations to the structure.  In order to detect these, the
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension must be used.  This extension will
+    allow "in-place" changes to the datastructure to produce events which
+    will be detected by the unit of work.  See the example at :class:`.HSTORE`
+    for a simple example involving a dictionary.
+
+    Custom serializers and deserializers are specified at the dialect level,
+    that is using :func:`.create_engine`.  The reason for this is that when
+    using psycopg2, the DBAPI only allows serializers at the per-cursor
+    or per-connection level.   E.g.::
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+                                json_serializer=my_serialize_fn,
+                                json_deserializer=my_deserialize_fn
+                        )
+
+    When using the psycopg2 dialect, the json_deserializer is registered
+    against the database using ``psycopg2.extras.register_default_json``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'JSON'
+
+    class comparator_factory(sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`.JSON`."""
+
+        def __getitem__(self, other):
+            """Get the value at a given key."""
+
+            return JSONElement(self.expr, other)
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            if isinstance(op, custom_op):
+                if op.opstring == '->':
+                    return op, sqltypes.Text
+            return sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator.\
+                _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        json_serializer = dialect._json_serializer or json.dumps
+        if util.py2k:
+            encoding = dialect.encoding
+
+            def process(value):
+                return json_serializer(value).encode(encoding)
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                return json_serializer(value)
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        json_deserializer = dialect._json_deserializer or json.loads
+        if util.py2k:
+            encoding = dialect.encoding
+
+            def process(value):
+                return json_deserializer(value.decode(encoding))
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                return json_deserializer(value)
+        return process
+
+
+ischema_names['json'] = JSON
+
+
+class JSONB(JSON):
+    """Represent the Postgresql JSONB type.
+
+    The :class:`.JSONB` type stores arbitrary JSONB format data, e.g.::
+
+        data_table = Table('data_table', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('data', JSONB)
+        )
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(),
+                data = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
+            )
+
+    :class:`.JSONB` provides several operations:
+
+    * Index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key']
+
+    * Index operations returning text (required for text comparison)::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key'].astext == 'some value'
+
+    * Index operations with a built-in CAST call::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key'].cast(Integer) == 5
+
+    * Path index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data[('key_1', 'key_2', ..., 'key_n')]
+
+    * Path index operations returning text (required for text comparison)::
+
+        data_table.c.data[('key_1', 'key_2', ..., 'key_n')].astext == \\
+            'some value'
+
+    Index operations return an instance of :class:`.JSONElement`, which
+    represents an expression such as ``column -> index``.  This element then
+    defines methods such as :attr:`.JSONElement.astext` and
+    :meth:`.JSONElement.cast` for setting up type behavior.
+
+    The :class:`.JSON` type, when used with the SQLAlchemy ORM, does not
+    detect in-place mutations to the structure.  In order to detect these, the
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension must be used.  This extension will
+    allow "in-place" changes to the datastructure to produce events which
+    will be detected by the unit of work.  See the example at :class:`.HSTORE`
+    for a simple example involving a dictionary.
+
+    Custom serializers and deserializers are specified at the dialect level,
+    that is using :func:`.create_engine`.  The reason for this is that when
+    using psycopg2, the DBAPI only allows serializers at the per-cursor
+    or per-connection level.   E.g.::
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+                                json_serializer=my_serialize_fn,
+                                json_deserializer=my_deserialize_fn
+                        )
+
+    When using the psycopg2 dialect, the json_deserializer is registered
+    against the database using ``psycopg2.extras.register_default_json``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.7
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'JSONB'
+    hashable = False
+
+    class comparator_factory(sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`.JSON`."""
+
+        def __getitem__(self, other):
+            """Get the value at a given key."""
+
+            return JSONElement(self.expr, other)
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            # How does one do equality?? jsonb also has "=" eg.
+            # '[1,2,3]'::jsonb = '[1,2,3]'::jsonb
+            if isinstance(op, custom_op):
+                if op.opstring in ['?', '?&', '?|', '@>', '<@']:
+                    return op, sqltypes.Boolean
+                if op.opstring == '->':
+                    return op, sqltypes.Text
+            return sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator.\
+                _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator)
+
+        def has_key(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of a key.  Note that the
+            key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('?')(other)
+
+        def has_all(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of all keys in jsonb
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('?&')(other)
+
+        def has_any(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of any key in jsonb
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('?|')(other)
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys (or array) are a superset of/contained
+            the keys of the argument jsonb expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('@>')(other)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys are a proper subset of the
+            keys of the argument jsonb expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('<@')(other)
+
+ischema_names['jsonb'] = JSONB
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..589567d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# postgresql/pg8000.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+pg8000
+    :name: pg8000
+    :dbapi: pg8000
+    :connectstring: \
+postgresql+pg8000://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://pythonhosted.org/pg8000/
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+When communicating with the server, pg8000 **always uses the server-side
+character set**.  SQLAlchemy has no ability to modify what character set
+pg8000 chooses to use, and additionally SQLAlchemy does no unicode conversion
+of any kind with the pg8000 backend. The origin of the client encoding setting
+is ultimately the CLIENT_ENCODING setting in postgresql.conf.
+
+It is not necessary, though is also harmless, to pass the "encoding" parameter
+to :func:`.create_engine` when using pg8000.
+
+
+.. _pg8000_isolation_level:
+
+pg8000 Transaction Isolation Level
+-------------------------------------
+
+The pg8000 dialect offers the same isolation level settings as that
+of the :ref:`psycopg2 ` dialect:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.5 support for AUTOCOMMIT isolation level when using
+   pg8000.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`
+
+
+"""
+from ... import util, exc
+import decimal
+from ... import processors
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from .base import (
+    PGDialect, PGCompiler, PGIdentifierPreparer, PGExecutionContext,
+    _DECIMAL_TYPES, _FLOAT_TYPES, _INT_TYPES)
+
+
+class _PGNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale)
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns Decimal natively for 1700
+                return None
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype)
+        else:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns float natively for 701
+                return None
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype)
+
+
+class _PGNumericNoBind(_PGNumeric):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_pg8000(PGExecutionContext):
+    pass
+
+
+class PGCompiler_pg8000(PGCompiler):
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self.process(binary.left, **kw) + " %% " + \
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+
+    def post_process_text(self, text):
+        if '%%' in text:
+            util.warn("The SQLAlchemy postgresql dialect "
+                      "now automatically escapes '%' in text() "
+                      "expressions to '%%'.")
+        return text.replace('%', '%%')
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer_pg8000(PGIdentifierPreparer):
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        value = value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+        return value.replace('%', '%%')
+
+
+class PGDialect_pg8000(PGDialect):
+    driver = 'pg8000'
+
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'format'
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_pg8000
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler_pg8000
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_pg8000
+    description_encoding = 'use_encoding'
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        PGDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _PGNumericNoBind,
+            sqltypes.Float: _PGNumeric
+        }
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('pg8000')
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        if 'port' in opts:
+            opts['port'] = int(opts['port'])
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        return "connection is closed" in str(e)
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        level = level.replace('_', ' ')
+
+        # adjust for ConnectionFairy possibly being present
+        if hasattr(connection, 'connection'):
+            connection = connection.connection
+
+        if level == 'AUTOCOMMIT':
+            connection.autocommit = True
+        elif level in self._isolation_lookup:
+            connection.autocommit = False
+            cursor = connection.cursor()
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION "
+                "ISOLATION LEVEL %s" % level)
+            cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+            cursor.close()
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+                "Valid isolation levels for %s are %s or AUTOCOMMIT" %
+                (level, self.name, ", ".join(self._isolation_lookup))
+            )
+
+dialect = PGDialect_pg8000
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6450c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+# postgresql/psycopg2.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+psycopg2
+    :name: psycopg2
+    :dbapi: psycopg2
+    :connectstring: postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@host:port/dbname\
+[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/psycopg2/
+
+psycopg2 Connect Arguments
+-----------------------------------
+
+psycopg2-specific keyword arguments which are accepted by
+:func:`.create_engine()` are:
+
+* ``server_side_cursors``: Enable the usage of "server side cursors" for SQL
+  statements which support this feature. What this essentially means from a
+  psycopg2 point of view is that the cursor is created using a name, e.g.
+  ``connection.cursor('some name')``, which has the effect that result rows
+  are not immediately pre-fetched and buffered after statement execution, but
+  are instead left on the server and only retrieved as needed. SQLAlchemy's
+  :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.ResultProxy` uses special row-buffering
+  behavior when this feature is enabled, such that groups of 100 rows at a
+  time are fetched over the wire to reduce conversational overhead.
+  Note that the ``stream_results=True`` execution option is a more targeted
+  way of enabling this mode on a per-execution basis.
+* ``use_native_unicode``: Enable the usage of Psycopg2 "native unicode" mode
+  per connection.  True by default.
+* ``isolation_level``: This option, available for all PostgreSQL dialects,
+  includes the ``AUTOCOMMIT`` isolation level when using the psycopg2
+  dialect.  See :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`.
+
+
+Unix Domain Connections
+------------------------
+
+psycopg2 supports connecting via Unix domain connections.   When the ``host``
+portion of the URL is omitted, SQLAlchemy passes ``None`` to psycopg2,
+which specifies Unix-domain communication rather than TCP/IP communication::
+
+    create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname")
+
+By default, the socket file used is to connect to a Unix-domain socket
+in ``/tmp``, or whatever socket directory was specified when PostgreSQL
+was built.  This value can be overridden by passing a pathname to psycopg2,
+using ``host`` as an additional keyword argument::
+
+    create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname?host=/var/lib/postgresql")
+
+See also:
+
+`PQconnectdbParams `_
+
+Per-Statement/Connection Execution Options
+-------------------------------------------
+
+The following DBAPI-specific options are respected when used with
+:meth:`.Connection.execution_options`, :meth:`.Executable.execution_options`,
+:meth:`.Query.execution_options`, in addition to those not specific to DBAPIs:
+
+* isolation_level - Set the transaction isolation level for the lifespan of a
+  :class:`.Connection` (can only be set on a connection, not a statement
+  or query).   See :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`.
+
+* stream_results - Enable or disable usage of psycopg2 server side cursors -
+  this feature makes use of "named" cursors in combination with special
+  result handling methods so that result rows are not fully buffered.
+  If ``None`` or not set, the ``server_side_cursors`` option of the
+  :class:`.Engine` is used.
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+By default, the psycopg2 driver uses the ``psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE``
+extension, such that the DBAPI receives and returns all strings as Python
+Unicode objects directly - SQLAlchemy passes these values through without
+change.   Psycopg2 here will encode/decode string values based on the
+current "client encoding" setting; by default this is the value in
+the ``postgresql.conf`` file, which often defaults to ``SQL_ASCII``.
+Typically, this can be changed to ``utf-8``, as a more useful default::
+
+    #client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database
+                                 # encoding
+    client_encoding = utf8
+
+A second way to affect the client encoding is to set it within Psycopg2
+locally.   SQLAlchemy will call psycopg2's ``set_client_encoding()``
+method (see:
+http://initd.org/psycopg/docs/connection.html#connection.set_client_encoding)
+on all new connections based on the value passed to
+:func:`.create_engine` using the ``client_encoding`` parameter::
+
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql://user:pass@host/dbname",
+                           client_encoding='utf8')
+
+This overrides the encoding specified in the Postgresql client configuration.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+    The psycopg2-specific ``client_encoding`` parameter to
+    :func:`.create_engine`.
+
+SQLAlchemy can also be instructed to skip the usage of the psycopg2
+``UNICODE`` extension and to instead utilize its own unicode encode/decode
+services, which are normally reserved only for those DBAPIs that don't
+fully support unicode directly.  Passing ``use_native_unicode=False`` to
+:func:`.create_engine` will disable usage of ``psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE``.
+SQLAlchemy will instead encode data itself into Python bytestrings on the way
+in and coerce from bytes on the way back,
+using the value of the :func:`.create_engine` ``encoding`` parameter, which
+defaults to ``utf-8``.
+SQLAlchemy's own unicode encode/decode functionality is steadily becoming
+obsolete as more DBAPIs support unicode fully along with the approach of
+Python 3; in modern usage psycopg2 should be relied upon to handle unicode.
+
+Transactions
+------------
+
+The psycopg2 dialect fully supports SAVEPOINT and two-phase commit operations.
+
+.. _psycopg2_isolation_level:
+
+Psycopg2 Transaction Isolation Level
+-------------------------------------
+
+As discussed in :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`,
+all Postgresql dialects support setting of transaction isolation level
+both via the ``isolation_level`` parameter passed to :func:`.create_engine`,
+as well as the ``isolation_level`` argument used by
+:meth:`.Connection.execution_options`.  When using the psycopg2 dialect, these
+options make use of psycopg2's ``set_isolation_level()`` connection method,
+rather than emitting a Postgresql directive; this is because psycopg2's
+API-level setting is always emitted at the start of each transaction in any
+case.
+
+The psycopg2 dialect supports these constants for isolation level:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8.2 support for AUTOCOMMIT isolation level when using
+   psycopg2.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`pg8000_isolation_level`
+
+
+NOTICE logging
+---------------
+
+The psycopg2 dialect will log Postgresql NOTICE messages via the
+``sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql`` logger::
+
+    import logging
+    logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql').setLevel(logging.INFO)
+
+.. _psycopg2_hstore::
+
+HSTORE type
+------------
+
+The ``psycopg2`` DBAPI includes an extension to natively handle marshalling of
+the HSTORE type.   The SQLAlchemy psycopg2 dialect will enable this extension
+by default when it is detected that the target database has the HSTORE
+type set up for use.   In other words, when the dialect makes the first
+connection, a sequence like the following is performed:
+
+1. Request the available HSTORE oids using
+   ``psycopg2.extras.HstoreAdapter.get_oids()``.
+   If this function returns a list of HSTORE identifiers, we then determine
+   that the ``HSTORE`` extension is present.
+
+2. If the ``use_native_hstore`` flag is at its default of ``True``, and
+   we've detected that ``HSTORE`` oids are available, the
+   ``psycopg2.extensions.register_hstore()`` extension is invoked for all
+   connections.
+
+The ``register_hstore()`` extension has the effect of **all Python
+dictionaries being accepted as parameters regardless of the type of target
+column in SQL**. The dictionaries are converted by this extension into a
+textual HSTORE expression.  If this behavior is not desired, disable the
+use of the hstore extension by setting ``use_native_hstore`` to ``False`` as
+follows::
+
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+                use_native_hstore=False)
+
+The ``HSTORE`` type is **still supported** when the
+``psycopg2.extensions.register_hstore()`` extension is not used.  It merely
+means that the coercion between Python dictionaries and the HSTORE
+string format, on both the parameter side and the result side, will take
+place within SQLAlchemy's own marshalling logic, and not that of ``psycopg2``
+which may be more performant.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import re
+import logging
+
+from ... import util, exc
+import decimal
+from ... import processors
+from ...engine import result as _result
+from ...sql import expression
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from .base import PGDialect, PGCompiler, \
+    PGIdentifierPreparer, PGExecutionContext, \
+    ENUM, ARRAY, _DECIMAL_TYPES, _FLOAT_TYPES,\
+    _INT_TYPES
+from .hstore import HSTORE
+from .json import JSON
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql')
+
+
+class _PGNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal,
+                    self._effective_decimal_return_scale)
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns Decimal natively for 1700
+                return None
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype)
+        else:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns float natively for 701
+                return None
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype)
+
+
+class _PGEnum(ENUM):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if util.py2k and self.convert_unicode is True:
+            # we can't easily use PG's extensions here because
+            # the OID is on the fly, and we need to give it a python
+            # function anyway - not really worth it.
+            self.convert_unicode = "force_nocheck"
+        return super(_PGEnum, self).result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _PGHStore(HSTORE):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect._has_native_hstore:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super(_PGHStore, self).bind_processor(dialect)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect._has_native_hstore:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super(_PGHStore, self).result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _PGJSON(JSON):
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect._has_native_json:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super(_PGJSON, self).result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+# When we're handed literal SQL, ensure it's a SELECT query. Since
+# 8.3, combining cursors and "FOR UPDATE" has been fine.
+SERVER_SIDE_CURSOR_RE = re.compile(
+    r'\s*SELECT',
+    re.I | re.UNICODE)
+
+_server_side_id = util.counter()
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_psycopg2(PGExecutionContext):
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        # TODO: coverage for server side cursors + select.for_update()
+
+        if self.dialect.server_side_cursors:
+            is_server_side = \
+                self.execution_options.get('stream_results', True) and (
+                    (self.compiled and isinstance(self.compiled.statement,
+                                                  expression.Selectable)
+                     or
+                     (
+                        (not self.compiled or
+                         isinstance(self.compiled.statement,
+                                    expression.TextClause))
+                        and self.statement and SERVER_SIDE_CURSOR_RE.match(
+                            self.statement))
+                     )
+                )
+        else:
+            is_server_side = \
+                self.execution_options.get('stream_results', False)
+
+        self.__is_server_side = is_server_side
+        if is_server_side:
+            # use server-side cursors:
+            # http://lists.initd.org/pipermail/psycopg/2007-January/005251.html
+            ident = "c_%s_%s" % (hex(id(self))[2:],
+                                 hex(_server_side_id())[2:])
+            return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(ident)
+        else:
+            return self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+
+    def get_result_proxy(self):
+        # TODO: ouch
+        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO):
+            self._log_notices(self.cursor)
+
+        if self.__is_server_side:
+            return _result.BufferedRowResultProxy(self)
+        else:
+            return _result.ResultProxy(self)
+
+    def _log_notices(self, cursor):
+        for notice in cursor.connection.notices:
+            # NOTICE messages have a
+            # newline character at the end
+            logger.info(notice.rstrip())
+
+        cursor.connection.notices[:] = []
+
+
+class PGCompiler_psycopg2(PGCompiler):
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self.process(binary.left, **kw) + " %% " + \
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+
+    def post_process_text(self, text):
+        return text.replace('%', '%%')
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg2(PGIdentifierPreparer):
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        value = value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+        return value.replace('%', '%%')
+
+
+class PGDialect_psycopg2(PGDialect):
+    driver = 'psycopg2'
+    if util.py2k:
+        supports_unicode_statements = False
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'pyformat'
+    # set to true based on psycopg2 version
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_psycopg2
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler_psycopg2
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg2
+    psycopg2_version = (0, 0)
+
+    _has_native_hstore = False
+    _has_native_json = False
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        PGDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _PGNumeric,
+            ENUM: _PGEnum,  # needs force_unicode
+            sqltypes.Enum: _PGEnum,  # needs force_unicode
+            HSTORE: _PGHStore,
+            JSON: _PGJSON
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, server_side_cursors=False, use_native_unicode=True,
+                 client_encoding=None,
+                 use_native_hstore=True,
+                 **kwargs):
+        PGDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.server_side_cursors = server_side_cursors
+        self.use_native_unicode = use_native_unicode
+        self.use_native_hstore = use_native_hstore
+        self.supports_unicode_binds = use_native_unicode
+        self.client_encoding = client_encoding
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, '__version__'):
+            m = re.match(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?',
+                         self.dbapi.__version__)
+            if m:
+                self.psycopg2_version = tuple(
+                    int(x)
+                    for x in m.group(1, 2, 3)
+                    if x is not None)
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(PGDialect_psycopg2, self).initialize(connection)
+        self._has_native_hstore = self.use_native_hstore and \
+            self._hstore_oids(connection.connection) \
+            is not None
+        self._has_native_json = self.psycopg2_version >= (2, 5)
+
+        # http://initd.org/psycopg/docs/news.html#what-s-new-in-psycopg-2-0-9
+        self.supports_sane_multi_rowcount = self.psycopg2_version >= (2, 0, 9)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        import psycopg2
+        return psycopg2
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _isolation_lookup(self):
+        from psycopg2 import extensions
+        return {
+            'AUTOCOMMIT': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_AUTOCOMMIT,
+            'READ COMMITTED': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_READ_COMMITTED,
+            'READ UNCOMMITTED': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_READ_UNCOMMITTED,
+            'REPEATABLE READ': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_REPEATABLE_READ,
+            'SERIALIZABLE': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_SERIALIZABLE
+        }
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        try:
+            level = self._isolation_lookup[level.replace('_', ' ')]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+                "Valid isolation levels for %s are %s" %
+                (level, self.name, ", ".join(self._isolation_lookup))
+            )
+
+        connection.set_isolation_level(level)
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        from psycopg2 import extras, extensions
+
+        fns = []
+        if self.client_encoding is not None:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                conn.set_client_encoding(self.client_encoding)
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.isolation_level is not None:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                self.set_isolation_level(conn, self.isolation_level)
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.dbapi and self.use_native_unicode:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                extensions.register_type(extensions.UNICODE, conn)
+                extensions.register_type(extensions.UNICODEARRAY, conn)
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.dbapi and self.use_native_hstore:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                hstore_oids = self._hstore_oids(conn)
+                if hstore_oids is not None:
+                    oid, array_oid = hstore_oids
+                    if util.py2k:
+                        extras.register_hstore(conn, oid=oid,
+                                               array_oid=array_oid,
+                                               unicode=True)
+                    else:
+                        extras.register_hstore(conn, oid=oid,
+                                               array_oid=array_oid)
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.dbapi and self._json_deserializer:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                extras.register_default_json(
+                    conn, loads=self._json_deserializer)
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if fns:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                for fn in fns:
+                    fn(conn)
+            return on_connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _hstore_oids(self, conn):
+        if self.psycopg2_version >= (2, 4):
+            from psycopg2 import extras
+            oids = extras.HstoreAdapter.get_oids(conn)
+            if oids is not None and oids[0]:
+                return oids[0:2]
+        return None
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        if 'port' in opts:
+            opts['port'] = int(opts['port'])
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            # check the "closed" flag.  this might not be
+            # present on old psycopg2 versions
+            if getattr(connection, 'closed', False):
+                return True
+
+            # legacy checks based on strings.  the "closed" check
+            # above most likely obviates the need for any of these.
+            str_e = str(e).partition("\n")[0]
+            for msg in [
+                # these error messages from libpq: interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+                # and interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c.
+                'terminating connection',
+                'closed the connection',
+                'connection not open',
+                'could not receive data from server',
+                'could not send data to server',
+                # psycopg2 client errors, psycopg2/conenction.h,
+                # psycopg2/cursor.h
+                'connection already closed',
+                'cursor already closed',
+                # not sure where this path is originally from, it may
+                # be obsolete.   It really says "losed", not "closed".
+                'losed the connection unexpectedly',
+                # this can occur in newer SSL
+                'connection has been closed unexpectedly'
+            ]:
+                idx = str_e.find(msg)
+                if idx >= 0 and '"' not in str_e[:idx]:
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+dialect = PGDialect_psycopg2
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pypostgresql.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pypostgresql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ebd013
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pypostgresql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# postgresql/pypostgresql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+pypostgresql
+    :name: py-postgresql
+    :dbapi: pypostgresql
+    :connectstring: postgresql+pypostgresql://user:password@host:port/dbname\
+[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: http://python.projects.pgfoundry.org/
+
+
+"""
+from ... import util
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from .base import PGDialect, PGExecutionContext
+from ... import processors
+
+
+class PGNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return processors.to_str
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return processors.to_float
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_pypostgresql(PGExecutionContext):
+    pass
+
+
+class PGDialect_pypostgresql(PGDialect):
+    driver = 'pypostgresql'
+
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+    description_encoding = None
+    default_paramstyle = 'pyformat'
+
+    # requires trunk version to support sane rowcounts
+    # TODO: use dbapi version information to set this flag appropriately
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_pypostgresql
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        PGDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: PGNumeric,
+
+            # prevents PGNumeric from being used
+            sqltypes.Float: sqltypes.Float,
+        }
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        from postgresql.driver import dbapi20
+        return dbapi20
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        if 'port' in opts:
+            opts['port'] = int(opts['port'])
+        else:
+            opts['port'] = 5432
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        return "connection is closed" in str(e)
+
+dialect = PGDialect_pypostgresql
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ranges.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ranges.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28f80d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ranges.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .base import ischema_names
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+
+__all__ = ('INT4RANGE', 'INT8RANGE', 'NUMRANGE')
+
+
+class RangeOperators(object):
+    """
+    This mixin provides functionality for the Range Operators
+    listed in Table 9-44 of the `postgres documentation`__ for Range
+    Functions and Operators. It is used by all the range types
+    provided in the ``postgres`` dialect and can likely be used for
+    any range types you create yourself.
+
+    __ http://www.postgresql.org/docs/devel/static/functions-range.html
+
+    No extra support is provided for the Range Functions listed in
+    Table 9-45 of the postgres documentation. For these, the normal
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.func` object should be used.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2  Support for Postgresql RANGE operations.
+
+    """
+
+    class comparator_factory(sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator):
+        """Define comparison operations for range types."""
+
+        def __ne__(self, other):
+            "Boolean expression. Returns true if two ranges are not equal"
+            return self.expr.op('<>')(other)
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kw):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the right hand operand,
+            which can be an element or a range, is contained within the
+            column.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('@>')(other)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column is contained
+            within the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('<@')(other)
+
+        def overlaps(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column overlaps
+            (has points in common with) the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('&&')(other)
+
+        def strictly_left_of(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column is strictly
+            left of the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('<<')(other)
+
+        __lshift__ = strictly_left_of
+
+        def strictly_right_of(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column is strictly
+            right of the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('>>')(other)
+
+        __rshift__ = strictly_right_of
+
+        def not_extend_right_of(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the range in the column
+            does not extend right of the range in the operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('&<')(other)
+
+        def not_extend_left_of(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the range in the column
+            does not extend left of the range in the operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('&>')(other)
+
+        def adjacent_to(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the range in the column
+            is adjacent to the range in the operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('-|-')(other)
+
+        def __add__(self, other):
+            """Range expression. Returns the union of the two ranges.
+            Will raise an exception if the resulting range is not
+            contigous.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('+')(other)
+
+
+class INT4RANGE(RangeOperators, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql INT4RANGE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'INT4RANGE'
+
+ischema_names['int4range'] = INT4RANGE
+
+
+class INT8RANGE(RangeOperators, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql INT8RANGE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'INT8RANGE'
+
+ischema_names['int8range'] = INT8RANGE
+
+
+class NUMRANGE(RangeOperators, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql NUMRANGE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NUMRANGE'
+
+ischema_names['numrange'] = NUMRANGE
+
+
+class DATERANGE(RangeOperators, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql DATERANGE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATERANGE'
+
+ischema_names['daterange'] = DATERANGE
+
+
+class TSRANGE(RangeOperators, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql TSRANGE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TSRANGE'
+
+ischema_names['tsrange'] = TSRANGE
+
+
+class TSTZRANGE(RangeOperators, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql TSTZRANGE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TSTZRANGE'
+
+ischema_names['tstzrange'] = TSTZRANGE
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/zxjdbc.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/zxjdbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00b428f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/zxjdbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# postgresql/zxjdbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+zxjdbc
+    :name: zxJDBC for Jython
+    :dbapi: zxjdbc
+    :connectstring: postgresql+zxjdbc://scott:tiger@localhost/db
+    :driverurl: http://jdbc.postgresql.org/
+
+
+"""
+from ...connectors.zxJDBC import ZxJDBCConnector
+from .base import PGDialect, PGExecutionContext
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_zxjdbc(PGExecutionContext):
+
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        cursor = self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.datahandler = self.dialect.DataHandler(cursor.datahandler)
+        return cursor
+
+
+class PGDialect_zxjdbc(ZxJDBCConnector, PGDialect):
+    jdbc_db_name = 'postgresql'
+    jdbc_driver_name = 'org.postgresql.Driver'
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_zxjdbc
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(PGDialect_zxjdbc, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        from com.ziclix.python.sql.handler import PostgresqlDataHandler
+        self.DataHandler = PostgresqlDataHandler
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        parts = connection.connection.dbversion.split('.')
+        return tuple(int(x) for x in parts)
+
+dialect = PGDialect_zxjdbc
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0eceaa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# sqlite/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import base, pysqlite
+
+# default dialect
+base.dialect = pysqlite.dialect
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.base import (
+    BLOB, BOOLEAN, CHAR, DATE, DATETIME, DECIMAL, FLOAT, INTEGER, REAL,
+    NUMERIC, SMALLINT, TEXT, TIME, TIMESTAMP, VARCHAR, dialect,
+)
+
+__all__ = ('BLOB', 'BOOLEAN', 'CHAR', 'DATE', 'DATETIME', 'DECIMAL',
+           'FLOAT', 'INTEGER', 'NUMERIC', 'SMALLINT', 'TEXT', 'TIME',
+           'TIMESTAMP', 'VARCHAR', 'REAL', 'dialect')
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbd580d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1060 @@
+# sqlite/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: sqlite
+    :name: SQLite
+
+
+Date and Time Types
+-------------------
+
+SQLite does not have built-in DATE, TIME, or DATETIME types, and pysqlite does
+not provide out of the box functionality for translating values between Python
+`datetime` objects and a SQLite-supported format. SQLAlchemy's own
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.types.DateTime` and related types provide date formatting
+and parsing functionality when SQlite is used. The implementation classes are
+:class:`~.sqlite.DATETIME`, :class:`~.sqlite.DATE` and :class:`~.sqlite.TIME`.
+These types represent dates and times as ISO formatted strings, which also
+nicely support ordering. There's no reliance on typical "libc" internals for
+these functions so historical dates are fully supported.
+
+.. _sqlite_autoincrement:
+
+SQLite Auto Incrementing Behavior
+----------------------------------
+
+Background on SQLite's autoincrement is at: http://sqlite.org/autoinc.html
+
+Two things to note:
+
+* The AUTOINCREMENT keyword is **not** required for SQLite tables to
+  generate primary key values automatically. AUTOINCREMENT only means that the
+  algorithm used to generate ROWID values should be slightly different.
+* SQLite does **not** generate primary key (i.e. ROWID) values, even for
+  one column, if the table has a composite (i.e. multi-column) primary key.
+  This is regardless of the AUTOINCREMENT keyword being present or not.
+
+To specifically render the AUTOINCREMENT keyword on the primary key column
+when rendering DDL, add the flag ``sqlite_autoincrement=True`` to the Table
+construct::
+
+    Table('sometable', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            sqlite_autoincrement=True)
+
+Transaction Isolation Level
+---------------------------
+
+:func:`.create_engine` accepts an ``isolation_level`` parameter which results
+in the command ``PRAGMA read_uncommitted `` being invoked for every new
+connection. Valid values for this parameter are ``SERIALIZABLE`` and ``READ
+UNCOMMITTED`` corresponding to a value of 0 and 1, respectively. See the
+section :ref:`pysqlite_serializable` for an important workaround when using
+serializable isolation with Pysqlite.
+
+Database Locking Behavior / Concurrency
+---------------------------------------
+
+Note that SQLite is not designed for a high level of concurrency. The database
+itself, being a file, is locked completely during write operations and within
+transactions, meaning exactly one connection has exclusive access to the
+database during this period - all other connections will be blocked during
+this time.
+
+The Python DBAPI specification also calls for a connection model that is
+always in a transaction; there is no BEGIN method, only commit and rollback.
+This implies that a SQLite DBAPI driver would technically allow only
+serialized access to a particular database file at all times. The pysqlite
+driver attempts to ameliorate this by deferring the actual BEGIN statement
+until the first DML (INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE) is received within a
+transaction. While this breaks serializable isolation, it at least delays the
+exclusive locking inherent in SQLite's design.
+
+SQLAlchemy's default mode of usage with the ORM is known as
+"autocommit=False", which means the moment the :class:`.Session` begins to be
+used, a transaction is begun. As the :class:`.Session` is used, the autoflush
+feature, also on by default, will flush out pending changes to the database
+before each query. The effect of this is that a :class:`.Session` used in its
+default mode will often emit DML early on, long before the transaction is
+actually committed. This again will have the effect of serializing access to
+the SQLite database. If highly concurrent reads are desired against the SQLite
+database, it is advised that the autoflush feature be disabled, and
+potentially even that autocommit be re-enabled, which has the effect of each
+SQL statement and flush committing changes immediately.
+
+For more information on SQLite's lack of concurrency by design, please see
+`Situations Where Another RDBMS May Work Better - High Concurrency
+`_ near the bottom of the page.
+
+.. _sqlite_foreign_keys:
+
+Foreign Key Support
+-------------------
+
+SQLite supports FOREIGN KEY syntax when emitting CREATE statements for tables,
+however by default these constraints have no effect on the operation of the
+table.
+
+Constraint checking on SQLite has three prerequisites:
+
+* At least version 3.6.19 of SQLite must be in use
+* The SQLite library must be compiled *without* the SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+  or SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER symbols enabled.
+* The ``PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON`` statement must be emitted on all
+  connections before use.
+
+SQLAlchemy allows for the ``PRAGMA`` statement to be emitted automatically for
+new connections through the usage of events::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+    @event.listens_for(Engine, "connect")
+    def set_sqlite_pragma(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
+        cursor.close()
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `SQLite Foreign Key Support `_
+    - on the SQLite web site.
+
+    :ref:`event_toplevel` - SQLAlchemy event API.
+
+.. _sqlite_type_reflection:
+
+Type Reflection
+---------------
+
+SQLite types are unlike those of most other database backends, in that
+the string name of the type usually does not correspond to a "type" in a
+one-to-one fashion.  Instead, SQLite links per-column typing behavior
+to one of five so-called "type affinities" based on a string matching
+pattern for the type.
+
+SQLAlchemy's reflection process, when inspecting types, uses a simple
+lookup table to link the keywords returned to provided SQLAlchemy types.
+This lookup table is present within the SQLite dialect as it is for all
+other dialects.  However, the SQLite dialect has a different "fallback"
+routine for when a particular type name is not located in the lookup map;
+it instead implements the SQLite "type affinity" scheme located at
+http://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html section 2.1.
+
+The provided typemap will make direct associations from an exact string
+name match for the following types:
+
+:class:`~.types.BIGINT`, :class:`~.types.BLOB`,
+:class:`~.types.BOOLEAN`, :class:`~.types.BOOLEAN`,
+:class:`~.types.CHAR`, :class:`~.types.DATE`,
+:class:`~.types.DATETIME`, :class:`~.types.FLOAT`,
+:class:`~.types.DECIMAL`, :class:`~.types.FLOAT`,
+:class:`~.types.INTEGER`, :class:`~.types.INTEGER`,
+:class:`~.types.NUMERIC`, :class:`~.types.REAL`,
+:class:`~.types.SMALLINT`, :class:`~.types.TEXT`,
+:class:`~.types.TIME`, :class:`~.types.TIMESTAMP`,
+:class:`~.types.VARCHAR`, :class:`~.types.NVARCHAR`,
+:class:`~.types.NCHAR`
+
+When a type name does not match one of the above types, the "type affinity"
+lookup is used instead:
+
+* :class:`~.types.INTEGER` is returned if the type name includes the
+  string ``INT``
+* :class:`~.types.TEXT` is returned if the type name includes the
+  string ``CHAR``, ``CLOB`` or ``TEXT``
+* :class:`~.types.NullType` is returned if the type name includes the
+  string ``BLOB``
+* :class:`~.types.REAL` is returned if the type name includes the string
+  ``REAL``, ``FLOA`` or ``DOUB``.
+* Otherwise, the :class:`~.types.NUMERIC` type is used.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.3 Support for SQLite type affinity rules when reflecting
+   columns.
+
+"""
+
+import datetime
+import re
+
+from ... import processors
+from ... import sql, exc
+from ... import types as sqltypes, schema as sa_schema
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import default, reflection
+from ...sql import compiler
+
+from ...types import (BLOB, BOOLEAN, CHAR, DATE, DECIMAL, FLOAT,
+                      INTEGER, REAL, NUMERIC, SMALLINT, TEXT,
+                      TIMESTAMP, VARCHAR)
+
+
+class _DateTimeMixin(object):
+    _reg = None
+    _storage_format = None
+
+    def __init__(self, storage_format=None, regexp=None, **kw):
+        super(_DateTimeMixin, self).__init__(**kw)
+        if regexp is not None:
+            self._reg = re.compile(regexp)
+        if storage_format is not None:
+            self._storage_format = storage_format
+
+    def adapt(self, cls, **kw):
+        if issubclass(cls, _DateTimeMixin):
+            if self._storage_format:
+                kw["storage_format"] = self._storage_format
+            if self._reg:
+                kw["regexp"] = self._reg
+        return super(_DateTimeMixin, self).adapt(cls, **kw)
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        bp = self.bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            return "'%s'" % bp(value)
+        return process
+
+
+class DATETIME(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    """Represent a Python datetime object in SQLite using a string.
+
+    The default string storage format is::
+
+        "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d %(hour)02d:%(min)02d:\
+%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        2011-03-15 12:05:57.10558
+
+    The storage format can be customized to some degree using the
+    ``storage_format`` and ``regexp`` parameters, such as::
+
+        import re
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import DATETIME
+
+        dt = DATETIME(
+            storage_format="%(year)04d/%(month)02d/%(day)02d %(hour)02d:\
+%(min)02d:%(second)02d",
+            regexp=r"(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+) (\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)"
+        )
+
+    :param storage_format: format string which will be applied to the dict
+     with keys year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and microsecond.
+
+    :param regexp: regular expression which will be applied to incoming result
+     rows. If the regexp contains named groups, the resulting match dict is
+     applied to the Python datetime() constructor as keyword arguments.
+     Otherwise, if positional groups are used, the datetime() constructor
+     is called with positional arguments via
+     ``*map(int, match_obj.groups(0))``.
+    """
+
+    _storage_format = (
+        "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d "
+        "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        truncate_microseconds = kwargs.pop('truncate_microseconds', False)
+        super(DATETIME, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        if truncate_microseconds:
+            assert 'storage_format' not in kwargs, "You can specify only "\
+                "one of truncate_microseconds or storage_format."
+            assert 'regexp' not in kwargs, "You can specify only one of "\
+                "truncate_microseconds or regexp."
+            self._storage_format = (
+                "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d "
+                "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d"
+            )
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        datetime_datetime = datetime.datetime
+        datetime_date = datetime.date
+        format = self._storage_format
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_datetime):
+                return format % {
+                    'year': value.year,
+                    'month': value.month,
+                    'day': value.day,
+                    'hour': value.hour,
+                    'minute': value.minute,
+                    'second': value.second,
+                    'microsecond': value.microsecond,
+                }
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_date):
+                return format % {
+                    'year': value.year,
+                    'month': value.month,
+                    'day': value.day,
+                    'hour': 0,
+                    'minute': 0,
+                    'second': 0,
+                    'microsecond': 0,
+                }
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("SQLite DateTime type only accepts Python "
+                                "datetime and date objects as input.")
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self._reg:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+                self._reg, datetime.datetime)
+        else:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime
+
+
+class DATE(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.Date):
+    """Represent a Python date object in SQLite using a string.
+
+    The default string storage format is::
+
+        "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d"
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        2011-03-15
+
+    The storage format can be customized to some degree using the
+    ``storage_format`` and ``regexp`` parameters, such as::
+
+        import re
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import DATE
+
+        d = DATE(
+                storage_format="%(month)02d/%(day)02d/%(year)04d",
+                regexp=re.compile("(?P\d+)/(?P\d+)/(?P\d+)")
+            )
+
+    :param storage_format: format string which will be applied to the
+     dict with keys year, month, and day.
+
+    :param regexp: regular expression which will be applied to
+     incoming result rows. If the regexp contains named groups, the
+     resulting match dict is applied to the Python date() constructor
+     as keyword arguments. Otherwise, if positional groups are used, the
+     date() constructor is called with positional arguments via
+     ``*map(int, match_obj.groups(0))``.
+    """
+
+    _storage_format = "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d"
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        datetime_date = datetime.date
+        format = self._storage_format
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_date):
+                return format % {
+                    'year': value.year,
+                    'month': value.month,
+                    'day': value.day,
+                }
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("SQLite Date type only accepts Python "
+                                "date objects as input.")
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self._reg:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+                self._reg, datetime.date)
+        else:
+            return processors.str_to_date
+
+
+class TIME(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.Time):
+    """Represent a Python time object in SQLite using a string.
+
+    The default string storage format is::
+
+        "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        12:05:57.10558
+
+    The storage format can be customized to some degree using the
+    ``storage_format`` and ``regexp`` parameters, such as::
+
+        import re
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import TIME
+
+        t = TIME(
+            storage_format="%(hour)02d-%(minute)02d-%(second)02d-\
+%(microsecond)06d",
+            regexp=re.compile("(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)-(?:-(\d+))?")
+        )
+
+    :param storage_format: format string which will be applied to the dict
+     with keys hour, minute, second, and microsecond.
+
+    :param regexp: regular expression which will be applied to incoming result
+     rows. If the regexp contains named groups, the resulting match dict is
+     applied to the Python time() constructor as keyword arguments. Otherwise,
+     if positional groups are used, the time() constructor is called with
+     positional arguments via ``*map(int, match_obj.groups(0))``.
+    """
+
+    _storage_format = "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        truncate_microseconds = kwargs.pop('truncate_microseconds', False)
+        super(TIME, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        if truncate_microseconds:
+            assert 'storage_format' not in kwargs, "You can specify only "\
+                "one of truncate_microseconds or storage_format."
+            assert 'regexp' not in kwargs, "You can specify only one of "\
+                "truncate_microseconds or regexp."
+            self._storage_format = "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d"
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        datetime_time = datetime.time
+        format = self._storage_format
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_time):
+                return format % {
+                    'hour': value.hour,
+                    'minute': value.minute,
+                    'second': value.second,
+                    'microsecond': value.microsecond,
+                }
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("SQLite Time type only accepts Python "
+                                "time objects as input.")
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self._reg:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+                self._reg, datetime.time)
+        else:
+            return processors.str_to_time
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.Date: DATE,
+    sqltypes.DateTime: DATETIME,
+    sqltypes.Time: TIME,
+}
+
+ischema_names = {
+    'BIGINT': sqltypes.BIGINT,
+    'BLOB': sqltypes.BLOB,
+    'BOOL': sqltypes.BOOLEAN,
+    'BOOLEAN': sqltypes.BOOLEAN,
+    'CHAR': sqltypes.CHAR,
+    'DATE': sqltypes.DATE,
+    'DATETIME': sqltypes.DATETIME,
+    'DOUBLE': sqltypes.FLOAT,
+    'DECIMAL': sqltypes.DECIMAL,
+    'FLOAT': sqltypes.FLOAT,
+    'INT': sqltypes.INTEGER,
+    'INTEGER': sqltypes.INTEGER,
+    'NUMERIC': sqltypes.NUMERIC,
+    'REAL': sqltypes.REAL,
+    'SMALLINT': sqltypes.SMALLINT,
+    'TEXT': sqltypes.TEXT,
+    'TIME': sqltypes.TIME,
+    'TIMESTAMP': sqltypes.TIMESTAMP,
+    'VARCHAR': sqltypes.VARCHAR,
+    'NVARCHAR': sqltypes.NVARCHAR,
+    'NCHAR': sqltypes.NCHAR,
+}
+
+
+class SQLiteCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    extract_map = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map,
+        {
+            'month': '%m',
+            'day': '%d',
+            'year': '%Y',
+            'second': '%S',
+            'hour': '%H',
+            'doy': '%j',
+            'minute': '%M',
+            'epoch': '%s',
+            'dow': '%w',
+            'week': '%W',
+        })
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_localtimestamp_func(self, func, **kw):
+        return 'DATETIME(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, "localtime")'
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        return '1'
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        return '0'
+
+    def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "length%s" % self.function_argspec(fn)
+
+    def visit_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
+        if self.dialect.supports_cast:
+            return super(SQLiteCompiler, self).visit_cast(cast, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return self.process(cast.clause, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kw):
+        try:
+            return "CAST(STRFTIME('%s', %s) AS INTEGER)" % (
+                self.extract_map[extract.field],
+                self.process(extract.expr, **kw)
+            )
+        except KeyError:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "%s is not a valid extract argument." % extract.field)
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select):
+        text = ""
+        if select._limit is not None:
+            text += "\n LIMIT " + self.process(sql.literal(select._limit))
+        if select._offset is not None:
+            if select._limit is None:
+                text += "\n LIMIT " + self.process(sql.literal(-1))
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(sql.literal(select._offset))
+        else:
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(sql.literal(0))
+        return text
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select):
+        # sqlite has no "FOR UPDATE" AFAICT
+        return ''
+
+
+class SQLiteDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        coltype = self.dialect.type_compiler.process(column.type)
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column) + " " + coltype
+        default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+        if default is not None:
+            colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        if not column.nullable:
+            colspec += " NOT NULL"
+
+        if (column.primary_key and
+                column.table.dialect_options['sqlite']['autoincrement'] and
+                len(column.table.primary_key.columns) == 1 and
+                issubclass(column.type._type_affinity, sqltypes.Integer) and
+                not column.foreign_keys):
+            colspec += " PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT"
+
+        return colspec
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        # for columns with sqlite_autoincrement=True,
+        # the PRIMARY KEY constraint can only be inline
+        # with the column itself.
+        if len(constraint.columns) == 1:
+            c = list(constraint)[0]
+            if (c.primary_key and
+                    c.table.dialect_options['sqlite']['autoincrement'] and
+                    issubclass(c.type._type_affinity, sqltypes.Integer) and
+                    not c.foreign_keys):
+                return None
+
+        return super(SQLiteDDLCompiler, self).visit_primary_key_constraint(
+            constraint)
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+
+        local_table = list(constraint._elements.values())[0].parent.table
+        remote_table = list(constraint._elements.values())[0].column.table
+
+        if local_table.schema != remote_table.schema:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super(
+                SQLiteDDLCompiler,
+                self).visit_foreign_key_constraint(constraint)
+
+    def define_constraint_remote_table(self, constraint, table, preparer):
+        """Format the remote table clause of a CREATE CONSTRAINT clause."""
+
+        return preparer.format_table(table, use_schema=False)
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create):
+        return super(SQLiteDDLCompiler, self).visit_create_index(
+            create, include_table_schema=False)
+
+
+class SQLiteTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_)
+
+
+class SQLiteIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = set([
+        'add', 'after', 'all', 'alter', 'analyze', 'and', 'as', 'asc',
+        'attach', 'autoincrement', 'before', 'begin', 'between', 'by',
+        'cascade', 'case', 'cast', 'check', 'collate', 'column', 'commit',
+        'conflict', 'constraint', 'create', 'cross', 'current_date',
+        'current_time', 'current_timestamp', 'database', 'default',
+        'deferrable', 'deferred', 'delete', 'desc', 'detach', 'distinct',
+        'drop', 'each', 'else', 'end', 'escape', 'except', 'exclusive',
+        'explain', 'false', 'fail', 'for', 'foreign', 'from', 'full', 'glob',
+        'group', 'having', 'if', 'ignore', 'immediate', 'in', 'index',
+        'indexed', 'initially', 'inner', 'insert', 'instead', 'intersect',
+        'into', 'is', 'isnull', 'join', 'key', 'left', 'like', 'limit',
+        'match', 'natural', 'not', 'notnull', 'null', 'of', 'offset', 'on',
+        'or', 'order', 'outer', 'plan', 'pragma', 'primary', 'query',
+        'raise', 'references', 'reindex', 'rename', 'replace', 'restrict',
+        'right', 'rollback', 'row', 'select', 'set', 'table', 'temp',
+        'temporary', 'then', 'to', 'transaction', 'trigger', 'true', 'union',
+        'unique', 'update', 'using', 'vacuum', 'values', 'view', 'virtual',
+        'when', 'where',
+    ])
+
+    def format_index(self, index, use_schema=True, name=None):
+        """Prepare a quoted index and schema name."""
+
+        if name is None:
+            name = index.name
+        result = self.quote(name, index.quote)
+        if (not self.omit_schema and
+                use_schema and
+                getattr(index.table, "schema", None)):
+            result = self.quote_schema(
+                index.table.schema, index.table.quote_schema) + "." + result
+        return result
+
+
+class SQLiteExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _preserve_raw_colnames(self):
+        return self.execution_options.get("sqlite_raw_colnames", False)
+
+    def _translate_colname(self, colname):
+        # adjust for dotted column names. SQLite in the case of UNION may
+        # store col names as "tablename.colname" in cursor.description
+        if not self._preserve_raw_colnames and "." in colname:
+            return colname.split(".")[1], colname
+        else:
+            return colname, None
+
+
+class SQLiteDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = 'sqlite'
+    supports_alter = False
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+    supports_default_values = True
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    supports_cast = True
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+    supports_right_nested_joins = False
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'qmark'
+    execution_ctx_cls = SQLiteExecutionContext
+    statement_compiler = SQLiteCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = SQLiteDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler = SQLiteTypeCompiler
+    preparer = SQLiteIdentifierPreparer
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    colspecs = colspecs
+    isolation_level = None
+
+    supports_cast = True
+    supports_default_values = True
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (sa_schema.Table, {
+            "autoincrement": False
+        })
+    ]
+
+    _broken_fk_pragma_quotes = False
+
+    def __init__(self, isolation_level=None, native_datetime=False, **kwargs):
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.isolation_level = isolation_level
+
+        # this flag used by pysqlite dialect, and perhaps others in the
+        # future, to indicate the driver is handling date/timestamp
+        # conversions (and perhaps datetime/time as well on some hypothetical
+        # driver ?)
+        self.native_datetime = native_datetime
+
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            self.supports_default_values = (
+                self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info >= (3, 3, 8))
+            self.supports_cast = (
+                self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info >= (3, 2, 3))
+            self.supports_multivalues_insert = (
+                # http://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_7_11.html
+                self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info >= (3, 7, 11))
+            # see http://www.sqlalchemy.org/trac/ticket/2568
+            # as well as http://www.sqlite.org/src/info/600482d161
+            self._broken_fk_pragma_quotes = (
+                self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info < (3, 6, 14))
+
+    _isolation_lookup = {
+        'READ UNCOMMITTED': 1,
+        'SERIALIZABLE': 0,
+    }
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        try:
+            isolation_level = self._isolation_lookup[level.replace('_', ' ')]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+                "Valid isolation levels for %s are %s" %
+                (level, self.name, ", ".join(self._isolation_lookup))
+            )
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("PRAGMA read_uncommitted = %d" % isolation_level)
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, connection):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute('PRAGMA read_uncommitted')
+        res = cursor.fetchone()
+        if res:
+            value = res[0]
+        else:
+            # http://www.sqlite.org/changes.html#version_3_3_3
+            # "Optional READ UNCOMMITTED isolation (instead of the
+            # default isolation level of SERIALIZABLE) and
+            # table level locking when database connections
+            # share a common cache.""
+            # pre-SQLite 3.3.0 default to 0
+            value = 0
+        cursor.close()
+        if value == 0:
+            return "SERIALIZABLE"
+        elif value == 1:
+            return "READ UNCOMMITTED"
+        else:
+            assert False, "Unknown isolation level %s" % value
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        if self.isolation_level is not None:
+            def connect(conn):
+                self.set_isolation_level(conn, self.isolation_level)
+            return connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            qschema = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+            master = '%s.sqlite_master' % qschema
+            s = ("SELECT name FROM %s "
+                 "WHERE type='table' ORDER BY name") % (master,)
+            rs = connection.execute(s)
+        else:
+            try:
+                s = ("SELECT name FROM "
+                     " (SELECT * FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL "
+                     "  SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
+                     "WHERE type='table' ORDER BY name")
+                rs = connection.execute(s)
+            except exc.DBAPIError:
+                s = ("SELECT name FROM sqlite_master "
+                     "WHERE type='table' ORDER BY name")
+                rs = connection.execute(s)
+
+        return [row[0] for row in rs]
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        quote = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier
+        if schema is not None:
+            pragma = "PRAGMA %s." % quote(schema)
+        else:
+            pragma = "PRAGMA "
+        qtable = quote(table_name)
+        statement = "%stable_info(%s)" % (pragma, qtable)
+        cursor = _pragma_cursor(connection.execute(statement))
+        row = cursor.fetchone()
+
+        # consume remaining rows, to work around
+        # http://www.sqlite.org/cvstrac/tktview?tn=1884
+        while not cursor.closed and cursor.fetchone() is not None:
+            pass
+
+        return row is not None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            qschema = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+            master = '%s.sqlite_master' % qschema
+            s = ("SELECT name FROM %s "
+                 "WHERE type='view' ORDER BY name") % (master,)
+            rs = connection.execute(s)
+        else:
+            try:
+                s = ("SELECT name FROM "
+                     " (SELECT * FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL "
+                     "  SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
+                     "WHERE type='view' ORDER BY name")
+                rs = connection.execute(s)
+            except exc.DBAPIError:
+                s = ("SELECT name FROM sqlite_master "
+                     "WHERE type='view' ORDER BY name")
+                rs = connection.execute(s)
+
+        return [row[0] for row in rs]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            qschema = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+            master = '%s.sqlite_master' % qschema
+            s = ("SELECT sql FROM %s WHERE name = '%s'"
+                 "AND type='view'") % (master, view_name)
+            rs = connection.execute(s)
+        else:
+            try:
+                s = ("SELECT sql FROM "
+                     " (SELECT * FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL "
+                     "  SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
+                     "WHERE name = '%s' "
+                     "AND type='view'") % view_name
+                rs = connection.execute(s)
+            except exc.DBAPIError:
+                s = ("SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE name = '%s' "
+                     "AND type='view'") % view_name
+                rs = connection.execute(s)
+
+        result = rs.fetchall()
+        if result:
+            return result[0].sql
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        quote = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier
+        if schema is not None:
+            pragma = "PRAGMA %s." % quote(schema)
+        else:
+            pragma = "PRAGMA "
+        qtable = quote(table_name)
+        statement = "%stable_info(%s)" % (pragma, qtable)
+        c = _pragma_cursor(connection.execute(statement))
+
+        rows = c.fetchall()
+        columns = []
+        for row in rows:
+            (name, type_, nullable, default, primary_key) = (
+                row[1], row[2].upper(), not row[3], row[4], row[5])
+
+            columns.append(self._get_column_info(name, type_, nullable,
+                                                 default, primary_key))
+        return columns
+
+    def _get_column_info(self, name, type_, nullable, default, primary_key):
+        coltype = self._resolve_type_affinity(type_)
+
+        if default is not None:
+            default = util.text_type(default)
+
+        return {
+            'name': name,
+            'type': coltype,
+            'nullable': nullable,
+            'default': default,
+            'autoincrement': default is None,
+            'primary_key': primary_key,
+        }
+
+    def _resolve_type_affinity(self, type_):
+        """Return a data type from a reflected column, using affinity tules.
+
+        SQLite's goal for universal compatibility introduces some complexity
+        during reflection, as a column's defined type might not actually be a
+        type that SQLite understands - or indeed, my not be defined *at all*.
+        Internally, SQLite handles this with a 'data type affinity' for each
+        column definition, mapping to one of 'TEXT', 'NUMERIC', 'INTEGER',
+        'REAL', or 'NONE' (raw bits). The algorithm that determines this is
+        listed in http://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html section 2.1.
+
+        This method allows SQLAlchemy to support that algorithm, while still
+        providing access to smarter reflection utilities by regcognizing
+        column definitions that SQLite only supports through affinity (like
+        DATE and DOUBLE).
+
+        """
+        match = re.match(r'([\w ]+)(\(.*?\))?', type_)
+        if match:
+            coltype = match.group(1)
+            args = match.group(2)
+        else:
+            coltype = ''
+            args = ''
+
+        if coltype in self.ischema_names:
+            coltype = self.ischema_names[coltype]
+        elif 'INT' in coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.INTEGER
+        elif 'CHAR' in coltype or 'CLOB' in coltype or 'TEXT' in coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.TEXT
+        elif 'BLOB' in coltype or not coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.NullType
+        elif 'REAL' in coltype or 'FLOA' in coltype or 'DOUB' in coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.REAL
+        else:
+            coltype = sqltypes.NUMERIC
+
+        if args is not None:
+            args = re.findall(r'(\d+)', args)
+            try:
+                coltype = coltype(*[int(a) for a in args])
+            except TypeError:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Could not instantiate type %s with "
+                    "reflected arguments %s; using no arguments." %
+                    (coltype, args))
+                coltype = coltype()
+        else:
+            coltype = coltype()
+
+        return coltype
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        cols = self.get_columns(connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+        pkeys = []
+        for col in cols:
+            if col['primary_key']:
+                pkeys.append(col['name'])
+        return {'constrained_columns': pkeys, 'name': None}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        quote = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier
+        if schema is not None:
+            pragma = "PRAGMA %s." % quote(schema)
+        else:
+            pragma = "PRAGMA "
+        qtable = quote(table_name)
+        statement = "%sforeign_key_list(%s)" % (pragma, qtable)
+        c = _pragma_cursor(connection.execute(statement))
+        fkeys = []
+        fks = {}
+        while True:
+            row = c.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            (numerical_id, rtbl, lcol, rcol) = (
+                row[0], row[2], row[3], row[4])
+
+            self._parse_fk(fks, fkeys, numerical_id, rtbl, lcol, rcol)
+        return fkeys
+
+    def _parse_fk(self, fks, fkeys, numerical_id, rtbl, lcol, rcol):
+        # sqlite won't return rcol if the table was created with REFERENCES
+        # , no col
+        if rcol is None:
+            rcol = lcol
+
+        if self._broken_fk_pragma_quotes:
+            rtbl = re.sub(r'^[\"\[`\']|[\"\]`\']$', '', rtbl)
+
+        try:
+            fk = fks[numerical_id]
+        except KeyError:
+            fk = {
+                'name': None,
+                'constrained_columns': [],
+                'referred_schema': None,
+                'referred_table': rtbl,
+                'referred_columns': [],
+            }
+            fkeys.append(fk)
+            fks[numerical_id] = fk
+
+        if lcol not in fk['constrained_columns']:
+            fk['constrained_columns'].append(lcol)
+        if rcol not in fk['referred_columns']:
+            fk['referred_columns'].append(rcol)
+        return fk
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        quote = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier
+        if schema is not None:
+            pragma = "PRAGMA %s." % quote(schema)
+        else:
+            pragma = "PRAGMA "
+        include_auto_indexes = kw.pop('include_auto_indexes', False)
+        qtable = quote(table_name)
+        statement = "%sindex_list(%s)" % (pragma, qtable)
+        c = _pragma_cursor(connection.execute(statement))
+        indexes = []
+        while True:
+            row = c.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            # ignore implicit primary key index.
+            # http://www.mail-archive.com/sqlite-users@sqlite.org/msg30517.html
+            elif (not include_auto_indexes and
+                  row[1].startswith('sqlite_autoindex')):
+                continue
+
+            indexes.append(dict(name=row[1], column_names=[], unique=row[2]))
+        # loop thru unique indexes to get the column names.
+        for idx in indexes:
+            statement = "%sindex_info(%s)" % (pragma, quote(idx['name']))
+            c = connection.execute(statement)
+            cols = idx['column_names']
+            while True:
+                row = c.fetchone()
+                if row is None:
+                    break
+                cols.append(row[2])
+        return indexes
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(self, connection, table_name,
+                               schema=None, **kw):
+        UNIQUE_SQL = """
+            SELECT sql
+            FROM
+                sqlite_master
+            WHERE
+                type='table' AND
+                name=:table_name
+        """
+        c = connection.execute(UNIQUE_SQL, table_name=table_name)
+        table_data = c.fetchone()[0]
+
+        UNIQUE_PATTERN = 'CONSTRAINT (\w+) UNIQUE \(([^\)]+)\)'
+        return [
+            {'name': name,
+             'column_names': [col.strip(' "') for col in cols.split(',')]}
+            for name, cols in re.findall(UNIQUE_PATTERN, table_data)
+        ]
+
+
+def _pragma_cursor(cursor):
+    """work around SQLite issue whereby cursor.description
+    is blank when PRAGMA returns no rows."""
+
+    if cursor.closed:
+        cursor.fetchone = lambda: None
+        cursor.fetchall = lambda: []
+    return cursor
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c673332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+# sqlite/pysqlite.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: sqlite+pysqlite
+    :name: pysqlite
+    :dbapi: sqlite3
+    :connectstring: sqlite+pysqlite:///file_path
+    :url: http://docs.python.org/library/sqlite3.html
+
+    Note that ``pysqlite`` is the same driver as the ``sqlite3``
+    module included with the Python distribution.
+
+Driver
+------
+
+When using Python 2.5 and above, the built in ``sqlite3`` driver is
+already installed and no additional installation is needed.  Otherwise,
+the ``pysqlite2`` driver needs to be present.  This is the same driver as
+``sqlite3``, just with a different name.
+
+The ``pysqlite2`` driver will be loaded first, and if not found, ``sqlite3``
+is loaded.  This allows an explicitly installed pysqlite driver to take
+precedence over the built in one.   As with all dialects, a specific
+DBAPI module may be provided to :func:`~sqlalchemy.create_engine()` to control
+this explicitly::
+
+    from sqlite3 import dbapi2 as sqlite
+    e = create_engine('sqlite+pysqlite:///file.db', module=sqlite)
+
+
+Connect Strings
+---------------
+
+The file specification for the SQLite database is taken as the "database"
+portion of the URL.  Note that the format of a SQLAlchemy url is::
+
+    driver://user:pass@host/database
+
+This means that the actual filename to be used starts with the characters to
+the **right** of the third slash.   So connecting to a relative filepath
+looks like::
+
+    # relative path
+    e = create_engine('sqlite:///path/to/database.db')
+
+An absolute path, which is denoted by starting with a slash, means you
+need **four** slashes::
+
+    # absolute path
+    e = create_engine('sqlite:////path/to/database.db')
+
+To use a Windows path, regular drive specifications and backslashes can be
+used. Double backslashes are probably needed::
+
+    # absolute path on Windows
+    e = create_engine('sqlite:///C:\\\\path\\\\to\\\\database.db')
+
+The sqlite ``:memory:`` identifier is the default if no filepath is
+present.  Specify ``sqlite://`` and nothing else::
+
+    # in-memory database
+    e = create_engine('sqlite://')
+
+Compatibility with sqlite3 "native" date and datetime types
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+
+The pysqlite driver includes the sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES and
+sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES options, which have the effect of any column
+or expression explicitly cast as "date" or "timestamp" will be converted
+to a Python date or datetime object.  The date and datetime types provided
+with the pysqlite dialect are not currently compatible with these options,
+since they render the ISO date/datetime including microseconds, which
+pysqlite's driver does not.   Additionally, SQLAlchemy does not at
+this time automatically render the "cast" syntax required for the
+freestanding functions "current_timestamp" and "current_date" to return
+datetime/date types natively.   Unfortunately, pysqlite
+does not provide the standard DBAPI types in ``cursor.description``,
+leaving SQLAlchemy with no way to detect these types on the fly
+without expensive per-row type checks.
+
+Keeping in mind that pysqlite's parsing option is not recommended,
+nor should be necessary, for use with SQLAlchemy, usage of PARSE_DECLTYPES
+can be forced if one configures "native_datetime=True" on create_engine()::
+
+    engine = create_engine('sqlite://',
+        connect_args={'detect_types':
+            sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES|sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES},
+        native_datetime=True
+    )
+
+With this flag enabled, the DATE and TIMESTAMP types (but note - not the
+DATETIME or TIME types...confused yet ?) will not perform any bind parameter
+or result processing. Execution of "func.current_date()" will return a string.
+"func.current_timestamp()" is registered as returning a DATETIME type in
+SQLAlchemy, so this function still receives SQLAlchemy-level result
+processing.
+
+.. _pysqlite_threading_pooling:
+
+Threading/Pooling Behavior
+---------------------------
+
+Pysqlite's default behavior is to prohibit the usage of a single connection
+in more than one thread.   This is originally intended to work with older
+versions of SQLite that did not support multithreaded operation under
+various circumstances.  In particular, older SQLite versions
+did not allow a ``:memory:`` database to be used in multiple threads
+under any circumstances.
+
+Pysqlite does include a now-undocumented flag known as
+``check_same_thread`` which will disable this check, however note that
+pysqlite connections are still not safe to use in concurrently in multiple
+threads.  In particular, any statement execution calls would need to be
+externally mutexed, as Pysqlite does not provide for thread-safe propagation
+of error messages among other things.   So while even ``:memory:`` databases
+can be shared among threads in modern SQLite, Pysqlite doesn't provide enough
+thread-safety to make this usage worth it.
+
+SQLAlchemy sets up pooling to work with Pysqlite's default behavior:
+
+* When a ``:memory:`` SQLite database is specified, the dialect by default
+  will use :class:`.SingletonThreadPool`. This pool maintains a single
+  connection per thread, so that all access to the engine within the current
+  thread use the same ``:memory:`` database - other threads would access a
+  different ``:memory:`` database.
+* When a file-based database is specified, the dialect will use
+  :class:`.NullPool` as the source of connections. This pool closes and
+  discards connections which are returned to the pool immediately. SQLite
+  file-based connections have extremely low overhead, so pooling is not
+  necessary. The scheme also prevents a connection from being used again in
+  a different thread and works best with SQLite's coarse-grained file locking.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+      Default selection of :class:`.NullPool` for SQLite file-based databases.
+      Previous versions select :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` by
+      default for all SQLite databases.
+
+
+Using a Memory Database in Multiple Threads
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To use a ``:memory:`` database in a multithreaded scenario, the same
+connection object must be shared among threads, since the database exists
+only within the scope of that connection.   The
+:class:`.StaticPool` implementation will maintain a single connection
+globally, and the ``check_same_thread`` flag can be passed to Pysqlite
+as ``False``::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+    engine = create_engine('sqlite://',
+                        connect_args={'check_same_thread':False},
+                        poolclass=StaticPool)
+
+Note that using a ``:memory:`` database in multiple threads requires a recent
+version of SQLite.
+
+Using Temporary Tables with SQLite
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Due to the way SQLite deals with temporary tables, if you wish to use a
+temporary table in a file-based SQLite database across multiple checkouts
+from the connection pool, such as when using an ORM :class:`.Session` where
+the temporary table should continue to remain after :meth:`.Session.commit` or
+:meth:`.Session.rollback` is called, a pool which maintains a single
+connection must be used.   Use :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` if the scope is
+only needed within the current thread, or :class:`.StaticPool` is scope is
+needed within multiple threads for this case::
+
+    # maintain the same connection per thread
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import SingletonThreadPool
+    engine = create_engine('sqlite:///mydb.db',
+                        poolclass=SingletonThreadPool)
+
+
+    # maintain the same connection across all threads
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+    engine = create_engine('sqlite:///mydb.db',
+                        poolclass=StaticPool)
+
+Note that :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` should be configured for the number
+of threads that are to be used; beyond that number, connections will be
+closed out in a non deterministic way.
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+The pysqlite driver only returns Python ``unicode`` objects in result sets,
+never plain strings, and accommodates ``unicode`` objects within bound
+parameter values in all cases.   Regardless of the SQLAlchemy string type in
+use, string-based result values will by Python ``unicode`` in Python 2.
+The :class:`.Unicode` type should still be used to indicate those columns that
+require unicode, however, so that non-``unicode`` values passed inadvertently
+will emit a warning.  Pysqlite will emit an error if a non-``unicode`` string
+is passed containing non-ASCII characters.
+
+.. _pysqlite_serializable:
+
+Serializable Transaction Isolation
+----------------------------------
+
+The pysqlite DBAPI driver has a long-standing bug in which transactional
+state is not begun until the first DML statement, that is INSERT, UPDATE
+or DELETE, is emitted.  A SELECT statement will not cause transactional
+state to begin.   While this mode of usage is fine for typical situations
+and has the advantage that the SQLite database file is not prematurely
+locked, it breaks serializable transaction isolation, which requires
+that the database file be locked upon any SQL being emitted.
+
+To work around this issue, the ``BEGIN`` keyword can be emitted
+at the start of each transaction.   The following recipe establishes
+a :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.begin` handler to achieve this::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///myfile.db",
+                           isolation_level='SERIALIZABLE')
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "begin")
+    def do_begin(conn):
+        conn.execute("BEGIN")
+
+"""
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.base import SQLiteDialect, DATETIME, DATE
+from sqlalchemy import exc, pool
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes
+from sqlalchemy import util
+
+import os
+
+
+class _SQLite_pysqliteTimeStamp(DATETIME):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATETIME.bind_processor(self, dialect)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATETIME.result_processor(self, dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _SQLite_pysqliteDate(DATE):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATE.bind_processor(self, dialect)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATE.result_processor(self, dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class SQLiteDialect_pysqlite(SQLiteDialect):
+    default_paramstyle = 'qmark'
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        SQLiteDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Date: _SQLite_pysqliteDate,
+            sqltypes.TIMESTAMP: _SQLite_pysqliteTimeStamp,
+        }
+    )
+
+    if not util.py2k:
+        description_encoding = None
+
+    driver = 'pysqlite'
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        SQLiteDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            sqlite_ver = self.dbapi.version_info
+            if sqlite_ver < (2, 1, 3):
+                util.warn(
+                    ("The installed version of pysqlite2 (%s) is out-dated "
+                     "and will cause errors in some cases.  Version 2.1.3 "
+                     "or greater is recommended.") %
+                    '.'.join([str(subver) for subver in sqlite_ver]))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        try:
+            from pysqlite2 import dbapi2 as sqlite
+        except ImportError as e:
+            try:
+                from sqlite3 import dbapi2 as sqlite  # try 2.5+ stdlib name.
+            except ImportError:
+                raise e
+        return sqlite
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        if url.database and url.database != ':memory:':
+            return pool.NullPool
+        else:
+            return pool.SingletonThreadPool
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        return self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        if url.username or url.password or url.host or url.port:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid SQLite URL: %s\n"
+                "Valid SQLite URL forms are:\n"
+                " sqlite:///:memory: (or, sqlite://)\n"
+                " sqlite:///relative/path/to/file.db\n"
+                " sqlite:////absolute/path/to/file.db" % (url,))
+        filename = url.database or ':memory:'
+        if filename != ':memory:':
+            filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
+
+        opts = url.query.copy()
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'timeout', float)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'isolation_level', str)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'detect_types', int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'check_same_thread', bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'cached_statements', int)
+
+        return ([filename], opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        return isinstance(e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError) and \
+            "Cannot operate on a closed database." in str(e)
+
+dialect = SQLiteDialect_pysqlite
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb31359
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# sybase/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sybase import base, pysybase, pyodbc
+
+# default dialect
+base.dialect = pyodbc.dialect
+
+from .base import CHAR, VARCHAR, TIME, NCHAR, NVARCHAR,\
+    TEXT, DATE, DATETIME, FLOAT, NUMERIC,\
+    BIGINT, INT, INTEGER, SMALLINT, BINARY,\
+    VARBINARY, UNITEXT, UNICHAR, UNIVARCHAR,\
+    IMAGE, BIT, MONEY, SMALLMONEY, TINYINT,\
+    dialect
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'CHAR', 'VARCHAR', 'TIME', 'NCHAR', 'NVARCHAR',
+    'TEXT', 'DATE', 'DATETIME', 'FLOAT', 'NUMERIC',
+    'BIGINT', 'INT', 'INTEGER', 'SMALLINT', 'BINARY',
+    'VARBINARY', 'UNITEXT', 'UNICHAR', 'UNIVARCHAR',
+    'IMAGE', 'BIT', 'MONEY', 'SMALLMONEY', 'TINYINT',
+    'dialect'
+)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43ddc43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,822 @@
+# sybase/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2010-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+# get_select_precolumns(), limit_clause() implementation
+# copyright (C) 2007 Fisch Asset Management
+# AG http://www.fam.ch, with coding by Alexander Houben
+# alexander.houben@thor-solutions.ch
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: sybase
+    :name: Sybase
+
+.. note::
+
+    The Sybase dialect functions on current SQLAlchemy versions
+    but is not regularly tested, and may have many issues and
+    caveats not currently handled.
+
+"""
+import operator
+import re
+
+from sqlalchemy.sql import compiler, expression, text, bindparam
+from sqlalchemy.engine import default, base, reflection
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes
+from sqlalchemy.sql import operators as sql_operators
+from sqlalchemy import schema as sa_schema
+from sqlalchemy import util, sql, exc
+
+from sqlalchemy.types import CHAR, VARCHAR, TIME, NCHAR, NVARCHAR,\
+    TEXT, DATE, DATETIME, FLOAT, NUMERIC,\
+    BIGINT, INT, INTEGER, SMALLINT, BINARY,\
+    VARBINARY, DECIMAL, TIMESTAMP, Unicode,\
+    UnicodeText, REAL
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set([
+    "add", "all", "alter", "and",
+    "any", "as", "asc", "backup",
+    "begin", "between", "bigint", "binary",
+    "bit", "bottom", "break", "by",
+    "call", "capability", "cascade", "case",
+    "cast", "char", "char_convert", "character",
+    "check", "checkpoint", "close", "comment",
+    "commit", "connect", "constraint", "contains",
+    "continue", "convert", "create", "cross",
+    "cube", "current", "current_timestamp", "current_user",
+    "cursor", "date", "dbspace", "deallocate",
+    "dec", "decimal", "declare", "default",
+    "delete", "deleting", "desc", "distinct",
+    "do", "double", "drop", "dynamic",
+    "else", "elseif", "encrypted", "end",
+    "endif", "escape", "except", "exception",
+    "exec", "execute", "existing", "exists",
+    "externlogin", "fetch", "first", "float",
+    "for", "force", "foreign", "forward",
+    "from", "full", "goto", "grant",
+    "group", "having", "holdlock", "identified",
+    "if", "in", "index", "index_lparen",
+    "inner", "inout", "insensitive", "insert",
+    "inserting", "install", "instead", "int",
+    "integer", "integrated", "intersect", "into",
+    "iq", "is", "isolation", "join",
+    "key", "lateral", "left", "like",
+    "lock", "login", "long", "match",
+    "membership", "message", "mode", "modify",
+    "natural", "new", "no", "noholdlock",
+    "not", "notify", "null", "numeric",
+    "of", "off", "on", "open",
+    "option", "options", "or", "order",
+    "others", "out", "outer", "over",
+    "passthrough", "precision", "prepare", "primary",
+    "print", "privileges", "proc", "procedure",
+    "publication", "raiserror", "readtext", "real",
+    "reference", "references", "release", "remote",
+    "remove", "rename", "reorganize", "resource",
+    "restore", "restrict", "return", "revoke",
+    "right", "rollback", "rollup", "save",
+    "savepoint", "scroll", "select", "sensitive",
+    "session", "set", "setuser", "share",
+    "smallint", "some", "sqlcode", "sqlstate",
+    "start", "stop", "subtrans", "subtransaction",
+    "synchronize", "syntax_error", "table", "temporary",
+    "then", "time", "timestamp", "tinyint",
+    "to", "top", "tran", "trigger",
+    "truncate", "tsequal", "unbounded", "union",
+    "unique", "unknown", "unsigned", "update",
+    "updating", "user", "using", "validate",
+    "values", "varbinary", "varchar", "variable",
+    "varying", "view", "wait", "waitfor",
+    "when", "where", "while", "window",
+    "with", "with_cube", "with_lparen", "with_rollup",
+    "within", "work", "writetext",
+])
+
+
+class _SybaseUnitypeMixin(object):
+
+    """these types appear to return a buffer object."""
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return str(value)  # decode("ucs-2")
+            else:
+                return None
+        return process
+
+
+class UNICHAR(_SybaseUnitypeMixin, sqltypes.Unicode):
+    __visit_name__ = 'UNICHAR'
+
+
+class UNIVARCHAR(_SybaseUnitypeMixin, sqltypes.Unicode):
+    __visit_name__ = 'UNIVARCHAR'
+
+
+class UNITEXT(_SybaseUnitypeMixin, sqltypes.UnicodeText):
+    __visit_name__ = 'UNITEXT'
+
+
+class TINYINT(sqltypes.Integer):
+    __visit_name__ = 'TINYINT'
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'BIT'
+
+
+class MONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "MONEY"
+
+
+class SMALLMONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "SMALLMONEY"
+
+
+class UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
+
+
+class IMAGE(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = 'IMAGE'
+
+
+class SybaseTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_IMAGE(type_)
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_BIT(type_)
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_NVARCHAR(type_)
+
+    def visit_UNICHAR(self, type_):
+        return "UNICHAR(%d)" % type_.length
+
+    def visit_UNIVARCHAR(self, type_):
+        return "UNIVARCHAR(%d)" % type_.length
+
+    def visit_UNITEXT(self, type_):
+        return "UNITEXT"
+
+    def visit_TINYINT(self, type_):
+        return "TINYINT"
+
+    def visit_IMAGE(self, type_):
+        return "IMAGE"
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_):
+        return "BIT"
+
+    def visit_MONEY(self, type_):
+        return "MONEY"
+
+    def visit_SMALLMONEY(self, type_):
+        return "SMALLMONEY"
+
+    def visit_UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(self, type_):
+        return "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
+
+ischema_names = {
+    'bigint': BIGINT,
+    'int': INTEGER,
+    'integer': INTEGER,
+    'smallint': SMALLINT,
+    'tinyint': TINYINT,
+    'unsigned bigint': BIGINT,  # TODO: unsigned flags
+    'unsigned int': INTEGER,  # TODO: unsigned flags
+    'unsigned smallint': SMALLINT,  # TODO: unsigned flags
+    'numeric': NUMERIC,
+    'decimal': DECIMAL,
+    'dec': DECIMAL,
+    'float': FLOAT,
+    'double': NUMERIC,  # TODO
+    'double precision': NUMERIC,  # TODO
+    'real': REAL,
+    'smallmoney': SMALLMONEY,
+    'money': MONEY,
+    'smalldatetime': DATETIME,
+    'datetime': DATETIME,
+    'date': DATE,
+    'time': TIME,
+    'char': CHAR,
+    'character': CHAR,
+    'varchar': VARCHAR,
+    'character varying': VARCHAR,
+    'char varying': VARCHAR,
+    'unichar': UNICHAR,
+    'unicode character': UNIVARCHAR,
+    'nchar': NCHAR,
+    'national char': NCHAR,
+    'national character': NCHAR,
+    'nvarchar': NVARCHAR,
+    'nchar varying': NVARCHAR,
+    'national char varying': NVARCHAR,
+    'national character varying': NVARCHAR,
+    'text': TEXT,
+    'unitext': UNITEXT,
+    'binary': BINARY,
+    'varbinary': VARBINARY,
+    'image': IMAGE,
+    'bit': BIT,
+
+    # not in documentation for ASE 15.7
+    'long varchar': TEXT,  # TODO
+    'timestamp': TIMESTAMP,
+    'uniqueidentifier': UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
+
+}
+
+
+class SybaseInspector(reflection.Inspector):
+
+    def __init__(self, conn):
+        reflection.Inspector.__init__(self, conn)
+
+    def get_table_id(self, table_name, schema=None):
+        """Return the table id from `table_name` and `schema`."""
+
+        return self.dialect.get_table_id(self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                                         info_cache=self.info_cache)
+
+
+class SybaseExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    _enable_identity_insert = False
+
+    def set_ddl_autocommit(self, connection, value):
+        """Must be implemented by subclasses to accommodate DDL executions.
+
+        "connection" is the raw unwrapped DBAPI connection.   "value"
+        is True or False.  when True, the connection should be configured
+        such that a DDL can take place subsequently.  when False,
+        a DDL has taken place and the connection should be resumed
+        into non-autocommit mode.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        if self.isinsert:
+            tbl = self.compiled.statement.table
+            seq_column = tbl._autoincrement_column
+            insert_has_sequence = seq_column is not None
+
+            if insert_has_sequence:
+                self._enable_identity_insert = \
+                    seq_column.key in self.compiled_parameters[0]
+            else:
+                self._enable_identity_insert = False
+
+            if self._enable_identity_insert:
+                self.cursor.execute(
+                    "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s ON" %
+                    self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_table(tbl))
+
+        if self.isddl:
+            # TODO: to enhance this, we can detect "ddl in tran" on the
+            # database settings.  this error message should be improved to
+            # include a note about that.
+            if not self.should_autocommit:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "The Sybase dialect only supports "
+                    "DDL in 'autocommit' mode at this time.")
+
+            self.root_connection.engine.logger.info(
+                "AUTOCOMMIT (Assuming no Sybase 'ddl in tran')")
+
+            self.set_ddl_autocommit(
+                self.root_connection.connection.connection,
+                True)
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        if self.isddl:
+            self.set_ddl_autocommit(self.root_connection, False)
+
+        if self._enable_identity_insert:
+            self.cursor.execute(
+                "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF" %
+                self.dialect.identifier_preparer.
+                format_table(self.compiled.statement.table)
+            )
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SELECT @@identity AS lastrowid")
+        lastrowid = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        return lastrowid
+
+
+class SybaseSQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    ansi_bind_rules = True
+
+    extract_map = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map,
+        {
+            'doy': 'dayofyear',
+            'dow': 'weekday',
+            'milliseconds': 'millisecond'
+        })
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select):
+        s = select._distinct and "DISTINCT " or ""
+        # TODO: don't think Sybase supports
+        # bind params for FIRST / TOP
+        if select._limit:
+            # if select._limit == 1:
+            #    s += "FIRST "
+            # else:
+            #    s += "TOP %s " % (select._limit,)
+            s += "TOP %s " % (select._limit,)
+        if select._offset:
+            if not select._limit:
+                # FIXME: sybase doesn't allow an offset without a limit
+                # so use a huge value for TOP here
+                s += "TOP 1000000 "
+            s += "START AT %s " % (select._offset + 1,)
+        return s
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select):
+        # Limit in sybase is after the select keyword
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kw):
+        field = self.extract_map.get(extract.field, extract.field)
+        return 'DATEPART("%s", %s)' % (
+            field, self.process(extract.expr, **kw))
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "GETDATE()"
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select):
+        # "FOR UPDATE" is only allowed on "DECLARE CURSOR"
+        # which SQLAlchemy doesn't use
+        return ''
+
+    def order_by_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        kw['literal_binds'] = True
+        order_by = self.process(select._order_by_clause, **kw)
+
+        # SybaseSQL only allows ORDER BY in subqueries if there is a LIMIT
+        if order_by and (not self.is_subquery() or select._limit):
+            return " ORDER BY " + order_by
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+
+class SybaseDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column) + " " + \
+            self.dialect.type_compiler.process(column.type)
+
+        if column.table is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "The Sybase dialect requires Table-bound "
+                "columns in order to generate DDL")
+        seq_col = column.table._autoincrement_column
+
+        # install a IDENTITY Sequence if we have an implicit IDENTITY column
+        if seq_col is column:
+            sequence = isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence) \
+                and column.default
+            if sequence:
+                start, increment = sequence.start or 1, \
+                    sequence.increment or 1
+            else:
+                start, increment = 1, 1
+            if (start, increment) == (1, 1):
+                colspec += " IDENTITY"
+            else:
+                # TODO: need correct syntax for this
+                colspec += " IDENTITY(%s,%s)" % (start, increment)
+        else:
+            default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+            if column.nullable is not None:
+                if not column.nullable or column.primary_key:
+                    colspec += " NOT NULL"
+                else:
+                    colspec += " NULL"
+
+        return colspec
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop):
+        index = drop.element
+        return "\nDROP INDEX %s.%s" % (
+            self.preparer.quote_identifier(index.table.name),
+            self._prepared_index_name(drop.element,
+                                      include_schema=False)
+        )
+
+
+class SybaseIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+
+class SybaseDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = 'sybase'
+    supports_unicode_statements = False
+    supports_sane_rowcount = False
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+    supports_unicode_binds = False
+    postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+    colspecs = {}
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+
+    type_compiler = SybaseTypeCompiler
+    statement_compiler = SybaseSQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = SybaseDDLCompiler
+    preparer = SybaseIdentifierPreparer
+    inspector = SybaseInspector
+
+    construct_arguments = []
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return connection.scalar(
+            text("SELECT user_name() as user_name",
+                 typemap={'user_name': Unicode})
+        )
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(SybaseDialect, self).initialize(connection)
+        if self.server_version_info is not None and\
+                self.server_version_info < (15, ):
+            self.max_identifier_length = 30
+        else:
+            self.max_identifier_length = 255
+
+    def get_table_id(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Fetch the id for schema.table_name.
+
+        Several reflection methods require the table id.  The idea for using
+        this method is that it can be fetched one time and cached for
+        subsequent calls.
+
+        """
+
+        table_id = None
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        TABLEID_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT o.id AS id
+          FROM sysobjects o JOIN sysusers u ON o.uid=u.uid
+          WHERE u.name = :schema_name
+              AND o.name = :table_name
+              AND o.type in ('U', 'V')
+        """)
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            if isinstance(schema, unicode):
+                schema = schema.encode("ascii")
+            if isinstance(table_name, unicode):
+                table_name = table_name.encode("ascii")
+        result = connection.execute(TABLEID_SQL,
+                                    schema_name=schema,
+                                    table_name=table_name)
+        table_id = result.scalar()
+        if table_id is None:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table_name)
+        return table_id
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        table_id = self.get_table_id(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                     info_cache=kw.get("info_cache"))
+
+        COLUMN_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT col.name AS name,
+                 t.name AS type,
+                 (col.status & 8) AS nullable,
+                 (col.status & 128) AS autoincrement,
+                 com.text AS 'default',
+                 col.prec AS precision,
+                 col.scale AS scale,
+                 col.length AS length
+          FROM systypes t, syscolumns col LEFT OUTER JOIN syscomments com ON
+              col.cdefault = com.id
+          WHERE col.usertype = t.usertype
+              AND col.id = :table_id
+          ORDER BY col.colid
+        """)
+
+        results = connection.execute(COLUMN_SQL, table_id=table_id)
+
+        columns = []
+        for (name, type_, nullable, autoincrement, default, precision, scale,
+             length) in results:
+            col_info = self._get_column_info(name, type_, bool(nullable),
+                                             bool(autoincrement),
+                                             default, precision, scale,
+                                             length)
+            columns.append(col_info)
+
+        return columns
+
+    def _get_column_info(self, name, type_, nullable, autoincrement, default,
+                         precision, scale, length):
+
+        coltype = self.ischema_names.get(type_, None)
+
+        kwargs = {}
+
+        if coltype in (NUMERIC, DECIMAL):
+            args = (precision, scale)
+        elif coltype == FLOAT:
+            args = (precision,)
+        elif coltype in (CHAR, VARCHAR, UNICHAR, UNIVARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR):
+            args = (length,)
+        else:
+            args = ()
+
+        if coltype:
+            coltype = coltype(*args, **kwargs)
+            # is this necessary
+            # if is_array:
+            #     coltype = ARRAY(coltype)
+        else:
+            util.warn("Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
+                      (type_, name))
+            coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+        if default:
+            default = re.sub("DEFAULT", "", default).strip()
+            default = re.sub("^'(.*)'$", lambda m: m.group(1), default)
+        else:
+            default = None
+
+        column_info = dict(name=name, type=coltype, nullable=nullable,
+                           default=default, autoincrement=autoincrement)
+        return column_info
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+
+        table_id = self.get_table_id(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                     info_cache=kw.get("info_cache"))
+
+        table_cache = {}
+        column_cache = {}
+        foreign_keys = []
+
+        table_cache[table_id] = {"name": table_name, "schema": schema}
+
+        COLUMN_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT c.colid AS id, c.name AS name
+          FROM syscolumns c
+          WHERE c.id = :table_id
+        """)
+
+        results = connection.execute(COLUMN_SQL, table_id=table_id)
+        columns = {}
+        for col in results:
+            columns[col["id"]] = col["name"]
+        column_cache[table_id] = columns
+
+        REFCONSTRAINT_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT o.name AS name, r.reftabid AS reftable_id,
+            r.keycnt AS 'count',
+            r.fokey1 AS fokey1, r.fokey2 AS fokey2, r.fokey3 AS fokey3,
+            r.fokey4 AS fokey4, r.fokey5 AS fokey5, r.fokey6 AS fokey6,
+            r.fokey7 AS fokey7, r.fokey1 AS fokey8, r.fokey9 AS fokey9,
+            r.fokey10 AS fokey10, r.fokey11 AS fokey11, r.fokey12 AS fokey12,
+            r.fokey13 AS fokey13, r.fokey14 AS fokey14, r.fokey15 AS fokey15,
+            r.fokey16 AS fokey16,
+            r.refkey1 AS refkey1, r.refkey2 AS refkey2, r.refkey3 AS refkey3,
+            r.refkey4 AS refkey4, r.refkey5 AS refkey5, r.refkey6 AS refkey6,
+            r.refkey7 AS refkey7, r.refkey1 AS refkey8, r.refkey9 AS refkey9,
+            r.refkey10 AS refkey10, r.refkey11 AS refkey11,
+            r.refkey12 AS refkey12, r.refkey13 AS refkey13,
+            r.refkey14 AS refkey14, r.refkey15 AS refkey15,
+            r.refkey16 AS refkey16
+          FROM sysreferences r JOIN sysobjects o on r.tableid = o.id
+          WHERE r.tableid = :table_id
+        """)
+        referential_constraints = connection.execute(REFCONSTRAINT_SQL,
+                                                     table_id=table_id)
+
+        REFTABLE_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT o.name AS name, u.name AS 'schema'
+          FROM sysobjects o JOIN sysusers u ON o.uid = u.uid
+          WHERE o.id = :table_id
+        """)
+
+        for r in referential_constraints:
+            reftable_id = r["reftable_id"]
+
+            if reftable_id not in table_cache:
+                c = connection.execute(REFTABLE_SQL, table_id=reftable_id)
+                reftable = c.fetchone()
+                c.close()
+                table_info = {"name": reftable["name"], "schema": None}
+                if (schema is not None or
+                        reftable["schema"] != self.default_schema_name):
+                    table_info["schema"] = reftable["schema"]
+
+                table_cache[reftable_id] = table_info
+                results = connection.execute(COLUMN_SQL, table_id=reftable_id)
+                reftable_columns = {}
+                for col in results:
+                    reftable_columns[col["id"]] = col["name"]
+                column_cache[reftable_id] = reftable_columns
+
+            reftable = table_cache[reftable_id]
+            reftable_columns = column_cache[reftable_id]
+
+            constrained_columns = []
+            referred_columns = []
+            for i in range(1, r["count"] + 1):
+                constrained_columns.append(columns[r["fokey%i" % i]])
+                referred_columns.append(reftable_columns[r["refkey%i" % i]])
+
+            fk_info = {
+                "constrained_columns": constrained_columns,
+                "referred_schema": reftable["schema"],
+                "referred_table": reftable["name"],
+                "referred_columns": referred_columns,
+                "name": r["name"]
+            }
+
+            foreign_keys.append(fk_info)
+
+        return foreign_keys
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        table_id = self.get_table_id(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                     info_cache=kw.get("info_cache"))
+
+        INDEX_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT object_name(i.id) AS table_name,
+                 i.keycnt AS 'count',
+                 i.name AS name,
+                 (i.status & 0x2) AS 'unique',
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 1) AS col_1,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 2) AS col_2,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 3) AS col_3,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 4) AS col_4,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 5) AS col_5,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 6) AS col_6,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 7) AS col_7,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 8) AS col_8,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 9) AS col_9,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 10) AS col_10,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 11) AS col_11,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 12) AS col_12,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 13) AS col_13,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 14) AS col_14,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 15) AS col_15,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 16) AS col_16
+          FROM sysindexes i, sysobjects o
+          WHERE o.id = i.id
+            AND o.id = :table_id
+            AND (i.status & 2048) = 0
+            AND i.indid BETWEEN 1 AND 254
+        """)
+
+        results = connection.execute(INDEX_SQL, table_id=table_id)
+        indexes = []
+        for r in results:
+            column_names = []
+            for i in range(1, r["count"]):
+                column_names.append(r["col_%i" % (i,)])
+            index_info = {"name": r["name"],
+                          "unique": bool(r["unique"]),
+                          "column_names": column_names}
+            indexes.append(index_info)
+
+        return indexes
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        table_id = self.get_table_id(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                     info_cache=kw.get("info_cache"))
+
+        PK_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT object_name(i.id) AS table_name,
+                 i.keycnt AS 'count',
+                 i.name AS name,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 1) AS pk_1,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 2) AS pk_2,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 3) AS pk_3,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 4) AS pk_4,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 5) AS pk_5,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 6) AS pk_6,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 7) AS pk_7,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 8) AS pk_8,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 9) AS pk_9,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 10) AS pk_10,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 11) AS pk_11,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 12) AS pk_12,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 13) AS pk_13,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 14) AS pk_14,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 15) AS pk_15,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 16) AS pk_16
+          FROM sysindexes i, sysobjects o
+          WHERE o.id = i.id
+            AND o.id = :table_id
+            AND (i.status & 2048) = 2048
+            AND i.indid BETWEEN 1 AND 254
+        """)
+
+        results = connection.execute(PK_SQL, table_id=table_id)
+        pks = results.fetchone()
+        results.close()
+
+        constrained_columns = []
+        for i in range(1, pks["count"] + 1):
+            constrained_columns.append(pks["pk_%i" % (i,)])
+        return {"constrained_columns": constrained_columns,
+                "name": pks["name"]}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+
+        SCHEMA_SQL = text("SELECT u.name AS name FROM sysusers u")
+
+        schemas = connection.execute(SCHEMA_SQL)
+
+        return [s["name"] for s in schemas]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        TABLE_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT o.name AS name
+          FROM sysobjects o JOIN sysusers u ON o.uid = u.uid
+          WHERE u.name = :schema_name
+            AND o.type = 'U'
+        """)
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            if isinstance(schema, unicode):
+                schema = schema.encode("ascii")
+
+        tables = connection.execute(TABLE_SQL, schema_name=schema)
+
+        return [t["name"] for t in tables]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        VIEW_DEF_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT c.text
+          FROM syscomments c JOIN sysobjects o ON c.id = o.id
+          WHERE o.name = :view_name
+            AND o.type = 'V'
+        """)
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            if isinstance(view_name, unicode):
+                view_name = view_name.encode("ascii")
+
+        view = connection.execute(VIEW_DEF_SQL, view_name=view_name)
+
+        return view.scalar()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        VIEW_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT o.name AS name
+          FROM sysobjects o JOIN sysusers u ON o.uid = u.uid
+          WHERE u.name = :schema_name
+            AND o.type = 'V'
+        """)
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            if isinstance(schema, unicode):
+                schema = schema.encode("ascii")
+        views = connection.execute(VIEW_SQL, schema_name=schema)
+
+        return [v["name"] for v in views]
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        try:
+            self.get_table_id(connection, table_name, schema)
+        except exc.NoSuchTableError:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/mxodbc.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/mxodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..373bea0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/mxodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# sybase/mxodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: sybase+mxodbc
+    :name: mxODBC
+    :dbapi: mxodbc
+    :connectstring: sybase+mxodbc://:@
+    :url: http://www.egenix.com/
+
+.. note::
+
+    This dialect is a stub only and is likely non functional at this time.
+
+
+"""
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sybase.base import SybaseDialect
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sybase.base import SybaseExecutionContext
+from sqlalchemy.connectors.mxodbc import MxODBCConnector
+
+
+class SybaseExecutionContext_mxodbc(SybaseExecutionContext):
+    pass
+
+
+class SybaseDialect_mxodbc(MxODBCConnector, SybaseDialect):
+    execution_ctx_cls = SybaseExecutionContext_mxodbc
+
+dialect = SybaseDialect_mxodbc
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pyodbc.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb76d13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pyodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# sybase/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: sybase+pyodbc
+    :name: PyODBC
+    :dbapi: pyodbc
+    :connectstring: sybase+pyodbc://:@\
+[/]
+    :url: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyodbc/
+
+
+Unicode Support
+---------------
+
+The pyodbc driver currently supports usage of these Sybase types with
+Unicode or multibyte strings::
+
+    CHAR
+    NCHAR
+    NVARCHAR
+    TEXT
+    VARCHAR
+
+Currently *not* supported are::
+
+    UNICHAR
+    UNITEXT
+    UNIVARCHAR
+
+"""
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sybase.base import SybaseDialect,\
+    SybaseExecutionContext
+from sqlalchemy.connectors.pyodbc import PyODBCConnector
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, processors
+import decimal
+
+
+class _SybNumeric_pyodbc(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    """Turns Decimals with adjusted() < -6 into floats.
+
+    It's not yet known how to get decimals with many
+    significant digits or very large adjusted() into Sybase
+    via pyodbc.
+
+    """
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_process = super(_SybNumeric_pyodbc, self).\
+            bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if self.asdecimal and \
+                    isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+
+                if value.adjusted() < -6:
+                    return processors.to_float(value)
+
+            if super_process:
+                return super_process(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+
+class SybaseExecutionContext_pyodbc(SybaseExecutionContext):
+    def set_ddl_autocommit(self, connection, value):
+        if value:
+            connection.autocommit = True
+        else:
+            connection.autocommit = False
+
+
+class SybaseDialect_pyodbc(PyODBCConnector, SybaseDialect):
+    execution_ctx_cls = SybaseExecutionContext_pyodbc
+
+    colspecs = {
+        sqltypes.Numeric: _SybNumeric_pyodbc,
+    }
+
+dialect = SybaseDialect_pyodbc
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pysybase.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pysybase.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6843eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pysybase.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# sybase/pysybase.py
+# Copyright (C) 2010-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: sybase+pysybase
+    :name: Python-Sybase
+    :dbapi: Sybase
+    :connectstring: sybase+pysybase://:@/\
+[database name]
+    :url: http://python-sybase.sourceforge.net/
+
+Unicode Support
+---------------
+
+The python-sybase driver does not appear to support non-ASCII strings of any
+kind at this time.
+
+"""
+
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, processors
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sybase.base import SybaseDialect, \
+    SybaseExecutionContext, SybaseSQLCompiler
+
+
+class _SybNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, type_):
+        if not self.asdecimal:
+            return processors.to_float
+        else:
+            return sqltypes.Numeric.result_processor(self, dialect, type_)
+
+
+class SybaseExecutionContext_pysybase(SybaseExecutionContext):
+
+    def set_ddl_autocommit(self, dbapi_connection, value):
+        if value:
+            # call commit() on the Sybase connection directly,
+            # to avoid any side effects of calling a Connection
+            # transactional method inside of pre_exec()
+            dbapi_connection.commit()
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        SybaseExecutionContext.pre_exec(self)
+
+        for param in self.parameters:
+            for key in list(param):
+                param["@" + key] = param[key]
+                del param[key]
+
+
+class SybaseSQLCompiler_pysybase(SybaseSQLCompiler):
+    def bindparam_string(self, name, **kw):
+        return "@" + name
+
+
+class SybaseDialect_pysybase(SybaseDialect):
+    driver = 'pysybase'
+    execution_ctx_cls = SybaseExecutionContext_pysybase
+    statement_compiler = SybaseSQLCompiler_pysybase
+
+    colspecs = {
+        sqltypes.Numeric: _SybNumeric,
+        sqltypes.Float: sqltypes.Float
+    }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        import Sybase
+        return Sybase
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user', password='passwd')
+
+        return ([opts.pop('host')], opts)
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        # calling python-sybase executemany yields:
+        # TypeError: string too long for buffer
+        for param in parameters:
+            cursor.execute(statement, param)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        vers = connection.scalar("select @@version_number")
+        # i.e. 15500, 15000, 12500 == (15, 5, 0, 0), (15, 0, 0, 0),
+        # (12, 5, 0, 0)
+        return (vers / 1000, vers % 1000 / 100, vers % 100 / 10, vers % 10)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, (self.dbapi.OperationalError,
+                          self.dbapi.ProgrammingError)):
+            msg = str(e)
+            return ('Unable to complete network request to host' in msg or
+                    'Invalid connection state' in msg or
+                    'Invalid cursor state' in msg)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+dialect = SybaseDialect_pysybase
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c9e038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+# engine/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""SQL connections, SQL execution and high-level DB-API interface.
+
+The engine package defines the basic components used to interface
+DB-API modules with higher-level statement construction,
+connection-management, execution and result contexts.  The primary
+"entry point" class into this package is the Engine and its public
+constructor ``create_engine()``.
+
+This package includes:
+
+base.py
+    Defines interface classes and some implementation classes which
+    comprise the basic components used to interface between a DB-API,
+    constructed and plain-text statements, connections, transactions,
+    and results.
+
+default.py
+    Contains default implementations of some of the components defined
+    in base.py.  All current database dialects use the classes in
+    default.py as base classes for their own database-specific
+    implementations.
+
+strategies.py
+    The mechanics of constructing ``Engine`` objects are represented
+    here.  Defines the ``EngineStrategy`` class which represents how
+    to go from arguments specified to the ``create_engine()``
+    function, to a fully constructed ``Engine``, including
+    initialization of connection pooling, dialects, and specific
+    subclasses of ``Engine``.
+
+threadlocal.py
+    The ``TLEngine`` class is defined here, which is a subclass of
+    the generic ``Engine`` and tracks ``Connection`` and
+    ``Transaction`` objects against the identity of the current
+    thread.  This allows certain programming patterns based around
+    the concept of a "thread-local connection" to be possible.
+    The ``TLEngine`` is created by using the "threadlocal" engine
+    strategy in conjunction with the ``create_engine()`` function.
+
+url.py
+    Defines the ``URL`` class which represents the individual
+    components of a string URL passed to ``create_engine()``.  Also
+    defines a basic module-loading strategy for the dialect specifier
+    within a URL.
+"""
+
+from .interfaces import (
+    Connectable,
+    Dialect,
+    ExecutionContext,
+    ExceptionContext,
+
+    # backwards compat
+    Compiled,
+    TypeCompiler
+)
+
+from .base import (
+    Connection,
+    Engine,
+    NestedTransaction,
+    RootTransaction,
+    Transaction,
+    TwoPhaseTransaction,
+)
+
+from .result import (
+    BufferedColumnResultProxy,
+    BufferedColumnRow,
+    BufferedRowResultProxy,
+    FullyBufferedResultProxy,
+    ResultProxy,
+    RowProxy,
+)
+
+from .util import (
+    connection_memoize
+)
+
+
+from . import util, strategies
+
+# backwards compat
+from ..sql import ddl
+
+default_strategy = 'plain'
+
+
+def create_engine(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Create a new :class:`.Engine` instance.
+
+    The standard calling form is to send the URL as the
+    first positional argument, usually a string
+    that indicates database dialect and connection arguments::
+
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+    Additional keyword arguments may then follow it which
+    establish various options on the resulting :class:`.Engine`
+    and its underlying :class:`.Dialect` and :class:`.Pool`
+    constructs::
+
+        engine = create_engine("mysql://scott:tiger@hostname/dbname",
+                                    encoding='latin1', echo=True)
+
+    The string form of the URL is
+    ``dialect[+driver]://user:password@host/dbname[?key=value..]``, where
+    ``dialect`` is a database name such as ``mysql``, ``oracle``,
+    ``postgresql``, etc., and ``driver`` the name of a DBAPI, such as
+    ``psycopg2``, ``pyodbc``, ``cx_oracle``, etc.  Alternatively,
+    the URL can be an instance of :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL`.
+
+    ``**kwargs`` takes a wide variety of options which are routed
+    towards their appropriate components.  Arguments may be specific to
+    the :class:`.Engine`, the underlying :class:`.Dialect`, as well as the
+    :class:`.Pool`.  Specific dialects also accept keyword arguments that
+    are unique to that dialect.   Here, we describe the parameters
+    that are common to most :func:`.create_engine()` usage.
+
+    Once established, the newly resulting :class:`.Engine` will
+    request a connection from the underlying :class:`.Pool` once
+    :meth:`.Engine.connect` is called, or a method which depends on it
+    such as :meth:`.Engine.execute` is invoked.   The :class:`.Pool` in turn
+    will establish the first actual DBAPI connection when this request
+    is received.   The :func:`.create_engine` call itself does **not**
+    establish any actual DBAPI connections directly.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :doc:`/core/engines`
+
+        :doc:`/dialects/index`
+
+        :ref:`connections_toplevel`
+
+    :param case_sensitive=True: if False, result column names
+       will match in a case-insensitive fashion, that is,
+       ``row['SomeColumn']``.
+
+       .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+           By default, result row names match case-sensitively.
+           In version 0.7 and prior, all matches were case-insensitive.
+
+    :param connect_args: a dictionary of options which will be
+        passed directly to the DBAPI's ``connect()`` method as
+        additional keyword arguments.  See the example
+        at :ref:`custom_dbapi_args`.
+
+    :param convert_unicode=False: if set to True, sets
+        the default behavior of ``convert_unicode`` on the
+        :class:`.String` type to ``True``, regardless
+        of a setting of ``False`` on an individual
+        :class:`.String` type, thus causing all :class:`.String`
+        -based columns
+        to accommodate Python ``unicode`` objects.  This flag
+        is useful as an engine-wide setting when using a
+        DBAPI that does not natively support Python
+        ``unicode`` objects and raises an error when
+        one is received (such as pyodbc with FreeTDS).
+
+        See :class:`.String` for further details on
+        what this flag indicates.
+
+    :param creator: a callable which returns a DBAPI connection.
+        This creation function will be passed to the underlying
+        connection pool and will be used to create all new database
+        connections. Usage of this function causes connection
+        parameters specified in the URL argument to be bypassed.
+
+    :param echo=False: if True, the Engine will log all statements
+        as well as a repr() of their parameter lists to the engines
+        logger, which defaults to sys.stdout. The ``echo`` attribute of
+        ``Engine`` can be modified at any time to turn logging on and
+        off. If set to the string ``"debug"``, result rows will be
+        printed to the standard output as well. This flag ultimately
+        controls a Python logger; see :ref:`dbengine_logging` for
+        information on how to configure logging directly.
+
+    :param echo_pool=False: if True, the connection pool will log
+        all checkouts/checkins to the logging stream, which defaults to
+        sys.stdout. This flag ultimately controls a Python logger; see
+        :ref:`dbengine_logging` for information on how to configure logging
+        directly.
+
+    :param encoding: Defaults to ``utf-8``.  This is the string
+        encoding used by SQLAlchemy for string encode/decode
+        operations which occur within SQLAlchemy, **outside of
+        the DBAPI.**  Most modern DBAPIs feature some degree of
+        direct support for Python ``unicode`` objects,
+        what you see in Python 2 as a string of the form
+        ``u'some string'``.  For those scenarios where the
+        DBAPI is detected as not supporting a Python ``unicode``
+        object, this encoding is used to determine the
+        source/destination encoding.  It is **not used**
+        for those cases where the DBAPI handles unicode
+        directly.
+
+        To properly configure a system to accommodate Python
+        ``unicode`` objects, the DBAPI should be
+        configured to handle unicode to the greatest
+        degree as is appropriate - see
+        the notes on unicode pertaining to the specific
+        target database in use at :ref:`dialect_toplevel`.
+
+        Areas where string encoding may need to be accommodated
+        outside of the DBAPI include zero or more of:
+
+        * the values passed to bound parameters, corresponding to
+          the :class:`.Unicode` type or the :class:`.String` type
+          when ``convert_unicode`` is ``True``;
+        * the values returned in result set columns corresponding
+          to the :class:`.Unicode` type or the :class:`.String`
+          type when ``convert_unicode`` is ``True``;
+        * the string SQL statement passed to the DBAPI's
+          ``cursor.execute()`` method;
+        * the string names of the keys in the bound parameter
+          dictionary passed to the DBAPI's ``cursor.execute()``
+          as well as ``cursor.setinputsizes()`` methods;
+        * the string column names retrieved from the DBAPI's
+          ``cursor.description`` attribute.
+
+        When using Python 3, the DBAPI is required to support
+        *all* of the above values as Python ``unicode`` objects,
+        which in Python 3 are just known as ``str``.  In Python 2,
+        the DBAPI does not specify unicode behavior at all,
+        so SQLAlchemy must make decisions for each of the above
+        values on a per-DBAPI basis - implementations are
+        completely inconsistent in their behavior.
+
+    :param execution_options: Dictionary execution options which will
+        be applied to all connections.  See
+        :meth:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection.execution_options`
+
+    :param implicit_returning=True: When ``True``, a RETURNING-
+        compatible construct, if available, will be used to
+        fetch newly generated primary key values when a single row
+        INSERT statement is emitted with no existing returning()
+        clause.  This applies to those backends which support RETURNING
+        or a compatible construct, including Postgresql, Firebird, Oracle,
+        Microsoft SQL Server.   Set this to ``False`` to disable
+        the automatic usage of RETURNING.
+
+    :param label_length=None: optional integer value which limits
+        the size of dynamically generated column labels to that many
+        characters. If less than 6, labels are generated as
+        "_(counter)". If ``None``, the value of
+        ``dialect.max_identifier_length`` is used instead.
+
+    :param listeners: A list of one or more
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.interfaces.PoolListener` objects which will
+        receive connection pool events.
+
+    :param logging_name:  String identifier which will be used within
+        the "name" field of logging records generated within the
+        "sqlalchemy.engine" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the
+        object's id.
+
+    :param max_overflow=10: the number of connections to allow in
+        connection pool "overflow", that is connections that can be
+        opened above and beyond the pool_size setting, which defaults
+        to five. this is only used with :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`.
+
+    :param module=None: reference to a Python module object (the module
+        itself, not its string name).  Specifies an alternate DBAPI module to
+        be used by the engine's dialect.  Each sub-dialect references a
+        specific DBAPI which will be imported before first connect.  This
+        parameter causes the import to be bypassed, and the given module to
+        be used instead. Can be used for testing of DBAPIs as well as to
+        inject "mock" DBAPI implementations into the :class:`.Engine`.
+
+    :param pool=None: an already-constructed instance of
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool`, such as a
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool` instance. If non-None, this
+        pool will be used directly as the underlying connection pool
+        for the engine, bypassing whatever connection parameters are
+        present in the URL argument. For information on constructing
+        connection pools manually, see :ref:`pooling_toplevel`.
+
+    :param poolclass=None: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool`
+        subclass, which will be used to create a connection pool
+        instance using the connection parameters given in the URL. Note
+        this differs from ``pool`` in that you don't actually
+        instantiate the pool in this case, you just indicate what type
+        of pool to be used.
+
+    :param pool_logging_name:  String identifier which will be used within
+       the "name" field of logging records generated within the
+       "sqlalchemy.pool" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the object's
+       id.
+
+    :param pool_size=5: the number of connections to keep open
+        inside the connection pool. This used with
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool` as
+        well as :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.SingletonThreadPool`.  With
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`, a ``pool_size`` setting
+        of 0 indicates no limit; to disable pooling, set ``poolclass`` to
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.NullPool` instead.
+
+    :param pool_recycle=-1: this setting causes the pool to recycle
+        connections after the given number of seconds has passed. It
+        defaults to -1, or no timeout. For example, setting to 3600
+        means connections will be recycled after one hour. Note that
+        MySQL in particular will disconnect automatically if no
+        activity is detected on a connection for eight hours (although
+        this is configurable with the MySQLDB connection itself and the
+        server configuration as well).
+
+    :param pool_reset_on_return='rollback': set the "reset on return"
+        behavior of the pool, which is whether ``rollback()``,
+        ``commit()``, or nothing is called upon connections
+        being returned to the pool.  See the docstring for
+        ``reset_on_return`` at :class:`.Pool`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+    :param pool_timeout=30: number of seconds to wait before giving
+        up on getting a connection from the pool. This is only used
+        with :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`.
+
+    :param strategy='plain': selects alternate engine implementations.
+        Currently available are:
+
+        * the ``threadlocal`` strategy, which is described in
+          :ref:`threadlocal_strategy`;
+        * the ``mock`` strategy, which dispatches all statement
+          execution to a function passed as the argument ``executor``.
+          See `example in the FAQ
+          `_.
+
+    :param executor=None: a function taking arguments
+        ``(sql, *multiparams, **params)``, to which the ``mock`` strategy will
+        dispatch all statement execution. Used only by ``strategy='mock'``.
+
+    """
+
+    strategy = kwargs.pop('strategy', default_strategy)
+    strategy = strategies.strategies[strategy]
+    return strategy.create(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def engine_from_config(configuration, prefix='sqlalchemy.', **kwargs):
+    """Create a new Engine instance using a configuration dictionary.
+
+    The dictionary is typically produced from a config file where keys
+    are prefixed, such as sqlalchemy.url, sqlalchemy.echo, etc.  The
+    'prefix' argument indicates the prefix to be searched for.
+
+    A select set of keyword arguments will be "coerced" to their
+    expected type based on string values.  In a future release, this
+    functionality will be expanded and include dialect-specific
+    arguments.
+    """
+
+    options = dict((key[len(prefix):], configuration[key])
+                   for key in configuration
+                   if key.startswith(prefix))
+    options['_coerce_config'] = True
+    options.update(kwargs)
+    url = options.pop('url')
+    return create_engine(url, **options)
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'create_engine',
+    'engine_from_config',
+)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf06896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1878 @@
+# engine/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import with_statement
+
+"""Defines :class:`.Connection` and :class:`.Engine`.
+
+"""
+
+
+import sys
+from .. import exc, util, log, interfaces
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from .interfaces import Connectable, ExceptionContext
+from .util import _distill_params
+import contextlib
+
+
+class Connection(Connectable):
+    """Provides high-level functionality for a wrapped DB-API connection.
+
+    Provides execution support for string-based SQL statements as well as
+    :class:`.ClauseElement`, :class:`.Compiled` and :class:`.DefaultGenerator`
+    objects. Provides a :meth:`begin` method to return :class:`.Transaction`
+    objects.
+
+    The Connection object is **not** thread-safe.  While a Connection can be
+    shared among threads using properly synchronized access, it is still
+    possible that the underlying DBAPI connection may not support shared
+    access between threads.  Check the DBAPI documentation for details.
+
+    The Connection object represents a single dbapi connection checked out
+    from the connection pool. In this state, the connection pool has no affect
+    upon the connection, including its expiration or timeout state. For the
+    connection pool to properly manage connections, connections should be
+    returned to the connection pool (i.e. ``connection.close()``) whenever the
+    connection is not in use.
+
+    .. index::
+      single: thread safety; Connection
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, engine, connection=None, close_with_result=False,
+                 _branch=False, _execution_options=None,
+                 _dispatch=None,
+                 _has_events=None):
+        """Construct a new Connection.
+
+        The constructor here is not public and is only called only by an
+        :class:`.Engine`. See :meth:`.Engine.connect` and
+        :meth:`.Engine.contextual_connect` methods.
+
+        """
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.dialect = engine.dialect
+        self.__connection = connection or engine.raw_connection()
+        self.__transaction = None
+        self.should_close_with_result = close_with_result
+        self.__savepoint_seq = 0
+        self.__branch = _branch
+        self.__invalid = False
+        self.__can_reconnect = True
+        if _dispatch:
+            self.dispatch = _dispatch
+        elif _has_events is None:
+            # if _has_events is sent explicitly as False,
+            # then don't join the dispatch of the engine; we don't
+            # want to handle any of the engine's events in that case.
+            self.dispatch = self.dispatch._join(engine.dispatch)
+        self._has_events = _has_events or (
+            _has_events is None and engine._has_events)
+
+        self._echo = self.engine._should_log_info()
+        if _execution_options:
+            self._execution_options =\
+                engine._execution_options.union(_execution_options)
+        else:
+            self._execution_options = engine._execution_options
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.engine_connect(self, _branch)
+
+    def _branch(self):
+        """Return a new Connection which references this Connection's
+        engine and connection; but does not have close_with_result enabled,
+        and also whose close() method does nothing.
+
+        This is used to execute "sub" statements within a single execution,
+        usually an INSERT statement.
+        """
+
+        return self.engine._connection_cls(
+            self.engine,
+            self.__connection,
+            _branch=True,
+            _has_events=self._has_events,
+            _dispatch=self.dispatch)
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        """Create a shallow copy of this Connection.
+
+        """
+        c = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        c.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return c
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        self.close()
+
+    def execution_options(self, **opt):
+        """ Set non-SQL options for the connection which take effect
+        during execution.
+
+        The method returns a copy of this :class:`.Connection` which references
+        the same underlying DBAPI connection, but also defines the given
+        execution options which will take effect for a call to
+        :meth:`execute`. As the new :class:`.Connection` references the same
+        underlying resource, it's usually a good idea to ensure that the copies
+        will be discarded immediately, which is implicit if used as in::
+
+            result = connection.execution_options(stream_results=True).\\
+                                execute(stmt)
+
+        Note that any key/value can be passed to
+        :meth:`.Connection.execution_options`, and it will be stored in the
+        ``_execution_options`` dictionary of the :class:`.Connection`.   It
+        is suitable for usage by end-user schemes to communicate with
+        event listeners, for example.
+
+        The keywords that are currently recognized by SQLAlchemy itself
+        include all those listed under :meth:`.Executable.execution_options`,
+        as well as others that are specific to :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        :param autocommit: Available on: Connection, statement.
+          When True, a COMMIT will be invoked after execution
+          when executed in 'autocommit' mode, i.e. when an explicit
+          transaction is not begun on the connection. Note that DBAPI
+          connections by default are always in a transaction - SQLAlchemy uses
+          rules applied to different kinds of statements to determine if
+          COMMIT will be invoked in order to provide its "autocommit" feature.
+          Typically, all INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements as well as
+          CREATE/DROP statements have autocommit behavior enabled; SELECT
+          constructs do not. Use this option when invoking a SELECT or other
+          specific SQL construct where COMMIT is desired (typically when
+          calling stored procedures and such), and an explicit
+          transaction is not in progress.
+
+        :param compiled_cache: Available on: Connection.
+          A dictionary where :class:`.Compiled` objects
+          will be cached when the :class:`.Connection` compiles a clause
+          expression into a :class:`.Compiled` object.
+          It is the user's responsibility to
+          manage the size of this dictionary, which will have keys
+          corresponding to the dialect, clause element, the column
+          names within the VALUES or SET clause of an INSERT or UPDATE,
+          as well as the "batch" mode for an INSERT or UPDATE statement.
+          The format of this dictionary is not guaranteed to stay the
+          same in future releases.
+
+          Note that the ORM makes use of its own "compiled" caches for
+          some operations, including flush operations.  The caching
+          used by the ORM internally supersedes a cache dictionary
+          specified here.
+
+        :param isolation_level: Available on: Connection.
+          Set the transaction isolation level for
+          the lifespan of this connection.   Valid values include
+          those string values accepted by the ``isolation_level``
+          parameter passed to :func:`.create_engine`, and are
+          database specific, including those for :ref:`sqlite_toplevel`,
+          :ref:`postgresql_toplevel` - see those dialect's documentation
+          for further info.
+
+          Note that this option necessarily affects the underlying
+          DBAPI connection for the lifespan of the originating
+          :class:`.Connection`, and is not per-execution. This
+          setting is not removed until the underlying DBAPI connection
+          is returned to the connection pool, i.e.
+          the :meth:`.Connection.close` method is called.
+
+        :param no_parameters: When ``True``, if the final parameter
+          list or dictionary is totally empty, will invoke the
+          statement on the cursor as ``cursor.execute(statement)``,
+          not passing the parameter collection at all.
+          Some DBAPIs such as psycopg2 and mysql-python consider
+          percent signs as significant only when parameters are
+          present; this option allows code to generate SQL
+          containing percent signs (and possibly other characters)
+          that is neutral regarding whether it's executed by the DBAPI
+          or piped into a script that's later invoked by
+          command line tools.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+        :param stream_results: Available on: Connection, statement.
+          Indicate to the dialect that results should be
+          "streamed" and not pre-buffered, if possible.  This is a limitation
+          of many DBAPIs.  The flag is currently understood only by the
+          psycopg2 dialect.
+
+        """
+        c = self._clone()
+        c._execution_options = c._execution_options.union(opt)
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.set_connection_execution_options(c, opt)
+        self.dialect.set_connection_execution_options(c, opt)
+        return c
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        """Return True if this connection is closed."""
+
+        return '_Connection__connection' not in self.__dict__ \
+            and not self.__can_reconnect
+
+    @property
+    def invalidated(self):
+        """Return True if this connection was invalidated."""
+
+        return self.__invalid
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self):
+        "The underlying DB-API connection managed by this Connection."
+
+        try:
+            return self.__connection
+        except AttributeError:
+            return self._revalidate_connection()
+
+    def _revalidate_connection(self):
+        if self.__can_reconnect and self.__invalid:
+            if self.__transaction is not None:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't reconnect until invalid "
+                    "transaction is rolled back")
+            self.__connection = self.engine.raw_connection()
+            self.__invalid = False
+            return self.__connection
+        raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This Connection is closed")
+
+    @property
+    def _connection_is_valid(self):
+        # use getattr() for is_valid to support exceptions raised in
+        # dialect initializer, where the connection is not wrapped in
+        # _ConnectionFairy
+
+        return getattr(self.__connection, 'is_valid', False)
+
+    @property
+    def _still_open_and_connection_is_valid(self):
+        return \
+            not self.closed and \
+            not self.invalidated and \
+            getattr(self.__connection, 'is_valid', False)
+
+    @property
+    def info(self):
+        """Info dictionary associated with the underlying DBAPI connection
+        referred to by this :class:`.Connection`, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with the connection.
+
+        The data here will follow along with the DBAPI connection including
+        after it is returned to the connection pool and used again
+        in subsequent instances of :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.connection.info
+
+    def connect(self):
+        """Returns a branched version of this :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        The :meth:`.Connection.close` method on the returned
+        :class:`.Connection` can be called and this
+        :class:`.Connection` will remain open.
+
+        This method provides usage symmetry with
+        :meth:`.Engine.connect`, including for usage
+        with context managers.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._branch()
+
+    def contextual_connect(self, **kwargs):
+        """Returns a branched version of this :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        The :meth:`.Connection.close` method on the returned
+        :class:`.Connection` can be called and this
+        :class:`.Connection` will remain open.
+
+        This method provides usage symmetry with
+        :meth:`.Engine.contextual_connect`, including for usage
+        with context managers.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._branch()
+
+    def invalidate(self, exception=None):
+        """Invalidate the underlying DBAPI connection associated with
+        this :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        The underlying DBAPI connection is literally closed (if
+        possible), and is discarded.  Its source connection pool will
+        typically lazily create a new connection to replace it.
+
+        Upon the next use (where "use" typically means using the
+        :meth:`.Connection.execute` method or similar),
+        this :class:`.Connection` will attempt to
+        procure a new DBAPI connection using the services of the
+        :class:`.Pool` as a source of connectivty (e.g. a "reconnection").
+
+        If a transaction was in progress (e.g. the
+        :meth:`.Connection.begin` method has been called) when
+        :meth:`.Connection.invalidate` method is called, at the DBAPI
+        level all state associated with this transaction is lost, as
+        the DBAPI connection is closed.  The :class:`.Connection`
+        will not allow a reconnection to proceed until the
+        :class:`.Transaction` object is ended, by calling the
+        :meth:`.Transaction.rollback` method; until that point, any attempt at
+        continuing to use the :class:`.Connection` will raise an
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
+        This is to prevent applications from accidentally
+        continuing an ongoing transactional operations despite the
+        fact that the transaction has been lost due to an
+        invalidation.
+
+        The :meth:`.Connection.invalidate` method, just like auto-invalidation,
+        will at the connection pool level invoke the
+        :meth:`.PoolEvents.invalidate` event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+        """
+        if self.invalidated:
+            return
+
+        if self.closed:
+            raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This Connection is closed")
+
+        if self._connection_is_valid:
+            self.__connection.invalidate(exception)
+        del self.__connection
+        self.__invalid = True
+
+    def detach(self):
+        """Detach the underlying DB-API connection from its connection pool.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            with engine.connect() as conn:
+                conn.detach()
+                conn.execute("SET search_path TO schema1, schema2")
+
+                # work with connection
+
+            # connection is fully closed (since we used "with:", can
+            # also call .close())
+
+        This :class:`.Connection` instance will remain usable.  When closed
+        (or exited from a context manager context as above),
+        the DB-API connection will be literally closed and not
+        returned to its originating pool.
+
+        This method can be used to insulate the rest of an application
+        from a modified state on a connection (such as a transaction
+        isolation level or similar).
+
+        """
+
+        self.__connection.detach()
+
+    def begin(self):
+        """Begin a transaction and return a transaction handle.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.Transaction`.
+        This object represents the "scope" of the transaction,
+        which completes when either the :meth:`.Transaction.rollback`
+        or :meth:`.Transaction.commit` method is called.
+
+        Nested calls to :meth:`.begin` on the same :class:`.Connection`
+        will return new :class:`.Transaction` objects that represent
+        an emulated transaction within the scope of the enclosing
+        transaction, that is::
+
+            trans = conn.begin()   # outermost transaction
+            trans2 = conn.begin()  # "nested"
+            trans2.commit()        # does nothing
+            trans.commit()         # actually commits
+
+        Calls to :meth:`.Transaction.commit` only have an effect
+        when invoked via the outermost :class:`.Transaction` object, though the
+        :meth:`.Transaction.rollback` method of any of the
+        :class:`.Transaction` objects will roll back the
+        transaction.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :meth:`.Connection.begin_nested` - use a SAVEPOINT
+
+        :meth:`.Connection.begin_twophase` - use a two phase /XID transaction
+
+        :meth:`.Engine.begin` - context manager available from
+        :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.__transaction is None:
+            self.__transaction = RootTransaction(self)
+            return self.__transaction
+        else:
+            return Transaction(self, self.__transaction)
+
+    def begin_nested(self):
+        """Begin a nested transaction and return a transaction handle.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.NestedTransaction`.
+
+        Nested transactions require SAVEPOINT support in the
+        underlying database.  Any transaction in the hierarchy may
+        ``commit`` and ``rollback``, however the outermost transaction
+        still controls the overall ``commit`` or ``rollback`` of the
+        transaction of a whole.
+
+        See also :meth:`.Connection.begin`,
+        :meth:`.Connection.begin_twophase`.
+        """
+        if self.__transaction is None:
+            self.__transaction = RootTransaction(self)
+        else:
+            self.__transaction = NestedTransaction(self, self.__transaction)
+        return self.__transaction
+
+    def begin_twophase(self, xid=None):
+        """Begin a two-phase or XA transaction and return a transaction
+        handle.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction`,
+        which in addition to the methods provided by
+        :class:`.Transaction`, also provides a
+        :meth:`~.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` method.
+
+        :param xid: the two phase transaction id.  If not supplied, a
+          random id will be generated.
+
+        See also :meth:`.Connection.begin`,
+        :meth:`.Connection.begin_twophase`.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.__transaction is not None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Cannot start a two phase transaction when a transaction "
+                "is already in progress.")
+        if xid is None:
+            xid = self.engine.dialect.create_xid()
+        self.__transaction = TwoPhaseTransaction(self, xid)
+        return self.__transaction
+
+    def recover_twophase(self):
+        return self.engine.dialect.do_recover_twophase(self)
+
+    def rollback_prepared(self, xid, recover=False):
+        self.engine.dialect.do_rollback_twophase(self, xid, recover=recover)
+
+    def commit_prepared(self, xid, recover=False):
+        self.engine.dialect.do_commit_twophase(self, xid, recover=recover)
+
+    def in_transaction(self):
+        """Return True if a transaction is in progress."""
+
+        return self.__transaction is not None
+
+    def _begin_impl(self, transaction):
+        if self._echo:
+            self.engine.logger.info("BEGIN (implicit)")
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.begin(self)
+
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_begin(self.connection)
+            if self.connection._reset_agent is None:
+                self.connection._reset_agent = transaction
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    def _rollback_impl(self):
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.rollback(self)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            if self._echo:
+                self.engine.logger.info("ROLLBACK")
+            try:
+                self.engine.dialect.do_rollback(self.connection)
+            except Exception as e:
+                self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+            finally:
+                if not self.__invalid and \
+                        self.connection._reset_agent is self.__transaction:
+                    self.connection._reset_agent = None
+                self.__transaction = None
+        else:
+            self.__transaction = None
+
+    def _commit_impl(self, autocommit=False):
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.commit(self)
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self.engine.logger.info("COMMIT")
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_commit(self.connection)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+        finally:
+            if not self.__invalid and \
+                    self.connection._reset_agent is self.__transaction:
+                self.connection._reset_agent = None
+            self.__transaction = None
+
+    def _savepoint_impl(self, name=None):
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.savepoint(self, name)
+
+        if name is None:
+            self.__savepoint_seq += 1
+            name = 'sa_savepoint_%s' % self.__savepoint_seq
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_savepoint(self, name)
+            return name
+
+    def _rollback_to_savepoint_impl(self, name, context):
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.rollback_savepoint(self, name, context)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_rollback_to_savepoint(self, name)
+        self.__transaction = context
+
+    def _release_savepoint_impl(self, name, context):
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.release_savepoint(self, name, context)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_release_savepoint(self, name)
+        self.__transaction = context
+
+    def _begin_twophase_impl(self, transaction):
+        if self._echo:
+            self.engine.logger.info("BEGIN TWOPHASE (implicit)")
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.begin_twophase(self, transaction.xid)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_begin_twophase(self, transaction.xid)
+
+            if self.connection._reset_agent is None:
+                self.connection._reset_agent = transaction
+
+    def _prepare_twophase_impl(self, xid):
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.prepare_twophase(self, xid)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            assert isinstance(self.__transaction, TwoPhaseTransaction)
+            self.engine.dialect.do_prepare_twophase(self, xid)
+
+    def _rollback_twophase_impl(self, xid, is_prepared):
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.rollback_twophase(self, xid, is_prepared)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            assert isinstance(self.__transaction, TwoPhaseTransaction)
+            try:
+                self.engine.dialect.do_rollback_twophase(
+                    self, xid, is_prepared)
+            finally:
+                if self.connection._reset_agent is self.__transaction:
+                    self.connection._reset_agent = None
+                self.__transaction = None
+        else:
+            self.__transaction = None
+
+    def _commit_twophase_impl(self, xid, is_prepared):
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.commit_twophase(self, xid, is_prepared)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            assert isinstance(self.__transaction, TwoPhaseTransaction)
+            try:
+                self.engine.dialect.do_commit_twophase(self, xid, is_prepared)
+            finally:
+                if self.connection._reset_agent is self.__transaction:
+                    self.connection._reset_agent = None
+                self.__transaction = None
+        else:
+            self.__transaction = None
+
+    def _autorollback(self):
+        if not self.in_transaction():
+            self._rollback_impl()
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close this :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        This results in a release of the underlying database
+        resources, that is, the DBAPI connection referenced
+        internally. The DBAPI connection is typically restored
+        back to the connection-holding :class:`.Pool` referenced
+        by the :class:`.Engine` that produced this
+        :class:`.Connection`. Any transactional state present on
+        the DBAPI connection is also unconditionally released via
+        the DBAPI connection's ``rollback()`` method, regardless
+        of any :class:`.Transaction` object that may be
+        outstanding with regards to this :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        After :meth:`~.Connection.close` is called, the
+        :class:`.Connection` is permanently in a closed state,
+        and will allow no further operations.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            conn = self.__connection
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if not self.__branch:
+                conn.close()
+            if conn._reset_agent is self.__transaction:
+                conn._reset_agent = None
+
+            # the close() process can end up invalidating us,
+            # as the pool will call our transaction as the "reset_agent"
+            # for rollback(), which can then cause an invalidation
+            if not self.__invalid:
+                del self.__connection
+        self.__can_reconnect = False
+        self.__transaction = None
+
+    def scalar(self, object, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Executes and returns the first column of the first row.
+
+        The underlying result/cursor is closed after execution.
+        """
+
+        return self.execute(object, *multiparams, **params).scalar()
+
+    def execute(self, object, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Executes the a SQL statement construct and returns a
+        :class:`.ResultProxy`.
+
+        :param object: The statement to be executed.  May be
+         one of:
+
+         * a plain string
+         * any :class:`.ClauseElement` construct that is also
+           a subclass of :class:`.Executable`, such as a
+           :func:`~.expression.select` construct
+         * a :class:`.FunctionElement`, such as that generated
+           by :attr:`.func`, will be automatically wrapped in
+           a SELECT statement, which is then executed.
+         * a :class:`.DDLElement` object
+         * a :class:`.DefaultGenerator` object
+         * a :class:`.Compiled` object
+
+        :param \*multiparams/\**params: represent bound parameter
+         values to be used in the execution.   Typically,
+         the format is either a collection of one or more
+         dictionaries passed to \*multiparams::
+
+             conn.execute(
+                 table.insert(),
+                 {"id":1, "value":"v1"},
+                 {"id":2, "value":"v2"}
+             )
+
+         ...or individual key/values interpreted by \**params::
+
+             conn.execute(
+                 table.insert(), id=1, value="v1"
+             )
+
+         In the case that a plain SQL string is passed, and the underlying
+         DBAPI accepts positional bind parameters, a collection of tuples
+         or individual values in \*multiparams may be passed::
+
+             conn.execute(
+                 "INSERT INTO table (id, value) VALUES (?, ?)",
+                 (1, "v1"), (2, "v2")
+             )
+
+             conn.execute(
+                 "INSERT INTO table (id, value) VALUES (?, ?)",
+                 1, "v1"
+             )
+
+         Note above, the usage of a question mark "?" or other
+         symbol is contingent upon the "paramstyle" accepted by the DBAPI
+         in use, which may be any of "qmark", "named", "pyformat", "format",
+         "numeric".   See `pep-249 `_
+         for details on paramstyle.
+
+         To execute a textual SQL statement which uses bound parameters in a
+         DBAPI-agnostic way, use the :func:`~.expression.text` construct.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(object, util.string_types[0]):
+            return self._execute_text(object, multiparams, params)
+        try:
+            meth = object._execute_on_connection
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Unexecutable object type: %s" %
+                type(object))
+        else:
+            return meth(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    def _execute_function(self, func, multiparams, params):
+        """Execute a sql.FunctionElement object."""
+
+        return self._execute_clauseelement(func.select(),
+                                           multiparams, params)
+
+    def _execute_default(self, default, multiparams, params):
+        """Execute a schema.ColumnDefault object."""
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_execute:
+                default, multiparams, params = \
+                    fn(self, default, multiparams, params)
+
+        try:
+            try:
+                conn = self.__connection
+            except AttributeError:
+                conn = self._revalidate_connection()
+
+            dialect = self.dialect
+            ctx = dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_default(
+                dialect, self, conn)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+        ret = ctx._exec_default(default, None)
+        if self.should_close_with_result:
+            self.close()
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(self,
+                                        default, multiparams, params, ret)
+
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_ddl(self, ddl, multiparams, params):
+        """Execute a schema.DDL object."""
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_execute:
+                ddl, multiparams, params = \
+                    fn(self, ddl, multiparams, params)
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+
+        compiled = ddl.compile(dialect=dialect)
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_ddl,
+            compiled,
+            None,
+            compiled
+        )
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(self,
+                                        ddl, multiparams, params, ret)
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_clauseelement(self, elem, multiparams, params):
+        """Execute a sql.ClauseElement object."""
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_execute:
+                elem, multiparams, params = \
+                    fn(self, elem, multiparams, params)
+
+        distilled_params = _distill_params(multiparams, params)
+        if distilled_params:
+            # note this is usually dict but we support RowProxy
+            # as well; but dict.keys() as an iterator is OK
+            keys = distilled_params[0].keys()
+        else:
+            keys = []
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+        if 'compiled_cache' in self._execution_options:
+            key = dialect, elem, tuple(keys), len(distilled_params) > 1
+            if key in self._execution_options['compiled_cache']:
+                compiled_sql = self._execution_options['compiled_cache'][key]
+            else:
+                compiled_sql = elem.compile(
+                    dialect=dialect, column_keys=keys,
+                    inline=len(distilled_params) > 1)
+                self._execution_options['compiled_cache'][key] = compiled_sql
+        else:
+            compiled_sql = elem.compile(
+                dialect=dialect, column_keys=keys,
+                inline=len(distilled_params) > 1)
+
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_compiled,
+            compiled_sql,
+            distilled_params,
+            compiled_sql, distilled_params
+        )
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(self,
+                                        elem, multiparams, params, ret)
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_compiled(self, compiled, multiparams, params):
+        """Execute a sql.Compiled object."""
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_execute:
+                compiled, multiparams, params = \
+                    fn(self, compiled, multiparams, params)
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+        parameters = _distill_params(multiparams, params)
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_compiled,
+            compiled,
+            parameters,
+            compiled, parameters
+        )
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(self,
+                                        compiled, multiparams, params, ret)
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_text(self, statement, multiparams, params):
+        """Execute a string SQL statement."""
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_execute:
+                statement, multiparams, params = \
+                    fn(self, statement, multiparams, params)
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+        parameters = _distill_params(multiparams, params)
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_statement,
+            statement,
+            parameters,
+            statement, parameters
+        )
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(self,
+                                        statement, multiparams, params, ret)
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_context(self, dialect, constructor,
+                         statement, parameters,
+                         *args):
+        """Create an :class:`.ExecutionContext` and execute, returning
+        a :class:`.ResultProxy`."""
+
+        try:
+            try:
+                conn = self.__connection
+            except AttributeError:
+                conn = self._revalidate_connection()
+
+            context = constructor(dialect, self, conn, *args)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e,
+                                         util.text_type(statement), parameters,
+                                         None, None)
+
+        if context.compiled:
+            context.pre_exec()
+
+        cursor, statement, parameters = context.cursor, \
+            context.statement, \
+            context.parameters
+
+        if not context.executemany:
+            parameters = parameters[0]
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_cursor_execute:
+                statement, parameters = \
+                    fn(self, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                       context, context.executemany)
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self.engine.logger.info(statement)
+            self.engine.logger.info(
+                "%r",
+                sql_util._repr_params(parameters, batches=10)
+            )
+        try:
+            if context.executemany:
+                for fn in () if not self.dialect._has_events \
+                        else self.dialect.dispatch.do_executemany:
+                    if fn(cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+                        break
+                else:
+                    self.dialect.do_executemany(
+                        cursor,
+                        statement,
+                        parameters,
+                        context)
+
+            elif not parameters and context.no_parameters:
+                for fn in () if not self.dialect._has_events \
+                        else self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute_no_params:
+                    if fn(cursor, statement, context):
+                        break
+                else:
+                    self.dialect.do_execute_no_params(
+                        cursor,
+                        statement,
+                        context)
+
+            else:
+                for fn in () if not self.dialect._has_events \
+                        else self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute:
+                    if fn(cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+                        break
+                else:
+                    self.dialect.do_execute(
+                        cursor,
+                        statement,
+                        parameters,
+                        context)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e,
+                statement,
+                parameters,
+                cursor,
+                context)
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_cursor_execute(self, cursor,
+                                               statement,
+                                               parameters,
+                                               context,
+                                               context.executemany)
+
+        if context.compiled:
+            context.post_exec()
+
+            if context.isinsert and not context.executemany:
+                context.post_insert()
+
+        # create a resultproxy, get rowcount/implicit RETURNING
+        # rows, close cursor if no further results pending
+        result = context.get_result_proxy()
+        if context.isinsert:
+            if context._is_implicit_returning:
+                context._fetch_implicit_returning(result)
+                result.close(_autoclose_connection=False)
+                result._metadata = None
+            elif not context._is_explicit_returning:
+                result.close(_autoclose_connection=False)
+                result._metadata = None
+        elif context.isupdate and context._is_implicit_returning:
+            context._fetch_implicit_update_returning(result)
+            result.close(_autoclose_connection=False)
+            result._metadata = None
+
+        elif result._metadata is None:
+            # no results, get rowcount
+            # (which requires open cursor on some drivers
+            # such as kintersbasdb, mxodbc),
+            result.rowcount
+            result.close(_autoclose_connection=False)
+
+        if self.__transaction is None and context.should_autocommit:
+            self._commit_impl(autocommit=True)
+
+        if result.closed and self.should_close_with_result:
+            self.close()
+
+        return result
+
+    def _cursor_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        """Execute a statement + params on the given cursor.
+
+        Adds appropriate logging and exception handling.
+
+        This method is used by DefaultDialect for special-case
+        executions, such as for sequences and column defaults.
+        The path of statement execution in the majority of cases
+        terminates at _execute_context().
+
+        """
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_cursor_execute:
+                statement, parameters = \
+                    fn(self, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                       context,
+                       False)
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self.engine.logger.info(statement)
+            self.engine.logger.info("%r", parameters)
+        try:
+            for fn in () if not self.dialect._has_events \
+                    else self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute:
+                if fn(cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.dialect.do_execute(
+                    cursor,
+                    statement,
+                    parameters,
+                    context)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e,
+                statement,
+                parameters,
+                cursor,
+                context)
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_cursor_execute(self, cursor,
+                                               statement,
+                                               parameters,
+                                               context,
+                                               False)
+
+    def _safe_close_cursor(self, cursor):
+        """Close the given cursor, catching exceptions
+        and turning into log warnings.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            cursor.close()
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except Exception:
+            # log the error through the connection pool's logger.
+            self.engine.pool.logger.error(
+                "Error closing cursor", exc_info=True)
+
+    _reentrant_error = False
+    _is_disconnect = False
+
+    def _handle_dbapi_exception(self,
+                                e,
+                                statement,
+                                parameters,
+                                cursor,
+                                context):
+
+        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+
+        if context and context.exception is None:
+            context.exception = e
+
+        if not self._is_disconnect:
+            self._is_disconnect =  \
+                isinstance(e, self.dialect.dbapi.Error) and \
+                not self.closed and \
+                self.dialect.is_disconnect(e, self.__connection, cursor)
+            if context:
+                context.is_disconnect = self._is_disconnect
+
+        if self._reentrant_error:
+            util.raise_from_cause(
+                exc.DBAPIError.instance(statement,
+                                        parameters,
+                                        e,
+                                        self.dialect.dbapi.Error),
+                exc_info
+            )
+        self._reentrant_error = True
+        try:
+            # non-DBAPI error - if we already got a context,
+            # or there's no string statement, don't wrap it
+            should_wrap = isinstance(e, self.dialect.dbapi.Error) or \
+                (statement is not None and context is None)
+
+            if should_wrap:
+                sqlalchemy_exception = exc.DBAPIError.instance(
+                    statement,
+                    parameters,
+                    e,
+                    self.dialect.dbapi.Error,
+                    connection_invalidated=self._is_disconnect)
+            else:
+                sqlalchemy_exception = None
+
+            newraise = None
+
+            if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+                # legacy dbapi_error event
+                if should_wrap and context:
+                    self.dispatch.dbapi_error(self,
+                                              cursor,
+                                              statement,
+                                              parameters,
+                                              context,
+                                              e)
+
+                # new handle_error event
+                ctx = ExceptionContextImpl(
+                    e, sqlalchemy_exception, self, cursor, statement,
+                    parameters, context, self._is_disconnect)
+
+                for fn in self.dispatch.handle_error:
+                    try:
+                        # handler returns an exception;
+                        # call next handler in a chain
+                        per_fn = fn(ctx)
+                        if per_fn is not None:
+                            ctx.chained_exception = newraise = per_fn
+                    except Exception as _raised:
+                        # handler raises an exception - stop processing
+                        newraise = _raised
+                        break
+
+                if sqlalchemy_exception and \
+                        self._is_disconnect != ctx.is_disconnect:
+                    sqlalchemy_exception.connection_invalidated = \
+                        self._is_disconnect = ctx.is_disconnect
+
+            if should_wrap and context:
+                context.handle_dbapi_exception(e)
+
+            if not self._is_disconnect:
+                if cursor:
+                    self._safe_close_cursor(cursor)
+                self._autorollback()
+
+            if newraise:
+                util.raise_from_cause(newraise, exc_info)
+            elif should_wrap:
+                util.raise_from_cause(
+                    sqlalchemy_exception,
+                    exc_info
+                )
+            else:
+                util.reraise(*exc_info)
+
+        finally:
+            del self._reentrant_error
+            if self._is_disconnect:
+                del self._is_disconnect
+                dbapi_conn_wrapper = self.connection
+                self.engine.pool._invalidate(dbapi_conn_wrapper, e)
+                self.invalidate(e)
+            if self.should_close_with_result:
+                self.close()
+
+    def default_schema_name(self):
+        return self.engine.dialect.get_default_schema_name(self)
+
+    def transaction(self, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Execute the given function within a transaction boundary.
+
+        The function is passed this :class:`.Connection`
+        as the first argument, followed by the given \*args and \**kwargs,
+        e.g.::
+
+            def do_something(conn, x, y):
+                conn.execute("some statement", {'x':x, 'y':y})
+
+            conn.transaction(do_something, 5, 10)
+
+        The operations inside the function are all invoked within the
+        context of a single :class:`.Transaction`.
+        Upon success, the transaction is committed.  If an
+        exception is raised, the transaction is rolled back
+        before propagating the exception.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           The :meth:`.transaction` method is superseded by
+           the usage of the Python ``with:`` statement, which can
+           be used with :meth:`.Connection.begin`::
+
+               with conn.begin():
+                   conn.execute("some statement", {'x':5, 'y':10})
+
+           As well as with :meth:`.Engine.begin`::
+
+               with engine.begin() as conn:
+                   conn.execute("some statement", {'x':5, 'y':10})
+
+        See also:
+
+            :meth:`.Engine.begin` - engine-level transactional
+            context
+
+            :meth:`.Engine.transaction` - engine-level version of
+            :meth:`.Connection.transaction`
+
+        """
+
+        trans = self.begin()
+        try:
+            ret = self.run_callable(callable_, *args, **kwargs)
+            trans.commit()
+            return ret
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                trans.rollback()
+
+    def run_callable(self, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Given a callable object or function, execute it, passing
+        a :class:`.Connection` as the first argument.
+
+        The given \*args and \**kwargs are passed subsequent
+        to the :class:`.Connection` argument.
+
+        This function, along with :meth:`.Engine.run_callable`,
+        allows a function to be run with a :class:`.Connection`
+        or :class:`.Engine` object without the need to know
+        which one is being dealt with.
+
+        """
+        return callable_(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _run_visitor(self, visitorcallable, element, **kwargs):
+        visitorcallable(self.dialect, self,
+                        **kwargs).traverse_single(element)
+
+
+class ExceptionContextImpl(ExceptionContext):
+    """Implement the :class:`.ExceptionContext` interface."""
+
+    def __init__(self, exception, sqlalchemy_exception,
+                 connection, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                 context, is_disconnect):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.sqlalchemy_exception = sqlalchemy_exception
+        self.original_exception = exception
+        self.execution_context = context
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.parameters = parameters
+        self.is_disconnect = is_disconnect
+
+
+class Transaction(object):
+    """Represent a database transaction in progress.
+
+    The :class:`.Transaction` object is procured by
+    calling the :meth:`~.Connection.begin` method of
+    :class:`.Connection`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+        connection = engine.connect()
+        trans = connection.begin()
+        connection.execute("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 2)")
+        trans.commit()
+
+    The object provides :meth:`.rollback` and :meth:`.commit`
+    methods in order to control transaction boundaries.  It
+    also implements a context manager interface so that
+    the Python ``with`` statement can be used with the
+    :meth:`.Connection.begin` method::
+
+        with connection.begin():
+            connection.execute("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 2)")
+
+    The Transaction object is **not** threadsafe.
+
+    See also:  :meth:`.Connection.begin`, :meth:`.Connection.begin_twophase`,
+    :meth:`.Connection.begin_nested`.
+
+    .. index::
+      single: thread safety; Transaction
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, connection, parent):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self._parent = parent or self
+        self.is_active = True
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close this :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        If this transaction is the base transaction in a begin/commit
+        nesting, the transaction will rollback().  Otherwise, the
+        method returns.
+
+        This is used to cancel a Transaction without affecting the scope of
+        an enclosing transaction.
+
+        """
+        if not self._parent.is_active:
+            return
+        if self._parent is self:
+            self.rollback()
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        """Roll back this :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        """
+        if not self._parent.is_active:
+            return
+        self._do_rollback()
+        self.is_active = False
+
+    def _do_rollback(self):
+        self._parent.rollback()
+
+    def commit(self):
+        """Commit this :class:`.Transaction`."""
+
+        if not self._parent.is_active:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This transaction is inactive")
+        self._do_commit()
+        self.is_active = False
+
+    def _do_commit(self):
+        pass
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        if type is None and self.is_active:
+            try:
+                self.commit()
+            except:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    self.rollback()
+        else:
+            self.rollback()
+
+
+class RootTransaction(Transaction):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        super(RootTransaction, self).__init__(connection, None)
+        self.connection._begin_impl(self)
+
+    def _do_rollback(self):
+        if self.is_active:
+            self.connection._rollback_impl()
+
+    def _do_commit(self):
+        if self.is_active:
+            self.connection._commit_impl()
+
+
+class NestedTransaction(Transaction):
+    """Represent a 'nested', or SAVEPOINT transaction.
+
+    A new :class:`.NestedTransaction` object may be procured
+    using the :meth:`.Connection.begin_nested` method.
+
+    The interface is the same as that of :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, connection, parent):
+        super(NestedTransaction, self).__init__(connection, parent)
+        self._savepoint = self.connection._savepoint_impl()
+
+    def _do_rollback(self):
+        if self.is_active:
+            self.connection._rollback_to_savepoint_impl(
+                self._savepoint, self._parent)
+
+    def _do_commit(self):
+        if self.is_active:
+            self.connection._release_savepoint_impl(
+                self._savepoint, self._parent)
+
+
+class TwoPhaseTransaction(Transaction):
+    """Represent a two-phase transaction.
+
+    A new :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction` object may be procured
+    using the :meth:`.Connection.begin_twophase` method.
+
+    The interface is the same as that of :class:`.Transaction`
+    with the addition of the :meth:`prepare` method.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, connection, xid):
+        super(TwoPhaseTransaction, self).__init__(connection, None)
+        self._is_prepared = False
+        self.xid = xid
+        self.connection._begin_twophase_impl(self)
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        """Prepare this :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction`.
+
+        After a PREPARE, the transaction can be committed.
+
+        """
+        if not self._parent.is_active:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This transaction is inactive")
+        self.connection._prepare_twophase_impl(self.xid)
+        self._is_prepared = True
+
+    def _do_rollback(self):
+        self.connection._rollback_twophase_impl(self.xid, self._is_prepared)
+
+    def _do_commit(self):
+        self.connection._commit_twophase_impl(self.xid, self._is_prepared)
+
+
+class Engine(Connectable, log.Identified):
+    """
+    Connects a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool` and
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` together to provide a
+    source of database connectivity and behavior.
+
+    An :class:`.Engine` object is instantiated publicly using the
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.create_engine` function.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :doc:`/core/engines`
+
+    :ref:`connections_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    _execution_options = util.immutabledict()
+    _has_events = False
+    _connection_cls = Connection
+
+    def __init__(self, pool, dialect, url,
+                 logging_name=None, echo=None, proxy=None,
+                 execution_options=None
+                 ):
+        self.pool = pool
+        self.url = url
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.pool._dialect = dialect
+        if logging_name:
+            self.logging_name = logging_name
+        self.echo = echo
+        self.engine = self
+        log.instance_logger(self, echoflag=echo)
+        if proxy:
+            interfaces.ConnectionProxy._adapt_listener(self, proxy)
+        if execution_options:
+            self.update_execution_options(**execution_options)
+
+    def update_execution_options(self, **opt):
+        """Update the default execution_options dictionary
+        of this :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        The given keys/values in \**opt are added to the
+        default execution options that will be used for
+        all connections.  The initial contents of this dictionary
+        can be sent via the ``execution_options`` parameter
+        to :func:`.create_engine`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`.Engine.execution_options`
+
+        """
+        self._execution_options = \
+            self._execution_options.union(opt)
+        self.dispatch.set_engine_execution_options(self, opt)
+        self.dialect.set_engine_execution_options(self, opt)
+
+    def execution_options(self, **opt):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Engine` that will provide
+        :class:`.Connection` objects with the given execution options.
+
+        The returned :class:`.Engine` remains related to the original
+        :class:`.Engine` in that it shares the same connection pool and
+        other state:
+
+        * The :class:`.Pool` used by the new :class:`.Engine` is the
+          same instance.  The :meth:`.Engine.dispose` method will replace
+          the connection pool instance for the parent engine as well
+          as this one.
+        * Event listeners are "cascaded" - meaning, the new :class:`.Engine`
+          inherits the events of the parent, and new events can be associated
+          with the new :class:`.Engine` individually.
+        * The logging configuration and logging_name is copied from the parent
+          :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        The intent of the :meth:`.Engine.execution_options` method is
+        to implement "sharding" schemes where multiple :class:`.Engine`
+        objects refer to the same connection pool, but are differentiated
+        by options that would be consumed by a custom event::
+
+            primary_engine = create_engine("mysql://")
+            shard1 = primary_engine.execution_options(shard_id="shard1")
+            shard2 = primary_engine.execution_options(shard_id="shard2")
+
+        Above, the ``shard1`` engine serves as a factory for
+        :class:`.Connection` objects that will contain the execution option
+        ``shard_id=shard1``, and ``shard2`` will produce :class:`.Connection`
+        objects that contain the execution option ``shard_id=shard2``.
+
+        An event handler can consume the above execution option to perform
+        a schema switch or other operation, given a connection.  Below
+        we emit a MySQL ``use`` statement to switch databases, at the same
+        time keeping track of which database we've established using the
+        :attr:`.Connection.info` dictionary, which gives us a persistent
+        storage space that follows the DBAPI connection::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import event
+            from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
+
+            shards = {"default": "base", shard_1: "db1", "shard_2": "db2"}
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_cursor_execute")
+            def _switch_shard(conn, cursor, stmt,
+                    params, context, executemany):
+                shard_id = conn._execution_options.get('shard_id', "default")
+                current_shard = conn.info.get("current_shard", None)
+
+                if current_shard != shard_id:
+                    cursor.execute("use %s" % shards[shard_id])
+                    conn.info["current_shard"] = shard_id
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.execution_options` - update execution options
+            on a :class:`.Connection` object.
+
+            :meth:`.Engine.update_execution_options` - update the execution
+            options for a given :class:`.Engine` in place.
+
+        """
+        return OptionEngine(self, opt)
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        """String name of the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`
+        in use by this :class:`Engine`."""
+
+        return self.dialect.name
+
+    @property
+    def driver(self):
+        """Driver name of the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`
+        in use by this :class:`Engine`."""
+
+        return self.dialect.driver
+
+    echo = log.echo_property()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Engine(%r)' % self.url
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        """Dispose of the connection pool used by this :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        A new connection pool is created immediately after the old one has
+        been disposed.   This new pool, like all SQLAlchemy connection pools,
+        does not make any actual connections to the database until one is
+        first requested.
+
+        This method has two general use cases:
+
+         * When a dropped connection is detected, it is assumed that all
+           connections held by the pool are potentially dropped, and
+           the entire pool is replaced.
+
+         * An application may want to use :meth:`dispose` within a test
+           suite that is creating multiple engines.
+
+        It is critical to note that :meth:`dispose` does **not** guarantee
+        that the application will release all open database connections - only
+        those connections that are checked into the pool are closed.
+        Connections which remain checked out or have been detached from
+        the engine are not affected.
+
+        """
+        self.pool.dispose()
+        self.pool = self.pool.recreate()
+
+    def _execute_default(self, default):
+        with self.contextual_connect() as conn:
+            return conn._execute_default(default, (), {})
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _optional_conn_ctx_manager(self, connection=None):
+        if connection is None:
+            with self.contextual_connect() as conn:
+                yield conn
+        else:
+            yield connection
+
+    def _run_visitor(self, visitorcallable, element,
+                     connection=None, **kwargs):
+        with self._optional_conn_ctx_manager(connection) as conn:
+            conn._run_visitor(visitorcallable, element, **kwargs)
+
+    class _trans_ctx(object):
+        def __init__(self, conn, transaction, close_with_result):
+            self.conn = conn
+            self.transaction = transaction
+            self.close_with_result = close_with_result
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self.conn
+
+        def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+            if type is not None:
+                self.transaction.rollback()
+            else:
+                self.transaction.commit()
+            if not self.close_with_result:
+                self.conn.close()
+
+    def begin(self, close_with_result=False):
+        """Return a context manager delivering a :class:`.Connection`
+        with a :class:`.Transaction` established.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            with engine.begin() as conn:
+                conn.execute("insert into table (x, y, z) values (1, 2, 3)")
+                conn.execute("my_special_procedure(5)")
+
+        Upon successful operation, the :class:`.Transaction`
+        is committed.  If an error is raised, the :class:`.Transaction`
+        is rolled back.
+
+        The ``close_with_result`` flag is normally ``False``, and indicates
+        that the :class:`.Connection` will be closed when the operation
+        is complete.   When set to ``True``, it indicates the
+        :class:`.Connection` is in "single use" mode, where the
+        :class:`.ResultProxy` returned by the first call to
+        :meth:`.Connection.execute` will close the :class:`.Connection` when
+        that :class:`.ResultProxy` has exhausted all result rows.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+        See also:
+
+        :meth:`.Engine.connect` - procure a :class:`.Connection` from
+        an :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        :meth:`.Connection.begin` - start a :class:`.Transaction`
+        for a particular :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        """
+        conn = self.contextual_connect(close_with_result=close_with_result)
+        try:
+            trans = conn.begin()
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                conn.close()
+        return Engine._trans_ctx(conn, trans, close_with_result)
+
+    def transaction(self, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Execute the given function within a transaction boundary.
+
+        The function is passed a :class:`.Connection` newly procured
+        from :meth:`.Engine.contextual_connect` as the first argument,
+        followed by the given \*args and \**kwargs.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            def do_something(conn, x, y):
+                conn.execute("some statement", {'x':x, 'y':y})
+
+            engine.transaction(do_something, 5, 10)
+
+        The operations inside the function are all invoked within the
+        context of a single :class:`.Transaction`.
+        Upon success, the transaction is committed.  If an
+        exception is raised, the transaction is rolled back
+        before propagating the exception.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           The :meth:`.transaction` method is superseded by
+           the usage of the Python ``with:`` statement, which can
+           be used with :meth:`.Engine.begin`::
+
+               with engine.begin() as conn:
+                   conn.execute("some statement", {'x':5, 'y':10})
+
+        See also:
+
+            :meth:`.Engine.begin` - engine-level transactional
+            context
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.transaction` - connection-level version of
+            :meth:`.Engine.transaction`
+
+        """
+
+        with self.contextual_connect() as conn:
+            return conn.transaction(callable_, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def run_callable(self, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Given a callable object or function, execute it, passing
+        a :class:`.Connection` as the first argument.
+
+        The given \*args and \**kwargs are passed subsequent
+        to the :class:`.Connection` argument.
+
+        This function, along with :meth:`.Connection.run_callable`,
+        allows a function to be run with a :class:`.Connection`
+        or :class:`.Engine` object without the need to know
+        which one is being dealt with.
+
+        """
+        with self.contextual_connect() as conn:
+            return conn.run_callable(callable_, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def execute(self, statement, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Executes the given construct and returns a :class:`.ResultProxy`.
+
+        The arguments are the same as those used by
+        :meth:`.Connection.execute`.
+
+        Here, a :class:`.Connection` is acquired using the
+        :meth:`~.Engine.contextual_connect` method, and the statement executed
+        with that connection. The returned :class:`.ResultProxy` is flagged
+        such that when the :class:`.ResultProxy` is exhausted and its
+        underlying cursor is closed, the :class:`.Connection` created here
+        will also be closed, which allows its associated DBAPI connection
+        resource to be returned to the connection pool.
+
+        """
+
+        connection = self.contextual_connect(close_with_result=True)
+        return connection.execute(statement, *multiparams, **params)
+
+    def scalar(self, statement, *multiparams, **params):
+        return self.execute(statement, *multiparams, **params).scalar()
+
+    def _execute_clauseelement(self, elem, multiparams=None, params=None):
+        connection = self.contextual_connect(close_with_result=True)
+        return connection._execute_clauseelement(elem, multiparams, params)
+
+    def _execute_compiled(self, compiled, multiparams, params):
+        connection = self.contextual_connect(close_with_result=True)
+        return connection._execute_compiled(compiled, multiparams, params)
+
+    def connect(self, **kwargs):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Connection` object.
+
+        The :class:`.Connection` object is a facade that uses a DBAPI
+        connection internally in order to communicate with the database.  This
+        connection is procured from the connection-holding :class:`.Pool`
+        referenced by this :class:`.Engine`. When the
+        :meth:`~.Connection.close` method of the :class:`.Connection` object
+        is called, the underlying DBAPI connection is then returned to the
+        connection pool, where it may be used again in a subsequent call to
+        :meth:`~.Engine.connect`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._connection_cls(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def contextual_connect(self, close_with_result=False, **kwargs):
+        """Return a :class:`.Connection` object which may be part of some
+        ongoing context.
+
+        By default, this method does the same thing as :meth:`.Engine.connect`.
+        Subclasses of :class:`.Engine` may override this method
+        to provide contextual behavior.
+
+        :param close_with_result: When True, the first :class:`.ResultProxy`
+          created by the :class:`.Connection` will call the
+          :meth:`.Connection.close` method of that connection as soon as any
+          pending result rows are exhausted. This is used to supply the
+          "connectionless execution" behavior provided by the
+          :meth:`.Engine.execute` method.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._connection_cls(self,
+                                    self.pool.connect(),
+                                    close_with_result=close_with_result,
+                                    **kwargs)
+
+    def table_names(self, schema=None, connection=None):
+        """Return a list of all table names available in the database.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+
+        :param connection: Optional, use a specified connection. Default is
+          the ``contextual_connect`` for this ``Engine``.
+        """
+
+        with self._optional_conn_ctx_manager(connection) as conn:
+            if not schema:
+                schema = self.dialect.default_schema_name
+            return self.dialect.get_table_names(conn, schema)
+
+    def has_table(self, table_name, schema=None):
+        """Return True if the given backend has a table of the given name.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`metadata_reflection_inspector` - detailed schema inspection
+            using the :class:`.Inspector` interface.
+
+            :class:`.quoted_name` - used to pass quoting information along
+            with a schema identifier.
+
+        """
+        return self.run_callable(self.dialect.has_table, table_name, schema)
+
+    def raw_connection(self):
+        """Return a "raw" DBAPI connection from the connection pool.
+
+        The returned object is a proxied version of the DBAPI
+        connection object used by the underlying driver in use.
+        The object will have all the same behavior as the real DBAPI
+        connection, except that its ``close()`` method will result in the
+        connection being returned to the pool, rather than being closed
+        for real.
+
+        This method provides direct DBAPI connection access for
+        special situations.  In most situations, the :class:`.Connection`
+        object should be used, which is procured using the
+        :meth:`.Engine.connect` method.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.pool.unique_connection()
+
+
+class OptionEngine(Engine):
+    def __init__(self, proxied, execution_options):
+        self._proxied = proxied
+        self.url = proxied.url
+        self.dialect = proxied.dialect
+        self.logging_name = proxied.logging_name
+        self.echo = proxied.echo
+        log.instance_logger(self, echoflag=self.echo)
+        self.dispatch = self.dispatch._join(proxied.dispatch)
+        self._execution_options = proxied._execution_options
+        self.update_execution_options(**execution_options)
+
+    def _get_pool(self):
+        return self._proxied.pool
+
+    def _set_pool(self, pool):
+        self._proxied.pool = pool
+
+    pool = property(_get_pool, _set_pool)
+
+    def _get_has_events(self):
+        return self._proxied._has_events or \
+            self.__dict__.get('_has_events', False)
+
+    def _set_has_events(self, value):
+        self.__dict__['_has_events'] = value
+
+    _has_events = property(_get_has_events, _set_has_events)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fece76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py
@@ -0,0 +1,958 @@
+# engine/default.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Default implementations of per-dialect sqlalchemy.engine classes.
+
+These are semi-private implementation classes which are only of importance
+to database dialect authors; dialects will usually use the classes here
+as the base class for their own corresponding classes.
+
+"""
+
+import re
+import random
+from . import reflection, interfaces, result
+from ..sql import compiler, expression
+from .. import types as sqltypes
+from .. import exc, util, pool, processors
+import codecs
+import weakref
+from .. import event
+
+AUTOCOMMIT_REGEXP = re.compile(
+    r'\s*(?:UPDATE|INSERT|CREATE|DELETE|DROP|ALTER)',
+    re.I | re.UNICODE)
+
+
+class DefaultDialect(interfaces.Dialect):
+    """Default implementation of Dialect"""
+
+    statement_compiler = compiler.SQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = compiler.DDLCompiler
+    type_compiler = compiler.GenericTypeCompiler
+    preparer = compiler.IdentifierPreparer
+    supports_alter = True
+
+    # the first value we'd get for an autoincrement
+    # column.
+    default_sequence_base = 1
+
+    # most DBAPIs happy with this for execute().
+    # not cx_oracle.
+    execute_sequence_format = tuple
+
+    supports_views = True
+    supports_sequences = False
+    sequences_optional = False
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences = False
+    postfetch_lastrowid = True
+    implicit_returning = False
+
+    supports_right_nested_joins = True
+
+    supports_native_enum = False
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+
+    supports_simple_order_by_label = True
+
+    engine_config_types = util.immutabledict([
+        ('convert_unicode', util.bool_or_str('force')),
+        ('pool_timeout', int),
+        ('echo', util.bool_or_str('debug')),
+        ('echo_pool', util.bool_or_str('debug')),
+        ('pool_recycle', int),
+        ('pool_size', int),
+        ('max_overflow', int),
+        ('pool_threadlocal', bool),
+        ('use_native_unicode', bool),
+    ])
+
+    # if the NUMERIC type
+    # returns decimal.Decimal.
+    # *not* the FLOAT type however.
+    supports_native_decimal = False
+
+    if util.py3k:
+        supports_unicode_statements = True
+        supports_unicode_binds = True
+        returns_unicode_strings = True
+        description_encoding = None
+    else:
+        supports_unicode_statements = False
+        supports_unicode_binds = False
+        returns_unicode_strings = False
+        description_encoding = 'use_encoding'
+
+    name = 'default'
+
+    # length at which to truncate
+    # any identifier.
+    max_identifier_length = 9999
+
+    # length at which to truncate
+    # the name of an index.
+    # Usually None to indicate
+    # 'use max_identifier_length'.
+    # thanks to MySQL, sigh
+    max_index_name_length = None
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+    dbapi_type_map = {}
+    colspecs = {}
+    default_paramstyle = 'named'
+    supports_default_values = False
+    supports_empty_insert = True
+    supports_multivalues_insert = False
+
+    server_version_info = None
+
+    construct_arguments = None
+    """Optional set of argument specifiers for various SQLAlchemy
+    constructs, typically schema items.
+
+    To implement, establish as a series of tuples, as in::
+
+        construct_arguments = [
+            (schema.Index, {
+                "using": False,
+                "where": None,
+                "ops": None
+            })
+        ]
+
+    If the above construct is established on the Postgresql dialect,
+    the :class:`.Index` construct will now accept the keyword arguments
+    ``postgresql_using``, ``postgresql_where``, nad ``postgresql_ops``.
+    Any other argument specified to the constructor of :class:`.Index`
+    which is prefixed with ``postgresql_`` will raise :class:`.ArgumentError`.
+
+    A dialect which does not include a ``construct_arguments`` member will
+    not participate in the argument validation system.  For such a dialect,
+    any argument name is accepted by all participating constructs, within
+    the namespace of arguments prefixed with that dialect name.  The rationale
+    here is so that third-party dialects that haven't yet implemented this
+    feature continue to function in the old way.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.DialectKWArgs` - implementing base class which consumes
+        :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments`
+
+
+    """
+
+    # indicates symbol names are
+    # UPPERCASEd if they are case insensitive
+    # within the database.
+    # if this is True, the methods normalize_name()
+    # and denormalize_name() must be provided.
+    requires_name_normalize = False
+
+    reflection_options = ()
+
+    def __init__(self, convert_unicode=False,
+                 encoding='utf-8', paramstyle=None, dbapi=None,
+                 implicit_returning=None,
+                 supports_right_nested_joins=None,
+                 case_sensitive=True,
+                 supports_native_boolean=None,
+                 label_length=None, **kwargs):
+
+        if not getattr(self, 'ported_sqla_06', True):
+            util.warn(
+                "The %s dialect is not yet ported to the 0.6 format" %
+                self.name)
+
+        self.convert_unicode = convert_unicode
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.positional = False
+        self._ischema = None
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        if paramstyle is not None:
+            self.paramstyle = paramstyle
+        elif self.dbapi is not None:
+            self.paramstyle = self.dbapi.paramstyle
+        else:
+            self.paramstyle = self.default_paramstyle
+        if implicit_returning is not None:
+            self.implicit_returning = implicit_returning
+        self.positional = self.paramstyle in ('qmark', 'format', 'numeric')
+        self.identifier_preparer = self.preparer(self)
+        self.type_compiler = self.type_compiler(self)
+        if supports_right_nested_joins is not None:
+            self.supports_right_nested_joins = supports_right_nested_joins
+        if supports_native_boolean is not None:
+            self.supports_native_boolean = supports_native_boolean
+        self.case_sensitive = case_sensitive
+
+        if label_length and label_length > self.max_identifier_length:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Label length of %d is greater than this dialect's"
+                " maximum identifier length of %d" %
+                (label_length, self.max_identifier_length))
+        self.label_length = label_length
+
+        if self.description_encoding == 'use_encoding':
+            self._description_decoder = \
+                processors.to_unicode_processor_factory(
+                    encoding
+                )
+        elif self.description_encoding is not None:
+            self._description_decoder = \
+                processors.to_unicode_processor_factory(
+                    self.description_encoding
+                )
+        self._encoder = codecs.getencoder(self.encoding)
+        self._decoder = processors.to_unicode_processor_factory(self.encoding)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _type_memos(self):
+        return weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    @property
+    def dialect_description(self):
+        return self.name + "+" + self.driver
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        return getattr(cls, 'poolclass', pool.QueuePool)
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        try:
+            self.server_version_info = \
+                self._get_server_version_info(connection)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.server_version_info = None
+        try:
+            self.default_schema_name = \
+                self._get_default_schema_name(connection)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.default_schema_name = None
+
+        try:
+            self.default_isolation_level = \
+                self.get_isolation_level(connection.connection)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.default_isolation_level = None
+
+        self.returns_unicode_strings = self._check_unicode_returns(connection)
+
+        if self.description_encoding is not None and \
+                self._check_unicode_description(connection):
+            self._description_decoder = self.description_encoding = None
+
+        self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        """return a callable which sets up a newly created DBAPI connection.
+
+        This is used to set dialect-wide per-connection options such as
+        isolation modes, unicode modes, etc.
+
+        If a callable is returned, it will be assembled into a pool listener
+        that receives the direct DBAPI connection, with all wrappers removed.
+
+        If None is returned, no listener will be generated.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def _check_unicode_returns(self, connection, additional_tests=None):
+        if util.py2k and not self.supports_unicode_statements:
+            cast_to = util.binary_type
+        else:
+            cast_to = util.text_type
+
+        if self.positional:
+            parameters = self.execute_sequence_format()
+        else:
+            parameters = {}
+
+        def check_unicode(test):
+            statement = cast_to(
+                expression.select([test]).compile(dialect=self))
+            try:
+                cursor = connection.connection.cursor()
+                connection._cursor_execute(cursor, statement, parameters)
+                row = cursor.fetchone()
+                cursor.close()
+            except exc.DBAPIError as de:
+                # note that _cursor_execute() will have closed the cursor
+                # if an exception is thrown.
+                util.warn("Exception attempting to "
+                          "detect unicode returns: %r" % de)
+                return False
+            else:
+                return isinstance(row[0], util.text_type)
+
+        tests = [
+            # detect plain VARCHAR
+            expression.cast(
+                expression.literal_column("'test plain returns'"),
+                sqltypes.VARCHAR(60)
+            ),
+            # detect if there's an NVARCHAR type with different behavior
+            # available
+            expression.cast(
+                expression.literal_column("'test unicode returns'"),
+                sqltypes.Unicode(60)
+            ),
+        ]
+
+        if additional_tests:
+            tests += additional_tests
+
+        results = set([check_unicode(test) for test in tests])
+
+        if results.issuperset([True, False]):
+            return "conditional"
+        else:
+            return results == set([True])
+
+    def _check_unicode_description(self, connection):
+        # all DBAPIs on Py2K return cursor.description as encoded,
+        # until pypy2.1beta2 with sqlite, so let's just check it -
+        # it's likely others will start doing this too in Py2k.
+
+        if util.py2k and not self.supports_unicode_statements:
+            cast_to = util.binary_type
+        else:
+            cast_to = util.text_type
+
+        cursor = connection.connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute(
+                cast_to(
+                    expression.select([
+                        expression.literal_column("'x'").label("some_label")
+                    ]).compile(dialect=self)
+                )
+            )
+            return isinstance(cursor.description[0][0], util.text_type)
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+
+    def type_descriptor(self, typeobj):
+        """Provide a database-specific :class:`.TypeEngine` object, given
+        the generic object which comes from the types module.
+
+        This method looks for a dictionary called
+        ``colspecs`` as a class or instance-level variable,
+        and passes on to :func:`.types.adapt_type`.
+
+        """
+        return sqltypes.adapt_type(typeobj, self.colspecs)
+
+    def reflecttable(
+            self, connection, table, include_columns, exclude_columns):
+        insp = reflection.Inspector.from_engine(connection)
+        return insp.reflecttable(table, include_columns, exclude_columns)
+
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, conn, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Compatibility method, adapts the result of get_primary_keys()
+        for those dialects which don't implement get_pk_constraint().
+
+        """
+        return {
+            'constrained_columns':
+            self.get_primary_keys(conn, table_name,
+                                  schema=schema, **kw)
+        }
+
+    def validate_identifier(self, ident):
+        if len(ident) > self.max_identifier_length:
+            raise exc.IdentifierError(
+                "Identifier '%s' exceeds maximum length of %d characters" %
+                (ident, self.max_identifier_length)
+            )
+
+    def connect(self, *cargs, **cparams):
+        return self.dbapi.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args()
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    def set_engine_execution_options(self, engine, opts):
+        if 'isolation_level' in opts:
+            isolation_level = opts['isolation_level']
+
+            @event.listens_for(engine, "engine_connect")
+            def set_isolation(connection, branch):
+                if not branch:
+                    self._set_connection_isolation(connection, isolation_level)
+
+    def set_connection_execution_options(self, connection, opts):
+        if 'isolation_level' in opts:
+            self._set_connection_isolation(connection, opts['isolation_level'])
+
+    def _set_connection_isolation(self, connection, level):
+        self.set_isolation_level(connection.connection, level)
+        connection.connection._connection_record.\
+            finalize_callback.append(self.reset_isolation_level)
+
+    def do_begin(self, dbapi_connection):
+        pass
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.rollback()
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.commit()
+
+    def do_close(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.close()
+
+    def create_xid(self):
+        """Create a random two-phase transaction ID.
+
+        This id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(), do_rollback_twophase(),
+        do_commit_twophase().  Its format is unspecified.
+        """
+
+        return "_sa_%032x" % random.randint(0, 2 ** 128)
+
+    def do_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        connection.execute(expression.SavepointClause(name))
+
+    def do_rollback_to_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        connection.execute(expression.RollbackToSavepointClause(name))
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        connection.execute(expression.ReleaseSavepointClause(name))
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_execute_no_params(self, cursor, statement, context=None):
+        cursor.execute(statement)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        return False
+
+    def reset_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
+        # default_isolation_level is read from the first connection
+        # after the initial set of 'isolation_level', if any, so is
+        # the configured default of this dialect.
+        self.set_isolation_level(dbapi_conn, self.default_isolation_level)
+
+
+class DefaultExecutionContext(interfaces.ExecutionContext):
+    isinsert = False
+    isupdate = False
+    isdelete = False
+    isddl = False
+    executemany = False
+    result_map = None
+    compiled = None
+    statement = None
+    postfetch_cols = None
+    prefetch_cols = None
+    returning_cols = None
+    _is_implicit_returning = False
+    _is_explicit_returning = False
+
+    # a hook for SQLite's translation of
+    # result column names
+    _translate_colname = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_ddl(cls, dialect, connection, dbapi_connection, compiled_ddl):
+        """Initialize execution context for a DDLElement construct."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.engine = connection.engine
+
+        self.compiled = compiled = compiled_ddl
+        self.isddl = True
+
+        self.execution_options = compiled.statement._execution_options
+        if connection._execution_options:
+            self.execution_options = dict(self.execution_options)
+            self.execution_options.update(connection._execution_options)
+
+        if not dialect.supports_unicode_statements:
+            self.unicode_statement = util.text_type(compiled)
+            self.statement = dialect._encoder(self.unicode_statement)[0]
+        else:
+            self.statement = self.unicode_statement = util.text_type(compiled)
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        self.compiled_parameters = []
+
+        if dialect.positional:
+            self.parameters = [dialect.execute_sequence_format()]
+        else:
+            self.parameters = [{}]
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_compiled(cls, dialect, connection, dbapi_connection,
+                       compiled, parameters):
+        """Initialize execution context for a Compiled construct."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.engine = connection.engine
+
+        self.compiled = compiled
+
+        if not compiled.can_execute:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("Not an executable clause")
+
+        self.execution_options = compiled.statement._execution_options
+        if connection._execution_options:
+            self.execution_options = dict(self.execution_options)
+            self.execution_options.update(connection._execution_options)
+
+        # compiled clauseelement.  process bind params, process table defaults,
+        # track collections used by ResultProxy to target and process results
+
+        self.result_map = compiled.result_map
+
+        self.unicode_statement = util.text_type(compiled)
+        if not dialect.supports_unicode_statements:
+            self.statement = self.unicode_statement.encode(
+                self.dialect.encoding)
+        else:
+            self.statement = self.unicode_statement
+
+        self.isinsert = compiled.isinsert
+        self.isupdate = compiled.isupdate
+        self.isdelete = compiled.isdelete
+
+        if self.isinsert or self.isupdate or self.isdelete:
+            self._is_explicit_returning = bool(compiled.statement._returning)
+            self._is_implicit_returning = bool(
+                compiled.returning and not compiled.statement._returning)
+
+        if not parameters:
+            self.compiled_parameters = [compiled.construct_params()]
+        else:
+            self.compiled_parameters = \
+                [compiled.construct_params(m, _group_number=grp) for
+                 grp, m in enumerate(parameters)]
+
+            self.executemany = len(parameters) > 1
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        if self.isinsert or self.isupdate:
+            self.postfetch_cols = self.compiled.postfetch
+            self.prefetch_cols = self.compiled.prefetch
+            self.returning_cols = self.compiled.returning
+            self.__process_defaults()
+
+        processors = compiled._bind_processors
+
+        # Convert the dictionary of bind parameter values
+        # into a dict or list to be sent to the DBAPI's
+        # execute() or executemany() method.
+        parameters = []
+        if dialect.positional:
+            for compiled_params in self.compiled_parameters:
+                param = []
+                for key in self.compiled.positiontup:
+                    if key in processors:
+                        param.append(processors[key](compiled_params[key]))
+                    else:
+                        param.append(compiled_params[key])
+                parameters.append(dialect.execute_sequence_format(param))
+        else:
+            encode = not dialect.supports_unicode_statements
+            for compiled_params in self.compiled_parameters:
+                param = {}
+                if encode:
+                    for key in compiled_params:
+                        if key in processors:
+                            param[dialect._encoder(key)[0]] = \
+                                processors[key](compiled_params[key])
+                        else:
+                            param[dialect._encoder(key)[0]] = \
+                                compiled_params[key]
+                else:
+                    for key in compiled_params:
+                        if key in processors:
+                            param[key] = processors[key](compiled_params[key])
+                        else:
+                            param[key] = compiled_params[key]
+                parameters.append(param)
+        self.parameters = dialect.execute_sequence_format(parameters)
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_statement(cls, dialect, connection, dbapi_connection,
+                        statement, parameters):
+        """Initialize execution context for a string SQL statement."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.engine = connection.engine
+
+        # plain text statement
+        self.execution_options = connection._execution_options
+
+        if not parameters:
+            if self.dialect.positional:
+                self.parameters = [dialect.execute_sequence_format()]
+            else:
+                self.parameters = [{}]
+        elif isinstance(parameters[0], dialect.execute_sequence_format):
+            self.parameters = parameters
+        elif isinstance(parameters[0], dict):
+            if dialect.supports_unicode_statements:
+                self.parameters = parameters
+            else:
+                self.parameters = [
+                    dict((dialect._encoder(k)[0], d[k]) for k in d)
+                    for d in parameters
+                ] or [{}]
+        else:
+            self.parameters = [dialect.execute_sequence_format(p)
+                               for p in parameters]
+
+        self.executemany = len(parameters) > 1
+
+        if not dialect.supports_unicode_statements and \
+                isinstance(statement, util.text_type):
+            self.unicode_statement = statement
+            self.statement = dialect._encoder(statement)[0]
+        else:
+            self.statement = self.unicode_statement = statement
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_default(cls, dialect, connection, dbapi_connection):
+        """Initialize execution context for a ColumnDefault construct."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.engine = connection.engine
+        self.execution_options = connection._execution_options
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        return self
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def no_parameters(self):
+        return self.execution_options.get("no_parameters", False)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def is_crud(self):
+        return self.isinsert or self.isupdate or self.isdelete
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def should_autocommit(self):
+        autocommit = self.execution_options.get('autocommit',
+                                                not self.compiled and
+                                                self.statement and
+                                                expression.PARSE_AUTOCOMMIT
+                                                or False)
+
+        if autocommit is expression.PARSE_AUTOCOMMIT:
+            return self.should_autocommit_text(self.unicode_statement)
+        else:
+            return autocommit
+
+    def _execute_scalar(self, stmt, type_):
+        """Execute a string statement on the current cursor, returning a
+        scalar result.
+
+        Used to fire off sequences, default phrases, and "select lastrowid"
+        types of statements individually or in the context of a parent INSERT
+        or UPDATE statement.
+
+        """
+
+        conn = self.root_connection
+        if isinstance(stmt, util.text_type) and \
+                not self.dialect.supports_unicode_statements:
+            stmt = self.dialect._encoder(stmt)[0]
+
+        if self.dialect.positional:
+            default_params = self.dialect.execute_sequence_format()
+        else:
+            default_params = {}
+
+        conn._cursor_execute(self.cursor, stmt, default_params, context=self)
+        r = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        if type_ is not None:
+            # apply type post processors to the result
+            proc = type_._cached_result_processor(
+                self.dialect,
+                self.cursor.description[0][1]
+            )
+            if proc:
+                return proc(r)
+        return r
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self):
+        return self.root_connection._branch()
+
+    def should_autocommit_text(self, statement):
+        return AUTOCOMMIT_REGEXP.match(statement)
+
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        pass
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        pass
+
+    def get_result_processor(self, type_, colname, coltype):
+        """Return a 'result processor' for a given type as present in
+        cursor.description.
+
+        This has a default implementation that dialects can override
+        for context-sensitive result type handling.
+
+        """
+        return type_._cached_result_processor(self.dialect, coltype)
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        """return self.cursor.lastrowid, or equivalent, after an INSERT.
+
+        This may involve calling special cursor functions,
+        issuing a new SELECT on the cursor (or a new one),
+        or returning a stored value that was
+        calculated within post_exec().
+
+        This function will only be called for dialects
+        which support "implicit" primary key generation,
+        keep preexecute_autoincrement_sequences set to False,
+        and when no explicit id value was bound to the
+        statement.
+
+        The function is called once, directly after
+        post_exec() and before the transaction is committed
+        or ResultProxy is generated.   If the post_exec()
+        method assigns a value to `self._lastrowid`, the
+        value is used in place of calling get_lastrowid().
+
+        Note that this method is *not* equivalent to the
+        ``lastrowid`` method on ``ResultProxy``, which is a
+        direct proxy to the DBAPI ``lastrowid`` accessor
+        in all cases.
+
+        """
+        return self.cursor.lastrowid
+
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
+        pass
+
+    def get_result_proxy(self):
+        return result.ResultProxy(self)
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        return self.cursor.rowcount
+
+    def supports_sane_rowcount(self):
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
+
+    def supports_sane_multi_rowcount(self):
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+
+    def post_insert(self):
+        if not self._is_implicit_returning and \
+            not self._is_explicit_returning and \
+            not self.compiled.inline and \
+            self.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid and \
+            (not self.inserted_primary_key or
+             None in self.inserted_primary_key):
+
+            table = self.compiled.statement.table
+            lastrowid = self.get_lastrowid()
+            autoinc_col = table._autoincrement_column
+            if autoinc_col is not None:
+                # apply type post processors to the lastrowid
+                proc = autoinc_col.type._cached_result_processor(
+                    self.dialect, None)
+                if proc is not None:
+                    lastrowid = proc(lastrowid)
+
+            self.inserted_primary_key = [
+                lastrowid if c is autoinc_col else v
+                for c, v in zip(
+                    table.primary_key,
+                    self.inserted_primary_key)
+            ]
+
+    def _fetch_implicit_returning(self, resultproxy):
+        table = self.compiled.statement.table
+        row = resultproxy.fetchone()
+
+        ipk = []
+        for c, v in zip(table.primary_key, self.inserted_primary_key):
+            if v is not None:
+                ipk.append(v)
+            else:
+                ipk.append(row[c])
+
+        self.inserted_primary_key = ipk
+        self.returned_defaults = row
+
+    def _fetch_implicit_update_returning(self, resultproxy):
+        row = resultproxy.fetchone()
+        self.returned_defaults = row
+
+    def lastrow_has_defaults(self):
+        return (self.isinsert or self.isupdate) and \
+            bool(self.postfetch_cols)
+
+    def set_input_sizes(self, translate=None, exclude_types=None):
+        """Given a cursor and ClauseParameters, call the appropriate
+        style of ``setinputsizes()`` on the cursor, using DB-API types
+        from the bind parameter's ``TypeEngine`` objects.
+
+        This method only called by those dialects which require it,
+        currently cx_oracle.
+
+        """
+
+        if not hasattr(self.compiled, 'bind_names'):
+            return
+
+        types = dict(
+            (self.compiled.bind_names[bindparam], bindparam.type)
+            for bindparam in self.compiled.bind_names)
+
+        if self.dialect.positional:
+            inputsizes = []
+            for key in self.compiled.positiontup:
+                typeengine = types[key]
+                dbtype = typeengine.dialect_impl(self.dialect).\
+                    get_dbapi_type(self.dialect.dbapi)
+                if dbtype is not None and \
+                        (not exclude_types or dbtype not in exclude_types):
+                    inputsizes.append(dbtype)
+            try:
+                self.cursor.setinputsizes(*inputsizes)
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.root_connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                    e, None, None, None, self)
+        else:
+            inputsizes = {}
+            for key in self.compiled.bind_names.values():
+                typeengine = types[key]
+                dbtype = typeengine.dialect_impl(self.dialect).\
+                    get_dbapi_type(self.dialect.dbapi)
+                if dbtype is not None and \
+                        (not exclude_types or dbtype not in exclude_types):
+                    if translate:
+                        key = translate.get(key, key)
+                    if not self.dialect.supports_unicode_binds:
+                        key = self.dialect._encoder(key)[0]
+                    inputsizes[key] = dbtype
+            try:
+                self.cursor.setinputsizes(**inputsizes)
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.root_connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                    e, None, None, None, self)
+
+    def _exec_default(self, default, type_):
+        if default.is_sequence:
+            return self.fire_sequence(default, type_)
+        elif default.is_callable:
+            return default.arg(self)
+        elif default.is_clause_element:
+            # TODO: expensive branching here should be
+            # pulled into _exec_scalar()
+            conn = self.connection
+            c = expression.select([default.arg]).compile(bind=conn)
+            return conn._execute_compiled(c, (), {}).scalar()
+        else:
+            return default.arg
+
+    def get_insert_default(self, column):
+        if column.default is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._exec_default(column.default, column.type)
+
+    def get_update_default(self, column):
+        if column.onupdate is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._exec_default(column.onupdate, column.type)
+
+    def __process_defaults(self):
+        """Generate default values for compiled insert/update statements,
+        and generate inserted_primary_key collection.
+        """
+
+        key_getter = self.compiled._key_getters_for_crud_column[2]
+
+        if self.executemany:
+            if len(self.compiled.prefetch):
+                scalar_defaults = {}
+
+                # pre-determine scalar Python-side defaults
+                # to avoid many calls of get_insert_default()/
+                # get_update_default()
+                for c in self.prefetch_cols:
+                    if self.isinsert and c.default and c.default.is_scalar:
+                        scalar_defaults[c] = c.default.arg
+                    elif self.isupdate and c.onupdate and c.onupdate.is_scalar:
+                        scalar_defaults[c] = c.onupdate.arg
+
+                for param in self.compiled_parameters:
+                    self.current_parameters = param
+                    for c in self.prefetch_cols:
+                        if c in scalar_defaults:
+                            val = scalar_defaults[c]
+                        elif self.isinsert:
+                            val = self.get_insert_default(c)
+                        else:
+                            val = self.get_update_default(c)
+                        if val is not None:
+                            param[key_getter(c)] = val
+                del self.current_parameters
+        else:
+            self.current_parameters = compiled_parameters = \
+                self.compiled_parameters[0]
+
+            for c in self.compiled.prefetch:
+                if self.isinsert:
+                    val = self.get_insert_default(c)
+                else:
+                    val = self.get_update_default(c)
+
+                if val is not None:
+                    compiled_parameters[key_getter(c)] = val
+            del self.current_parameters
+
+            if self.isinsert:
+                self.inserted_primary_key = [
+                    self.compiled_parameters[0].get(key_getter(c), None)
+                    for c in self.compiled.
+                    statement.table.primary_key
+                ]
+
+
+DefaultDialect.execution_ctx_cls = DefaultExecutionContext
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/interfaces.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71df29c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/interfaces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,990 @@
+# engine/interfaces.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define core interfaces used by the engine system."""
+
+from .. import util, event
+
+# backwards compat
+from ..sql.compiler import Compiled, TypeCompiler
+
+
+class Dialect(object):
+    """Define the behavior of a specific database and DB-API combination.
+
+    Any aspect of metadata definition, SQL query generation,
+    execution, result-set handling, or anything else which varies
+    between databases is defined under the general category of the
+    Dialect.  The Dialect acts as a factory for other
+    database-specific object implementations including
+    ExecutionContext, Compiled, DefaultGenerator, and TypeEngine.
+
+    All Dialects implement the following attributes:
+
+    name
+      identifying name for the dialect from a DBAPI-neutral point of view
+      (i.e. 'sqlite')
+
+    driver
+      identifying name for the dialect's DBAPI
+
+    positional
+      True if the paramstyle for this Dialect is positional.
+
+    paramstyle
+      the paramstyle to be used (some DB-APIs support multiple
+      paramstyles).
+
+    convert_unicode
+      True if Unicode conversion should be applied to all ``str``
+      types.
+
+    encoding
+      type of encoding to use for unicode, usually defaults to
+      'utf-8'.
+
+    statement_compiler
+      a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile SQL statements
+
+    ddl_compiler
+      a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile DDL statements
+
+    server_version_info
+      a tuple containing a version number for the DB backend in use.
+      This value is only available for supporting dialects, and is
+      typically populated during the initial connection to the database.
+
+    default_schema_name
+     the name of the default schema.  This value is only available for
+     supporting dialects, and is typically populated during the
+     initial connection to the database.
+
+    execution_ctx_cls
+      a :class:`.ExecutionContext` class used to handle statement execution
+
+    execute_sequence_format
+      either the 'tuple' or 'list' type, depending on what cursor.execute()
+      accepts for the second argument (they vary).
+
+    preparer
+      a :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer` class used to
+      quote identifiers.
+
+    supports_alter
+      ``True`` if the database supports ``ALTER TABLE``.
+
+    max_identifier_length
+      The maximum length of identifier names.
+
+    supports_unicode_statements
+      Indicate whether the DB-API can receive SQL statements as Python
+      unicode strings
+
+    supports_unicode_binds
+      Indicate whether the DB-API can receive string bind parameters
+      as Python unicode strings
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount
+      Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for
+      ``UPDATE`` and ``DELETE`` statements.
+
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+      Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for
+      ``UPDATE`` and ``DELETE`` statements when executed via
+      executemany.
+
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences
+      True if 'implicit' primary key functions must be executed separately
+      in order to get their value.   This is currently oriented towards
+      Postgresql.
+
+    implicit_returning
+      use RETURNING or equivalent during INSERT execution in order to load
+      newly generated primary keys and other column defaults in one execution,
+      which are then available via inserted_primary_key.
+      If an insert statement has returning() specified explicitly,
+      the "implicit" functionality is not used and inserted_primary_key
+      will not be available.
+
+    dbapi_type_map
+      A mapping of DB-API type objects present in this Dialect's
+      DB-API implementation mapped to TypeEngine implementations used
+      by the dialect.
+
+      This is used to apply types to result sets based on the DB-API
+      types present in cursor.description; it only takes effect for
+      result sets against textual statements where no explicit
+      typemap was present.
+
+    colspecs
+      A dictionary of TypeEngine classes from sqlalchemy.types mapped
+      to subclasses that are specific to the dialect class.  This
+      dictionary is class-level only and is not accessed from the
+      dialect instance itself.
+
+    supports_default_values
+      Indicates if the construct ``INSERT INTO tablename DEFAULT
+      VALUES`` is supported
+
+    supports_sequences
+      Indicates if the dialect supports CREATE SEQUENCE or similar.
+
+    sequences_optional
+      If True, indicates if the "optional" flag on the Sequence() construct
+      should signal to not generate a CREATE SEQUENCE. Applies only to
+      dialects that support sequences. Currently used only to allow Postgresql
+      SERIAL to be used on a column that specifies Sequence() for usage on
+      other backends.
+
+    supports_native_enum
+      Indicates if the dialect supports a native ENUM construct.
+      This will prevent types.Enum from generating a CHECK
+      constraint when that type is used.
+
+    supports_native_boolean
+      Indicates if the dialect supports a native boolean construct.
+      This will prevent types.Boolean from generating a CHECK
+      constraint when that type is used.
+
+    """
+
+    _has_events = False
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        """Build DB-API compatible connection arguments.
+
+        Given a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL` object, returns a tuple
+        consisting of a `*args`/`**kwargs` suitable to send directly
+        to the dbapi's connect function.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def type_descriptor(cls, typeobj):
+        """Transform a generic type to a dialect-specific type.
+
+        Dialect classes will usually use the
+        :func:`.types.adapt_type` function in the types module to
+        accomplish this.
+
+        The returned result is cached *per dialect class* so can
+        contain no dialect-instance state.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        """Called during strategized creation of the dialect with a
+        connection.
+
+        Allows dialects to configure options based on server version info or
+        other properties.
+
+        The connection passed here is a SQLAlchemy Connection object,
+        with full capabilities.
+
+        The initialize() method of the base dialect should be called via
+        super().
+
+        """
+
+        pass
+
+    def reflecttable(
+            self, connection, table, include_columns, exclude_columns):
+        """Load table description from the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection` and a
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` object, reflect its columns and
+        properties from the database.
+
+        The implementation of this method is provided by
+        :meth:`.DefaultDialect.reflecttable`, which makes use of
+        :class:`.Inspector` to retrieve column information.
+
+        Dialects should **not** seek to implement this method, and should
+        instead implement individual schema inspection operations such as
+        :meth:`.Dialect.get_columns`, :meth:`.Dialect.get_pk_constraint`,
+        etc.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about columns in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection`, a string
+        `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return column
+        information as a list of dictionaries with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the column's name
+
+        type
+          [sqlalchemy.types#TypeEngine]
+
+        nullable
+          boolean
+
+        default
+          the column's default value
+
+        autoincrement
+          boolean
+
+        sequence
+          a dictionary of the form
+              {'name' : str, 'start' :int, 'increment': int}
+
+        Additional column attributes may be present.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_primary_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about primary keys in `table_name`.
+
+
+        Deprecated.  This method is only called by the default
+        implementation of :meth:`.Dialect.get_pk_constraint`.  Dialects should
+        instead implement the :meth:`.Dialect.get_pk_constraint` method
+        directly.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about the primary key constraint on
+        table_name`.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection`, a string
+        `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return primary
+        key information as a dictionary with these keys:
+
+        constrained_columns
+          a list of column names that make up the primary key
+
+        name
+          optional name of the primary key constraint.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about foreign_keys in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection`, a string
+        `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return foreign
+        key information as a list of dicts with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the constraint's name
+
+        constrained_columns
+          a list of column names that make up the foreign key
+
+        referred_schema
+          the name of the referred schema
+
+        referred_table
+          the name of the referred table
+
+        referred_columns
+          a list of column names in the referred table that correspond to
+          constrained_columns
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return a list of table names for `schema`."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return a list of all view names available in the database.
+
+        schema:
+          Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return view definition.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection`, a string
+        `view_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return the view
+        definition.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about indexes in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection`, a string
+        `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return index
+        information as a list of dictionaries with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the index's name
+
+        column_names
+          list of column names in order
+
+        unique
+          boolean
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+            self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about unique constraints in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        unique constraint information as a list of dicts with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the unique constraint's name
+
+        column_names
+          list of column names in order
+
+        \**kw
+          other options passed to the dialect's get_unique_constraints()
+          method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def normalize_name(self, name):
+        """convert the given name to lowercase if it is detected as
+        case insensitive.
+
+        this method is only used if the dialect defines
+        requires_name_normalize=True.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def denormalize_name(self, name):
+        """convert the given name to a case insensitive identifier
+        for the backend if it is an all-lowercase name.
+
+        this method is only used if the dialect defines
+        requires_name_normalize=True.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        """Check the existence of a particular table in the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection` object and a string
+        `table_name`, return True if the given table (possibly within
+        the specified `schema`) exists in the database, False
+        otherwise.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None):
+        """Check the existence of a particular sequence in the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection` object and a string
+        `sequence_name`, return True if the given sequence exists in
+        the database, False otherwise.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        """Retrieve the server version info from the given connection.
+
+        This is used by the default implementation to populate the
+        "server_version_info" attribute and is called exactly
+        once upon first connect.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        """Return the string name of the currently selected schema from
+        the given connection.
+
+        This is used by the default implementation to populate the
+        "default_schema_name" attribute and is called exactly
+        once upon first connect.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_begin(self, dbapi_connection):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.begin()``, given a
+        DB-API connection.
+
+        The DBAPI has no dedicated "begin" method and it is expected
+        that transactions are implicit.  This hook is provided for those
+        DBAPIs that might need additional help in this area.
+
+        Note that :meth:`.Dialect.do_begin` is not called unless a
+        :class:`.Transaction` object is in use.  The
+        :meth:`.Dialect.do_autocommit`
+        hook is provided for DBAPIs that need some extra commands emitted
+        after a commit in order to enter the next transaction, when the
+        SQLAlchemy :class:`.Connection` is used in its default "autocommit"
+        mode.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
+         proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
+
+         """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.rollback()``, given
+        a DB-API connection.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
+         proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
+
+         """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.commit()``, given a
+        DB-API connection.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
+         proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_close(self, dbapi_connection):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.close()``, given a DBAPI
+        connection.
+
+        This hook is called by the :class:`.Pool` when a connection has been
+        detached from the pool, or is being returned beyond the normal
+        capacity of the pool.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def create_xid(self):
+        """Create a two-phase transaction ID.
+
+        This id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(),
+        do_rollback_twophase(), do_commit_twophase().  Its format is
+        unspecified.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        """Create a savepoint with the given name.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param name: savepoint name.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_rollback_to_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        """Rollback a connection to the named savepoint.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param name: savepoint name.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        """Release the named savepoint on a connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param name: savepoint name.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        """Begin a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        """Prepare a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                             recover=False):
+        """Rollback a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+        :param is_prepared: whether or not
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+        :param recover: if the recover flag was passed.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                           recover=False):
+        """Commit a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+        :param is_prepared: whether or not
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+        :param recover: if the recover flag was passed.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        """Recover list of uncommited prepared two phase transaction
+        identifiers on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``cursor.executemany(statement,
+        parameters)``."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``cursor.execute(statement,
+        parameters)``."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_execute_no_params(self, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                             context=None):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``cursor.execute(statement)``.
+
+        The parameter collection should not be sent.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        """Return True if the given DB-API error indicates an invalid
+        connection"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def connect(self):
+        """return a callable which sets up a newly created DBAPI connection.
+
+        The callable accepts a single argument "conn" which is the
+        DBAPI connection itself.  It has no return value.
+
+        This is used to set dialect-wide per-connection options such as
+        isolation modes, unicode modes, etc.
+
+        If a callable is returned, it will be assembled into a pool listener
+        that receives the direct DBAPI connection, with all wrappers removed.
+
+        If None is returned, no listener will be generated.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def reset_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, revert its isolation to the default."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn, level):
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, set its isolation level."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ExecutionContext(object):
+    """A messenger object for a Dialect that corresponds to a single
+    execution.
+
+    ExecutionContext should have these data members:
+
+    connection
+      Connection object which can be freely used by default value
+      generators to execute SQL.  This Connection should reference the
+      same underlying connection/transactional resources of
+      root_connection.
+
+    root_connection
+      Connection object which is the source of this ExecutionContext.  This
+      Connection may have close_with_result=True set, in which case it can
+      only be used once.
+
+    dialect
+      dialect which created this ExecutionContext.
+
+    cursor
+      DB-API cursor procured from the connection,
+
+    compiled
+      if passed to constructor, sqlalchemy.engine.base.Compiled object
+      being executed,
+
+    statement
+      string version of the statement to be executed.  Is either
+      passed to the constructor, or must be created from the
+      sql.Compiled object by the time pre_exec() has completed.
+
+    parameters
+      bind parameters passed to the execute() method.  For compiled
+      statements, this is a dictionary or list of dictionaries.  For
+      textual statements, it should be in a format suitable for the
+      dialect's paramstyle (i.e. dict or list of dicts for non
+      positional, list or list of lists/tuples for positional).
+
+    isinsert
+      True if the statement is an INSERT.
+
+    isupdate
+      True if the statement is an UPDATE.
+
+    should_autocommit
+      True if the statement is a "committable" statement.
+
+    prefetch_cols
+      a list of Column objects for which a client-side default
+      was fired off.  Applies to inserts and updates.
+
+    postfetch_cols
+      a list of Column objects for which a server-side default or
+      inline SQL expression value was fired off.  Applies to inserts
+      and updates.
+    """
+
+    exception = None
+    """A DBAPI-level exception that was caught when this ExecutionContext
+    attempted to execute a statement.
+
+    This attribute is meaningful only within the
+    :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.dbapi_error` event.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.7
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.ExecutionContext.is_disconnect`
+
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.dbapi_error`
+
+    """
+
+    is_disconnect = None
+    """Boolean flag set to True or False when a DBAPI-level exception
+    is caught when this ExecutionContext attempted to execute a statement.
+
+    This attribute is meaningful only within the
+    :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.dbapi_error` event.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.7
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.ExecutionContext.exception`
+
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.dbapi_error`
+
+    """
+
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        """Return a new cursor generated from this ExecutionContext's
+        connection.
+
+        Some dialects may wish to change the behavior of
+        connection.cursor(), such as postgresql which may return a PG
+        "server side" cursor.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        """Called before an execution of a compiled statement.
+
+        If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext,
+        the `statement` and `parameters` datamembers must be
+        initialized after this statement is complete.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        """Called after the execution of a compiled statement.
+
+        If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext,
+        the `last_insert_ids`, `last_inserted_params`, etc.
+        datamembers should be available after this method completes.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def result(self):
+        """Return a result object corresponding to this ExecutionContext.
+
+        Returns a ResultProxy.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
+        """Receive a DBAPI exception which occurred upon execute, result
+        fetch, etc."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def should_autocommit_text(self, statement):
+        """Parse the given textual statement and return True if it refers to
+        a "committable" statement"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def lastrow_has_defaults(self):
+        """Return True if the last INSERT or UPDATE row contained
+        inlined or database-side defaults.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_rowcount(self):
+        """Return the DBAPI ``cursor.rowcount`` value, or in some
+        cases an interpreted value.
+
+        See :attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount` for details on this.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class Connectable(object):
+    """Interface for an object which supports execution of SQL constructs.
+
+    The two implementations of :class:`.Connectable` are
+    :class:`.Connection` and :class:`.Engine`.
+
+    Connectable must also implement the 'dialect' member which references a
+    :class:`.Dialect` instance.
+
+    """
+
+    def connect(self, **kwargs):
+        """Return a :class:`.Connection` object.
+
+        Depending on context, this may be ``self`` if this object
+        is already an instance of :class:`.Connection`, or a newly
+        procured :class:`.Connection` if this object is an instance
+        of :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        """
+
+    def contextual_connect(self):
+        """Return a :class:`.Connection` object which may be part of an ongoing
+        context.
+
+        Depending on context, this may be ``self`` if this object
+        is already an instance of :class:`.Connection`, or a newly
+        procured :class:`.Connection` if this object is an instance
+        of :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.deprecated("0.7",
+                     "Use the create() method on the given schema "
+                     "object directly, i.e. :meth:`.Table.create`, "
+                     ":meth:`.Index.create`, :meth:`.MetaData.create_all`")
+    def create(self, entity, **kwargs):
+        """Emit CREATE statements for the given schema entity.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.deprecated("0.7",
+                     "Use the drop() method on the given schema "
+                     "object directly, i.e. :meth:`.Table.drop`, "
+                     ":meth:`.Index.drop`, :meth:`.MetaData.drop_all`")
+    def drop(self, entity, **kwargs):
+        """Emit DROP statements for the given schema entity.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def execute(self, object, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Executes the given construct and returns a :class:`.ResultProxy`."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def scalar(self, object, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Executes and returns the first column of the first row.
+
+        The underlying cursor is closed after execution.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _run_visitor(self, visitorcallable, element,
+                     **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _execute_clauseelement(self, elem, multiparams=None, params=None):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ExceptionContext(object):
+    """Encapsulate information about an error condition in progress.
+
+    This object exists solely to be passed to the
+    :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.handle_error` event, supporting an interface that
+    can be extended without backwards-incompatibility.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.7
+
+    """
+
+    connection = None
+    """The :class:`.Connection` in use during the exception.
+
+    This member is always present.
+
+    """
+
+    cursor = None
+    """The DBAPI cursor object.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    statement = None
+    """String SQL statement that was emitted directly to the DBAPI.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    parameters = None
+    """Parameter collection that was emitted directly to the DBAPI.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    original_exception = None
+    """The exception object which was caught.
+
+    This member is always present.
+
+    """
+
+    sqlalchemy_exception = None
+    """The :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.StatementError` which wraps the original,
+    and will be raised if exception handling is not circumvented by the event.
+
+    May be None, as not all exception types are wrapped by SQLAlchemy.
+    For DBAPI-level exceptions that subclass the dbapi's Error class, this
+    field will always be present.
+
+    """
+
+    chained_exception = None
+    """The exception that was returned by the previous handler in the
+    exception chain, if any.
+
+    If present, this exception will be the one ultimately raised by
+    SQLAlchemy unless a subsequent handler replaces it.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    execution_context = None
+    """The :class:`.ExecutionContext` corresponding to the execution
+    operation in progress.
+
+    This is present for statement execution operations, but not for
+    operations such as transaction begin/end.  It also is not present when
+    the exception was raised before the :class:`.ExecutionContext`
+    could be constructed.
+
+    Note that the :attr:`.ExceptionContext.statement` and
+    :attr:`.ExceptionContext.parameters` members may represent a
+    different value than that of the :class:`.ExecutionContext`,
+    potentially in the case where a
+    :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute` event or similar
+    modified the statement/parameters to be sent.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    is_disconnect = None
+    """Represent whether the exception as occurred represents a "disconnect"
+    condition.
+
+    This flag will always be True or False within the scope of the
+    :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.handle_error` handler.
+
+    SQLAlchemy will defer to this flag in order to determine whether or not
+    the connection should be invalidated subsequently.    That is, by
+    assigning to this flag, a "disconnect" event which then results in
+    a connection and pool invalidation can be invoked or prevented by
+    changing this flag.
+
+    """
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/reflection.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/reflection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..012d1d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/reflection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,595 @@
+# engine/reflection.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides an abstraction for obtaining database schema information.
+
+Usage Notes:
+
+Here are some general conventions when accessing the low level inspector
+methods such as get_table_names, get_columns, etc.
+
+1. Inspector methods return lists of dicts in most cases for the following
+   reasons:
+
+   * They're both standard types that can be serialized.
+   * Using a dict instead of a tuple allows easy expansion of attributes.
+   * Using a list for the outer structure maintains order and is easy to work
+     with (e.g. list comprehension [d['name'] for d in cols]).
+
+2. Records that contain a name, such as the column name in a column record
+   use the key 'name'. So for most return values, each record will have a
+   'name' attribute..
+"""
+
+from .. import exc, sql
+from ..sql import schema as sa_schema
+from .. import util
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ..util import deprecated
+from ..util import topological
+from .. import inspection
+from .base import Connectable
+
+
+@util.decorator
+def cache(fn, self, con, *args, **kw):
+    info_cache = kw.get('info_cache', None)
+    if info_cache is None:
+        return fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+    key = (
+        fn.__name__,
+        tuple(a for a in args if isinstance(a, util.string_types)),
+        tuple((k, v) for k, v in kw.items() if
+              isinstance(v,
+                         util.string_types + util.int_types + (float, )
+                         )
+              )
+    )
+    ret = info_cache.get(key)
+    if ret is None:
+        ret = fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+        info_cache[key] = ret
+    return ret
+
+
+class Inspector(object):
+    """Performs database schema inspection.
+
+    The Inspector acts as a proxy to the reflection methods of the
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`, providing a
+    consistent interface as well as caching support for previously
+    fetched metadata.
+
+    A :class:`.Inspector` object is usually created via the
+    :func:`.inspect` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect, create_engine
+        engine = create_engine('...')
+        insp = inspect(engine)
+
+    The inspection method above is equivalent to using the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.from_engine` method, i.e.::
+
+        engine = create_engine('...')
+        insp = Inspector.from_engine(engine)
+
+    Where above, the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` may opt
+    to return an :class:`.Inspector` subclass that provides additional
+    methods specific to the dialect's target database.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, bind):
+        """Initialize a new :class:`.Inspector`.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connectable`,
+          which is typically an instance of
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` or
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`.
+
+        For a dialect-specific instance of :class:`.Inspector`, see
+        :meth:`.Inspector.from_engine`
+
+        """
+        # this might not be a connection, it could be an engine.
+        self.bind = bind
+
+        # set the engine
+        if hasattr(bind, 'engine'):
+            self.engine = bind.engine
+        else:
+            self.engine = bind
+
+        if self.engine is bind:
+            # if engine, ensure initialized
+            bind.connect().close()
+
+        self.dialect = self.engine.dialect
+        self.info_cache = {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_engine(cls, bind):
+        """Construct a new dialect-specific Inspector object from the given
+        engine or connection.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connectable`,
+          which is typically an instance of
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` or
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`.
+
+        This method differs from direct a direct constructor call of
+        :class:`.Inspector` in that the
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` is given a chance to
+        provide a dialect-specific :class:`.Inspector` instance, which may
+        provide additional methods.
+
+        See the example at :class:`.Inspector`.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(bind.dialect, 'inspector'):
+            return bind.dialect.inspector(bind)
+        return Inspector(bind)
+
+    @inspection._inspects(Connectable)
+    def _insp(bind):
+        return Inspector.from_engine(bind)
+
+    @property
+    def default_schema_name(self):
+        """Return the default schema name presented by the dialect
+        for the current engine's database user.
+
+        E.g. this is typically ``public`` for Postgresql and ``dbo``
+        for SQL Server.
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect.default_schema_name
+
+    def get_schema_names(self):
+        """Return all schema names.
+        """
+
+        if hasattr(self.dialect, 'get_schema_names'):
+            return self.dialect.get_schema_names(self.bind,
+                                                 info_cache=self.info_cache)
+        return []
+
+    def get_table_names(self, schema=None, order_by=None):
+        """Return all table names in referred to within a particular schema.
+
+        The names are expected to be real tables only, not views.
+        Views are instead returned using the :meth:`.Inspector.get_view_names`
+        method.
+
+
+        :param schema: Schema name. If ``schema`` is left at ``None``, the
+         database's default schema is
+         used, else the named schema is searched.  If the database does not
+         support named schemas, behavior is undefined if ``schema`` is not
+         passed as ``None``.  For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param order_by: Optional, may be the string "foreign_key" to sort
+         the result on foreign key dependencies.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.8 the "foreign_key" sorting sorts tables
+            in order of dependee to dependent; that is, in creation
+            order, rather than in drop order.  This is to maintain
+            consistency with similar features such as
+            :attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables` and :func:`.util.sort_tables`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables`
+
+        """
+
+        if hasattr(self.dialect, 'get_table_names'):
+            tnames = self.dialect.get_table_names(
+                self.bind, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache)
+        else:
+            tnames = self.engine.table_names(schema)
+        if order_by == 'foreign_key':
+            tuples = []
+            for tname in tnames:
+                for fkey in self.get_foreign_keys(tname, schema):
+                    if tname != fkey['referred_table']:
+                        tuples.append((fkey['referred_table'], tname))
+            tnames = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
+        return tnames
+
+    def get_table_options(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return a dictionary of options specified when the table of the
+        given name was created.
+
+        This currently includes some options that apply to MySQL tables.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(self.dialect, 'get_table_options'):
+            return self.dialect.get_table_options(
+                self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw)
+        return {}
+
+    def get_view_names(self, schema=None):
+        """Return all view names in `schema`.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.get_view_names(self.bind, schema,
+                                           info_cache=self.info_cache)
+
+    def get_view_definition(self, view_name, schema=None):
+        """Return definition for `view_name`.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.get_view_definition(
+            self.bind, view_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache)
+
+    def get_columns(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about columns in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        column information as a list of dicts with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the column's name
+
+        type
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`
+
+        nullable
+          boolean
+
+        default
+          the column's default value
+
+        attrs
+          dict containing optional column attributes
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+
+        col_defs = self.dialect.get_columns(self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                                            info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                                            **kw)
+        for col_def in col_defs:
+            # make this easy and only return instances for coltype
+            coltype = col_def['type']
+            if not isinstance(coltype, TypeEngine):
+                col_def['type'] = coltype()
+        return col_defs
+
+    @deprecated('0.7', 'Call to deprecated method get_primary_keys.'
+                '  Use get_pk_constraint instead.')
+    def get_primary_keys(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about primary keys in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return
+        primary key information as a list of column names.
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.get_pk_constraint(self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                                              info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                                              **kw)['constrained_columns']
+
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about primary key constraint on `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return
+        primary key information as a dictionary with these keys:
+
+        constrained_columns
+          a list of column names that make up the primary key
+
+        name
+          optional name of the primary key constraint.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect.get_pk_constraint(self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                                              info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                                              **kw)
+
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about foreign_keys in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return
+        foreign key information as a list of dicts with these keys:
+
+        constrained_columns
+          a list of column names that make up the foreign key
+
+        referred_schema
+          the name of the referred schema
+
+        referred_table
+          the name of the referred table
+
+        referred_columns
+          a list of column names in the referred table that correspond to
+          constrained_columns
+
+        name
+          optional name of the foreign key constraint.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.get_foreign_keys(self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                                             info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                                             **kw)
+
+    def get_indexes(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about indexes in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        index information as a list of dicts with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the index's name
+
+        column_names
+          list of column names in order
+
+        unique
+          boolean
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.get_indexes(self.bind, table_name,
+                                        schema,
+                                        info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw)
+
+    def get_unique_constraints(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about unique constraints in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        unique constraint information as a list of dicts with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the unique constraint's name
+
+        column_names
+          list of column names in order
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.4
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.get_unique_constraints(
+            self.bind, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw)
+
+    def reflecttable(self, table, include_columns, exclude_columns=()):
+        """Given a Table object, load its internal constructs based on
+        introspection.
+
+        This is the underlying method used by most dialects to produce
+        table reflection.  Direct usage is like::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table
+            from sqlalchemy.engine import reflection
+
+            engine = create_engine('...')
+            meta = MetaData()
+            user_table = Table('user', meta)
+            insp = Inspector.from_engine(engine)
+            insp.reflecttable(user_table, None)
+
+        :param table: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` instance.
+        :param include_columns: a list of string column names to include
+          in the reflection process.  If ``None``, all columns are reflected.
+
+        """
+        dialect = self.bind.dialect
+
+        schema = table.schema
+        table_name = table.name
+
+        # get table-level arguments that are specifically
+        # intended for reflection, e.g. oracle_resolve_synonyms.
+        # these are unconditionally passed to related Table
+        # objects
+        reflection_options = dict(
+            (k, table.dialect_kwargs.get(k))
+            for k in dialect.reflection_options
+            if k in table.dialect_kwargs
+        )
+
+        # reflect table options, like mysql_engine
+        tbl_opts = self.get_table_options(
+            table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs)
+        if tbl_opts:
+            # add additional kwargs to the Table if the dialect
+            # returned them
+            table._validate_dialect_kwargs(tbl_opts)
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            if isinstance(schema, str):
+                schema = schema.decode(dialect.encoding)
+            if isinstance(table_name, str):
+                table_name = table_name.decode(dialect.encoding)
+
+        found_table = False
+        cols_by_orig_name = {}
+
+        for col_d in self.get_columns(
+                table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs):
+            found_table = True
+            orig_name = col_d['name']
+
+            table.dispatch.column_reflect(self, table, col_d)
+
+            name = col_d['name']
+            if include_columns and name not in include_columns:
+                continue
+            if exclude_columns and name in exclude_columns:
+                continue
+
+            coltype = col_d['type']
+
+            col_kw = dict(
+                (k, col_d[k])
+                for k in ['nullable', 'autoincrement', 'quote', 'info', 'key']
+                if k in col_d
+            )
+
+            colargs = []
+            if col_d.get('default') is not None:
+                # the "default" value is assumed to be a literal SQL
+                # expression, so is wrapped in text() so that no quoting
+                # occurs on re-issuance.
+                colargs.append(
+                    sa_schema.DefaultClause(
+                        sql.text(col_d['default']), _reflected=True
+                    )
+                )
+
+            if 'sequence' in col_d:
+                # TODO: mssql and sybase are using this.
+                seq = col_d['sequence']
+                sequence = sa_schema.Sequence(seq['name'], 1, 1)
+                if 'start' in seq:
+                    sequence.start = seq['start']
+                if 'increment' in seq:
+                    sequence.increment = seq['increment']
+                colargs.append(sequence)
+
+            cols_by_orig_name[orig_name] = col = \
+                sa_schema.Column(name, coltype, *colargs, **col_kw)
+
+            if col.key in table.primary_key:
+                col.primary_key = True
+            table.append_column(col)
+
+        if not found_table:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table.name)
+
+        pk_cons = self.get_pk_constraint(
+            table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs)
+        if pk_cons:
+            pk_cols = [
+                cols_by_orig_name[pk]
+                for pk in pk_cons['constrained_columns']
+                if pk in cols_by_orig_name and pk not in exclude_columns
+            ]
+
+            # update pk constraint name
+            table.primary_key.name = pk_cons.get('name')
+
+            # tell the PKConstraint to re-initialize
+            # its column collection
+            table.primary_key._reload(pk_cols)
+
+        fkeys = self.get_foreign_keys(
+            table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs)
+        for fkey_d in fkeys:
+            conname = fkey_d['name']
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            constrained_columns = [
+                cols_by_orig_name[c].key
+                if c in cols_by_orig_name else c
+                for c in fkey_d['constrained_columns']
+            ]
+            if exclude_columns and set(constrained_columns).intersection(
+                    exclude_columns):
+                continue
+            referred_schema = fkey_d['referred_schema']
+            referred_table = fkey_d['referred_table']
+            referred_columns = fkey_d['referred_columns']
+            refspec = []
+            if referred_schema is not None:
+                sa_schema.Table(referred_table, table.metadata,
+                                autoload=True, schema=referred_schema,
+                                autoload_with=self.bind,
+                                **reflection_options
+                                )
+                for column in referred_columns:
+                    refspec.append(".".join(
+                        [referred_schema, referred_table, column]))
+            else:
+                sa_schema.Table(referred_table, table.metadata, autoload=True,
+                                autoload_with=self.bind,
+                                **reflection_options
+                                )
+                for column in referred_columns:
+                    refspec.append(".".join([referred_table, column]))
+            if 'options' in fkey_d:
+                options = fkey_d['options']
+            else:
+                options = {}
+            table.append_constraint(
+                sa_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint(constrained_columns, refspec,
+                                               conname, link_to_name=True,
+                                               **options))
+        # Indexes
+        indexes = self.get_indexes(table_name, schema)
+        for index_d in indexes:
+            name = index_d['name']
+            columns = index_d['column_names']
+            unique = index_d['unique']
+            flavor = index_d.get('type', 'unknown type')
+            if include_columns and \
+                    not set(columns).issubset(include_columns):
+                util.warn(
+                    "Omitting %s KEY for (%s), key covers omitted columns." %
+                    (flavor, ', '.join(columns)))
+                continue
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            sa_schema.Index(name, *[
+                cols_by_orig_name[c] if c in cols_by_orig_name
+                else table.c[c]
+                for c in columns
+            ],
+                **dict(unique=unique))
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/result.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/result.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7d67c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/result.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1033 @@
+# engine/result.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define result set constructs including :class:`.ResultProxy`
+and :class:`.RowProxy."""
+
+
+from .. import exc, util
+from ..sql import expression, sqltypes
+import collections
+import operator
+
+# This reconstructor is necessary so that pickles with the C extension or
+# without use the same Binary format.
+try:
+    # We need a different reconstructor on the C extension so that we can
+    # add extra checks that fields have correctly been initialized by
+    # __setstate__.
+    from sqlalchemy.cresultproxy import safe_rowproxy_reconstructor
+
+    # The extra function embedding is needed so that the
+    # reconstructor function has the same signature whether or not
+    # the extension is present.
+    def rowproxy_reconstructor(cls, state):
+        return safe_rowproxy_reconstructor(cls, state)
+except ImportError:
+    def rowproxy_reconstructor(cls, state):
+        obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+        obj.__setstate__(state)
+        return obj
+
+try:
+    from sqlalchemy.cresultproxy import BaseRowProxy
+except ImportError:
+    class BaseRowProxy(object):
+        __slots__ = ('_parent', '_row', '_processors', '_keymap')
+
+        def __init__(self, parent, row, processors, keymap):
+            """RowProxy objects are constructed by ResultProxy objects."""
+
+            self._parent = parent
+            self._row = row
+            self._processors = processors
+            self._keymap = keymap
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return (rowproxy_reconstructor,
+                    (self.__class__, self.__getstate__()))
+
+        def values(self):
+            """Return the values represented by this RowProxy as a list."""
+            return list(self)
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            for processor, value in zip(self._processors, self._row):
+                if processor is None:
+                    yield value
+                else:
+                    yield processor(value)
+
+        def __len__(self):
+            return len(self._row)
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            try:
+                processor, obj, index = self._keymap[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                processor, obj, index = self._parent._key_fallback(key)
+            except TypeError:
+                if isinstance(key, slice):
+                    l = []
+                    for processor, value in zip(self._processors[key],
+                                                self._row[key]):
+                        if processor is None:
+                            l.append(value)
+                        else:
+                            l.append(processor(value))
+                    return tuple(l)
+                else:
+                    raise
+            if index is None:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Ambiguous column name '%s' in result set! "
+                    "try 'use_labels' option on select statement." % key)
+            if processor is not None:
+                return processor(self._row[index])
+            else:
+                return self._row[index]
+
+        def __getattr__(self, name):
+            try:
+                return self[name]
+            except KeyError as e:
+                raise AttributeError(e.args[0])
+
+
+class RowProxy(BaseRowProxy):
+    """Proxy values from a single cursor row.
+
+    Mostly follows "ordered dictionary" behavior, mapping result
+    values to the string-based column name, the integer position of
+    the result in the row, as well as Column instances which can be
+    mapped to the original Columns that produced this result set (for
+    results that correspond to constructed SQL expressions).
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return self._parent._has_key(self._row, key)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {
+            '_parent': self._parent,
+            '_row': tuple(self)
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self._parent = parent = state['_parent']
+        self._row = state['_row']
+        self._processors = parent._processors
+        self._keymap = parent._keymap
+
+    __hash__ = None
+
+    def _op(self, other, op):
+        return op(tuple(self), tuple(other)) \
+            if isinstance(other, RowProxy) \
+            else op(tuple(self), other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self._op(other, operator.lt)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self._op(other, operator.le)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self._op(other, operator.ge)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self._op(other, operator.gt)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._op(other, operator.eq)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self._op(other, operator.ne)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(tuple(self))
+
+    def has_key(self, key):
+        """Return True if this RowProxy contains the given key."""
+
+        return self._parent._has_key(self._row, key)
+
+    def items(self):
+        """Return a list of tuples, each tuple containing a key/value pair."""
+        # TODO: no coverage here
+        return [(key, self[key]) for key in self.keys()]
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Return the list of keys as strings represented by this RowProxy."""
+
+        return self._parent.keys
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        return iter(self._parent.keys)
+
+    def itervalues(self):
+        return iter(self)
+
+try:
+    # Register RowProxy with Sequence,
+    # so sequence protocol is implemented
+    from collections import Sequence
+    Sequence.register(RowProxy)
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+class ResultMetaData(object):
+    """Handle cursor.description, applying additional info from an execution
+    context."""
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, metadata):
+        self._processors = processors = []
+
+        # We do not strictly need to store the processor in the key mapping,
+        # though it is faster in the Python version (probably because of the
+        # saved attribute lookup self._processors)
+        self._keymap = keymap = {}
+        self.keys = []
+        context = parent.context
+        dialect = context.dialect
+        typemap = dialect.dbapi_type_map
+        translate_colname = context._translate_colname
+        self.case_sensitive = dialect.case_sensitive
+
+        # high precedence key values.
+        primary_keymap = {}
+
+        for i, rec in enumerate(metadata):
+            colname = rec[0]
+            coltype = rec[1]
+
+            if dialect.description_encoding:
+                colname = dialect._description_decoder(colname)
+
+            if translate_colname:
+                colname, untranslated = translate_colname(colname)
+
+            if dialect.requires_name_normalize:
+                colname = dialect.normalize_name(colname)
+
+            if context.result_map:
+                try:
+                    name, obj, type_ = context.result_map[
+                        colname if self.case_sensitive else colname.lower()]
+                except KeyError:
+                    name, obj, type_ = \
+                        colname, None, typemap.get(coltype, sqltypes.NULLTYPE)
+            else:
+                name, obj, type_ = \
+                    colname, None, typemap.get(coltype, sqltypes.NULLTYPE)
+
+            processor = context.get_result_processor(type_, colname, coltype)
+
+            processors.append(processor)
+            rec = (processor, obj, i)
+
+            # indexes as keys. This is only needed for the Python version of
+            # RowProxy (the C version uses a faster path for integer indexes).
+            primary_keymap[i] = rec
+
+            # populate primary keymap, looking for conflicts.
+            if primary_keymap.setdefault(
+                    name if self.case_sensitive
+                    else name.lower(),
+                    rec) is not rec:
+                # place a record that doesn't have the "index" - this
+                # is interpreted later as an AmbiguousColumnError,
+                # but only when actually accessed.   Columns
+                # colliding by name is not a problem if those names
+                # aren't used; integer access is always
+                # unambiguous.
+                primary_keymap[name
+                               if self.case_sensitive
+                               else name.lower()] = rec = (None, obj, None)
+
+            self.keys.append(colname)
+            if obj:
+                for o in obj:
+                    keymap[o] = rec
+                    # technically we should be doing this but we
+                    # are saving on callcounts by not doing so.
+                    # if keymap.setdefault(o, rec) is not rec:
+                    #    keymap[o] = (None, obj, None)
+
+            if translate_colname and \
+                    untranslated:
+                keymap[untranslated] = rec
+
+        # overwrite keymap values with those of the
+        # high precedence keymap.
+        keymap.update(primary_keymap)
+
+        if parent._echo:
+            context.engine.logger.debug(
+                "Col %r", tuple(x[0] for x in metadata))
+
+    @util.pending_deprecation("0.8", "sqlite dialect uses "
+                              "_translate_colname() now")
+    def _set_keymap_synonym(self, name, origname):
+        """Set a synonym for the given name.
+
+        Some dialects (SQLite at the moment) may use this to
+        adjust the column names that are significant within a
+        row.
+
+        """
+        rec = (processor, obj, i) = self._keymap[origname if
+                                                 self.case_sensitive
+                                                 else origname.lower()]
+        if self._keymap.setdefault(name, rec) is not rec:
+            self._keymap[name] = (processor, obj, None)
+
+    def _key_fallback(self, key, raiseerr=True):
+        map = self._keymap
+        result = None
+        if isinstance(key, util.string_types):
+            result = map.get(key if self.case_sensitive else key.lower())
+        # fallback for targeting a ColumnElement to a textual expression
+        # this is a rare use case which only occurs when matching text()
+        # or colummn('name') constructs to ColumnElements, or after a
+        # pickle/unpickle roundtrip
+        elif isinstance(key, expression.ColumnElement):
+            if key._label and (
+                    key._label
+                    if self.case_sensitive
+                    else key._label.lower()) in map:
+                result = map[key._label
+                             if self.case_sensitive
+                             else key._label.lower()]
+            elif hasattr(key, 'name') and (
+                    key.name
+                    if self.case_sensitive
+                    else key.name.lower()) in map:
+                # match is only on name.
+                result = map[key.name
+                             if self.case_sensitive
+                             else key.name.lower()]
+            # search extra hard to make sure this
+            # isn't a column/label name overlap.
+            # this check isn't currently available if the row
+            # was unpickled.
+            if result is not None and \
+                    result[1] is not None:
+                for obj in result[1]:
+                    if key._compare_name_for_result(obj):
+                        break
+                else:
+                    result = None
+        if result is None:
+            if raiseerr:
+                raise exc.NoSuchColumnError(
+                    "Could not locate column in row for column '%s'" %
+                    expression._string_or_unprintable(key))
+            else:
+                return None
+        else:
+            map[key] = result
+        return result
+
+    def _has_key(self, row, key):
+        if key in self._keymap:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return self._key_fallback(key, False) is not None
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {
+            '_pickled_keymap': dict(
+                (key, index)
+                for key, (processor, obj, index) in self._keymap.items()
+                if isinstance(key, util.string_types + util.int_types)
+            ),
+            'keys': self.keys,
+            "case_sensitive": self.case_sensitive,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        # the row has been processed at pickling time so we don't need any
+        # processor anymore
+        self._processors = [None for _ in range(len(state['keys']))]
+        self._keymap = keymap = {}
+        for key, index in state['_pickled_keymap'].items():
+            # not preserving "obj" here, unfortunately our
+            # proxy comparison fails with the unpickle
+            keymap[key] = (None, None, index)
+        self.keys = state['keys']
+        self.case_sensitive = state['case_sensitive']
+        self._echo = False
+
+
+class ResultProxy(object):
+    """Wraps a DB-API cursor object to provide easier access to row columns.
+
+    Individual columns may be accessed by their integer position,
+    case-insensitive column name, or by ``schema.Column``
+    object. e.g.::
+
+      row = fetchone()
+
+      col1 = row[0]    # access via integer position
+
+      col2 = row['col2']   # access via name
+
+      col3 = row[mytable.c.mycol] # access via Column object.
+
+    ``ResultProxy`` also handles post-processing of result column
+    data using ``TypeEngine`` objects, which are referenced from
+    the originating SQL statement that produced this result set.
+
+    """
+
+    _process_row = RowProxy
+    out_parameters = None
+    _can_close_connection = False
+    _metadata = None
+
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        self.context = context
+        self.dialect = context.dialect
+        self.closed = False
+        self.cursor = self._saved_cursor = context.cursor
+        self.connection = context.root_connection
+        self._echo = self.connection._echo and \
+            context.engine._should_log_debug()
+        self._init_metadata()
+
+    def _init_metadata(self):
+        metadata = self._cursor_description()
+        if metadata is not None:
+            self._metadata = ResultMetaData(self, metadata)
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Return the current set of string keys for rows."""
+        if self._metadata:
+            return self._metadata.keys
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        """Return the 'rowcount' for this result.
+
+        The 'rowcount' reports the number of rows *matched*
+        by the WHERE criterion of an UPDATE or DELETE statement.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           Notes regarding :attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount`:
+
+
+           * This attribute returns the number of rows *matched*,
+             which is not necessarily the same as the number of rows
+             that were actually *modified* - an UPDATE statement, for example,
+             may have no net change on a given row if the SET values
+             given are the same as those present in the row already.
+             Such a row would be matched but not modified.
+             On backends that feature both styles, such as MySQL,
+             rowcount is configured by default to return the match
+             count in all cases.
+
+           * :attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount` is *only* useful in conjunction
+             with an UPDATE or DELETE statement.  Contrary to what the Python
+             DBAPI says, it does *not* return the
+             number of rows available from the results of a SELECT statement
+             as DBAPIs cannot support this functionality when rows are
+             unbuffered.
+
+           * :attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount` may not be fully implemented by
+             all dialects.  In particular, most DBAPIs do not support an
+             aggregate rowcount result from an executemany call.
+             The :meth:`.ResultProxy.supports_sane_rowcount` and
+             :meth:`.ResultProxy.supports_sane_multi_rowcount` methods
+             will report from the dialect if each usage is known to be
+             supported.
+
+           * Statements that use RETURNING may not return a correct
+             rowcount.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.context.rowcount
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, None, None, self.cursor, self.context)
+
+    @property
+    def lastrowid(self):
+        """return the 'lastrowid' accessor on the DBAPI cursor.
+
+        This is a DBAPI specific method and is only functional
+        for those backends which support it, for statements
+        where it is appropriate.  It's behavior is not
+        consistent across backends.
+
+        Usage of this method is normally unnecessary when
+        using insert() expression constructs; the
+        :attr:`~ResultProxy.inserted_primary_key` attribute provides a
+        tuple of primary key values for a newly inserted row,
+        regardless of database backend.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._saved_cursor.lastrowid
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, None, None,
+                self._saved_cursor, self.context)
+
+    @property
+    def returns_rows(self):
+        """True if this :class:`.ResultProxy` returns rows.
+
+        I.e. if it is legal to call the methods
+        :meth:`~.ResultProxy.fetchone`,
+        :meth:`~.ResultProxy.fetchmany`
+        :meth:`~.ResultProxy.fetchall`.
+
+        """
+        return self._metadata is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_insert(self):
+        """True if this :class:`.ResultProxy` is the result
+        of a executing an expression language compiled
+        :func:`.expression.insert` construct.
+
+        When True, this implies that the
+        :attr:`inserted_primary_key` attribute is accessible,
+        assuming the statement did not include
+        a user defined "returning" construct.
+
+        """
+        return self.context.isinsert
+
+    def _cursor_description(self):
+        """May be overridden by subclasses."""
+
+        return self._saved_cursor.description
+
+    def close(self, _autoclose_connection=True):
+        """Close this ResultProxy.
+
+        Closes the underlying DBAPI cursor corresponding to the execution.
+
+        Note that any data cached within this ResultProxy is still available.
+        For some types of results, this may include buffered rows.
+
+        If this ResultProxy was generated from an implicit execution,
+        the underlying Connection will also be closed (returns the
+        underlying DBAPI connection to the connection pool.)
+
+        This method is called automatically when:
+
+        * all result rows are exhausted using the fetchXXX() methods.
+        * cursor.description is None.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.closed:
+            self.closed = True
+            self.connection._safe_close_cursor(self.cursor)
+            if _autoclose_connection and \
+                    self.connection.should_close_with_result:
+                self.connection.close()
+            # allow consistent errors
+            self.cursor = None
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        while True:
+            row = self.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                raise StopIteration
+            else:
+                yield row
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def inserted_primary_key(self):
+        """Return the primary key for the row just inserted.
+
+        The return value is a list of scalar values
+        corresponding to the list of primary key columns
+        in the target table.
+
+        This only applies to single row :func:`.insert`
+        constructs which did not explicitly specify
+        :meth:`.Insert.returning`.
+
+        Note that primary key columns which specify a
+        server_default clause,
+        or otherwise do not qualify as "autoincrement"
+        columns (see the notes at :class:`.Column`), and were
+        generated using the database-side default, will
+        appear in this list as ``None`` unless the backend
+        supports "returning" and the insert statement executed
+        with the "implicit returning" enabled.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() construct.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif not self.context.isinsert:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif self.context._is_explicit_returning:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't call inserted_primary_key "
+                "when returning() "
+                "is used.")
+
+        return self.context.inserted_primary_key
+
+    def last_updated_params(self):
+        """Return the collection of updated parameters from this
+        execution.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an update() construct.
+
+        """
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif not self.context.isupdate:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an update() "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif self.context.executemany:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters
+        else:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters[0]
+
+    def last_inserted_params(self):
+        """Return the collection of inserted parameters from this
+        execution.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() construct.
+
+        """
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif not self.context.isinsert:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif self.context.executemany:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters
+        else:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters[0]
+
+    @property
+    def returned_defaults(self):
+        """Return the values of default columns that were fetched using
+        the :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` feature.
+
+        The value is an instance of :class:`.RowProxy`, or ``None``
+        if :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` was not used or if the
+        backend does not support RETURNING.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults`
+
+        """
+        return self.context.returned_defaults
+
+    def lastrow_has_defaults(self):
+        """Return ``lastrow_has_defaults()`` from the underlying
+        :class:`.ExecutionContext`.
+
+        See :class:`.ExecutionContext` for details.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.context.lastrow_has_defaults()
+
+    def postfetch_cols(self):
+        """Return ``postfetch_cols()`` from the underlying
+        :class:`.ExecutionContext`.
+
+        See :class:`.ExecutionContext` for details.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() or update() construct.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif not self.context.isinsert and not self.context.isupdate:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() or update() "
+                "expression construct.")
+        return self.context.postfetch_cols
+
+    def prefetch_cols(self):
+        """Return ``prefetch_cols()`` from the underlying
+        :class:`.ExecutionContext`.
+
+        See :class:`.ExecutionContext` for details.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() or update() construct.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif not self.context.isinsert and not self.context.isupdate:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() or update() "
+                "expression construct.")
+        return self.context.prefetch_cols
+
+    def supports_sane_rowcount(self):
+        """Return ``supports_sane_rowcount`` from the dialect.
+
+        See :attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount` for background.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
+
+    def supports_sane_multi_rowcount(self):
+        """Return ``supports_sane_multi_rowcount`` from the dialect.
+
+        See :attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount` for background.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(self):
+        try:
+            return self.cursor.fetchone()
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._non_result()
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(self, size=None):
+        try:
+            if size is None:
+                return self.cursor.fetchmany()
+            else:
+                return self.cursor.fetchmany(size)
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._non_result()
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self):
+        try:
+            return self.cursor.fetchall()
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._non_result()
+
+    def _non_result(self):
+        if self._metadata is None:
+            raise exc.ResourceClosedError(
+                "This result object does not return rows. "
+                "It has been closed automatically.",
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This result object is closed.")
+
+    def process_rows(self, rows):
+        process_row = self._process_row
+        metadata = self._metadata
+        keymap = metadata._keymap
+        processors = metadata._processors
+        if self._echo:
+            log = self.context.engine.logger.debug
+            l = []
+            for row in rows:
+                log("Row %r", row)
+                l.append(process_row(metadata, row, processors, keymap))
+            return l
+        else:
+            return [process_row(metadata, row, processors, keymap)
+                    for row in rows]
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        """Fetch all rows, just like DB-API ``cursor.fetchall()``."""
+
+        try:
+            l = self.process_rows(self._fetchall_impl())
+            self.close()
+            return l
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, None, None,
+                self.cursor, self.context)
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        """Fetch many rows, just like DB-API
+        ``cursor.fetchmany(size=cursor.arraysize)``.
+
+        If rows are present, the cursor remains open after this is called.
+        Else the cursor is automatically closed and an empty list is returned.
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            l = self.process_rows(self._fetchmany_impl(size))
+            if len(l) == 0:
+                self.close()
+            return l
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, None, None,
+                self.cursor, self.context)
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        """Fetch one row, just like DB-API ``cursor.fetchone()``.
+
+        If a row is present, the cursor remains open after this is called.
+        Else the cursor is automatically closed and None is returned.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            row = self._fetchone_impl()
+            if row is not None:
+                return self.process_rows([row])[0]
+            else:
+                self.close()
+                return None
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, None, None,
+                self.cursor, self.context)
+
+    def first(self):
+        """Fetch the first row and then close the result set unconditionally.
+
+        Returns None if no row is present.
+
+        """
+        if self._metadata is None:
+            self._non_result()
+
+        try:
+            row = self._fetchone_impl()
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, None, None,
+                self.cursor, self.context)
+
+        try:
+            if row is not None:
+                return self.process_rows([row])[0]
+            else:
+                return None
+        finally:
+            self.close()
+
+    def scalar(self):
+        """Fetch the first column of the first row, and close the result set.
+
+        Returns None if no row is present.
+
+        """
+        row = self.first()
+        if row is not None:
+            return row[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class BufferedRowResultProxy(ResultProxy):
+    """A ResultProxy with row buffering behavior.
+
+    ``ResultProxy`` that buffers the contents of a selection of rows
+    before ``fetchone()`` is called.  This is to allow the results of
+    ``cursor.description`` to be available immediately, when
+    interfacing with a DB-API that requires rows to be consumed before
+    this information is available (currently psycopg2, when used with
+    server-side cursors).
+
+    The pre-fetching behavior fetches only one row initially, and then
+    grows its buffer size by a fixed amount with each successive need
+    for additional rows up to a size of 100.
+    """
+
+    def _init_metadata(self):
+        self.__buffer_rows()
+        super(BufferedRowResultProxy, self)._init_metadata()
+
+    # this is a "growth chart" for the buffering of rows.
+    # each successive __buffer_rows call will use the next
+    # value in the list for the buffer size until the max
+    # is reached
+    size_growth = {
+        1: 5,
+        5: 10,
+        10: 20,
+        20: 50,
+        50: 100,
+        100: 250,
+        250: 500,
+        500: 1000
+    }
+
+    def __buffer_rows(self):
+        size = getattr(self, '_bufsize', 1)
+        self.__rowbuffer = collections.deque(self.cursor.fetchmany(size))
+        self._bufsize = self.size_growth.get(size, size)
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(self):
+        if self.closed:
+            return None
+        if not self.__rowbuffer:
+            self.__buffer_rows()
+            if not self.__rowbuffer:
+                return None
+        return self.__rowbuffer.popleft()
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            return self._fetchall_impl()
+        result = []
+        for x in range(0, size):
+            row = self._fetchone_impl()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            result.append(row)
+        return result
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self):
+        self.__rowbuffer.extend(self.cursor.fetchall())
+        ret = self.__rowbuffer
+        self.__rowbuffer = collections.deque()
+        return ret
+
+
+class FullyBufferedResultProxy(ResultProxy):
+    """A result proxy that buffers rows fully upon creation.
+
+    Used for operations where a result is to be delivered
+    after the database conversation can not be continued,
+    such as MSSQL INSERT...OUTPUT after an autocommit.
+
+    """
+
+    def _init_metadata(self):
+        super(FullyBufferedResultProxy, self)._init_metadata()
+        self.__rowbuffer = self._buffer_rows()
+
+    def _buffer_rows(self):
+        return collections.deque(self.cursor.fetchall())
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(self):
+        if self.__rowbuffer:
+            return self.__rowbuffer.popleft()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            return self._fetchall_impl()
+        result = []
+        for x in range(0, size):
+            row = self._fetchone_impl()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            result.append(row)
+        return result
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self):
+        ret = self.__rowbuffer
+        self.__rowbuffer = collections.deque()
+        return ret
+
+
+class BufferedColumnRow(RowProxy):
+    def __init__(self, parent, row, processors, keymap):
+        # preprocess row
+        row = list(row)
+        # this is a tad faster than using enumerate
+        index = 0
+        for processor in parent._orig_processors:
+            if processor is not None:
+                row[index] = processor(row[index])
+            index += 1
+        row = tuple(row)
+        super(BufferedColumnRow, self).__init__(parent, row,
+                                                processors, keymap)
+
+
+class BufferedColumnResultProxy(ResultProxy):
+    """A ResultProxy with column buffering behavior.
+
+    ``ResultProxy`` that loads all columns into memory each time
+    fetchone() is called.  If fetchmany() or fetchall() are called,
+    the full grid of results is fetched.  This is to operate with
+    databases where result rows contain "live" results that fall out
+    of scope unless explicitly fetched.  Currently this includes
+    cx_Oracle LOB objects.
+
+    """
+
+    _process_row = BufferedColumnRow
+
+    def _init_metadata(self):
+        super(BufferedColumnResultProxy, self)._init_metadata()
+        metadata = self._metadata
+        # orig_processors will be used to preprocess each row when they are
+        # constructed.
+        metadata._orig_processors = metadata._processors
+        # replace the all type processors by None processors.
+        metadata._processors = [None for _ in range(len(metadata.keys))]
+        keymap = {}
+        for k, (func, obj, index) in metadata._keymap.items():
+            keymap[k] = (None, obj, index)
+        self._metadata._keymap = keymap
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        # can't call cursor.fetchall(), since rows must be
+        # fully processed before requesting more from the DBAPI.
+        l = []
+        while True:
+            row = self.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            l.append(row)
+        return l
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        # can't call cursor.fetchmany(), since rows must be
+        # fully processed before requesting more from the DBAPI.
+        if size is None:
+            return self.fetchall()
+        l = []
+        for i in range(size):
+            row = self.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            l.append(row)
+        return l
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/strategies.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/strategies.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38206be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/strategies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+# engine/strategies.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Strategies for creating new instances of Engine types.
+
+These are semi-private implementation classes which provide the
+underlying behavior for the "strategy" keyword argument available on
+:func:`~sqlalchemy.engine.create_engine`.  Current available options are
+``plain``, ``threadlocal``, and ``mock``.
+
+New strategies can be added via new ``EngineStrategy`` classes.
+"""
+
+from operator import attrgetter
+
+from sqlalchemy.engine import base, threadlocal, url
+from sqlalchemy import util, exc, event
+from sqlalchemy import pool as poollib
+
+strategies = {}
+
+
+class EngineStrategy(object):
+    """An adaptor that processes input arguments and produces an Engine.
+
+    Provides a ``create`` method that receives input arguments and
+    produces an instance of base.Engine or a subclass.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        strategies[self.name] = self
+
+    def create(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Given arguments, returns a new Engine instance."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class DefaultEngineStrategy(EngineStrategy):
+    """Base class for built-in strategies."""
+
+    def create(self, name_or_url, **kwargs):
+        # create url.URL object
+        u = url.make_url(name_or_url)
+
+        dialect_cls = u.get_dialect()
+
+        if kwargs.pop('_coerce_config', False):
+            def pop_kwarg(key, default=None):
+                value = kwargs.pop(key, default)
+                if key in dialect_cls.engine_config_types:
+                    value = dialect_cls.engine_config_types[key](value)
+                return value
+        else:
+            pop_kwarg = kwargs.pop
+
+        dialect_args = {}
+        # consume dialect arguments from kwargs
+        for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(dialect_cls):
+            if k in kwargs:
+                dialect_args[k] = pop_kwarg(k)
+
+        dbapi = kwargs.pop('module', None)
+        if dbapi is None:
+            dbapi_args = {}
+            for k in util.get_func_kwargs(dialect_cls.dbapi):
+                if k in kwargs:
+                    dbapi_args[k] = pop_kwarg(k)
+            dbapi = dialect_cls.dbapi(**dbapi_args)
+
+        dialect_args['dbapi'] = dbapi
+
+        # create dialect
+        dialect = dialect_cls(**dialect_args)
+
+        # assemble connection arguments
+        (cargs, cparams) = dialect.create_connect_args(u)
+        cparams.update(pop_kwarg('connect_args', {}))
+
+        # look for existing pool or create
+        pool = pop_kwarg('pool', None)
+        if pool is None:
+            def connect():
+                try:
+                    return dialect.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+                except dialect.dbapi.Error as e:
+                    invalidated = dialect.is_disconnect(e, None, None)
+                    util.raise_from_cause(
+                        exc.DBAPIError.instance(
+                            None, None, e, dialect.dbapi.Error,
+                            connection_invalidated=invalidated
+                        )
+                    )
+
+            creator = pop_kwarg('creator', connect)
+
+            poolclass = pop_kwarg('poolclass', None)
+            if poolclass is None:
+                poolclass = dialect_cls.get_pool_class(u)
+            pool_args = {}
+
+            # consume pool arguments from kwargs, translating a few of
+            # the arguments
+            translate = {'logging_name': 'pool_logging_name',
+                         'echo': 'echo_pool',
+                         'timeout': 'pool_timeout',
+                         'recycle': 'pool_recycle',
+                         'events': 'pool_events',
+                         'use_threadlocal': 'pool_threadlocal',
+                         'reset_on_return': 'pool_reset_on_return'}
+            for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(poolclass):
+                tk = translate.get(k, k)
+                if tk in kwargs:
+                    pool_args[k] = pop_kwarg(tk)
+            pool = poolclass(creator, **pool_args)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(pool, poollib._DBProxy):
+                pool = pool.get_pool(*cargs, **cparams)
+            else:
+                pool = pool
+
+        # create engine.
+        engineclass = self.engine_cls
+        engine_args = {}
+        for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(engineclass):
+            if k in kwargs:
+                engine_args[k] = pop_kwarg(k)
+
+        _initialize = kwargs.pop('_initialize', True)
+
+        # all kwargs should be consumed
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Invalid argument(s) %s sent to create_engine(), "
+                "using configuration %s/%s/%s.  Please check that the "
+                "keyword arguments are appropriate for this combination "
+                "of components." % (','.join("'%s'" % k for k in kwargs),
+                                    dialect.__class__.__name__,
+                                    pool.__class__.__name__,
+                                    engineclass.__name__))
+
+        engine = engineclass(pool, dialect, u, **engine_args)
+
+        if _initialize:
+            do_on_connect = dialect.on_connect()
+            if do_on_connect:
+                def on_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+                    conn = getattr(
+                        dbapi_connection, '_sqla_unwrap', dbapi_connection)
+                    if conn is None:
+                        return
+                    do_on_connect(conn)
+
+                event.listen(pool, 'first_connect', on_connect)
+                event.listen(pool, 'connect', on_connect)
+
+            def first_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+                c = base.Connection(engine, connection=dbapi_connection,
+                                    _has_events=False)
+                dialect.initialize(c)
+            event.listen(pool, 'first_connect', first_connect, once=True)
+
+        return engine
+
+
+class PlainEngineStrategy(DefaultEngineStrategy):
+    """Strategy for configuring a regular Engine."""
+
+    name = 'plain'
+    engine_cls = base.Engine
+
+PlainEngineStrategy()
+
+
+class ThreadLocalEngineStrategy(DefaultEngineStrategy):
+    """Strategy for configuring an Engine with threadlocal behavior."""
+
+    name = 'threadlocal'
+    engine_cls = threadlocal.TLEngine
+
+ThreadLocalEngineStrategy()
+
+
+class MockEngineStrategy(EngineStrategy):
+    """Strategy for configuring an Engine-like object with mocked execution.
+
+    Produces a single mock Connectable object which dispatches
+    statement execution to a passed-in function.
+
+    """
+
+    name = 'mock'
+
+    def create(self, name_or_url, executor, **kwargs):
+        # create url.URL object
+        u = url.make_url(name_or_url)
+
+        dialect_cls = u.get_dialect()
+
+        dialect_args = {}
+        # consume dialect arguments from kwargs
+        for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(dialect_cls):
+            if k in kwargs:
+                dialect_args[k] = kwargs.pop(k)
+
+        # create dialect
+        dialect = dialect_cls(**dialect_args)
+
+        return MockEngineStrategy.MockConnection(dialect, executor)
+
+    class MockConnection(base.Connectable):
+        def __init__(self, dialect, execute):
+            self._dialect = dialect
+            self.execute = execute
+
+        engine = property(lambda s: s)
+        dialect = property(attrgetter('_dialect'))
+        name = property(lambda s: s._dialect.name)
+
+        def contextual_connect(self, **kwargs):
+            return self
+
+        def execution_options(self, **kw):
+            return self
+
+        def compiler(self, statement, parameters, **kwargs):
+            return self._dialect.compiler(
+                statement, parameters, engine=self, **kwargs)
+
+        def create(self, entity, **kwargs):
+            kwargs['checkfirst'] = False
+            from sqlalchemy.engine import ddl
+
+            ddl.SchemaGenerator(
+                self.dialect, self, **kwargs).traverse_single(entity)
+
+        def drop(self, entity, **kwargs):
+            kwargs['checkfirst'] = False
+            from sqlalchemy.engine import ddl
+            ddl.SchemaDropper(
+                self.dialect, self, **kwargs).traverse_single(entity)
+
+        def _run_visitor(self, visitorcallable, element,
+                         connection=None,
+                         **kwargs):
+            kwargs['checkfirst'] = False
+            visitorcallable(self.dialect, self,
+                            **kwargs).traverse_single(element)
+
+        def execute(self, object, *multiparams, **params):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+MockEngineStrategy()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/threadlocal.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/threadlocal.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..637523a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/threadlocal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+# engine/threadlocal.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides a thread-local transactional wrapper around the root Engine class.
+
+The ``threadlocal`` module is invoked when using the
+``strategy="threadlocal"`` flag with :func:`~sqlalchemy.engine.create_engine`.
+This module is semi-private and is invoked automatically when the threadlocal
+engine strategy is used.
+"""
+
+from .. import util
+from . import base
+import weakref
+
+
+class TLConnection(base.Connection):
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        super(TLConnection, self).__init__(*arg, **kw)
+        self.__opencount = 0
+
+    def _increment_connect(self):
+        self.__opencount += 1
+        return self
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.__opencount == 1:
+            base.Connection.close(self)
+        self.__opencount -= 1
+
+    def _force_close(self):
+        self.__opencount = 0
+        base.Connection.close(self)
+
+
+class TLEngine(base.Engine):
+    """An Engine that includes support for thread-local managed
+    transactions.
+
+    """
+    _tl_connection_cls = TLConnection
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(TLEngine, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._connections = util.threading.local()
+
+    def contextual_connect(self, **kw):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'conn'):
+            connection = None
+        else:
+            connection = self._connections.conn()
+
+        if connection is None or connection.closed:
+            # guards against pool-level reapers, if desired.
+            # or not connection.connection.is_valid:
+            connection = self._tl_connection_cls(
+                self, self.pool.connect(), **kw)
+            self._connections.conn = weakref.ref(connection)
+
+        return connection._increment_connect()
+
+    def begin_twophase(self, xid=None):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'trans'):
+            self._connections.trans = []
+        self._connections.trans.append(
+            self.contextual_connect().begin_twophase(xid=xid))
+        return self
+
+    def begin_nested(self):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'trans'):
+            self._connections.trans = []
+        self._connections.trans.append(
+            self.contextual_connect().begin_nested())
+        return self
+
+    def begin(self):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'trans'):
+            self._connections.trans = []
+        self._connections.trans.append(self.contextual_connect().begin())
+        return self
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        if type is None:
+            self.commit()
+        else:
+            self.rollback()
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'trans') or \
+                not self._connections.trans:
+            return
+        self._connections.trans[-1].prepare()
+
+    def commit(self):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'trans') or \
+                not self._connections.trans:
+            return
+        trans = self._connections.trans.pop(-1)
+        trans.commit()
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'trans') or \
+                not self._connections.trans:
+            return
+        trans = self._connections.trans.pop(-1)
+        trans.rollback()
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        self._connections = util.threading.local()
+        super(TLEngine, self).dispose()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        return not hasattr(self._connections, 'conn') or \
+            self._connections.conn() is None or \
+            self._connections.conn().closed
+
+    def close(self):
+        if not self.closed:
+            self.contextual_connect().close()
+            connection = self._connections.conn()
+            connection._force_close()
+            del self._connections.conn
+            self._connections.trans = []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'TLEngine(%s)' % str(self.url)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/url.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/url.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e362961
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/url.py
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+# engine/url.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL` class which encapsulates
+information about a database connection specification.
+
+The URL object is created automatically when
+:func:`~sqlalchemy.engine.create_engine` is called with a string
+argument; alternatively, the URL is a public-facing construct which can
+be used directly and is also accepted directly by ``create_engine()``.
+"""
+
+import re
+from .. import exc, util
+from . import Dialect
+from ..dialects import registry
+
+
+class URL(object):
+    """
+    Represent the components of a URL used to connect to a database.
+
+    This object is suitable to be passed directly to a
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.create_engine` call.  The fields of the URL are parsed
+    from a string by the :func:`.make_url` function.  the string
+    format of the URL is an RFC-1738-style string.
+
+    All initialization parameters are available as public attributes.
+
+    :param drivername: the name of the database backend.
+      This name will correspond to a module in sqlalchemy/databases
+      or a third party plug-in.
+
+    :param username: The user name.
+
+    :param password: database password.
+
+    :param host: The name of the host.
+
+    :param port: The port number.
+
+    :param database: The database name.
+
+    :param query: A dictionary of options to be passed to the
+      dialect and/or the DBAPI upon connect.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, drivername, username=None, password=None,
+                 host=None, port=None, database=None, query=None):
+        self.drivername = drivername
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        self.host = host
+        if port is not None:
+            self.port = int(port)
+        else:
+            self.port = None
+        self.database = database
+        self.query = query or {}
+
+    def __to_string__(self, hide_password=True):
+        s = self.drivername + "://"
+        if self.username is not None:
+            s += _rfc_1738_quote(self.username)
+            if self.password is not None:
+                s += ':' + ('***' if hide_password
+                            else _rfc_1738_quote(self.password))
+            s += "@"
+        if self.host is not None:
+            if ':' in self.host:
+                s += "[%s]" % self.host
+            else:
+                s += self.host
+        if self.port is not None:
+            s += ':' + str(self.port)
+        if self.database is not None:
+            s += '/' + self.database
+        if self.query:
+            keys = list(self.query)
+            keys.sort()
+            s += '?' + "&".join("%s=%s" % (k, self.query[k]) for k in keys)
+        return s
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__to_string__(hide_password=False)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.__to_string__()
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(str(self))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return \
+            isinstance(other, URL) and \
+            self.drivername == other.drivername and \
+            self.username == other.username and \
+            self.password == other.password and \
+            self.host == other.host and \
+            self.database == other.database and \
+            self.query == other.query
+
+    def get_dialect(self):
+        """Return the SQLAlchemy database dialect class corresponding
+        to this URL's driver name.
+        """
+
+        if '+' not in self.drivername:
+            name = self.drivername
+        else:
+            name = self.drivername.replace('+', '.')
+        cls = registry.load(name)
+        # check for legacy dialects that
+        # would return a module with 'dialect' as the
+        # actual class
+        if hasattr(cls, 'dialect') and \
+                isinstance(cls.dialect, type) and \
+                issubclass(cls.dialect, Dialect):
+            return cls.dialect
+        else:
+            return cls
+
+    def translate_connect_args(self, names=[], **kw):
+        """Translate url attributes into a dictionary of connection arguments.
+
+        Returns attributes of this url (`host`, `database`, `username`,
+        `password`, `port`) as a plain dictionary.  The attribute names are
+        used as the keys by default.  Unset or false attributes are omitted
+        from the final dictionary.
+
+        :param \**kw: Optional, alternate key names for url attributes.
+
+        :param names: Deprecated.  Same purpose as the keyword-based alternate
+            names, but correlates the name to the original positionally.
+        """
+
+        translated = {}
+        attribute_names = ['host', 'database', 'username', 'password', 'port']
+        for sname in attribute_names:
+            if names:
+                name = names.pop(0)
+            elif sname in kw:
+                name = kw[sname]
+            else:
+                name = sname
+            if name is not None and getattr(self, sname, False):
+                translated[name] = getattr(self, sname)
+        return translated
+
+
+def make_url(name_or_url):
+    """Given a string or unicode instance, produce a new URL instance.
+
+    The given string is parsed according to the RFC 1738 spec.  If an
+    existing URL object is passed, just returns the object.
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(name_or_url, util.string_types):
+        return _parse_rfc1738_args(name_or_url)
+    else:
+        return name_or_url
+
+
+def _parse_rfc1738_args(name):
+    pattern = re.compile(r'''
+            (?P[\w\+]+)://
+            (?:
+                (?P[^:/]*)
+                (?::(?P.*))?
+            @)?
+            (?:
+                (?:
+                    \[(?P[^/]+)\] |
+                    (?P[^/:]+)
+                )?
+                (?::(?P[^/]*))?
+            )?
+            (?:/(?P.*))?
+            ''', re.X)
+
+    m = pattern.match(name)
+    if m is not None:
+        components = m.groupdict()
+        if components['database'] is not None:
+            tokens = components['database'].split('?', 2)
+            components['database'] = tokens[0]
+            query = (
+                len(tokens) > 1 and dict(util.parse_qsl(tokens[1]))) or None
+            if util.py2k and query is not None:
+                query = dict((k.encode('ascii'), query[k]) for k in query)
+        else:
+            query = None
+        components['query'] = query
+
+        if components['username'] is not None:
+            components['username'] = _rfc_1738_unquote(components['username'])
+
+        if components['password'] is not None:
+            components['password'] = _rfc_1738_unquote(components['password'])
+
+        ipv4host = components.pop('ipv4host')
+        ipv6host = components.pop('ipv6host')
+        components['host'] = ipv4host or ipv6host
+        name = components.pop('name')
+        return URL(name, **components)
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Could not parse rfc1738 URL from string '%s'" % name)
+
+
+def _rfc_1738_quote(text):
+    return re.sub(r'[:@/]', lambda m: "%%%X" % ord(m.group(0)), text)
+
+
+def _rfc_1738_unquote(text):
+    return util.unquote(text)
+
+
+def _parse_keyvalue_args(name):
+    m = re.match(r'(\w+)://(.*)', name)
+    if m is not None:
+        (name, args) = m.group(1, 2)
+        opts = dict(util.parse_qsl(args))
+        return URL(name, *opts)
+    else:
+        return None
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/util.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9eb1df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# engine/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .. import util
+
+
+def connection_memoize(key):
+    """Decorator, memoize a function in a connection.info stash.
+
+    Only applicable to functions which take no arguments other than a
+    connection.  The memo will be stored in ``connection.info[key]``.
+    """
+
+    @util.decorator
+    def decorated(fn, self, connection):
+        connection = connection.connect()
+        try:
+            return connection.info[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            connection.info[key] = val = fn(self, connection)
+            return val
+
+    return decorated
+
+
+def py_fallback():
+    def _distill_params(multiparams, params):
+        """Given arguments from the calling form *multiparams, **params,
+        return a list of bind parameter structures, usually a list of
+        dictionaries.
+
+        In the case of 'raw' execution which accepts positional parameters,
+        it may be a list of tuples or lists.
+
+        """
+
+        if not multiparams:
+            if params:
+                return [params]
+            else:
+                return []
+        elif len(multiparams) == 1:
+            zero = multiparams[0]
+            if isinstance(zero, (list, tuple)):
+                if not zero or hasattr(zero[0], '__iter__') and \
+                        not hasattr(zero[0], 'strip'):
+                    # execute(stmt, [{}, {}, {}, ...])
+                    # execute(stmt, [(), (), (), ...])
+                    return zero
+                else:
+                    # execute(stmt, ("value", "value"))
+                    return [zero]
+            elif hasattr(zero, 'keys'):
+                # execute(stmt, {"key":"value"})
+                return [zero]
+            else:
+                # execute(stmt, "value")
+                return [[zero]]
+        else:
+            if hasattr(multiparams[0], '__iter__') and \
+                    not hasattr(multiparams[0], 'strip'):
+                return multiparams
+            else:
+                return [multiparams]
+
+    return locals()
+try:
+    from sqlalchemy.cutils import _distill_params
+except ImportError:
+    globals().update(py_fallback())
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b93c0ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# event/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .api import CANCEL, NO_RETVAL, listen, listens_for, remove, contains
+from .base import Events, dispatcher
+from .attr import RefCollection
+from .legacy import _legacy_signature
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/api.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/api.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..270e95c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# event/api.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Public API functions for the event system.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .. import util, exc
+from .base import _registrars
+from .registry import _EventKey
+
+CANCEL = util.symbol('CANCEL')
+NO_RETVAL = util.symbol('NO_RETVAL')
+
+
+def _event_key(target, identifier, fn):
+    for evt_cls in _registrars[identifier]:
+        tgt = evt_cls._accept_with(target)
+        if tgt is not None:
+            return _EventKey(target, identifier, fn, tgt)
+    else:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError("No such event '%s' for target '%s'" %
+                                      (identifier, target))
+
+
+def listen(target, identifier, fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Register a listener function for the given target.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy.schema import UniqueConstraint
+
+        def unique_constraint_name(const, table):
+            const.name = "uq_%s_%s" % (
+                table.name,
+                list(const.columns)[0].name
+            )
+        event.listen(
+                UniqueConstraint,
+                "after_parent_attach",
+                unique_constraint_name)
+
+
+    A given function can also be invoked for only the first invocation
+    of the event using the ``once`` argument::
+
+        def on_config():
+            do_config()
+
+        event.listen(Mapper, "before_configure", on_config, once=True)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.4 Added ``once=True`` to :func:`.event.listen`
+       and :func:`.event.listens_for`.
+
+    """
+
+    _event_key(target, identifier, fn).listen(*args, **kw)
+
+
+def listens_for(target, identifier, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorate a function as a listener for the given target + identifier.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy.schema import UniqueConstraint
+
+        @event.listens_for(UniqueConstraint, "after_parent_attach")
+        def unique_constraint_name(const, table):
+            const.name = "uq_%s_%s" % (
+                table.name,
+                list(const.columns)[0].name
+            )
+
+    A given function can also be invoked for only the first invocation
+    of the event using the ``once`` argument::
+
+        @event.listens_for(Mapper, "before_configure", once=True)
+        def on_config():
+            do_config()
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.4 Added ``once=True`` to :func:`.event.listen`
+       and :func:`.event.listens_for`.
+
+    """
+    def decorate(fn):
+        listen(target, identifier, fn, *args, **kw)
+        return fn
+    return decorate
+
+
+def remove(target, identifier, fn):
+    """Remove an event listener.
+
+    The arguments here should match exactly those which were sent to
+    :func:`.listen`; all the event registration which proceeded as a result
+    of this call will be reverted by calling :func:`.remove` with the same
+    arguments.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        # if a function was registered like this...
+        @event.listens_for(SomeMappedClass, "before_insert", propagate=True)
+        def my_listener_function(*arg):
+            pass
+
+        # ... it's removed like this
+        event.remove(SomeMappedClass, "before_insert", my_listener_function)
+
+    Above, the listener function associated with ``SomeMappedClass`` was also
+    propagated to subclasses of ``SomeMappedClass``; the :func:`.remove`
+    function will revert all of these operations.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    """
+    _event_key(target, identifier, fn).remove()
+
+
+def contains(target, identifier, fn):
+    """Return True if the given target/ident/fn is set up to listen.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    """
+
+    return _event_key(target, identifier, fn).contains()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/attr.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/attr.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7641b59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/attr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+# event/attr.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Attribute implementation for _Dispatch classes.
+
+The various listener targets for a particular event class are represented
+as attributes, which refer to collections of listeners to be fired off.
+These collections can exist at the class level as well as at the instance
+level.  An event is fired off using code like this::
+
+    some_object.dispatch.first_connect(arg1, arg2)
+
+Above, ``some_object.dispatch`` would be an instance of ``_Dispatch`` and
+``first_connect`` is typically an instance of ``_ListenerCollection``
+if event listeners are present, or ``_EmptyListener`` if none are present.
+
+The attribute mechanics here spend effort trying to ensure listener functions
+are available with a minimum of function call overhead, that unnecessary
+objects aren't created (i.e. many empty per-instance listener collections),
+as well as that everything is garbage collectable when owning references are
+lost.  Other features such as "propagation" of listener functions across
+many ``_Dispatch`` instances, "joining" of multiple ``_Dispatch`` instances,
+as well as support for subclass propagation (e.g. events assigned to
+``Pool`` vs. ``QueuePool``) are all implemented here.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, with_statement
+
+from .. import util
+from ..util import threading
+from . import registry
+from . import legacy
+from itertools import chain
+import weakref
+
+
+class RefCollection(object):
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def ref(self):
+        return weakref.ref(self, registry._collection_gced)
+
+
+class _DispatchDescriptor(RefCollection):
+    """Class-level attributes on :class:`._Dispatch` classes."""
+
+    def __init__(self, parent_dispatch_cls, fn):
+        self.__name__ = fn.__name__
+        argspec = util.inspect_getargspec(fn)
+        self.arg_names = argspec.args[1:]
+        self.has_kw = bool(argspec.keywords)
+        self.legacy_signatures = list(reversed(
+            sorted(
+                getattr(fn, '_legacy_signatures', []),
+                key=lambda s: s[0]
+            )
+        ))
+        self.__doc__ = fn.__doc__ = legacy._augment_fn_docs(
+            self, parent_dispatch_cls, fn)
+
+        self._clslevel = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._empty_listeners = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def _adjust_fn_spec(self, fn, named):
+        if named:
+            fn = self._wrap_fn_for_kw(fn)
+        if self.legacy_signatures:
+            try:
+                argspec = util.get_callable_argspec(fn, no_self=True)
+            except TypeError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                fn = legacy._wrap_fn_for_legacy(self, fn, argspec)
+        return fn
+
+    def _wrap_fn_for_kw(self, fn):
+        def wrap_kw(*args, **kw):
+            argdict = dict(zip(self.arg_names, args))
+            argdict.update(kw)
+            return fn(**argdict)
+        return wrap_kw
+
+    def insert(self, event_key, propagate):
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+        assert isinstance(target, type), \
+            "Class-level Event targets must be classes."
+        stack = [target]
+        while stack:
+            cls = stack.pop(0)
+            stack.extend(cls.__subclasses__())
+            if cls is not target and cls not in self._clslevel:
+                self.update_subclass(cls)
+            else:
+                if cls not in self._clslevel:
+                    self._clslevel[cls] = []
+                self._clslevel[cls].insert(0, event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._stored_in_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def append(self, event_key, propagate):
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+        assert isinstance(target, type), \
+            "Class-level Event targets must be classes."
+
+        stack = [target]
+        while stack:
+            cls = stack.pop(0)
+            stack.extend(cls.__subclasses__())
+            if cls is not target and cls not in self._clslevel:
+                self.update_subclass(cls)
+            else:
+                if cls not in self._clslevel:
+                    self._clslevel[cls] = []
+                self._clslevel[cls].append(event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._stored_in_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def update_subclass(self, target):
+        if target not in self._clslevel:
+            self._clslevel[target] = []
+        clslevel = self._clslevel[target]
+        for cls in target.__mro__[1:]:
+            if cls in self._clslevel:
+                clslevel.extend([
+                    fn for fn
+                    in self._clslevel[cls]
+                    if fn not in clslevel
+                ])
+
+    def remove(self, event_key):
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+        stack = [target]
+        while stack:
+            cls = stack.pop(0)
+            stack.extend(cls.__subclasses__())
+            if cls in self._clslevel:
+                self._clslevel[cls].remove(event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._removed_from_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear all class level listeners"""
+
+        to_clear = set()
+        for dispatcher in self._clslevel.values():
+            to_clear.update(dispatcher)
+            dispatcher[:] = []
+        registry._clear(self, to_clear)
+
+    def for_modify(self, obj):
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _DispatchDescriptor at the class level of
+        a dispatcher, this returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        elif obj._parent_cls in self._empty_listeners:
+            ret = self._empty_listeners[obj._parent_cls]
+        else:
+            self._empty_listeners[obj._parent_cls] = ret = \
+                _EmptyListener(self, obj._parent_cls)
+        # assigning it to __dict__ means
+        # memoized for fast re-access.  but more memory.
+        obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = ret
+        return ret
+
+
+class _HasParentDispatchDescriptor(object):
+    def _adjust_fn_spec(self, fn, named):
+        return self.parent._adjust_fn_spec(fn, named)
+
+
+class _EmptyListener(_HasParentDispatchDescriptor):
+    """Serves as a class-level interface to the events
+    served by a _DispatchDescriptor, when there are no
+    instance-level events present.
+
+    Is replaced by _ListenerCollection when instance-level
+    events are added.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, target_cls):
+        if target_cls not in parent._clslevel:
+            parent.update_subclass(target_cls)
+        self.parent = parent  # _DispatchDescriptor
+        self.parent_listeners = parent._clslevel[target_cls]
+        self.name = parent.__name__
+        self.propagate = frozenset()
+        self.listeners = ()
+
+    def for_modify(self, obj):
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _EmptyListener at the instance level of
+        a dispatcher, this generates a new
+        _ListenerCollection, applies it to the instance,
+        and returns it.
+
+        """
+        result = _ListenerCollection(self.parent, obj._parent_cls)
+        if obj.__dict__[self.name] is self:
+            obj.__dict__[self.name] = result
+        return result
+
+    def _needs_modify(self, *args, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError("need to call for_modify()")
+
+    exec_once = insert = append = remove = clear = _needs_modify
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Execute this event."""
+
+        for fn in self.parent_listeners:
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.parent_listeners)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.parent_listeners)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.parent_listeners)
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+
+class _CompoundListener(_HasParentDispatchDescriptor):
+    _exec_once = False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _exec_once_mutex(self):
+        return threading.Lock()
+
+    def exec_once(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Execute this event, but only if it has not been
+        executed already for this collection."""
+
+        if not self._exec_once:
+            with self._exec_once_mutex:
+                if not self._exec_once:
+                    try:
+                        self(*args, **kw)
+                    finally:
+                        self._exec_once = True
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Execute this event."""
+
+        for fn in self.parent_listeners:
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+        for fn in self.listeners:
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.parent_listeners) + len(self.listeners)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return chain(self.parent_listeners, self.listeners)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.listeners or self.parent_listeners)
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+
+class _ListenerCollection(RefCollection, _CompoundListener):
+    """Instance-level attributes on instances of :class:`._Dispatch`.
+
+    Represents a collection of listeners.
+
+    As of 0.7.9, _ListenerCollection is only first
+    created via the _EmptyListener.for_modify() method.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, target_cls):
+        if target_cls not in parent._clslevel:
+            parent.update_subclass(target_cls)
+        self.parent_listeners = parent._clslevel[target_cls]
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.name = parent.__name__
+        self.listeners = []
+        self.propagate = set()
+
+    def for_modify(self, obj):
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _ListenerCollection at the instance level of
+        a dispatcher, this returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _update(self, other, only_propagate=True):
+        """Populate from the listeners in another :class:`_Dispatch`
+            object."""
+
+        existing_listeners = self.listeners
+        existing_listener_set = set(existing_listeners)
+        self.propagate.update(other.propagate)
+        other_listeners = [l for l
+                           in other.listeners
+                           if l not in existing_listener_set
+                           and not only_propagate or l in self.propagate
+                           ]
+
+        existing_listeners.extend(other_listeners)
+
+        to_associate = other.propagate.union(other_listeners)
+        registry._stored_in_collection_multi(self, other, to_associate)
+
+    def insert(self, event_key, propagate):
+        if event_key._listen_fn not in self.listeners:
+            event_key.prepend_to_list(self, self.listeners)
+            if propagate:
+                self.propagate.add(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    def append(self, event_key, propagate):
+        if event_key._listen_fn not in self.listeners:
+            event_key.append_to_list(self, self.listeners)
+            if propagate:
+                self.propagate.add(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    def remove(self, event_key):
+        self.listeners.remove(event_key._listen_fn)
+        self.propagate.discard(event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._removed_from_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        registry._clear(self, self.listeners)
+        self.propagate.clear()
+        self.listeners[:] = []
+
+
+class _JoinedDispatchDescriptor(object):
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        else:
+            obj.__dict__[self.name] = ret = _JoinedListener(
+                obj.parent, self.name,
+                getattr(obj.local, self.name)
+            )
+            return ret
+
+
+class _JoinedListener(_CompoundListener):
+    _exec_once = False
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, name, local):
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.name = name
+        self.local = local
+        self.parent_listeners = self.local
+
+    @property
+    def listeners(self):
+        return getattr(self.parent, self.name)
+
+    def _adjust_fn_spec(self, fn, named):
+        return self.local._adjust_fn_spec(fn, named)
+
+    def for_modify(self, obj):
+        self.local = self.parent_listeners = self.local.for_modify(obj)
+        return self
+
+    def insert(self, event_key, propagate):
+        self.local.insert(event_key, propagate)
+
+    def append(self, event_key, propagate):
+        self.local.append(event_key, propagate)
+
+    def remove(self, event_key):
+        self.local.remove(event_key)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4925f6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+# event/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Base implementation classes.
+
+The public-facing ``Events`` serves as the base class for an event interface;
+its public attributes represent different kinds of events.   These attributes
+are mirrored onto a ``_Dispatch`` class, which serves as a container for
+collections of listener functions.   These collections are represented both
+at the class level of a particular ``_Dispatch`` class as well as within
+instances of ``_Dispatch``.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .. import util
+from .attr import _JoinedDispatchDescriptor, \
+    _EmptyListener, _DispatchDescriptor
+
+_registrars = util.defaultdict(list)
+
+
+def _is_event_name(name):
+    return not name.startswith('_') and name != 'dispatch'
+
+
+class _UnpickleDispatch(object):
+    """Serializable callable that re-generates an instance of
+    :class:`_Dispatch` given a particular :class:`.Events` subclass.
+
+    """
+
+    def __call__(self, _parent_cls):
+        for cls in _parent_cls.__mro__:
+            if 'dispatch' in cls.__dict__:
+                return cls.__dict__['dispatch'].dispatch_cls(_parent_cls)
+        else:
+            raise AttributeError("No class with a 'dispatch' member present.")
+
+
+class _Dispatch(object):
+    """Mirror the event listening definitions of an Events class with
+    listener collections.
+
+    Classes which define a "dispatch" member will return a
+    non-instantiated :class:`._Dispatch` subclass when the member
+    is accessed at the class level.  When the "dispatch" member is
+    accessed at the instance level of its owner, an instance
+    of the :class:`._Dispatch` class is returned.
+
+    A :class:`._Dispatch` class is generated for each :class:`.Events`
+    class defined, by the :func:`._create_dispatcher_class` function.
+    The original :class:`.Events` classes remain untouched.
+    This decouples the construction of :class:`.Events` subclasses from
+    the implementation used by the event internals, and allows
+    inspecting tools like Sphinx to work in an unsurprising
+    way against the public API.
+
+    """
+
+    _events = None
+    """reference the :class:`.Events` class which this
+        :class:`._Dispatch` is created for."""
+
+    def __init__(self, _parent_cls):
+        self._parent_cls = _parent_cls
+
+    @util.classproperty
+    def _listen(cls):
+        return cls._events._listen
+
+    def _join(self, other):
+        """Create a 'join' of this :class:`._Dispatch` and another.
+
+        This new dispatcher will dispatch events to both
+        :class:`._Dispatch` objects.
+
+        """
+        if '_joined_dispatch_cls' not in self.__class__.__dict__:
+            cls = type(
+                "Joined%s" % self.__class__.__name__,
+                (_JoinedDispatcher, self.__class__), {}
+            )
+            for ls in _event_descriptors(self):
+                setattr(cls, ls.name, _JoinedDispatchDescriptor(ls.name))
+
+            self.__class__._joined_dispatch_cls = cls
+        return self._joined_dispatch_cls(self, other)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _UnpickleDispatch(), (self._parent_cls, )
+
+    def _update(self, other, only_propagate=True):
+        """Populate from the listeners in another :class:`_Dispatch`
+            object."""
+
+        for ls in _event_descriptors(other):
+            if isinstance(ls, _EmptyListener):
+                continue
+            getattr(self, ls.name).\
+                for_modify(self)._update(ls, only_propagate=only_propagate)
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def _clear(self):
+        for attr in dir(self):
+            if _is_event_name(attr):
+                getattr(self, attr).for_modify(self).clear()
+
+
+def _event_descriptors(target):
+    return [getattr(target, k) for k in dir(target) if _is_event_name(k)]
+
+
+class _EventMeta(type):
+    """Intercept new Event subclasses and create
+    associated _Dispatch classes."""
+
+    def __init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_):
+        _create_dispatcher_class(cls, classname, bases, dict_)
+        return type.__init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_)
+
+
+def _create_dispatcher_class(cls, classname, bases, dict_):
+    """Create a :class:`._Dispatch` class corresponding to an
+    :class:`.Events` class."""
+
+    # there's all kinds of ways to do this,
+    # i.e. make a Dispatch class that shares the '_listen' method
+    # of the Event class, this is the straight monkeypatch.
+    dispatch_base = getattr(cls, 'dispatch', _Dispatch)
+    dispatch_cls = type("%sDispatch" % classname,
+                        (dispatch_base, ), {})
+    cls._set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls)
+
+    for k in dict_:
+        if _is_event_name(k):
+            setattr(dispatch_cls, k, _DispatchDescriptor(cls, dict_[k]))
+            _registrars[k].append(cls)
+
+    if getattr(cls, '_dispatch_target', None):
+        cls._dispatch_target.dispatch = dispatcher(cls)
+
+
+def _remove_dispatcher(cls):
+    for k in dir(cls):
+        if _is_event_name(k):
+            _registrars[k].remove(cls)
+            if not _registrars[k]:
+                del _registrars[k]
+
+
+class Events(util.with_metaclass(_EventMeta, object)):
+    """Define event listening functions for a particular target type."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls):
+        # this allows an Events subclass to define additional utility
+        # methods made available to the target via
+        # "self.dispatch._events."
+        # @staticemethod to allow easy "super" calls while in a metaclass
+        # constructor.
+        cls.dispatch = dispatch_cls
+        dispatch_cls._events = cls
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(cls, target):
+        # Mapper, ClassManager, Session override this to
+        # also accept classes, scoped_sessions, sessionmakers, etc.
+        if hasattr(target, 'dispatch') and (
+            isinstance(target.dispatch, cls.dispatch) or
+            isinstance(target.dispatch, type) and
+            issubclass(target.dispatch, cls.dispatch)
+        ):
+            return target
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(cls, event_key, propagate=False, insert=False, named=False):
+        event_key.base_listen(propagate=propagate, insert=insert, named=named)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _remove(cls, event_key):
+        event_key.remove()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls):
+        cls.dispatch._clear()
+
+
+class _JoinedDispatcher(object):
+    """Represent a connection between two _Dispatch objects."""
+
+    def __init__(self, local, parent):
+        self.local = local
+        self.parent = parent
+        self._parent_cls = local._parent_cls
+
+
+class dispatcher(object):
+    """Descriptor used by target classes to
+    deliver the _Dispatch class at the class level
+    and produce new _Dispatch instances for target
+    instances.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, events):
+        self.dispatch_cls = events.dispatch
+        self.events = events
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self.dispatch_cls
+        obj.__dict__['dispatch'] = disp = self.dispatch_cls(cls)
+        return disp
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/legacy.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/legacy.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b1519c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/legacy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# event/legacy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Routines to handle adaption of legacy call signatures,
+generation of deprecation notes and docstrings.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import util
+
+
+def _legacy_signature(since, argnames, converter=None):
+    def leg(fn):
+        if not hasattr(fn, '_legacy_signatures'):
+            fn._legacy_signatures = []
+        fn._legacy_signatures.append((since, argnames, converter))
+        return fn
+    return leg
+
+
+def _wrap_fn_for_legacy(dispatch_descriptor, fn, argspec):
+    for since, argnames, conv in dispatch_descriptor.legacy_signatures:
+        if argnames[-1] == "**kw":
+            has_kw = True
+            argnames = argnames[0:-1]
+        else:
+            has_kw = False
+
+        if len(argnames) == len(argspec.args) \
+                and has_kw is bool(argspec.keywords):
+
+            if conv:
+                assert not has_kw
+
+                def wrap_leg(*args):
+                    return fn(*conv(*args))
+            else:
+                def wrap_leg(*args, **kw):
+                    argdict = dict(zip(dispatch_descriptor.arg_names, args))
+                    args = [argdict[name] for name in argnames]
+                    if has_kw:
+                        return fn(*args, **kw)
+                    else:
+                        return fn(*args)
+            return wrap_leg
+    else:
+        return fn
+
+
+def _indent(text, indent):
+    return "\n".join(
+        indent + line
+        for line in text.split("\n")
+    )
+
+
+def _standard_listen_example(dispatch_descriptor, sample_target, fn):
+    example_kw_arg = _indent(
+        "\n".join(
+            "%(arg)s = kw['%(arg)s']" % {"arg": arg}
+            for arg in dispatch_descriptor.arg_names[0:2]
+        ),
+        "    ")
+    if dispatch_descriptor.legacy_signatures:
+        current_since = max(since for since, args, conv
+                            in dispatch_descriptor.legacy_signatures)
+    else:
+        current_since = None
+    text = (
+        "from sqlalchemy import event\n\n"
+        "# standard decorator style%(current_since)s\n"
+        "@event.listens_for(%(sample_target)s, '%(event_name)s')\n"
+        "def receive_%(event_name)s("
+        "%(named_event_arguments)s%(has_kw_arguments)s):\n"
+        "    \"listen for the '%(event_name)s' event\"\n"
+        "\n    # ... (event handling logic) ...\n"
+    )
+
+    if len(dispatch_descriptor.arg_names) > 3:
+        text += (
+
+            "\n# named argument style (new in 0.9)\n"
+            "@event.listens_for("
+            "%(sample_target)s, '%(event_name)s', named=True)\n"
+            "def receive_%(event_name)s(**kw):\n"
+            "    \"listen for the '%(event_name)s' event\"\n"
+            "%(example_kw_arg)s\n"
+            "\n    # ... (event handling logic) ...\n"
+        )
+
+    text %= {
+        "current_since": " (arguments as of %s)" %
+        current_since if current_since else "",
+        "event_name": fn.__name__,
+        "has_kw_arguments": ", **kw" if dispatch_descriptor.has_kw else "",
+        "named_event_arguments": ", ".join(dispatch_descriptor.arg_names),
+        "example_kw_arg": example_kw_arg,
+        "sample_target": sample_target
+    }
+    return text
+
+
+def _legacy_listen_examples(dispatch_descriptor, sample_target, fn):
+    text = ""
+    for since, args, conv in dispatch_descriptor.legacy_signatures:
+        text += (
+            "\n# legacy calling style (pre-%(since)s)\n"
+            "@event.listens_for(%(sample_target)s, '%(event_name)s')\n"
+            "def receive_%(event_name)s("
+            "%(named_event_arguments)s%(has_kw_arguments)s):\n"
+            "    \"listen for the '%(event_name)s' event\"\n"
+            "\n    # ... (event handling logic) ...\n" % {
+                "since": since,
+                "event_name": fn.__name__,
+                "has_kw_arguments": " **kw"
+                if dispatch_descriptor.has_kw else "",
+                "named_event_arguments": ", ".join(args),
+                "sample_target": sample_target
+            }
+        )
+    return text
+
+
+def _version_signature_changes(dispatch_descriptor):
+    since, args, conv = dispatch_descriptor.legacy_signatures[0]
+    return (
+        "\n.. versionchanged:: %(since)s\n"
+        "    The ``%(event_name)s`` event now accepts the \n"
+        "    arguments ``%(named_event_arguments)s%(has_kw_arguments)s``.\n"
+        "    Listener functions which accept the previous argument \n"
+        "    signature(s) listed above will be automatically \n"
+        "    adapted to the new signature." % {
+            "since": since,
+            "event_name": dispatch_descriptor.__name__,
+            "named_event_arguments": ", ".join(dispatch_descriptor.arg_names),
+            "has_kw_arguments": ", **kw" if dispatch_descriptor.has_kw else ""
+        }
+    )
+
+
+def _augment_fn_docs(dispatch_descriptor, parent_dispatch_cls, fn):
+    header = ".. container:: event_signatures\n\n"\
+        "     Example argument forms::\n"\
+        "\n"
+
+    sample_target = getattr(parent_dispatch_cls, "_target_class_doc", "obj")
+    text = (
+        header +
+        _indent(
+            _standard_listen_example(
+                dispatch_descriptor, sample_target, fn),
+            " " * 8)
+    )
+    if dispatch_descriptor.legacy_signatures:
+        text += _indent(
+            _legacy_listen_examples(
+                dispatch_descriptor, sample_target, fn),
+            " " * 8)
+
+        text += _version_signature_changes(dispatch_descriptor)
+
+    return util.inject_docstring_text(fn.__doc__,
+                                      text,
+                                      1
+                                      )
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/registry.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a34de3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# event/registry.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides managed registration services on behalf of :func:`.listen`
+arguments.
+
+By "managed registration", we mean that event listening functions and
+other objects can be added to various collections in such a way that their
+membership in all those collections can be revoked at once, based on
+an equivalent :class:`._EventKey`.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import weakref
+import collections
+import types
+from .. import exc, util
+
+
+_key_to_collection = collections.defaultdict(dict)
+"""
+Given an original listen() argument, can locate all
+listener collections and the listener fn contained
+
+(target, identifier, fn) -> {
+                            ref(listenercollection) -> ref(listener_fn)
+                            ref(listenercollection) -> ref(listener_fn)
+                            ref(listenercollection) -> ref(listener_fn)
+                        }
+"""
+
+_collection_to_key = collections.defaultdict(dict)
+"""
+Given a _ListenerCollection or _DispatchDescriptor, can locate
+all the original listen() arguments and the listener fn contained
+
+ref(listenercollection) -> {
+                            ref(listener_fn) -> (target, identifier, fn),
+                            ref(listener_fn) -> (target, identifier, fn),
+                            ref(listener_fn) -> (target, identifier, fn),
+                        }
+"""
+
+
+def _collection_gced(ref):
+    # defaultdict, so can't get a KeyError
+    if not _collection_to_key or ref not in _collection_to_key:
+        return
+    listener_to_key = _collection_to_key.pop(ref)
+    for key in listener_to_key.values():
+        if key in _key_to_collection:
+            # defaultdict, so can't get a KeyError
+            dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+            dispatch_reg.pop(ref)
+            if not dispatch_reg:
+                _key_to_collection.pop(key)
+
+
+def _stored_in_collection(event_key, owner):
+    key = event_key._key
+
+    dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+
+    owner_ref = owner.ref
+    listen_ref = weakref.ref(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    if owner_ref in dispatch_reg:
+        assert dispatch_reg[owner_ref] == listen_ref
+    else:
+        dispatch_reg[owner_ref] = listen_ref
+
+    listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[owner_ref]
+    listener_to_key[listen_ref] = key
+
+
+def _removed_from_collection(event_key, owner):
+    key = event_key._key
+
+    dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+
+    listen_ref = weakref.ref(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    owner_ref = owner.ref
+    dispatch_reg.pop(owner_ref, None)
+    if not dispatch_reg:
+        del _key_to_collection[key]
+
+    if owner_ref in _collection_to_key:
+        listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[owner_ref]
+        listener_to_key.pop(listen_ref)
+
+
+def _stored_in_collection_multi(newowner, oldowner, elements):
+    if not elements:
+        return
+
+    oldowner = oldowner.ref
+    newowner = newowner.ref
+
+    old_listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[oldowner]
+    new_listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[newowner]
+
+    for listen_fn in elements:
+        listen_ref = weakref.ref(listen_fn)
+        key = old_listener_to_key[listen_ref]
+        dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+        if newowner in dispatch_reg:
+            assert dispatch_reg[newowner] == listen_ref
+        else:
+            dispatch_reg[newowner] = listen_ref
+
+        new_listener_to_key[listen_ref] = key
+
+
+def _clear(owner, elements):
+    if not elements:
+        return
+
+    owner = owner.ref
+    listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[owner]
+    for listen_fn in elements:
+        listen_ref = weakref.ref(listen_fn)
+        key = listener_to_key[listen_ref]
+        dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+        dispatch_reg.pop(owner, None)
+
+        if not dispatch_reg:
+            del _key_to_collection[key]
+
+
+class _EventKey(object):
+    """Represent :func:`.listen` arguments.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, target, identifier,
+                 fn, dispatch_target, _fn_wrap=None):
+        self.target = target
+        self.identifier = identifier
+        self.fn = fn
+        if isinstance(fn, types.MethodType):
+            self.fn_key = id(fn.__func__), id(fn.__self__)
+        else:
+            self.fn_key = id(fn)
+        self.fn_wrap = _fn_wrap
+        self.dispatch_target = dispatch_target
+
+    @property
+    def _key(self):
+        return (id(self.target), self.identifier, self.fn_key)
+
+    def with_wrapper(self, fn_wrap):
+        if fn_wrap is self._listen_fn:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return _EventKey(
+                self.target,
+                self.identifier,
+                self.fn,
+                self.dispatch_target,
+                _fn_wrap=fn_wrap
+            )
+
+    def with_dispatch_target(self, dispatch_target):
+        if dispatch_target is self.dispatch_target:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return _EventKey(
+                self.target,
+                self.identifier,
+                self.fn,
+                dispatch_target,
+                _fn_wrap=self.fn_wrap
+            )
+
+    def listen(self, *args, **kw):
+        once = kw.pop("once", False)
+        if once:
+            self.with_wrapper(
+                util.only_once(self._listen_fn)).listen(*args, **kw)
+        else:
+            self.dispatch_target.dispatch._listen(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def remove(self):
+        key = self._key
+
+        if key not in _key_to_collection:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "No listeners found for event %s / %r / %s " %
+                (self.target, self.identifier, self.fn)
+            )
+        dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection.pop(key)
+
+        for collection_ref, listener_ref in dispatch_reg.items():
+            collection = collection_ref()
+            listener_fn = listener_ref()
+            if collection is not None and listener_fn is not None:
+                collection.remove(self.with_wrapper(listener_fn))
+
+    def contains(self):
+        """Return True if this event key is registered to listen.
+        """
+        return self._key in _key_to_collection
+
+    def base_listen(self, propagate=False, insert=False,
+                    named=False):
+
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            self.dispatch_target, self.identifier, self._listen_fn
+
+        dispatch_descriptor = getattr(target.dispatch, identifier)
+
+        fn = dispatch_descriptor._adjust_fn_spec(fn, named)
+        self = self.with_wrapper(fn)
+
+        if insert:
+            dispatch_descriptor.\
+                for_modify(target.dispatch).insert(self, propagate)
+        else:
+            dispatch_descriptor.\
+                for_modify(target.dispatch).append(self, propagate)
+
+    @property
+    def _listen_fn(self):
+        return self.fn_wrap or self.fn
+
+    def append_value_to_list(self, owner, list_, value):
+        _stored_in_collection(self, owner)
+        list_.append(value)
+
+    def append_to_list(self, owner, list_):
+        _stored_in_collection(self, owner)
+        list_.append(self._listen_fn)
+
+    def remove_from_list(self, owner, list_):
+        _removed_from_collection(self, owner)
+        list_.remove(self._listen_fn)
+
+    def prepend_to_list(self, owner, list_):
+        _stored_in_collection(self, owner)
+        list_.insert(0, self._listen_fn)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/events.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42bbbfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1013 @@
+# sqlalchemy/events.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Core event interfaces."""
+
+from . import event, exc
+from .pool import Pool
+from .engine import Connectable, Engine, Dialect
+from .sql.base import SchemaEventTarget
+
+
+class DDLEvents(event.Events):
+    """
+    Define event listeners for schema objects,
+    that is, :class:`.SchemaItem` and other :class:`.SchemaEventTarget`
+    subclasses, including :class:`.MetaData`, :class:`.Table`,
+    :class:`.Column`.
+
+    :class:`.MetaData` and :class:`.Table` support events
+    specifically regarding when CREATE and DROP
+    DDL is emitted to the database.
+
+    Attachment events are also provided to customize
+    behavior whenever a child schema element is associated
+    with a parent, such as, when a :class:`.Column` is associated
+    with its :class:`.Table`, when a :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    is associated with a :class:`.Table`, etc.
+
+    Example using the ``after_create`` event::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Metadata, Integer
+
+        m = MetaData()
+        some_table = Table('some_table', m, Column('data', Integer))
+
+        def after_create(target, connection, **kw):
+            connection.execute("ALTER TABLE %s SET name=foo_%s" %
+                                    (target.name, target.name))
+
+        event.listen(some_table, "after_create", after_create)
+
+    DDL events integrate closely with the
+    :class:`.DDL` class and the :class:`.DDLElement` hierarchy
+    of DDL clause constructs, which are themselves appropriate
+    as listener callables::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import DDL
+        event.listen(
+            some_table,
+            "after_create",
+            DDL("ALTER TABLE %(table)s SET name=foo_%(table)s")
+        )
+
+    The methods here define the name of an event as well
+    as the names of members that are passed to listener
+    functions.
+
+    See also:
+
+        :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        :class:`.DDLElement`
+
+        :class:`.DDL`
+
+        :ref:`schema_ddl_sequences`
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeSchemaClassOrObject"
+    _dispatch_target = SchemaEventTarget
+
+    def before_create(self, target, connection, **kw):
+        """Called before CREATE statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.MetaData` or :class:`.Table`
+         object which is the target of the event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` where the
+         CREATE statement or statements will be emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_create(self, target, connection, **kw):
+        """Called after CREATE statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.MetaData` or :class:`.Table`
+         object which is the target of the event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` where the
+         CREATE statement or statements have been emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_drop(self, target, connection, **kw):
+        """Called before DROP statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.MetaData` or :class:`.Table`
+         object which is the target of the event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` where the
+         DROP statement or statements will be emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_drop(self, target, connection, **kw):
+        """Called after DROP statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.MetaData` or :class:`.Table`
+         object which is the target of the event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` where the
+         DROP statement or statements have been emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_parent_attach(self, target, parent):
+        """Called before a :class:`.SchemaItem` is associated with
+        a parent :class:`.SchemaItem`.
+
+        :param target: the target object
+        :param parent: the parent to which the target is being attached.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts a modifier for this event:
+
+        :param propagate=False: When True, the listener function will
+         be established for any copies made of the target object,
+         i.e. those copies that are generated when
+         :meth:`.Table.tometadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_parent_attach(self, target, parent):
+        """Called after a :class:`.SchemaItem` is associated with
+        a parent :class:`.SchemaItem`.
+
+        :param target: the target object
+        :param parent: the parent to which the target is being attached.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts a modifier for this event:
+
+        :param propagate=False: When True, the listener function will
+         be established for any copies made of the target object,
+         i.e. those copies that are generated when
+         :meth:`.Table.tometadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def column_reflect(self, inspector, table, column_info):
+        """Called for each unit of 'column info' retrieved when
+        a :class:`.Table` is being reflected.
+
+        The dictionary of column information as returned by the
+        dialect is passed, and can be modified.  The dictionary
+        is that returned in each element of the list returned
+        by :meth:`.reflection.Inspector.get_columns`.
+
+        The event is called before any action is taken against
+        this dictionary, and the contents can be modified.
+        The :class:`.Column` specific arguments ``info``, ``key``,
+        and ``quote`` can also be added to the dictionary and
+        will be passed to the constructor of :class:`.Column`.
+
+        Note that this event is only meaningful if either
+        associated with the :class:`.Table` class across the
+        board, e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.schema import Table
+            from sqlalchemy import event
+
+            def listen_for_reflect(inspector, table, column_info):
+                "receive a column_reflect event"
+                # ...
+
+            event.listen(
+                    Table,
+                    'column_reflect',
+                    listen_for_reflect)
+
+        ...or with a specific :class:`.Table` instance using
+        the ``listeners`` argument::
+
+            def listen_for_reflect(inspector, table, column_info):
+                "receive a column_reflect event"
+                # ...
+
+            t = Table(
+                'sometable',
+                autoload=True,
+                listeners=[
+                    ('column_reflect', listen_for_reflect)
+                ])
+
+        This because the reflection process initiated by ``autoload=True``
+        completes within the scope of the constructor for :class:`.Table`.
+
+        """
+
+
+class PoolEvents(event.Events):
+    """Available events for :class:`.Pool`.
+
+    The methods here define the name of an event as well
+    as the names of members that are passed to listener
+    functions.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        def my_on_checkout(dbapi_conn, connection_rec, connection_proxy):
+            "handle an on checkout event"
+
+        event.listen(Pool, 'checkout', my_on_checkout)
+
+    In addition to accepting the :class:`.Pool` class and
+    :class:`.Pool` instances, :class:`.PoolEvents` also accepts
+    :class:`.Engine` objects and the :class:`.Engine` class as
+    targets, which will be resolved to the ``.pool`` attribute of the
+    given engine or the :class:`.Pool` class::
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+        # will associate with engine.pool
+        event.listen(engine, 'checkout', my_on_checkout)
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeEngineOrPool"
+    _dispatch_target = Pool
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(cls, target):
+        if isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, Engine):
+                return Pool
+            elif issubclass(target, Pool):
+                return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Engine):
+            return target.pool
+        else:
+            return target
+
+    def connect(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        """Called at the moment a particular DBAPI connection is first
+        created for a given :class:`.Pool`.
+
+        This event allows one to capture the point directly after which
+        the DBAPI module-level ``.connect()`` method has been used in order
+        to produce a new DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` managing the
+         DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def first_connect(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        """Called exactly once for the first time a DBAPI connection is
+        checked out from a particular :class:`.Pool`.
+
+        The rationale for :meth:`.PoolEvents.first_connect` is to determine
+        information about a particular series of database connections based
+        on the settings used for all connections.  Since a particular
+        :class:`.Pool` refers to a single "creator" function (which in terms
+        of a :class:`.Engine` refers to the URL and connection options used),
+        it is typically valid to make observations about a single connection
+        that can be safely assumed to be valid about all subsequent
+        connections, such as the database version, the server and client
+        encoding settings, collation settings, and many others.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` managing the
+         DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def checkout(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record, connection_proxy):
+        """Called when a connection is retrieved from the Pool.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` managing the
+         DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_proxy: the :class:`._ConnectionFairy` object which
+          will proxy the public interface of the DBAPI connection for the
+          lifespan of the checkout.
+
+        If you raise a :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.DisconnectionError`, the current
+        connection will be disposed and a fresh connection retrieved.
+        Processing of all checkout listeners will abort and restart
+        using the new connection.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.engine_connect` - a similar event
+           which occurs upon creation of a new :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        """
+
+    def checkin(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        """Called when a connection returns to the pool.
+
+        Note that the connection may be closed, and may be None if the
+        connection has been invalidated.  ``checkin`` will not be called
+        for detached connections.  (They do not return to the pool.)
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` managing the
+         DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def reset(self, dbapi_connnection, connection_record):
+        """Called before the "reset" action occurs for a pooled connection.
+
+        This event represents
+        when the ``rollback()`` method is called on the DBAPI connection
+        before it is returned to the pool.  The behavior of "reset" can
+        be controlled, including disabled, using the ``reset_on_return``
+        pool argument.
+
+
+        The :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event is usually followed by the
+        :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkin` event is called, except in those
+        cases where the connection is discarded immediately after reset.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` managing the
+         DBAPI connection.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.rollback`
+
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.commit`
+
+        """
+
+    def invalidate(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record, exception):
+        """Called when a DBAPI connection is to be "invalidated".
+
+        This event is called any time the :meth:`._ConnectionRecord.invalidate`
+        method is invoked, either from API usage or via "auto-invalidation".
+        The event occurs before a final attempt to call ``.close()`` on the
+        connection occurs.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` managing the
+         DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param exception: the exception object corresponding to the reason
+         for this invalidation, if any.  May be ``None``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.2 Added support for connection invalidation
+           listening.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+        """
+
+
+class ConnectionEvents(event.Events):
+    """Available events for :class:`.Connectable`, which includes
+    :class:`.Connection` and :class:`.Engine`.
+
+    The methods here define the name of an event as well as the names of
+    members that are passed to listener functions.
+
+    An event listener can be associated with any :class:`.Connectable`
+    class or instance, such as an :class:`.Engine`, e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event, create_engine
+
+        def before_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context,
+                                                        executemany):
+            log.info("Received statement: %s" % statement)
+
+        engine = create_engine('postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test')
+        event.listen(engine, "before_cursor_execute", before_cursor_execute)
+
+    or with a specific :class:`.Connection`::
+
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            @event.listens_for(conn, 'before_cursor_execute')
+            def before_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                                            context, executemany):
+                log.info("Received statement: %s" % statement)
+
+    The :meth:`.before_execute` and :meth:`.before_cursor_execute`
+    events can also be established with the ``retval=True`` flag, which
+    allows modification of the statement and parameters to be sent
+    to the database.  The :meth:`.before_cursor_execute` event is
+    particularly useful here to add ad-hoc string transformations, such
+    as comments, to all executions::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_cursor_execute", retval=True)
+        def comment_sql_calls(conn, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                                            context, executemany):
+            statement = statement + " -- some comment"
+            return statement, parameters
+
+    .. note:: :class:`.ConnectionEvents` can be established on any
+       combination of :class:`.Engine`, :class:`.Connection`, as well
+       as instances of each of those classes.  Events across all
+       four scopes will fire off for a given instance of
+       :class:`.Connection`.  However, for performance reasons, the
+       :class:`.Connection` object determines at instantiation time
+       whether or not its parent :class:`.Engine` has event listeners
+       established.   Event listeners added to the :class:`.Engine`
+       class or to an instance of :class:`.Engine` *after* the instantiation
+       of a dependent :class:`.Connection` instance will usually
+       *not* be available on that :class:`.Connection` instance.  The newly
+       added listeners will instead take effect for :class:`.Connection`
+       instances created subsequent to those event listeners being
+       established on the parent :class:`.Engine` class or instance.
+
+    :param retval=False: Applies to the :meth:`.before_execute` and
+      :meth:`.before_cursor_execute` events only.  When True, the
+      user-defined event function must have a return value, which
+      is a tuple of parameters that replace the given statement
+      and parameters.  See those methods for a description of
+      specific return arguments.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8 :class:`.ConnectionEvents` can now be associated
+       with any :class:`.Connectable` including :class:`.Connection`,
+       in addition to the existing support for :class:`.Engine`.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeEngine"
+    _dispatch_target = Connectable
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(cls, event_key, retval=False):
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn
+
+        target._has_events = True
+
+        if not retval:
+            if identifier == 'before_execute':
+                orig_fn = fn
+
+                def wrap_before_execute(conn, clauseelement,
+                                        multiparams, params):
+                    orig_fn(conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params)
+                    return clauseelement, multiparams, params
+                fn = wrap_before_execute
+            elif identifier == 'before_cursor_execute':
+                orig_fn = fn
+
+                def wrap_before_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement,
+                                               parameters, context,
+                                               executemany):
+                    orig_fn(conn, cursor, statement,
+                            parameters, context, executemany)
+                    return statement, parameters
+                fn = wrap_before_cursor_execute
+        elif retval and \
+            identifier not in ('before_execute',
+                               'before_cursor_execute', 'handle_error'):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Only the 'before_execute', "
+                "'before_cursor_execute' and 'handle_error' engine "
+                "event listeners accept the 'retval=True' "
+                "argument.")
+        event_key.with_wrapper(fn).base_listen()
+
+    def before_execute(self, conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params):
+        """Intercept high level execute() events, receiving uncompiled
+        SQL constructs and other objects prior to rendering into SQL.
+
+        This event is good for debugging SQL compilation issues as well
+        as early manipulation of the parameters being sent to the database,
+        as the parameter lists will be in a consistent format here.
+
+        This event can be optionally established with the ``retval=True``
+        flag.  The ``clauseelement``, ``multiparams``, and ``params``
+        arguments should be returned as a three-tuple in this case::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_execute", retval=True)
+            def before_execute(conn, conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params):
+                # do something with clauseelement, multiparams, params
+                return clauseelement, multiparams, params
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param clauseelement: SQL expression construct, :class:`.Compiled`
+         instance, or string statement passed to :meth:`.Connection.execute`.
+        :param multiparams: Multiple parameter sets, a list of dictionaries.
+        :param params: Single parameter set, a single dictionary.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :meth:`.before_cursor_execute`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_execute(self, conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, result):
+        """Intercept high level execute() events after execute.
+
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param clauseelement: SQL expression construct, :class:`.Compiled`
+         instance, or string statement passed to :meth:`.Connection.execute`.
+        :param multiparams: Multiple parameter sets, a list of dictionaries.
+        :param params: Single parameter set, a single dictionary.
+        :param result: :class:`.ResultProxy` generated by the execution.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_cursor_execute(self, conn, cursor, statement,
+                              parameters, context, executemany):
+        """Intercept low-level cursor execute() events before execution,
+        receiving the string
+        SQL statement and DBAPI-specific parameter list to be invoked
+        against a cursor.
+
+        This event is a good choice for logging as well as late modifications
+        to the SQL string.  It's less ideal for parameter modifications except
+        for those which are specific to a target backend.
+
+        This event can be optionally established with the ``retval=True``
+        flag.  The ``statement`` and ``parameters`` arguments should be
+        returned as a two-tuple in this case::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_cursor_execute", retval=True)
+            def before_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement,
+                            parameters, context, executemany):
+                # do something with statement, parameters
+                return statement, parameters
+
+        See the example at :class:`.ConnectionEvents`.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param cursor: DBAPI cursor object
+        :param statement: string SQL statement
+        :param parameters: Dictionary, tuple, or list of parameters being
+         passed to the ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` method of the
+         DBAPI ``cursor``.  In some cases may be ``None``.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` object in use.  May
+         be ``None``.
+        :param executemany: boolean, if ``True``, this is an ``executemany()``
+         call, if ``False``, this is an ``execute()`` call.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :meth:`.before_execute`
+
+        :meth:`.after_cursor_execute`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_cursor_execute(self, conn, cursor, statement,
+                             parameters, context, executemany):
+        """Intercept low-level cursor execute() events after execution.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param cursor: DBAPI cursor object.  Will have results pending
+         if the statement was a SELECT, but these should not be consumed
+         as they will be needed by the :class:`.ResultProxy`.
+        :param statement: string SQL statement
+        :param parameters: Dictionary, tuple, or list of parameters being
+         passed to the ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` method of the
+         DBAPI ``cursor``.  In some cases may be ``None``.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` object in use.  May
+         be ``None``.
+        :param executemany: boolean, if ``True``, this is an ``executemany()``
+         call, if ``False``, this is an ``execute()`` call.
+
+        """
+
+    def dbapi_error(self, conn, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                    context, exception):
+        """Intercept a raw DBAPI error.
+
+        This event is called with the DBAPI exception instance
+        received from the DBAPI itself, *before* SQLAlchemy wraps the
+        exception with it's own exception wrappers, and before any
+        other operations are performed on the DBAPI cursor; the
+        existing transaction remains in effect as well as any state
+        on the cursor.
+
+        The use case here is to inject low-level exception handling
+        into an :class:`.Engine`, typically for logging and
+        debugging purposes.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Code should **not** modify
+            any state or throw any exceptions here as this will
+            interfere with SQLAlchemy's cleanup and error handling
+            routines.  For exception modification, please refer to the
+            new :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.handle_error` event.
+
+        Subsequent to this hook, SQLAlchemy may attempt any
+        number of operations on the connection/cursor, including
+        closing the cursor, rolling back of the transaction in the
+        case of connectionless execution, and disposing of the entire
+        connection pool if a "disconnect" was detected.   The
+        exception is then wrapped in a SQLAlchemy DBAPI exception
+        wrapper and re-thrown.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param cursor: DBAPI cursor object
+        :param statement: string SQL statement
+        :param parameters: Dictionary, tuple, or list of parameters being
+         passed to the ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` method of the
+         DBAPI ``cursor``.  In some cases may be ``None``.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` object in use.  May
+         be ``None``.
+        :param exception: The **unwrapped** exception emitted directly from the
+         DBAPI.  The class here is specific to the DBAPI module in use.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.9.7 - replaced by
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.handle_error`
+
+        """
+
+    def handle_error(self, exception_context):
+        """Intercept all exceptions processed by the :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        This includes all exceptions emitted by the DBAPI as well as
+        within SQLAlchemy's statement invocation process, including
+        encoding errors and other statement validation errors.  Other areas
+        in which the event is invoked include transaction begin and end,
+        result row fetching, cursor creation.
+
+        Note that :meth:`.handle_error` may support new kinds of exceptions
+        and new calling scenarios at *any time*.  Code which uses this
+        event must expect new calling patterns to be present in minor
+        releases.
+
+        To support the wide variety of members that correspond to an exception,
+        as well as to allow extensibility of the event without backwards
+        incompatibility, the sole argument received is an instance of
+        :class:`.ExceptionContext`.   This object contains data members
+        representing detail about the exception.
+
+        Use cases supported by this hook include:
+
+        * read-only, low-level exception handling for logging and
+          debugging purposes
+        * exception re-writing
+
+        The hook is called while the cursor from the failed operation
+        (if any) is still open and accessible.   Special cleanup operations
+        can be called on this cursor; SQLAlchemy will attempt to close
+        this cursor subsequent to this hook being invoked.  If the connection
+        is in "autocommit" mode, the transaction also remains open within
+        the scope of this hook; the rollback of the per-statement transaction
+        also occurs after the hook is called.
+
+        The user-defined event handler has two options for replacing
+        the SQLAlchemy-constructed exception into one that is user
+        defined.   It can either raise this new exception directly, in
+        which case all further event listeners are bypassed and the
+        exception will be raised, after appropriate cleanup as taken
+        place::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "handle_error")
+            def handle_exception(context):
+                if isinstance(context.original_exception,
+                    psycopg2.OperationalError) and \\
+                    "failed" in str(context.original_exception):
+                    raise MySpecialException("failed operation")
+
+        Alternatively, a "chained" style of event handling can be
+        used, by configuring the handler with the ``retval=True``
+        modifier and returning the new exception instance from the
+        function.  In this case, event handling will continue onto the
+        next handler.   The "chained" exception is available using
+        :attr:`.ExceptionContext.chained_exception`::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "handle_error", retval=True)
+            def handle_exception(context):
+                if context.chained_exception is not None and \\
+                    "special" in context.chained_exception.message:
+                    return MySpecialException("failed",
+                        cause=context.chained_exception)
+
+        Handlers that return ``None`` may remain within this chain; the
+        last non-``None`` return value is the one that continues to be
+        passed to the next handler.
+
+        When a custom exception is raised or returned, SQLAlchemy raises
+        this new exception as-is, it is not wrapped by any SQLAlchemy
+        object.  If the exception is not a subclass of
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.StatementError`,
+        certain features may not be available; currently this includes
+        the ORM's feature of adding a detail hint about "autoflush" to
+        exceptions raised within the autoflush process.
+
+        :param context: an :class:`.ExceptionContext` object.  See this
+         class for details on all available members.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.7 Added the
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.handle_error` hook.
+
+        """
+
+    def engine_connect(self, conn, branch):
+        """Intercept the creation of a new :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        This event is called typically as the direct result of calling
+        the :meth:`.Engine.connect` method.
+
+        It differs from the :meth:`.PoolEvents.connect` method, which
+        refers to the actual connection to a database at the DBAPI level;
+        a DBAPI connection may be pooled and reused for many operations.
+        In contrast, this event refers only to the production of a higher level
+        :class:`.Connection` wrapper around such a DBAPI connection.
+
+        It also differs from the :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkout` event
+        in that it is specific to the :class:`.Connection` object, not the
+        DBAPI connection that :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkout` deals with, although
+        this DBAPI connection is available here via the
+        :attr:`.Connection.connection` attribute.  But note there can in fact
+        be multiple :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkout` events within the lifespan
+        of a single :class:`.Connection` object, if that :class:`.Connection`
+        is invalidated and re-established.  There can also be multiple
+        :class:`.Connection` objects generated for the same already-checked-out
+        DBAPI connection, in the case that a "branch" of a :class:`.Connection`
+        is produced.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object.
+        :param branch: if True, this is a "branch" of an existing
+         :class:`.Connection`.  A branch is generated within the course
+         of a statement execution to invoke supplemental statements, most
+         typically to pre-execute a SELECT of a default value for the purposes
+         of an INSERT statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkout` the lower-level pool checkout event
+            for an individual DBAPI connection
+
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.set_connection_execution_options` - a copy
+            of a :class:`.Connection` is also made when the
+            :meth:`.Connection.execution_options` method is called.
+
+        """
+
+    def set_connection_execution_options(self, conn, opts):
+        """Intercept when the :meth:`.Connection.execution_options`
+        method is called.
+
+        This method is called after the new :class:`.Connection` has been
+        produced, with the newly updated execution options collection, but
+        before the :class:`.Dialect` has acted upon any of those new options.
+
+        Note that this method is not called when a new :class:`.Connection`
+        is produced which is inheriting execution options from its parent
+        :class:`.Engine`; to intercept this condition, use the
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.engine_connect` event.
+
+        :param conn: The newly copied :class:`.Connection` object
+
+        :param opts: dictionary of options that were passed to the
+         :meth:`.Connection.execution_options` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.set_engine_execution_options` - event
+            which is called when :meth:`.Engine.execution_options` is called.
+
+
+        """
+
+    def set_engine_execution_options(self, engine, opts):
+        """Intercept when the :meth:`.Engine.execution_options`
+        method is called.
+
+        The :meth:`.Engine.execution_options` method produces a shallow
+        copy of the :class:`.Engine` which stores the new options.  That new
+        :class:`.Engine` is passed here.   A particular application of this
+        method is to add a :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.engine_connect` event
+        handler to the given :class:`.Engine` which will perform some per-
+        :class:`.Connection` task specific to these execution options.
+
+        :param conn: The newly copied :class:`.Engine` object
+
+        :param opts: dictionary of options that were passed to the
+         :meth:`.Connection.execution_options` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.set_connection_execution_options` - event
+            which is called when :meth:`.Connection.execution_options` is
+            called.
+
+        """
+
+    def begin(self, conn):
+        """Intercept begin() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+
+        """
+
+    def rollback(self, conn):
+        """Intercept rollback() events, as initiated by a
+        :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        Note that the :class:`.Pool` also "auto-rolls back"
+        a DBAPI connection upon checkin, if the ``reset_on_return``
+        flag is set to its default value of ``'rollback'``.
+        To intercept this
+        rollback, use the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` hook.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset`
+
+        """
+
+    def commit(self, conn):
+        """Intercept commit() events, as initiated by a
+        :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        Note that the :class:`.Pool` may also "auto-commit"
+        a DBAPI connection upon checkin, if the ``reset_on_return``
+        flag is set to the value ``'commit'``.  To intercept this
+        commit, use the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` hook.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        """
+
+    def savepoint(self, conn, name):
+        """Intercept savepoint() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param name: specified name used for the savepoint.
+
+        """
+
+    def rollback_savepoint(self, conn, name, context):
+        """Intercept rollback_savepoint() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param name: specified name used for the savepoint.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` in use.  May be ``None``.
+
+        """
+
+    def release_savepoint(self, conn, name, context):
+        """Intercept release_savepoint() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param name: specified name used for the savepoint.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` in use.  May be ``None``.
+
+        """
+
+    def begin_twophase(self, conn, xid):
+        """Intercept begin_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+
+        """
+
+    def prepare_twophase(self, conn, xid):
+        """Intercept prepare_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+        """
+
+    def rollback_twophase(self, conn, xid, is_prepared):
+        """Intercept rollback_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+        :param is_prepared: boolean, indicates if
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+
+        """
+
+    def commit_twophase(self, conn, xid, is_prepared):
+        """Intercept commit_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+        :param is_prepared: boolean, indicates if
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+
+        """
+
+
+class DialectEvents(event.Events):
+    """event interface for execution-replacement functions.
+
+    These events allow direct instrumentation and replacement
+    of key dialect functions which interact with the DBAPI.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        :class:`.DialectEvents` hooks should be considered **semi-public**
+        and experimental.
+        These hooks are not for general use and are only for those situations
+        where intricate re-statement of DBAPI mechanics must be injected onto
+        an existing dialect.  For general-use statement-interception events,
+        please use the :class:`.ConnectionEvents` interface.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute`
+
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.before_execute`
+
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.after_cursor_execute`
+
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.after_execute`
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.4
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeEngine"
+    _dispatch_target = Dialect
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(cls, event_key, retval=False):
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn
+
+        target._has_events = True
+        event_key.base_listen()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(cls, target):
+        if isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, Engine):
+                return Dialect
+            elif issubclass(target, Dialect):
+                return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Engine):
+            return target.dialect
+        else:
+            return target
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+        """Receive a cursor to have executemany() called.
+
+        Return the value True to halt further events from invoking,
+        and to indicate that the cursor execution has already taken
+        place within the event handler.
+
+        """
+
+    def do_execute_no_params(self, cursor, statement, context):
+        """Receive a cursor to have execute() with no parameters called.
+
+        Return the value True to halt further events from invoking,
+        and to indicate that the cursor execution has already taken
+        place within the event handler.
+
+        """
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+        """Receive a cursor to have execute() called.
+
+        Return the value True to halt further events from invoking,
+        and to indicate that the cursor execution has already taken
+        place within the event handler.
+
+        """
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/exc.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/exc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d333fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/exc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+# sqlalchemy/exc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Exceptions used with SQLAlchemy.
+
+The base exception class is :exc:`.SQLAlchemyError`.  Exceptions which are
+raised as a result of DBAPI exceptions are all subclasses of
+:exc:`.DBAPIError`.
+
+"""
+
+import traceback
+
+
+class SQLAlchemyError(Exception):
+    """Generic error class."""
+
+
+class ArgumentError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when an invalid or conflicting function argument is supplied.
+
+    This error generally corresponds to construction time state errors.
+
+    """
+
+
+class NoSuchModuleError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when a dynamically-loaded module (usually a database dialect)
+    of a particular name cannot be located."""
+
+
+class NoForeignKeysError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when no foreign keys can be located between two selectables
+    during a join."""
+
+
+class AmbiguousForeignKeysError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when more than one foreign key matching can be located
+    between two selectables during a join."""
+
+
+class CircularDependencyError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised by topological sorts when a circular dependency is detected.
+
+    There are two scenarios where this error occurs:
+
+    * In a Session flush operation, if two objects are mutually dependent
+      on each other, they can not be inserted or deleted via INSERT or
+      DELETE statements alone; an UPDATE will be needed to post-associate
+      or pre-deassociate one of the foreign key constrained values.
+      The ``post_update`` flag described at :ref:`post_update` can resolve
+      this cycle.
+    * In a :meth:`.MetaData.create_all`, :meth:`.MetaData.drop_all`,
+      :attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables` operation, two :class:`.ForeignKey`
+      or :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects mutually refer to each
+      other.  Apply the ``use_alter=True`` flag to one or both,
+      see :ref:`use_alter`.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, message, cycles, edges, msg=None):
+        if msg is None:
+            message += " Cycles: %r all edges: %r" % (cycles, edges)
+        else:
+            message = msg
+        SQLAlchemyError.__init__(self, message)
+        self.cycles = cycles
+        self.edges = edges
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.cycles,
+                                self.edges, self.args[0])
+
+
+class CompileError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when an error occurs during SQL compilation"""
+
+
+class UnsupportedCompilationError(CompileError):
+    """Raised when an operation is not supported by the given compiler.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.3
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, compiler, element_type):
+        super(UnsupportedCompilationError, self).__init__(
+            "Compiler %r can't render element of type %s" %
+            (compiler, element_type))
+
+
+class IdentifierError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when a schema name is beyond the max character limit"""
+
+
+class DisconnectionError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """A disconnect is detected on a raw DB-API connection.
+
+    This error is raised and consumed internally by a connection pool.  It can
+    be raised by the :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkout` event so that the host pool
+    forces a retry; the exception will be caught three times in a row before
+    the pool gives up and raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`
+    regarding the connection attempt.
+
+    """
+
+
+class TimeoutError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when a connection pool times out on getting a connection."""
+
+
+class InvalidRequestError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """SQLAlchemy was asked to do something it can't do.
+
+    This error generally corresponds to runtime state errors.
+
+    """
+
+
+class NoInspectionAvailable(InvalidRequestError):
+    """A subject passed to :func:`sqlalchemy.inspection.inspect` produced
+    no context for inspection."""
+
+
+class ResourceClosedError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """An operation was requested from a connection, cursor, or other
+    object that's in a closed state."""
+
+
+class NoSuchColumnError(KeyError, InvalidRequestError):
+    """A nonexistent column is requested from a ``RowProxy``."""
+
+
+class NoReferenceError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """Raised by ``ForeignKey`` to indicate a reference cannot be resolved."""
+
+
+class NoReferencedTableError(NoReferenceError):
+    """Raised by ``ForeignKey`` when the referred ``Table`` cannot be
+    located.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, message, tname):
+        NoReferenceError.__init__(self, message)
+        self.table_name = tname
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.args[0], self.table_name)
+
+
+class NoReferencedColumnError(NoReferenceError):
+    """Raised by ``ForeignKey`` when the referred ``Column`` cannot be
+    located.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, message, tname, cname):
+        NoReferenceError.__init__(self, message)
+        self.table_name = tname
+        self.column_name = cname
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.args[0], self.table_name,
+                                self.column_name)
+
+
+class NoSuchTableError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """Table does not exist or is not visible to a connection."""
+
+
+class UnboundExecutionError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """SQL was attempted without a database connection to execute it on."""
+
+
+class DontWrapMixin(object):
+    """A mixin class which, when applied to a user-defined Exception class,
+    will not be wrapped inside of :exc:`.StatementError` if the error is
+    emitted within the process of executing a statement.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.exc import DontWrapMixin
+
+        class MyCustomException(Exception, DontWrapMixin):
+            pass
+
+        class MySpecialType(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = String
+
+            def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+                if value == 'invalid':
+                    raise MyCustomException("invalid!")
+
+    """
+
+# Moved to orm.exc; compatibility definition installed by orm import until 0.6
+UnmappedColumnError = None
+
+
+class StatementError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An error occurred during execution of a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`StatementError` wraps the exception raised
+    during execution, and features :attr:`.statement`
+    and :attr:`.params` attributes which supply context regarding
+    the specifics of the statement which had an issue.
+
+    The wrapped exception object is available in
+    the :attr:`.orig` attribute.
+
+    """
+
+    statement = None
+    """The string SQL statement being invoked when this exception occurred."""
+
+    params = None
+    """The parameter list being used when this exception occurred."""
+
+    orig = None
+    """The DBAPI exception object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message, statement, params, orig):
+        SQLAlchemyError.__init__(self, message)
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.params = params
+        self.orig = orig
+        self.detail = []
+
+    def add_detail(self, msg):
+        self.detail.append(msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.args[0], self.statement,
+                                self.params, self.orig)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import util
+        params_repr = util._repr_params(self.params, 10)
+
+        return ' '.join([
+            "(%s)" % det for det in self.detail
+            ] + [
+                SQLAlchemyError.__str__(self),
+                repr(self.statement), repr(params_repr)
+            ])
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        return self.__str__()
+
+
+class DBAPIError(StatementError):
+    """Raised when the execution of a database operation fails.
+
+    Wraps exceptions raised by the DB-API underlying the
+    database operation.  Driver-specific implementations of the standard
+    DB-API exception types are wrapped by matching sub-types of SQLAlchemy's
+    :class:`DBAPIError` when possible.  DB-API's ``Error`` type maps to
+    :class:`DBAPIError` in SQLAlchemy, otherwise the names are identical.  Note
+    that there is no guarantee that different DB-API implementations will
+    raise the same exception type for any given error condition.
+
+    :class:`DBAPIError` features :attr:`~.StatementError.statement`
+    and :attr:`~.StatementError.params` attributes which supply context
+    regarding the specifics of the statement which had an issue, for the
+    typical case when the error was raised within the context of
+    emitting a SQL statement.
+
+    The wrapped exception object is available in the
+    :attr:`~.StatementError.orig` attribute. Its type and properties are
+    DB-API implementation specific.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def instance(cls, statement, params,
+                 orig, dbapi_base_err,
+                 connection_invalidated=False):
+        # Don't ever wrap these, just return them directly as if
+        # DBAPIError didn't exist.
+        if isinstance(orig, (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, DontWrapMixin)):
+            return orig
+
+        if orig is not None:
+            # not a DBAPI error, statement is present.
+            # raise a StatementError
+            if not isinstance(orig, dbapi_base_err) and statement:
+                msg = traceback.format_exception_only(
+                    orig.__class__, orig)[-1].strip()
+                return StatementError(
+                    "%s (original cause: %s)" % (str(orig), msg),
+                    statement, params, orig
+                )
+
+            name, glob = orig.__class__.__name__, globals()
+            if name in glob and issubclass(glob[name], DBAPIError):
+                cls = glob[name]
+
+        return cls(statement, params, orig, connection_invalidated)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.statement, self.params,
+                                self.orig, self.connection_invalidated)
+
+    def __init__(self, statement, params, orig, connection_invalidated=False):
+        try:
+            text = str(orig)
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
+            raise
+        except Exception as e:
+            text = 'Error in str() of DB-API-generated exception: ' + str(e)
+        StatementError.__init__(
+            self,
+            '(%s) %s' % (orig.__class__.__name__, text),
+            statement,
+            params,
+            orig
+        )
+        self.connection_invalidated = connection_invalidated
+
+
+class InterfaceError(DBAPIError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API InterfaceError."""
+
+
+class DatabaseError(DBAPIError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API DatabaseError."""
+
+
+class DataError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API DataError."""
+
+
+class OperationalError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API OperationalError."""
+
+
+class IntegrityError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API IntegrityError."""
+
+
+class InternalError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API InternalError."""
+
+
+class ProgrammingError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API ProgrammingError."""
+
+
+class NotSupportedError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API NotSupportedError."""
+
+
+# Warnings
+
+class SADeprecationWarning(DeprecationWarning):
+    """Issued once per usage of a deprecated API."""
+
+
+class SAPendingDeprecationWarning(PendingDeprecationWarning):
+    """Issued once per usage of a deprecated API."""
+
+
+class SAWarning(RuntimeWarning):
+    """Issued at runtime."""
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d213a0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# ext/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/associationproxy.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/associationproxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a987ab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/associationproxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1054 @@
+# ext/associationproxy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Contain the ``AssociationProxy`` class.
+
+The ``AssociationProxy`` is a Python property object which provides
+transparent proxied access to the endpoint of an association object.
+
+See the example ``examples/association/proxied_association.py``.
+
+"""
+import itertools
+import operator
+import weakref
+from .. import exc, orm, util
+from ..orm import collections, interfaces
+from ..sql import not_, or_
+
+
+def association_proxy(target_collection, attr, **kw):
+    """Return a Python property implementing a view of a target
+    attribute which references an attribute on members of the
+    target.
+
+    The returned value is an instance of :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+    Implements a Python property representing a relationship as a collection
+    of simpler values, or a scalar value.  The proxied property will mimic
+    the collection type of the target (list, dict or set), or, in the case of
+    a one to one relationship, a simple scalar value.
+
+    :param target_collection: Name of the attribute we'll proxy to.
+      This attribute is typically mapped by
+      :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.relationship` to link to a target collection, but
+      can also be a many-to-one or non-scalar relationship.
+
+    :param attr: Attribute on the associated instance or instances we'll
+      proxy for.
+
+      For example, given a target collection of [obj1, obj2], a list created
+      by this proxy property would look like [getattr(obj1, *attr*),
+      getattr(obj2, *attr*)]
+
+      If the relationship is one-to-one or otherwise uselist=False, then
+      simply: getattr(obj, *attr*)
+
+    :param creator: optional.
+
+      When new items are added to this proxied collection, new instances of
+      the class collected by the target collection will be created.  For list
+      and set collections, the target class constructor will be called with
+      the 'value' for the new instance.  For dict types, two arguments are
+      passed: key and value.
+
+      If you want to construct instances differently, supply a *creator*
+      function that takes arguments as above and returns instances.
+
+      For scalar relationships, creator() will be called if the target is None.
+      If the target is present, set operations are proxied to setattr() on the
+      associated object.
+
+      If you have an associated object with multiple attributes, you may set
+      up multiple association proxies mapping to different attributes.  See
+      the unit tests for examples, and for examples of how creator() functions
+      can be used to construct the scalar relationship on-demand in this
+      situation.
+
+    :param \*\*kw: Passes along any other keyword arguments to
+      :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+    """
+    return AssociationProxy(target_collection, attr, **kw)
+
+
+ASSOCIATION_PROXY = util.symbol('ASSOCIATION_PROXY')
+"""Symbol indicating an :class:`_InspectionAttr` that's
+    of type :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+   Is assigned to the :attr:`._InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+   attibute.
+
+"""
+
+
+class AssociationProxy(interfaces._InspectionAttr):
+    """A descriptor that presents a read/write view of an object attribute."""
+
+    is_attribute = False
+    extension_type = ASSOCIATION_PROXY
+
+    def __init__(self, target_collection, attr, creator=None,
+                 getset_factory=None, proxy_factory=None,
+                 proxy_bulk_set=None):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        The :func:`.association_proxy` function is provided as the usual
+        entrypoint here, though :class:`.AssociationProxy` can be instantiated
+        and/or subclassed directly.
+
+        :param target_collection: Name of the collection we'll proxy to,
+          usually created with :func:`.relationship`.
+
+        :param attr: Attribute on the collected instances we'll proxy
+          for.  For example, given a target collection of [obj1, obj2], a
+          list created by this proxy property would look like
+          [getattr(obj1, attr), getattr(obj2, attr)]
+
+        :param creator: Optional. When new items are added to this proxied
+          collection, new instances of the class collected by the target
+          collection will be created.  For list and set collections, the
+          target class constructor will be called with the 'value' for the
+          new instance.  For dict types, two arguments are passed:
+          key and value.
+
+          If you want to construct instances differently, supply a 'creator'
+          function that takes arguments as above and returns instances.
+
+        :param getset_factory: Optional.  Proxied attribute access is
+          automatically handled by routines that get and set values based on
+          the `attr` argument for this proxy.
+
+          If you would like to customize this behavior, you may supply a
+          `getset_factory` callable that produces a tuple of `getter` and
+          `setter` functions.  The factory is called with two arguments, the
+          abstract type of the underlying collection and this proxy instance.
+
+        :param proxy_factory: Optional.  The type of collection to emulate is
+          determined by sniffing the target collection.  If your collection
+          type can't be determined by duck typing or you'd like to use a
+          different collection implementation, you may supply a factory
+          function to produce those collections.  Only applicable to
+          non-scalar relationships.
+
+        :param proxy_bulk_set: Optional, use with proxy_factory.  See
+          the _set() method for details.
+
+        """
+        self.target_collection = target_collection
+        self.value_attr = attr
+        self.creator = creator
+        self.getset_factory = getset_factory
+        self.proxy_factory = proxy_factory
+        self.proxy_bulk_set = proxy_bulk_set
+
+        self.owning_class = None
+        self.key = '_%s_%s_%s' % (
+            type(self).__name__, target_collection, id(self))
+        self.collection_class = None
+
+    @property
+    def remote_attr(self):
+        """The 'remote' :class:`.MapperProperty` referenced by this
+        :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+        See also:
+
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxy.attr`
+
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxy.local_attr`
+
+        """
+        return getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr)
+
+    @property
+    def local_attr(self):
+        """The 'local' :class:`.MapperProperty` referenced by this
+        :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+        See also:
+
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxy.attr`
+
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxy.remote_attr`
+
+        """
+        return getattr(self.owning_class, self.target_collection)
+
+    @property
+    def attr(self):
+        """Return a tuple of ``(local_attr, remote_attr)``.
+
+        This attribute is convenient when specifying a join
+        using :meth:`.Query.join` across two relationships::
+
+            sess.query(Parent).join(*Parent.proxied.attr)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+        See also:
+
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxy.local_attr`
+
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxy.remote_attr`
+
+        """
+        return (self.local_attr, self.remote_attr)
+
+    def _get_property(self):
+        return (orm.class_mapper(self.owning_class).
+                get_property(self.target_collection))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def target_class(self):
+        """The intermediary class handled by this :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        Intercepted append/set/assignment events will result
+        in the generation of new instances of this class.
+
+        """
+        return self._get_property().mapper.class_
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def scalar(self):
+        """Return ``True`` if this :class:`.AssociationProxy` proxies a scalar
+        relationship on the local side."""
+
+        scalar = not self._get_property().uselist
+        if scalar:
+            self._initialize_scalar_accessors()
+        return scalar
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _value_is_scalar(self):
+        return not self._get_property().\
+            mapper.get_property(self.value_attr).uselist
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _target_is_object(self):
+        return getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr).impl.uses_objects
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, class_):
+        if self.owning_class is None:
+            self.owning_class = class_ and class_ or type(obj)
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+
+        if self.scalar:
+            target = getattr(obj, self.target_collection)
+            return self._scalar_get(target)
+        else:
+            try:
+                # If the owning instance is reborn (orm session resurrect,
+                # etc.), refresh the proxy cache.
+                creator_id, proxy = getattr(obj, self.key)
+                if id(obj) == creator_id:
+                    return proxy
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            proxy = self._new(_lazy_collection(obj, self.target_collection))
+            setattr(obj, self.key, (id(obj), proxy))
+            return proxy
+
+    def __set__(self, obj, values):
+        if self.owning_class is None:
+            self.owning_class = type(obj)
+
+        if self.scalar:
+            creator = self.creator and self.creator or self.target_class
+            target = getattr(obj, self.target_collection)
+            if target is None:
+                setattr(obj, self.target_collection, creator(values))
+            else:
+                self._scalar_set(target, values)
+        else:
+            proxy = self.__get__(obj, None)
+            if proxy is not values:
+                proxy.clear()
+                self._set(proxy, values)
+
+    def __delete__(self, obj):
+        if self.owning_class is None:
+            self.owning_class = type(obj)
+        delattr(obj, self.key)
+
+    def _initialize_scalar_accessors(self):
+        if self.getset_factory:
+            get, set = self.getset_factory(None, self)
+        else:
+            get, set = self._default_getset(None)
+        self._scalar_get, self._scalar_set = get, set
+
+    def _default_getset(self, collection_class):
+        attr = self.value_attr
+        _getter = operator.attrgetter(attr)
+        getter = lambda target: _getter(target) if target is not None else None
+        if collection_class is dict:
+            setter = lambda o, k, v: setattr(o, attr, v)
+        else:
+            setter = lambda o, v: setattr(o, attr, v)
+        return getter, setter
+
+    def _new(self, lazy_collection):
+        creator = self.creator and self.creator or self.target_class
+        self.collection_class = util.duck_type_collection(lazy_collection())
+
+        if self.proxy_factory:
+            return self.proxy_factory(
+                lazy_collection, creator, self.value_attr, self)
+
+        if self.getset_factory:
+            getter, setter = self.getset_factory(self.collection_class, self)
+        else:
+            getter, setter = self._default_getset(self.collection_class)
+
+        if self.collection_class is list:
+            return _AssociationList(
+                lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, self)
+        elif self.collection_class is dict:
+            return _AssociationDict(
+                lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, self)
+        elif self.collection_class is set:
+            return _AssociationSet(
+                lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, self)
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                'could not guess which interface to use for '
+                'collection_class "%s" backing "%s"; specify a '
+                'proxy_factory and proxy_bulk_set manually' %
+                (self.collection_class.__name__, self.target_collection))
+
+    def _inflate(self, proxy):
+        creator = self.creator and self.creator or self.target_class
+
+        if self.getset_factory:
+            getter, setter = self.getset_factory(self.collection_class, self)
+        else:
+            getter, setter = self._default_getset(self.collection_class)
+
+        proxy.creator = creator
+        proxy.getter = getter
+        proxy.setter = setter
+
+    def _set(self, proxy, values):
+        if self.proxy_bulk_set:
+            self.proxy_bulk_set(proxy, values)
+        elif self.collection_class is list:
+            proxy.extend(values)
+        elif self.collection_class is dict:
+            proxy.update(values)
+        elif self.collection_class is set:
+            proxy.update(values)
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                'no proxy_bulk_set supplied for custom '
+                'collection_class implementation')
+
+    @property
+    def _comparator(self):
+        return self._get_property().comparator
+
+    def any(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+        """Produce a proxied 'any' expression using EXISTS.
+
+        This expression will be a composed product
+        using the :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any`
+        and/or :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has`
+        operators of the underlying proxied attributes.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._value_is_scalar:
+            value_expr = getattr(
+                self.target_class, self.value_attr).has(criterion, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            value_expr = getattr(
+                self.target_class, self.value_attr).any(criterion, **kwargs)
+
+        # check _value_is_scalar here, otherwise
+        # we're scalar->scalar - call .any() so that
+        # the "can't call any() on a scalar" msg is raised.
+        if self.scalar and not self._value_is_scalar:
+            return self._comparator.has(
+                value_expr
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._comparator.any(
+                value_expr
+            )
+
+    def has(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+        """Produce a proxied 'has' expression using EXISTS.
+
+        This expression will be a composed product
+        using the :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any`
+        and/or :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has`
+        operators of the underlying proxied attributes.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._target_is_object:
+            return self._comparator.has(
+                getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr).
+                has(criterion, **kwargs)
+            )
+        else:
+            if criterion is not None or kwargs:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Non-empty has() not allowed for "
+                    "column-targeted association proxy; use ==")
+            return self._comparator.has()
+
+    def contains(self, obj):
+        """Produce a proxied 'contains' expression using EXISTS.
+
+        This expression will be a composed product
+        using the :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any`
+        , :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has`,
+        and/or :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
+        operators of the underlying proxied attributes.
+        """
+
+        if self.scalar and not self._value_is_scalar:
+            return self._comparator.has(
+                getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr).contains(obj)
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._comparator.any(**{self.value_attr: obj})
+
+    def __eq__(self, obj):
+        # note the has() here will fail for collections; eq_()
+        # is only allowed with a scalar.
+        if obj is None:
+            return or_(
+                self._comparator.has(**{self.value_attr: obj}),
+                self._comparator == None
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._comparator.has(**{self.value_attr: obj})
+
+    def __ne__(self, obj):
+        # note the has() here will fail for collections; eq_()
+        # is only allowed with a scalar.
+        return self._comparator.has(
+            getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr) != obj)
+
+
+class _lazy_collection(object):
+    def __init__(self, obj, target):
+        self.ref = weakref.ref(obj)
+        self.target = target
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        obj = self.ref()
+        if obj is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "stale association proxy, parent object has gone out of "
+                "scope")
+        return getattr(obj, self.target)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'obj': self.ref(), 'target': self.target}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.ref = weakref.ref(state['obj'])
+        self.target = state['target']
+
+
+class _AssociationCollection(object):
+    def __init__(self, lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, parent):
+        """Constructs an _AssociationCollection.
+
+        This will always be a subclass of either _AssociationList,
+        _AssociationSet, or _AssociationDict.
+
+        lazy_collection
+          A callable returning a list-based collection of entities (usually an
+          object attribute managed by a SQLAlchemy relationship())
+
+        creator
+          A function that creates new target entities.  Given one parameter:
+          value.  This assertion is assumed::
+
+            obj = creator(somevalue)
+            assert getter(obj) == somevalue
+
+        getter
+          A function.  Given an associated object, return the 'value'.
+
+        setter
+          A function.  Given an associated object and a value, store that
+          value on the object.
+
+        """
+        self.lazy_collection = lazy_collection
+        self.creator = creator
+        self.getter = getter
+        self.setter = setter
+        self.parent = parent
+
+    col = property(lambda self: self.lazy_collection())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.col)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.col)
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'parent': self.parent, 'lazy_collection': self.lazy_collection}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.parent = state['parent']
+        self.lazy_collection = state['lazy_collection']
+        self.parent._inflate(self)
+
+
+class _AssociationList(_AssociationCollection):
+    """Generic, converting, list-to-list proxy."""
+
+    def _create(self, value):
+        return self.creator(value)
+
+    def _get(self, object):
+        return self.getter(object)
+
+    def _set(self, object, value):
+        return self.setter(object, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        return self._get(self.col[index])
+
+    def __setitem__(self, index, value):
+        if not isinstance(index, slice):
+            self._set(self.col[index], value)
+        else:
+            if index.stop is None:
+                stop = len(self)
+            elif index.stop < 0:
+                stop = len(self) + index.stop
+            else:
+                stop = index.stop
+            step = index.step or 1
+
+            start = index.start or 0
+            rng = list(range(index.start or 0, stop, step))
+            if step == 1:
+                for i in rng:
+                    del self[start]
+                i = start
+                for item in value:
+                    self.insert(i, item)
+                    i += 1
+            else:
+                if len(value) != len(rng):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "attempt to assign sequence of size %s to "
+                        "extended slice of size %s" % (len(value),
+                                                       len(rng)))
+                for i, item in zip(rng, value):
+                    self._set(self.col[i], item)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, index):
+        del self.col[index]
+
+    def __contains__(self, value):
+        for member in self.col:
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__eq__
+            if self._get(member) == value:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __getslice__(self, start, end):
+        return [self._get(member) for member in self.col[start:end]]
+
+    def __setslice__(self, start, end, values):
+        members = [self._create(v) for v in values]
+        self.col[start:end] = members
+
+    def __delslice__(self, start, end):
+        del self.col[start:end]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate over proxied values.
+
+        For the actual domain objects, iterate over .col instead or
+        just use the underlying collection directly from its property
+        on the parent.
+        """
+
+        for member in self.col:
+            yield self._get(member)
+        raise StopIteration
+
+    def append(self, value):
+        item = self._create(value)
+        self.col.append(item)
+
+    def count(self, value):
+        return sum([1 for _ in
+                    util.itertools_filter(lambda v: v == value, iter(self))])
+
+    def extend(self, values):
+        for v in values:
+            self.append(v)
+
+    def insert(self, index, value):
+        self.col[index:index] = [self._create(value)]
+
+    def pop(self, index=-1):
+        return self.getter(self.col.pop(index))
+
+    def remove(self, value):
+        for i, val in enumerate(self):
+            if val == value:
+                del self.col[i]
+                return
+        raise ValueError("value not in list")
+
+    def reverse(self):
+        """Not supported, use reversed(mylist)"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def sort(self):
+        """Not supported, use sorted(mylist)"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def clear(self):
+        del self.col[0:len(self.col)]
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return list(self) == other
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return list(self) != other
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return list(self) < other
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return list(self) <= other
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return list(self) > other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return list(self) >= other
+
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        return cmp(list(self), other)
+
+    def __add__(self, iterable):
+        try:
+            other = list(iterable)
+        except TypeError:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return list(self) + other
+
+    def __radd__(self, iterable):
+        try:
+            other = list(iterable)
+        except TypeError:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return other + list(self)
+
+    def __mul__(self, n):
+        if not isinstance(n, int):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return list(self) * n
+    __rmul__ = __mul__
+
+    def __iadd__(self, iterable):
+        self.extend(iterable)
+        return self
+
+    def __imul__(self, n):
+        # unlike a regular list *=, proxied __imul__ will generate unique
+        # backing objects for each copy.  *= on proxied lists is a bit of
+        # a stretch anyhow, and this interpretation of the __imul__ contract
+        # is more plausibly useful than copying the backing objects.
+        if not isinstance(n, int):
+            return NotImplemented
+        if n == 0:
+            self.clear()
+        elif n > 1:
+            self.extend(list(self) * (n - 1))
+        return self
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return list(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(list(self))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        raise TypeError("%s objects are unhashable" % type(self).__name__)
+
+    for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+        if (util.callable(func) and func.__name__ == func_name and
+                not func.__doc__ and hasattr(list, func_name)):
+            func.__doc__ = getattr(list, func_name).__doc__
+    del func_name, func
+
+
+_NotProvided = util.symbol('_NotProvided')
+
+
+class _AssociationDict(_AssociationCollection):
+    """Generic, converting, dict-to-dict proxy."""
+
+    def _create(self, key, value):
+        return self.creator(key, value)
+
+    def _get(self, object):
+        return self.getter(object)
+
+    def _set(self, object, key, value):
+        return self.setter(object, key, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._get(self.col[key])
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        if key in self.col:
+            self._set(self.col[key], key, value)
+        else:
+            self.col[key] = self._create(key, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self.col[key]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+        return key in self.col
+
+    def has_key(self, key):
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+        return key in self.col
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.col.keys())
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self.col.clear()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return dict(self) == other
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return dict(self) != other
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return dict(self) < other
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return dict(self) <= other
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return dict(self) > other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return dict(self) >= other
+
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        return cmp(dict(self), other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(dict(self.items()))
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+        if key not in self.col:
+            self.col[key] = self._create(key, default)
+            return default
+        else:
+            return self[key]
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return self.col.keys()
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        def iteritems(self):
+            return ((key, self._get(self.col[key])) for key in self.col)
+
+        def itervalues(self):
+            return (self._get(self.col[key]) for key in self.col)
+
+        def iterkeys(self):
+            return self.col.iterkeys()
+
+        def values(self):
+            return [self._get(member) for member in self.col.values()]
+
+        def items(self):
+            return [(k, self._get(self.col[k])) for k in self]
+    else:
+        def items(self):
+            return ((key, self._get(self.col[key])) for key in self.col)
+
+        def values(self):
+            return (self._get(self.col[key]) for key in self.col)
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=_NotProvided):
+        if default is _NotProvided:
+            member = self.col.pop(key)
+        else:
+            member = self.col.pop(key, default)
+        return self._get(member)
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        item = self.col.popitem()
+        return (item[0], self._get(item[1]))
+
+    def update(self, *a, **kw):
+        if len(a) > 1:
+            raise TypeError('update expected at most 1 arguments, got %i' %
+                            len(a))
+        elif len(a) == 1:
+            seq_or_map = a[0]
+            # discern dict from sequence - took the advice from
+            # http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/duck_typing.shtml
+            # still not perfect :(
+            if hasattr(seq_or_map, 'keys'):
+                for item in seq_or_map:
+                    self[item] = seq_or_map[item]
+            else:
+                try:
+                    for k, v in seq_or_map:
+                        self[k] = v
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "dictionary update sequence "
+                        "requires 2-element tuples")
+
+        for key, value in kw:
+            self[key] = value
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return dict(self.items())
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        raise TypeError("%s objects are unhashable" % type(self).__name__)
+
+    for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+        if (util.callable(func) and func.__name__ == func_name and
+                not func.__doc__ and hasattr(dict, func_name)):
+            func.__doc__ = getattr(dict, func_name).__doc__
+    del func_name, func
+
+
+class _AssociationSet(_AssociationCollection):
+    """Generic, converting, set-to-set proxy."""
+
+    def _create(self, value):
+        return self.creator(value)
+
+    def _get(self, object):
+        return self.getter(object)
+
+    def _set(self, object, value):
+        return self.setter(object, value)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.col)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        if self.col:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def __contains__(self, value):
+        for member in self.col:
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__eq__
+            if self._get(member) == value:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate over proxied values.
+
+        For the actual domain objects, iterate over .col instead or just use
+        the underlying collection directly from its property on the parent.
+
+        """
+        for member in self.col:
+            yield self._get(member)
+        raise StopIteration
+
+    def add(self, value):
+        if value not in self:
+            self.col.add(self._create(value))
+
+    # for discard and remove, choosing a more expensive check strategy rather
+    # than call self.creator()
+    def discard(self, value):
+        for member in self.col:
+            if self._get(member) == value:
+                self.col.discard(member)
+                break
+
+    def remove(self, value):
+        for member in self.col:
+            if self._get(member) == value:
+                self.col.discard(member)
+                return
+        raise KeyError(value)
+
+    def pop(self):
+        if not self.col:
+            raise KeyError('pop from an empty set')
+        member = self.col.pop()
+        return self._get(member)
+
+    def update(self, other):
+        for value in other:
+            self.add(value)
+
+    def __ior__(self, other):
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+            return NotImplemented
+        for value in other:
+            self.add(value)
+        return self
+
+    def _set(self):
+        return set(iter(self))
+
+    def union(self, other):
+        return set(self).union(other)
+
+    __or__ = union
+
+    def difference(self, other):
+        return set(self).difference(other)
+
+    __sub__ = difference
+
+    def difference_update(self, other):
+        for value in other:
+            self.discard(value)
+
+    def __isub__(self, other):
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+            return NotImplemented
+        for value in other:
+            self.discard(value)
+        return self
+
+    def intersection(self, other):
+        return set(self).intersection(other)
+
+    __and__ = intersection
+
+    def intersection_update(self, other):
+        want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+
+        remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+        for value in remove:
+            self.remove(value)
+        for value in add:
+            self.add(value)
+
+    def __iand__(self, other):
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+            return NotImplemented
+        want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+
+        remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+        for value in remove:
+            self.remove(value)
+        for value in add:
+            self.add(value)
+        return self
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, other):
+        return set(self).symmetric_difference(other)
+
+    __xor__ = symmetric_difference
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, other):
+        want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+
+        remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+        for value in remove:
+            self.remove(value)
+        for value in add:
+            self.add(value)
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other):
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+            return NotImplemented
+        want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+
+        remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+        for value in remove:
+            self.remove(value)
+        for value in add:
+            self.add(value)
+        return self
+
+    def issubset(self, other):
+        return set(self).issubset(other)
+
+    def issuperset(self, other):
+        return set(self).issuperset(other)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self.col.clear()
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return set(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return set(self) == other
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return set(self) != other
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return set(self) < other
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return set(self) <= other
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return set(self) > other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return set(self) >= other
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(set(self))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        raise TypeError("%s objects are unhashable" % type(self).__name__)
+
+    for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+        if (util.callable(func) and func.__name__ == func_name and
+                not func.__doc__ and hasattr(set, func_name)):
+            func.__doc__ = getattr(set, func_name).__doc__
+    del func_name, func
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/automap.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/automap.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..121285a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/automap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1005 @@
+# ext/automap.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define an extension to the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` system
+which automatically generates mapped classes and relationships from a database
+schema, typically though not necessarily one which is reflected.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.1 Added :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.automap`.
+
+.. note::
+
+    The :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.automap` extension should be considered
+    **experimental** as of 0.9.1.   Featureset and API stability is
+    not guaranteed at this time.
+
+It is hoped that the :class:`.AutomapBase` system provides a quick
+and modernized solution to the problem that the very famous
+`SQLSoup `_
+also tries to solve, that of generating a quick and rudimentary object
+model from an existing database on the fly.  By addressing the issue strictly
+at the mapper configuration level, and integrating fully with existing
+Declarative class techniques, :class:`.AutomapBase` seeks to provide
+a well-integrated approach to the issue of expediently auto-generating ad-hoc
+mappings.
+
+
+Basic Use
+=========
+
+The simplest usage is to reflect an existing database into a new model.
+We create a new :class:`.AutomapBase` class in a similar manner as to how
+we create a declarative base class, using :func:`.automap_base`.
+We then call :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` on the resulting base class,
+asking it to reflect the schema and produce mappings::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    # engine, suppose it has two tables 'user' and 'address' set up
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+
+    # reflect the tables
+    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True)
+
+    # mapped classes are now created with names by default
+    # matching that of the table name.
+    User = Base.classes.user
+    Address = Base.classes.address
+
+    session = Session(engine)
+
+    # rudimentary relationships are produced
+    session.add(Address(email_address="foo@bar.com", user=User(name="foo")))
+    session.commit()
+
+    # collection-based relationships are by default named
+    # "_collection"
+    print (u1.address_collection)
+
+Above, calling :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` while passing along the
+:paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.reflect` parameter indicates that the
+:meth:`.MetaData.reflect` method will be called on this declarative base
+classes' :class:`.MetaData` collection; then, each viable
+:class:`.Table` within the :class:`.MetaData` will get a new mapped class
+generated automatically.  The :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects which
+link the various tables together will be used to produce new, bidirectional
+:func:`.relationship` objects between classes.   The classes and relationships
+follow along a default naming scheme that we can customize.  At this point,
+our basic mapping consisting of related ``User`` and ``Address`` classes is
+ready to use in the traditional way.
+
+Generating Mappings from an Existing MetaData
+=============================================
+
+We can pass a pre-declared :class:`.MetaData` object to :func:`.automap_base`.
+This object can be constructed in any way, including programmatically, from
+a serialized file, or from itself being reflected using
+:meth:`.MetaData.reflect`.  Below we illustrate a combination of reflection and
+explicit table declaration::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table, Column, ForeignKey
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+
+    # produce our own MetaData object
+    metadata = MetaData()
+
+    # we can reflect it ourselves from a database, using options
+    # such as 'only' to limit what tables we look at...
+    metadata.reflect(engine, only=['user', 'address'])
+
+    # ... or just define our own Table objects with it (or combine both)
+    Table('user_order', metadata,
+                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('user_id', ForeignKey('user.id'))
+                )
+
+    # we can then produce a set of mappings from this MetaData.
+    Base = automap_base(metadata=metadata)
+
+    # calling prepare() just sets up mapped classes and relationships.
+    Base.prepare()
+
+    # mapped classes are ready
+    User, Address, Order = Base.classes.user, Base.classes.address,\
+        Base.classes.user_order
+
+Specifying Classes Explcitly
+============================
+
+The :mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` extension allows classes to be defined
+explicitly, in a way similar to that of the :class:`.DeferredReflection` class.
+Classes that extend from :class:`.AutomapBase` act like regular declarative
+classes, but are not immediately mapped after their construction, and are
+instead mapped when we call :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare`.  The
+:meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method will make use of the classes we've
+established based on the table name we use.  If our schema contains tables
+``user`` and ``address``, we can define one or both of the classes to be used::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    # automap base
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    # pre-declare User for the 'user' table
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'user'
+
+        # override schema elements like Columns
+        user_name = Column('name', String)
+
+        # override relationships too, if desired.
+        # we must use the same name that automap would use for the
+        # relationship, and also must refer to the class name that automap will
+        # generate for "address"
+        address_collection = relationship("address", collection_class=set)
+
+    # reflect
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True)
+
+    # we still have Address generated from the tablename "address",
+    # but User is the same as Base.classes.User now
+
+    Address = Base.classes.address
+
+    u1 = session.query(User).first()
+    print (u1.address_collection)
+
+    # the backref is still there:
+    a1 = session.query(Address).first()
+    print (a1.user)
+
+Above, one of the more intricate details is that we illustrated overriding
+one of the :func:`.relationship` objects that automap would have created.
+To do this, we needed to make sure the names match up with what automap
+would normally generate, in that the relationship name would be
+``User.address_collection`` and the name of the class referred to, from
+automap's perspective, is called ``address``, even though we are referring to
+it as ``Address`` within our usage of this class.
+
+Overriding Naming Schemes
+=========================
+
+:mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` is tasked with producing mapped classes and
+relationship names based on a schema, which means it has decision points in how
+these names are determined.  These three decision points are provided using
+functions which can be passed to the :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method, and
+are known as :func:`.classname_for_table`,
+:func:`.name_for_scalar_relationship`,
+and :func:`.name_for_collection_relationship`.  Any or all of these
+functions are provided as in the example below, where we use a "camel case"
+scheme for class names and a "pluralizer" for collection names using the
+`Inflect `_ package::
+
+    import re
+    import inflect
+
+    def camelize_classname(base, tablename, table):
+        "Produce a 'camelized' class name, e.g. "
+        "'words_and_underscores' -> 'WordsAndUnderscores'"
+
+        return str(tablename[0].upper() + \\
+                re.sub(r'_(\w)', lambda m: m.group(1).upper(), tablename[1:]))
+
+    _pluralizer = inflect.engine()
+    def pluralize_collection(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint):
+        "Produce an 'uncamelized', 'pluralized' class name, e.g. "
+        "'SomeTerm' -> 'some_terms'"
+
+        referred_name = referred_cls.__name__
+        uncamelized = referred_name[0].lower() + \\
+                        re.sub(r'\W',
+                                lambda m: "_%s" % m.group(0).lower(),
+                                referred_name[1:])
+        pluralized = _pluralizer.plural(uncamelized)
+        return pluralized
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+
+    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True,
+                classname_for_table=camelize_classname,
+                name_for_collection_relationship=pluralize_collection
+        )
+
+From the above mapping, we would now have classes ``User`` and ``Address``,
+where the collection from ``User`` to ``Address`` is called
+``User.addresses``::
+
+    User, Address = Base.classes.User, Base.classes.Address
+
+    u1 = User(addresses=[Address(email="foo@bar.com")])
+
+Relationship Detection
+======================
+
+The vast majority of what automap accomplishes is the generation of
+:func:`.relationship` structures based on foreign keys.  The mechanism
+by which this works for many-to-one and one-to-many relationships is as
+follows:
+
+1. A given :class:`.Table`, known to be mapped to a particular class,
+   is examined for :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects.
+
+2. From each :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`, the remote :class:`.Table`
+   object present is matched up to the class to which it is to be mapped,
+   if any, else it is skipped.
+
+3. As the :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` we are examining corresponds to a
+   reference from the immediate mapped class,  the relationship will be set up
+   as a many-to-one referring to the referred class; a corresponding
+   one-to-many backref will be created on the referred class referring
+   to this class.
+
+4. The names of the relationships are determined using the
+   :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_scalar_relationship` and
+   :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_collection_relationship`
+   callable functions.  It is important to note that the default relationship
+   naming derives the name from the **the actual class name**.  If you've
+   given a particular class an explicit name by declaring it, or specified an
+   alternate class naming scheme, that's the name from which the relationship
+   name will be derived.
+
+5. The classes are inspected for an existing mapped property matching these
+   names.  If one is detected on one side, but none on the other side,
+   :class:`.AutomapBase` attempts to create a relationship on the missing side,
+   then uses the :paramref:`.relationship.back_populates` parameter in order to
+   point the new relationship to the other side.
+
+6. In the usual case where no relationship is on either side,
+   :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` produces a :func:`.relationship` on the
+   "many-to-one" side and matches it to the other using the
+   :paramref:`.relationship.backref` parameter.
+
+7. Production of the :func:`.relationship` and optionally the :func:`.backref`
+   is handed off to the :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship`
+   function, which can be supplied by the end-user in order to augment
+   the arguments passed to :func:`.relationship` or :func:`.backref` or to
+   make use of custom implementations of these functions.
+
+Custom Relationship Arguments
+-----------------------------
+
+The :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship` hook can be used
+to add parameters to relationships.  For most cases, we can make use of the
+existing :func:`.automap.generate_relationship` function to return
+the object, after augmenting the given keyword dictionary with our own
+arguments.
+
+Below is an illustration of how to send
+:paramref:`.relationship.cascade` and
+:paramref:`.relationship.passive_deletes`
+options along to all one-to-many relationships::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import generate_relationship
+
+    def _gen_relationship(base, direction, return_fn,
+                                    attrname, local_cls, referred_cls, **kw):
+        if direction is interfaces.ONETOMANY:
+            kw['cascade'] = 'all, delete-orphan'
+            kw['passive_deletes'] = True
+        # make use of the built-in function to actually return
+        # the result.
+        return generate_relationship(base, direction, return_fn,
+                                     attrname, local_cls, referred_cls, **kw)
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    # automap base
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True,
+                generate_relationship=_gen_relationship)
+
+Many-to-Many relationships
+--------------------------
+
+:mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` will generate many-to-many relationships, e.g.
+those which contain a ``secondary`` argument.  The process for producing these
+is as follows:
+
+1. A given :class:`.Table` is examined for :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+   objects, before any mapped class has been assigned to it.
+
+2. If the table contains two and exactly two :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+   objects, and all columns within this table are members of these two
+   :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects, the table is assumed to be a
+   "secondary" table, and will **not be mapped directly**.
+
+3. The two (or one, for self-referential) external tables to which the
+   :class:`.Table` refers to are matched to the classes to which they will be
+   mapped, if any.
+
+4. If mapped classes for both sides are located, a many-to-many bi-directional
+   :func:`.relationship` / :func:`.backref` pair is created between the two
+   classes.
+
+5. The override logic for many-to-many works the same as that of one-to-many/
+   many-to-one; the :func:`.generate_relationship` function is called upon
+   to generate the strucures and existing attributes will be maintained.
+
+Relationships with Inheritance
+------------------------------
+
+:mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` will not generate any relationships between
+two classes that are in an inheritance relationship.   That is, with two
+classes given as follows::
+
+    class Employee(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'employee'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        type = Column(String(50))
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+             'polymorphic_identity':'employee', 'polymorphic_on': type
+        }
+
+    class Engineer(Employee):
+        __tablename__ = 'engineer'
+        id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('employee.id'), primary_key=True)
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            'polymorphic_identity':'engineer',
+        }
+
+The foreign key from ``Engineer`` to ``Employee`` is used not for a
+relationship, but to establish joined inheritance between the two classes.
+
+Note that this means automap will not generate *any* relationships
+for foreign keys that link from a subclass to a superclass.  If a mapping
+has actual relationships from subclass to superclass as well, those
+need to be explicit.  Below, as we have two separate foreign keys
+from ``Engineer`` to ``Employee``, we need to set up both the relationship
+we want as well as the ``inherit_condition``, as these are not things
+SQLAlchemy can guess::
+
+    class Employee(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'employee'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        type = Column(String(50))
+
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            'polymorphic_identity':'employee', 'polymorphic_on':type
+        }
+
+    class Engineer(Employee):
+        __tablename__ = 'engineer'
+        id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('employee.id'), primary_key=True)
+        favorite_employee_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('employee.id'))
+
+        favorite_employee = relationship(Employee,
+                                         foreign_keys=favorite_employee_id)
+
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            'polymorphic_identity':'engineer',
+            'inherit_condition': id == Employee.id
+        }
+
+Handling Simple Naming Conflicts
+--------------------------------
+
+In the case of naming conflicts during mapping, override any of
+:func:`.classname_for_table`, :func:`.name_for_scalar_relationship`,
+and :func:`.name_for_collection_relationship` as needed.  For example, if
+automap is attempting to name a many-to-one relationship the same as an
+existing column, an alternate convention can be conditionally selected.  Given
+a schema:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE table_a (
+        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY
+    );
+
+    CREATE TABLE table_b (
+        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+        table_a INTEGER,
+        FOREIGN KEY(table_a) REFERENCES table_a(id)
+    );
+
+The above schema will first automap the ``table_a`` table as a class named
+``table_a``; it will then automap a relationship onto the class for ``table_b``
+with the same name as this related class, e.g. ``table_a``.  This
+relationship name conflicts with the mapping column ``table_b.table_a``,
+and will emit an error on mapping.
+
+We can resolve this conflict by using an underscore as follows::
+
+    def name_for_scalar_relationship(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint):
+        name = referred_cls.__name__.lower()
+        local_table = local_cls.__table__
+        if name in local_table.columns:
+            newname = name + "_"
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Already detected name %s present.  using %s" %
+                (name, newname))
+            return newname
+        return name
+
+
+    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True,
+        name_for_scalar_relationship=name_for_scalar_relationship)
+
+Alternatively, we can change the name on the column side.   The columns
+that are mapped can be modified using the technique described at
+:ref:`mapper_column_distinct_names`, by assigning the column explicitly
+to a new name::
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    class TableB(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'table_b'
+        _table_a = Column('table_a', ForeignKey('table_a.id'))
+
+    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True)
+
+
+Using Automap with Explicit Declarations
+========================================
+
+As noted previously, automap has no dependency on reflection, and can make
+use of any collection of :class:`.Table` objects within a :class:`.MetaData`
+collection.  From this, it follows that automap can also be used
+generate missing relationships given an otherwise complete model that fully
+defines table metadata::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'user'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String)
+
+    class Address(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'address'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        email = Column(String)
+        user_id = Column(ForeignKey('user.id'))
+
+    # produce relationships
+    Base.prepare()
+
+    # mapping is complete, with "address_collection" and
+    # "user" relationships
+    a1 = Address(email='u1')
+    a2 = Address(email='u2')
+    u1 = User(address_collection=[a1, a2])
+    assert a1.user is u1
+
+Above, given mostly complete ``User`` and ``Address`` mappings, the
+:class:`.ForeignKey` which we defined on ``Address.user_id`` allowed a
+bidirectional relationship pair ``Address.user`` and
+``User.address_collection`` to be generated on the mapped classes.
+
+Note that when subclassing :class:`.AutomapBase`,
+the :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method is required; if not called, the classes
+we've declared are in an un-mapped state.
+
+
+"""
+from .declarative import declarative_base as _declarative_base
+from .declarative.base import _DeferredMapperConfig
+from ..sql import and_
+from ..schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+from ..orm import relationship, backref, interfaces
+from .. import util
+
+
+def classname_for_table(base, tablename, table):
+    """Return the class name that should be used, given the name
+    of a table.
+
+    The default implementation is::
+
+        return str(tablename)
+
+    Alternate implementations can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.classname_for_table`
+    parameter.
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param tablename: string name of the :class:`.Table`.
+
+    :param table: the :class:`.Table` object itself.
+
+    :return: a string class name.
+
+     .. note::
+
+        In Python 2, the string used for the class name **must** be a
+        non-Unicode object, e.g. a ``str()`` object.  The ``.name`` attribute
+        of :class:`.Table` is typically a Python unicode subclass, so the
+        ``str()`` function should be applied to this name, after accounting for
+        any non-ASCII characters.
+
+    """
+    return str(tablename)
+
+
+def name_for_scalar_relationship(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint):
+    """Return the attribute name that should be used to refer from one
+    class to another, for a scalar object reference.
+
+    The default implementation is::
+
+        return referred_cls.__name__.lower()
+
+    Alternate implementations can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_scalar_relationship`
+    parameter.
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param local_cls: the class to be mapped on the local side.
+
+    :param referred_cls: the class to be mapped on the referring side.
+
+    :param constraint: the :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` that is being
+     inspected to produce this relationship.
+
+    """
+    return referred_cls.__name__.lower()
+
+
+def name_for_collection_relationship(
+        base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint):
+    """Return the attribute name that should be used to refer from one
+    class to another, for a collection reference.
+
+    The default implementation is::
+
+        return referred_cls.__name__.lower() + "_collection"
+
+    Alternate implementations
+    can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_collection_relationship`
+    parameter.
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param local_cls: the class to be mapped on the local side.
+
+    :param referred_cls: the class to be mapped on the referring side.
+
+    :param constraint: the :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` that is being
+     inspected to produce this relationship.
+
+    """
+    return referred_cls.__name__.lower() + "_collection"
+
+
+def generate_relationship(
+        base, direction, return_fn, attrname, local_cls, referred_cls, **kw):
+    """Generate a :func:`.relationship` or :func:`.backref` on behalf of two
+    mapped classes.
+
+    An alternate implementation of this function can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship` parameter.
+
+    The default implementation of this function is as follows::
+
+        if return_fn is backref:
+            return return_fn(attrname, **kw)
+        elif return_fn is relationship:
+            return return_fn(referred_cls, **kw)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Unknown relationship function: %s" % return_fn)
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param direction: indicate the "direction" of the relationship; this will
+     be one of :data:`.ONETOMANY`, :data:`.MANYTOONE`, :data:`.MANYTOONE`.
+
+    :param return_fn: the function that is used by default to create the
+     relationship.  This will be either :func:`.relationship` or
+     :func:`.backref`.  The :func:`.backref` function's result will be used to
+     produce a new :func:`.relationship` in a second step, so it is critical
+     that user-defined implementations correctly differentiate between the two
+     functions, if a custom relationship function is being used.
+
+    :attrname: the attribute name to which this relationship is being assigned.
+     If the value of :paramref:`.generate_relationship.return_fn` is the
+     :func:`.backref` function, then this name is the name that is being
+     assigned to the backref.
+
+    :param local_cls: the "local" class to which this relationship or backref
+     will be locally present.
+
+    :param referred_cls: the "referred" class to which the relationship or
+     backref refers to.
+
+    :param \**kw: all additional keyword arguments are passed along to the
+     function.
+
+    :return: a :func:`.relationship` or :func:`.backref` construct, as dictated
+     by the :paramref:`.generate_relationship.return_fn` parameter.
+
+    """
+    if return_fn is backref:
+        return return_fn(attrname, **kw)
+    elif return_fn is relationship:
+        return return_fn(referred_cls, **kw)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Unknown relationship function: %s" % return_fn)
+
+
+class AutomapBase(object):
+    """Base class for an "automap" schema.
+
+    The :class:`.AutomapBase` class can be compared to the "declarative base"
+    class that is produced by the :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`
+    function.  In practice, the :class:`.AutomapBase` class is always used
+    as a mixin along with an actual declarative base.
+
+    A new subclassable :class:`.AutomapBase` is typically instantated
+    using the :func:`.automap_base` function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`automap_toplevel`
+
+    """
+    __abstract__ = True
+
+    classes = None
+    """An instance of :class:`.util.Properties` containing classes.
+
+    This object behaves much like the ``.c`` collection on a table.  Classes
+    are present under the name they were given, e.g.::
+
+        Base = automap_base()
+        Base.prepare(engine=some_engine, reflect=True)
+
+        User, Address = Base.classes.User, Base.classes.Address
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def prepare(
+            cls,
+            engine=None,
+            reflect=False,
+            classname_for_table=classname_for_table,
+            collection_class=list,
+            name_for_scalar_relationship=name_for_scalar_relationship,
+            name_for_collection_relationship=name_for_collection_relationship,
+            generate_relationship=generate_relationship):
+        """Extract mapped classes and relationships from the :class:`.MetaData` and
+        perform mappings.
+
+        :param engine: an :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` with which
+         to perform schema reflection, if specified.
+         If the :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.reflect` argument is False,
+         this object is not used.
+
+        :param reflect: if True, the :meth:`.MetaData.reflect` method is called
+         on the :class:`.MetaData` associated with this :class:`.AutomapBase`.
+         The :class:`.Engine` passed via
+         :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.engine` will be used to perform the
+         reflection if present; else, the :class:`.MetaData` should already be
+         bound to some engine else the operation will fail.
+
+        :param classname_for_table: callable function which will be used to
+         produce new class names, given a table name.  Defaults to
+         :func:`.classname_for_table`.
+
+        :param name_for_scalar_relationship: callable function which will be
+         used to produce relationship names for scalar relationships.  Defaults
+         to :func:`.name_for_scalar_relationship`.
+
+        :param name_for_collection_relationship: callable function which will
+         be used to produce relationship names for collection-oriented
+         relationships.  Defaults to :func:`.name_for_collection_relationship`.
+
+        :param generate_relationship: callable function which will be used to
+         actually generate :func:`.relationship` and :func:`.backref`
+         constructs.  Defaults to :func:`.generate_relationship`.
+
+        :param collection_class: the Python collection class that will be used
+         when a new :func:`.relationship` object is created that represents a
+         collection.  Defaults to ``list``.
+
+        """
+        if reflect:
+            cls.metadata.reflect(
+                engine,
+                extend_existing=True,
+                autoload_replace=False
+            )
+
+        table_to_map_config = dict(
+            (m.local_table, m)
+            for m in _DeferredMapperConfig.
+            classes_for_base(cls, sort=False)
+        )
+
+        many_to_many = []
+
+        for table in cls.metadata.tables.values():
+            lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const = _is_many_to_many(cls, table)
+            if lcl_m2m is not None:
+                many_to_many.append((lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const, table))
+            elif not table.primary_key:
+                continue
+            elif table not in table_to_map_config:
+                mapped_cls = type(
+                    classname_for_table(cls, table.name, table),
+                    (cls, ),
+                    {"__table__": table}
+                )
+                map_config = _DeferredMapperConfig.config_for_cls(mapped_cls)
+                cls.classes[map_config.cls.__name__] = mapped_cls
+                table_to_map_config[table] = map_config
+
+        for map_config in table_to_map_config.values():
+            _relationships_for_fks(cls,
+                                   map_config,
+                                   table_to_map_config,
+                                   collection_class,
+                                   name_for_scalar_relationship,
+                                   name_for_collection_relationship,
+                                   generate_relationship)
+
+        for lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const, table in many_to_many:
+            _m2m_relationship(cls, lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const, table,
+                              table_to_map_config,
+                              collection_class,
+                              name_for_scalar_relationship,
+                              name_for_collection_relationship,
+                              generate_relationship)
+
+        for map_config in _DeferredMapperConfig.classes_for_base(cls):
+            map_config.map()
+
+    _sa_decl_prepare = True
+    """Indicate that the mapping of classes should be deferred.
+
+    The presence of this attribute name indicates to declarative
+    that the call to mapper() should not occur immediately; instead,
+    information about the table and attributes to be mapped are gathered
+    into an internal structure called _DeferredMapperConfig.  These
+    objects can be collected later using classes_for_base(), additional
+    mapping decisions can be made, and then the map() method will actually
+    apply the mapping.
+
+    The only real reason this deferral of the whole
+    thing is needed is to support primary key columns that aren't reflected
+    yet when the class is declared; everything else can theoretically be
+    added to the mapper later.  However, the _DeferredMapperConfig is a
+    nice interface in any case which exists at that not usually exposed point
+    at which declarative has the class and the Table but hasn't called
+    mapper() yet.
+
+    """
+
+
+def automap_base(declarative_base=None, **kw):
+    """Produce a declarative automap base.
+
+    This function produces a new base class that is a product of the
+    :class:`.AutomapBase` class as well a declarative base produced by
+    :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`.
+
+    All parameters other than ``declarative_base`` are keyword arguments
+    that are passed directly to the :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`
+    function.
+
+    :param declarative_base: an existing class produced by
+     :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`.  When this is passed, the function
+     no longer invokes :func:`.declarative.declarative_base` itself, and all
+     other keyword arguments are ignored.
+
+    :param \**kw: keyword arguments are passed along to
+     :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`.
+
+    """
+    if declarative_base is None:
+        Base = _declarative_base(**kw)
+    else:
+        Base = declarative_base
+
+    return type(
+        Base.__name__,
+        (AutomapBase, Base,),
+        {"__abstract__": True, "classes": util.Properties({})}
+    )
+
+
+def _is_many_to_many(automap_base, table):
+    fk_constraints = [const for const in table.constraints
+                      if isinstance(const, ForeignKeyConstraint)]
+    if len(fk_constraints) != 2:
+        return None, None, None
+
+    cols = sum(
+        [[fk.parent for fk in fk_constraint.elements]
+         for fk_constraint in fk_constraints], [])
+
+    if set(cols) != set(table.c):
+        return None, None, None
+
+    return (
+        fk_constraints[0].elements[0].column.table,
+        fk_constraints[1].elements[0].column.table,
+        fk_constraints
+    )
+
+
+def _relationships_for_fks(automap_base, map_config, table_to_map_config,
+                           collection_class,
+                           name_for_scalar_relationship,
+                           name_for_collection_relationship,
+                           generate_relationship):
+    local_table = map_config.local_table
+    local_cls = map_config.cls
+
+    if local_table is None:
+        return
+    for constraint in local_table.constraints:
+        if isinstance(constraint, ForeignKeyConstraint):
+            fks = constraint.elements
+            referred_table = fks[0].column.table
+            referred_cfg = table_to_map_config.get(referred_table, None)
+            if referred_cfg is None:
+                continue
+            referred_cls = referred_cfg.cls
+
+            if local_cls is not referred_cls and issubclass(
+                    local_cls, referred_cls):
+                continue
+
+            relationship_name = name_for_scalar_relationship(
+                automap_base,
+                local_cls,
+                referred_cls, constraint)
+            backref_name = name_for_collection_relationship(
+                automap_base,
+                referred_cls,
+                local_cls,
+                constraint
+            )
+
+            create_backref = backref_name not in referred_cfg.properties
+
+            if relationship_name not in map_config.properties:
+                if create_backref:
+                    backref_obj = generate_relationship(
+                        automap_base,
+                        interfaces.ONETOMANY, backref,
+                        backref_name, referred_cls, local_cls,
+                        collection_class=collection_class)
+                else:
+                    backref_obj = None
+                rel = generate_relationship(automap_base,
+                                            interfaces.MANYTOONE,
+                                            relationship,
+                                            relationship_name,
+                                            local_cls, referred_cls,
+                                            foreign_keys=[
+                                                fk.parent
+                                                for fk in constraint.elements],
+                                            backref=backref_obj,
+                                            remote_side=[
+                                                fk.column
+                                                for fk in constraint.elements]
+                                            )
+                if rel is not None:
+                    map_config.properties[relationship_name] = rel
+                    if not create_backref:
+                        referred_cfg.properties[
+                            backref_name].back_populates = relationship_name
+            elif create_backref:
+                rel = generate_relationship(automap_base,
+                                            interfaces.ONETOMANY,
+                                            relationship,
+                                            backref_name,
+                                            referred_cls, local_cls,
+                                            foreign_keys=[
+                                                fk.parent
+                                                for fk in constraint.elements],
+                                            back_populates=relationship_name,
+                                            collection_class=collection_class)
+                if rel is not None:
+                    referred_cfg.properties[backref_name] = rel
+                    map_config.properties[
+                        relationship_name].back_populates = backref_name
+
+
+def _m2m_relationship(automap_base, lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const, table,
+                      table_to_map_config,
+                      collection_class,
+                      name_for_scalar_relationship,
+                      name_for_collection_relationship,
+                      generate_relationship):
+
+    map_config = table_to_map_config.get(lcl_m2m, None)
+    referred_cfg = table_to_map_config.get(rem_m2m, None)
+    if map_config is None or referred_cfg is None:
+        return
+
+    local_cls = map_config.cls
+    referred_cls = referred_cfg.cls
+
+    relationship_name = name_for_collection_relationship(
+        automap_base,
+        local_cls,
+        referred_cls, m2m_const[0])
+    backref_name = name_for_collection_relationship(
+        automap_base,
+        referred_cls,
+        local_cls,
+        m2m_const[1]
+    )
+
+    create_backref = backref_name not in referred_cfg.properties
+
+    if relationship_name not in map_config.properties:
+        if create_backref:
+            backref_obj = generate_relationship(
+                automap_base,
+                interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+                backref,
+                backref_name,
+                referred_cls, local_cls,
+                collection_class=collection_class
+            )
+        else:
+            backref_obj = None
+        rel = generate_relationship(automap_base,
+                                    interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+                                    relationship,
+                                    relationship_name,
+                                    local_cls, referred_cls,
+                                    secondary=table,
+                                    primaryjoin=and_(
+                                        fk.column == fk.parent
+                                        for fk in m2m_const[0].elements),
+                                    secondaryjoin=and_(
+                                        fk.column == fk.parent
+                                        for fk in m2m_const[1].elements),
+                                    backref=backref_obj,
+                                    collection_class=collection_class
+                                    )
+        if rel is not None:
+            map_config.properties[relationship_name] = rel
+
+            if not create_backref:
+                referred_cfg.properties[
+                    backref_name].back_populates = relationship_name
+    elif create_backref:
+        rel = generate_relationship(automap_base,
+                                    interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+                                    relationship,
+                                    backref_name,
+                                    referred_cls, local_cls,
+                                    secondary=table,
+                                    primaryjoin=and_(
+                                        fk.column == fk.parent
+                                        for fk in m2m_const[1].elements),
+                                    secondaryjoin=and_(
+                                        fk.column == fk.parent
+                                        for fk in m2m_const[0].elements),
+                                    back_populates=relationship_name,
+                                    collection_class=collection_class)
+        if rel is not None:
+            referred_cfg.properties[backref_name] = rel
+            map_config.properties[
+                relationship_name].back_populates = backref_name
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/compiler.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/compiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d169aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/compiler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+# ext/compiler.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides an API for creation of custom ClauseElements and compilers.
+
+Synopsis
+========
+
+Usage involves the creation of one or more
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement` subclasses and one or
+more callables defining its compilation::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import ColumnClause
+
+    class MyColumn(ColumnClause):
+        pass
+
+    @compiles(MyColumn)
+    def compile_mycolumn(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "[%s]" % element.name
+
+Above, ``MyColumn`` extends :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnClause`,
+the base expression element for named column objects. The ``compiles``
+decorator registers itself with the ``MyColumn`` class so that it is invoked
+when the object is compiled to a string::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import select
+
+    s = select([MyColumn('x'), MyColumn('y')])
+    print str(s)
+
+Produces::
+
+    SELECT [x], [y]
+
+Dialect-specific compilation rules
+==================================
+
+Compilers can also be made dialect-specific. The appropriate compiler will be
+invoked for the dialect in use::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import DDLElement
+
+    class AlterColumn(DDLElement):
+
+        def __init__(self, column, cmd):
+            self.column = column
+            self.cmd = cmd
+
+    @compiles(AlterColumn)
+    def visit_alter_column(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "ALTER COLUMN %s ..." % element.column.name
+
+    @compiles(AlterColumn, 'postgresql')
+    def visit_alter_column(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s ALTER COLUMN %s ..." % (element.table.name,
+                                                       element.column.name)
+
+The second ``visit_alter_table`` will be invoked when any ``postgresql``
+dialect is used.
+
+Compiling sub-elements of a custom expression construct
+=======================================================
+
+The ``compiler`` argument is the
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Compiled` object in use. This object
+can be inspected for any information about the in-progress compilation,
+including ``compiler.dialect``, ``compiler.statement`` etc. The
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler` and
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler` both include a ``process()``
+method which can be used for compilation of embedded attributes::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import Executable, ClauseElement
+
+    class InsertFromSelect(Executable, ClauseElement):
+        def __init__(self, table, select):
+            self.table = table
+            self.select = select
+
+    @compiles(InsertFromSelect)
+    def visit_insert_from_select(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "INSERT INTO %s (%s)" % (
+            compiler.process(element.table, asfrom=True),
+            compiler.process(element.select)
+        )
+
+    insert = InsertFromSelect(t1, select([t1]).where(t1.c.x>5))
+    print insert
+
+Produces::
+
+    "INSERT INTO mytable (SELECT mytable.x, mytable.y, mytable.z
+                          FROM mytable WHERE mytable.x > :x_1)"
+
+.. note::
+
+    The above ``InsertFromSelect`` construct is only an example, this actual
+    functionality is already available using the
+    :meth:`.Insert.from_select` method.
+
+.. note::
+
+   The above ``InsertFromSelect`` construct probably wants to have "autocommit"
+   enabled.  See :ref:`enabling_compiled_autocommit` for this step.
+
+Cross Compiling between SQL and DDL compilers
+---------------------------------------------
+
+SQL and DDL constructs are each compiled using different base compilers -
+``SQLCompiler`` and ``DDLCompiler``.   A common need is to access the
+compilation rules of SQL expressions from within a DDL expression. The
+``DDLCompiler`` includes an accessor ``sql_compiler`` for this reason, such as
+below where we generate a CHECK constraint that embeds a SQL expression::
+
+    @compiles(MyConstraint)
+    def compile_my_constraint(constraint, ddlcompiler, **kw):
+        return "CONSTRAINT %s CHECK (%s)" % (
+            constraint.name,
+            ddlcompiler.sql_compiler.process(constraint.expression)
+        )
+
+.. _enabling_compiled_autocommit:
+
+Enabling Autocommit on a Construct
+==================================
+
+Recall from the section :ref:`autocommit` that the :class:`.Engine`, when
+asked to execute a construct in the absence of a user-defined transaction,
+detects if the given construct represents DML or DDL, that is, a data
+modification or data definition statement, which requires (or may require,
+in the case of DDL) that the transaction generated by the DBAPI be committed
+(recall that DBAPI always has a transaction going on regardless of what
+SQLAlchemy does).   Checking for this is actually accomplished by checking for
+the "autocommit" execution option on the construct.    When building a
+construct like an INSERT derivation, a new DDL type, or perhaps a stored
+procedure that alters data, the "autocommit" option needs to be set in order
+for the statement to function with "connectionless" execution
+(as described in :ref:`dbengine_implicit`).
+
+Currently a quick way to do this is to subclass :class:`.Executable`, then
+add the "autocommit" flag to the ``_execution_options`` dictionary (note this
+is a "frozen" dictionary which supplies a generative ``union()`` method)::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import Executable, ClauseElement
+
+    class MyInsertThing(Executable, ClauseElement):
+        _execution_options = \\
+            Executable._execution_options.union({'autocommit': True})
+
+More succinctly, if the construct is truly similar to an INSERT, UPDATE, or
+DELETE, :class:`.UpdateBase` can be used, which already is a subclass
+of :class:`.Executable`, :class:`.ClauseElement` and includes the
+``autocommit`` flag::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import UpdateBase
+
+    class MyInsertThing(UpdateBase):
+        def __init__(self, ...):
+            ...
+
+
+
+
+DDL elements that subclass :class:`.DDLElement` already have the
+"autocommit" flag turned on.
+
+
+
+
+Changing the default compilation of existing constructs
+=======================================================
+
+The compiler extension applies just as well to the existing constructs.  When
+overriding the compilation of a built in SQL construct, the @compiles
+decorator is invoked upon the appropriate class (be sure to use the class,
+i.e. ``Insert`` or ``Select``, instead of the creation function such
+as ``insert()`` or ``select()``).
+
+Within the new compilation function, to get at the "original" compilation
+routine, use the appropriate visit_XXX method - this
+because compiler.process() will call upon the overriding routine and cause
+an endless loop.   Such as, to add "prefix" to all insert statements::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import Insert
+
+    @compiles(Insert)
+    def prefix_inserts(insert, compiler, **kw):
+        return compiler.visit_insert(insert.prefix_with("some prefix"), **kw)
+
+The above compiler will prefix all INSERT statements with "some prefix" when
+compiled.
+
+.. _type_compilation_extension:
+
+Changing Compilation of Types
+=============================
+
+``compiler`` works for types, too, such as below where we implement the
+MS-SQL specific 'max' keyword for ``String``/``VARCHAR``::
+
+    @compiles(String, 'mssql')
+    @compiles(VARCHAR, 'mssql')
+    def compile_varchar(element, compiler, **kw):
+        if element.length == 'max':
+            return "VARCHAR('max')"
+        else:
+            return compiler.visit_VARCHAR(element, **kw)
+
+    foo = Table('foo', metadata,
+        Column('data', VARCHAR('max'))
+    )
+
+Subclassing Guidelines
+======================
+
+A big part of using the compiler extension is subclassing SQLAlchemy
+expression constructs. To make this easier, the expression and
+schema packages feature a set of "bases" intended for common tasks.
+A synopsis is as follows:
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement` - This is the root
+  expression class. Any SQL expression can be derived from this base, and is
+  probably the best choice for longer constructs such as specialized INSERT
+  statements.
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnElement` - The root of all
+  "column-like" elements. Anything that you'd place in the "columns" clause of
+  a SELECT statement (as well as order by and group by) can derive from this -
+  the object will automatically have Python "comparison" behavior.
+
+  :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnElement` classes want to have a
+  ``type`` member which is expression's return type.  This can be established
+  at the instance level in the constructor, or at the class level if its
+  generally constant::
+
+      class timestamp(ColumnElement):
+          type = TIMESTAMP()
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.functions.FunctionElement` - This is a hybrid of a
+  ``ColumnElement`` and a "from clause" like object, and represents a SQL
+  function or stored procedure type of call. Since most databases support
+  statements along the line of "SELECT FROM "
+  ``FunctionElement`` adds in the ability to be used in the FROM clause of a
+  ``select()`` construct::
+
+      from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import FunctionElement
+
+      class coalesce(FunctionElement):
+          name = 'coalesce'
+
+      @compiles(coalesce)
+      def compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+          return "coalesce(%s)" % compiler.process(element.clauses)
+
+      @compiles(coalesce, 'oracle')
+      def compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+          if len(element.clauses) > 2:
+              raise TypeError("coalesce only supports two arguments on Oracle")
+          return "nvl(%s)" % compiler.process(element.clauses)
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.DDLElement` - The root of all DDL expressions,
+  like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, etc. Compilation of ``DDLElement``
+  subclasses is issued by a ``DDLCompiler`` instead of a ``SQLCompiler``.
+  ``DDLElement`` also features ``Table`` and ``MetaData`` event hooks via the
+  ``execute_at()`` method, allowing the construct to be invoked during CREATE
+  TABLE and DROP TABLE sequences.
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Executable` - This is a mixin which
+  should be used with any expression class that represents a "standalone"
+  SQL statement that can be passed directly to an ``execute()`` method.  It
+  is already implicit within ``DDLElement`` and ``FunctionElement``.
+
+Further Examples
+================
+
+"UTC timestamp" function
+-------------------------
+
+A function that works like "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP" except applies the
+appropriate conversions so that the time is in UTC time.   Timestamps are best
+stored in relational databases as UTC, without time zones.   UTC so that your
+database doesn't think time has gone backwards in the hour when daylight
+savings ends, without timezones because timezones are like character
+encodings - they're best applied only at the endpoints of an application
+(i.e. convert to UTC upon user input, re-apply desired timezone upon display).
+
+For Postgresql and Microsoft SQL Server::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.types import DateTime
+
+    class utcnow(expression.FunctionElement):
+        type = DateTime()
+
+    @compiles(utcnow, 'postgresql')
+    def pg_utcnow(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "TIMEZONE('utc', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)"
+
+    @compiles(utcnow, 'mssql')
+    def ms_utcnow(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "GETUTCDATE()"
+
+Example usage::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import (
+                Table, Column, Integer, String, DateTime, MetaData
+            )
+    metadata = MetaData()
+    event = Table("event", metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("description", String(50), nullable=False),
+        Column("timestamp", DateTime, server_default=utcnow())
+    )
+
+"GREATEST" function
+-------------------
+
+The "GREATEST" function is given any number of arguments and returns the one
+that is of the highest value - its equivalent to Python's ``max``
+function.  A SQL standard version versus a CASE based version which only
+accommodates two arguments::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.types import Numeric
+
+    class greatest(expression.FunctionElement):
+        type = Numeric()
+        name = 'greatest'
+
+    @compiles(greatest)
+    def default_greatest(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return compiler.visit_function(element)
+
+    @compiles(greatest, 'sqlite')
+    @compiles(greatest, 'mssql')
+    @compiles(greatest, 'oracle')
+    def case_greatest(element, compiler, **kw):
+        arg1, arg2 = list(element.clauses)
+        return "CASE WHEN %s > %s THEN %s ELSE %s END" % (
+            compiler.process(arg1),
+            compiler.process(arg2),
+            compiler.process(arg1),
+            compiler.process(arg2),
+        )
+
+Example usage::
+
+    Session.query(Account).\\
+            filter(
+                greatest(
+                    Account.checking_balance,
+                    Account.savings_balance) > 10000
+            )
+
+"false" expression
+------------------
+
+Render a "false" constant expression, rendering as "0" on platforms that
+don't have a "false" constant::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+    class sql_false(expression.ColumnElement):
+        pass
+
+    @compiles(sql_false)
+    def default_false(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "false"
+
+    @compiles(sql_false, 'mssql')
+    @compiles(sql_false, 'mysql')
+    @compiles(sql_false, 'oracle')
+    def int_false(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "0"
+
+Example usage::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import select, union_all
+
+    exp = union_all(
+        select([users.c.name, sql_false().label("enrolled")]),
+        select([customers.c.name, customers.c.enrolled])
+    )
+
+"""
+from .. import exc
+from ..sql import visitors
+
+
+def compiles(class_, *specs):
+    """Register a function as a compiler for a
+    given :class:`.ClauseElement` type."""
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        existing = class_.__dict__.get('_compiler_dispatcher', None)
+        existing_dispatch = class_.__dict__.get('_compiler_dispatch')
+        if not existing:
+            existing = _dispatcher()
+
+            if existing_dispatch:
+                existing.specs['default'] = existing_dispatch
+
+            # TODO: why is the lambda needed ?
+            setattr(class_, '_compiler_dispatch',
+                    lambda *arg, **kw: existing(*arg, **kw))
+            setattr(class_, '_compiler_dispatcher', existing)
+
+        if specs:
+            for s in specs:
+                existing.specs[s] = fn
+
+        else:
+            existing.specs['default'] = fn
+        return fn
+    return decorate
+
+
+def deregister(class_):
+    """Remove all custom compilers associated with a given
+    :class:`.ClauseElement` type."""
+
+    if hasattr(class_, '_compiler_dispatcher'):
+        # regenerate default _compiler_dispatch
+        visitors._generate_dispatch(class_)
+        # remove custom directive
+        del class_._compiler_dispatcher
+
+
+class _dispatcher(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.specs = {}
+
+    def __call__(self, element, compiler, **kw):
+        # TODO: yes, this could also switch off of DBAPI in use.
+        fn = self.specs.get(compiler.dialect.name, None)
+        if not fn:
+            try:
+                fn = self.specs['default']
+            except KeyError:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "%s construct has no default "
+                    "compilation handler." % type(element))
+        return fn(element, compiler, **kw)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3cbc85c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1317 @@
+# ext/declarative/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+Synopsis
+========
+
+SQLAlchemy object-relational configuration involves the
+combination of :class:`.Table`, :func:`.mapper`, and class
+objects to define a mapped class.
+:mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` allows all three to be
+expressed at once within the class declaration. As much as
+possible, regular SQLAlchemy schema and ORM constructs are
+used directly, so that configuration between "classical" ORM
+usage and declarative remain highly similar.
+
+As a simple example::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class SomeClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'some_table'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name =  Column(String(50))
+
+Above, the :func:`declarative_base` callable returns a new base class from
+which all mapped classes should inherit. When the class definition is
+completed, a new :class:`.Table` and :func:`.mapper` will have been generated.
+
+The resulting table and mapper are accessible via
+``__table__`` and ``__mapper__`` attributes on the
+``SomeClass`` class::
+
+    # access the mapped Table
+    SomeClass.__table__
+
+    # access the Mapper
+    SomeClass.__mapper__
+
+Defining Attributes
+===================
+
+In the previous example, the :class:`.Column` objects are
+automatically named with the name of the attribute to which they are
+assigned.
+
+To name columns explicitly with a name distinct from their mapped attribute,
+just give the column a name.  Below, column "some_table_id" is mapped to the
+"id" attribute of `SomeClass`, but in SQL will be represented as
+"some_table_id"::
+
+    class SomeClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'some_table'
+        id = Column("some_table_id", Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+Attributes may be added to the class after its construction, and they will be
+added to the underlying :class:`.Table` and
+:func:`.mapper` definitions as appropriate::
+
+    SomeClass.data = Column('data', Unicode)
+    SomeClass.related = relationship(RelatedInfo)
+
+Classes which are constructed using declarative can interact freely
+with classes that are mapped explicitly with :func:`.mapper`.
+
+It is recommended, though not required, that all tables
+share the same underlying :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData` object,
+so that string-configured :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.ForeignKey`
+references can be resolved without issue.
+
+Accessing the MetaData
+=======================
+
+The :func:`declarative_base` base class contains a
+:class:`.MetaData` object where newly defined
+:class:`.Table` objects are collected. This object is
+intended to be accessed directly for
+:class:`.MetaData`-specific operations. Such as, to issue
+CREATE statements for all tables::
+
+    engine = create_engine('sqlite://')
+    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
+
+:func:`declarative_base` can also receive a pre-existing
+:class:`.MetaData` object, which allows a
+declarative setup to be associated with an already
+existing traditional collection of :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table`
+objects::
+
+    mymetadata = MetaData()
+    Base = declarative_base(metadata=mymetadata)
+
+
+.. _declarative_configuring_relationships:
+
+Configuring Relationships
+=========================
+
+Relationships to other classes are done in the usual way, with the added
+feature that the class specified to :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.relationship`
+may be a string name.  The "class registry" associated with ``Base``
+is used at mapper compilation time to resolve the name into the actual
+class object, which is expected to have been defined once the mapper
+configuration is used::
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'users'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String(50))
+        addresses = relationship("Address", backref="user")
+
+    class Address(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'addresses'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        email = Column(String(50))
+        user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('users.id'))
+
+Column constructs, since they are just that, are immediately usable,
+as below where we define a primary join condition on the ``Address``
+class using them::
+
+    class Address(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'addresses'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        email = Column(String(50))
+        user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('users.id'))
+        user = relationship(User, primaryjoin=user_id == User.id)
+
+In addition to the main argument for :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.relationship`,
+other arguments which depend upon the columns present on an as-yet
+undefined class may also be specified as strings.  These strings are
+evaluated as Python expressions.  The full namespace available within
+this evaluation includes all classes mapped for this declarative base,
+as well as the contents of the ``sqlalchemy`` package, including
+expression functions like :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.desc` and
+:attr:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.func`::
+
+    class User(Base):
+        # ....
+        addresses = relationship("Address",
+                             order_by="desc(Address.email)",
+                             primaryjoin="Address.user_id==User.id")
+
+For the case where more than one module contains a class of the same name,
+string class names can also be specified as module-qualified paths
+within any of these string expressions::
+
+    class User(Base):
+        # ....
+        addresses = relationship("myapp.model.address.Address",
+                             order_by="desc(myapp.model.address.Address.email)",
+                             primaryjoin="myapp.model.address.Address.user_id=="
+                                            "myapp.model.user.User.id")
+
+The qualified path can be any partial path that removes ambiguity between
+the names.  For example, to disambiguate between
+``myapp.model.address.Address`` and ``myapp.model.lookup.Address``,
+we can specify ``address.Address`` or ``lookup.Address``::
+
+    class User(Base):
+        # ....
+        addresses = relationship("address.Address",
+                             order_by="desc(address.Address.email)",
+                             primaryjoin="address.Address.user_id=="
+                                            "User.id")
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8
+   module-qualified paths can be used when specifying string arguments
+   with Declarative, in order to specify specific modules.
+
+Two alternatives also exist to using string-based attributes.  A lambda
+can also be used, which will be evaluated after all mappers have been
+configured::
+
+    class User(Base):
+        # ...
+        addresses = relationship(lambda: Address,
+                             order_by=lambda: desc(Address.email),
+                             primaryjoin=lambda: Address.user_id==User.id)
+
+Or, the relationship can be added to the class explicitly after the classes
+are available::
+
+    User.addresses = relationship(Address,
+                              primaryjoin=Address.user_id==User.id)
+
+
+
+.. _declarative_many_to_many:
+
+Configuring Many-to-Many Relationships
+======================================
+
+Many-to-many relationships are also declared in the same way
+with declarative as with traditional mappings. The
+``secondary`` argument to
+:func:`.relationship` is as usual passed a
+:class:`.Table` object, which is typically declared in the
+traditional way.  The :class:`.Table` usually shares
+the :class:`.MetaData` object used by the declarative base::
+
+    keywords = Table(
+        'keywords', Base.metadata,
+        Column('author_id', Integer, ForeignKey('authors.id')),
+        Column('keyword_id', Integer, ForeignKey('keywords.id'))
+        )
+
+    class Author(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'authors'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        keywords = relationship("Keyword", secondary=keywords)
+
+Like other :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.relationship` arguments, a string is accepted
+as well, passing the string name of the table as defined in the
+``Base.metadata.tables`` collection::
+
+    class Author(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'authors'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        keywords = relationship("Keyword", secondary="keywords")
+
+As with traditional mapping, its generally not a good idea to use
+a :class:`.Table` as the "secondary" argument which is also mapped to
+a class, unless the :func:`.relationship` is declared with ``viewonly=True``.
+Otherwise, the unit-of-work system may attempt duplicate INSERT and
+DELETE statements against the underlying table.
+
+.. _declarative_sql_expressions:
+
+Defining SQL Expressions
+========================
+
+See :ref:`mapper_sql_expressions` for examples on declaratively
+mapping attributes to SQL expressions.
+
+.. _declarative_table_args:
+
+Table Configuration
+===================
+
+Table arguments other than the name, metadata, and mapped Column
+arguments are specified using the ``__table_args__`` class attribute.
+This attribute accommodates both positional as well as keyword
+arguments that are normally sent to the
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` constructor.
+The attribute can be specified in one of two forms. One is as a
+dictionary::
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'sometable'
+        __table_args__ = {'mysql_engine':'InnoDB'}
+
+The other, a tuple, where each argument is positional
+(usually constraints)::
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'sometable'
+        __table_args__ = (
+                ForeignKeyConstraint(['id'], ['remote_table.id']),
+                UniqueConstraint('foo'),
+                )
+
+Keyword arguments can be specified with the above form by
+specifying the last argument as a dictionary::
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'sometable'
+        __table_args__ = (
+                ForeignKeyConstraint(['id'], ['remote_table.id']),
+                UniqueConstraint('foo'),
+                {'autoload':True}
+                )
+
+Using a Hybrid Approach with __table__
+=======================================
+
+As an alternative to ``__tablename__``, a direct
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` construct may be used.  The
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column` objects, which in this case require
+their names, will be added to the mapping just like a regular mapping
+to a table::
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        __table__ = Table('my_table', Base.metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('name', String(50))
+        )
+
+``__table__`` provides a more focused point of control for establishing
+table metadata, while still getting most of the benefits of using declarative.
+An application that uses reflection might want to load table metadata elsewhere
+and pass it to declarative classes::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+    Base.metadata.reflect(some_engine)
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __table__ = metadata.tables['user']
+
+    class Address(Base):
+        __table__ = metadata.tables['address']
+
+Some configuration schemes may find it more appropriate to use ``__table__``,
+such as those which already take advantage of the data-driven nature of
+:class:`.Table` to customize and/or automate schema definition.
+
+Note that when the ``__table__`` approach is used, the object is immediately
+usable as a plain :class:`.Table` within the class declaration body itself,
+as a Python class is only another syntactical block.  Below this is illustrated
+by using the ``id`` column in the ``primaryjoin`` condition of a
+:func:`.relationship`::
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        __table__ = Table('my_table', Base.metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('name', String(50))
+        )
+
+        widgets = relationship(Widget,
+                    primaryjoin=Widget.myclass_id==__table__.c.id)
+
+Similarly, mapped attributes which refer to ``__table__`` can be placed inline,
+as below where we assign the ``name`` column to the attribute ``_name``,
+generating a synonym for ``name``::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import synonym_for
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        __table__ = Table('my_table', Base.metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('name', String(50))
+        )
+
+        _name = __table__.c.name
+
+        @synonym_for("_name")
+        def name(self):
+            return "Name: %s" % _name
+
+Using Reflection with Declarative
+=================================
+
+It's easy to set up a :class:`.Table` that uses ``autoload=True``
+in conjunction with a mapped class::
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        __table__ = Table('mytable', Base.metadata,
+                        autoload=True, autoload_with=some_engine)
+
+However, one improvement that can be made here is to not
+require the :class:`.Engine` to be available when classes are
+being first declared.   To achieve this, use the
+:class:`.DeferredReflection` mixin, which sets up mappings
+only after a special ``prepare(engine)`` step is called::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base, DeferredReflection
+
+    Base = declarative_base(cls=DeferredReflection)
+
+    class Foo(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'foo'
+        bars = relationship("Bar")
+
+    class Bar(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'bar'
+
+        # illustrate overriding of "bar.foo_id" to have
+        # a foreign key constraint otherwise not
+        # reflected, such as when using MySQL
+        foo_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('foo.id'))
+
+    Base.prepare(e)
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8
+   Added :class:`.DeferredReflection`.
+
+Mapper Configuration
+====================
+
+Declarative makes use of the :func:`~.orm.mapper` function internally
+when it creates the mapping to the declared table.   The options
+for :func:`~.orm.mapper` are passed directly through via the
+``__mapper_args__`` class attribute.  As always, arguments which reference
+locally mapped columns can reference them directly from within the
+class declaration::
+
+    from datetime import datetime
+
+    class Widget(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'widgets'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        timestamp = Column(DateTime, nullable=False)
+
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+                        'version_id_col': timestamp,
+                        'version_id_generator': lambda v:datetime.now()
+                    }
+
+.. _declarative_inheritance:
+
+Inheritance Configuration
+=========================
+
+Declarative supports all three forms of inheritance as intuitively
+as possible.  The ``inherits`` mapper keyword argument is not needed
+as declarative will determine this from the class itself.   The various
+"polymorphic" keyword arguments are specified using ``__mapper_args__``.
+
+Joined Table Inheritance
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Joined table inheritance is defined as a subclass that defines its own
+table::
+
+    class Person(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'people'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}
+
+    class Engineer(Person):
+        __tablename__ = 'engineers'
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
+        id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('people.id'), primary_key=True)
+        primary_language = Column(String(50))
+
+Note that above, the ``Engineer.id`` attribute, since it shares the
+same attribute name as the ``Person.id`` attribute, will in fact
+represent the ``people.id`` and ``engineers.id`` columns together,
+with the "Engineer.id" column taking precedence if queried directly.
+To provide the ``Engineer`` class with an attribute that represents
+only the ``engineers.id`` column, give it a different attribute name::
+
+    class Engineer(Person):
+        __tablename__ = 'engineers'
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
+        engineer_id = Column('id', Integer, ForeignKey('people.id'),
+                                                    primary_key=True)
+        primary_language = Column(String(50))
+
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.7 joined table inheritance favors the subclass
+   column over that of the superclass, such as querying above
+   for ``Engineer.id``.  Prior to 0.7 this was the reverse.
+
+.. _declarative_single_table:
+
+Single Table Inheritance
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Single table inheritance is defined as a subclass that does not have
+its own table; you just leave out the ``__table__`` and ``__tablename__``
+attributes::
+
+    class Person(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'people'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}
+
+    class Engineer(Person):
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
+        primary_language = Column(String(50))
+
+When the above mappers are configured, the ``Person`` class is mapped
+to the ``people`` table *before* the ``primary_language`` column is
+defined, and this column will not be included in its own mapping.
+When ``Engineer`` then defines the ``primary_language`` column, the
+column is added to the ``people`` table so that it is included in the
+mapping for ``Engineer`` and is also part of the table's full set of
+columns.  Columns which are not mapped to ``Person`` are also excluded
+from any other single or joined inheriting classes using the
+``exclude_properties`` mapper argument.  Below, ``Manager`` will have
+all the attributes of ``Person`` and ``Manager`` but *not* the
+``primary_language`` attribute of ``Engineer``::
+
+    class Manager(Person):
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'manager'}
+        golf_swing = Column(String(50))
+
+The attribute exclusion logic is provided by the
+``exclude_properties`` mapper argument, and declarative's default
+behavior can be disabled by passing an explicit ``exclude_properties``
+collection (empty or otherwise) to the ``__mapper_args__``.
+
+Resolving Column Conflicts
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Note above that the ``primary_language`` and ``golf_swing`` columns
+are "moved up" to be applied to ``Person.__table__``, as a result of their
+declaration on a subclass that has no table of its own.   A tricky case
+comes up when two subclasses want to specify *the same* column, as below::
+
+    class Person(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'people'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}
+
+    class Engineer(Person):
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
+        start_date = Column(DateTime)
+
+    class Manager(Person):
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'manager'}
+        start_date = Column(DateTime)
+
+Above, the ``start_date`` column declared on both ``Engineer`` and ``Manager``
+will result in an error::
+
+    sqlalchemy.exc.ArgumentError: Column 'start_date' on class
+     conflicts with existing
+    column 'people.start_date'
+
+In a situation like this, Declarative can't be sure
+of the intent, especially if the ``start_date`` columns had, for example,
+different types.   A situation like this can be resolved by using
+:class:`.declared_attr` to define the :class:`.Column` conditionally, taking
+care to return the **existing column** via the parent ``__table__`` if it
+already exists::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declared_attr
+
+    class Person(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'people'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}
+
+    class Engineer(Person):
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
+
+        @declared_attr
+        def start_date(cls):
+            "Start date column, if not present already."
+            return Person.__table__.c.get('start_date', Column(DateTime))
+
+    class Manager(Person):
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'manager'}
+
+        @declared_attr
+        def start_date(cls):
+            "Start date column, if not present already."
+            return Person.__table__.c.get('start_date', Column(DateTime))
+
+Above, when ``Manager`` is mapped, the ``start_date`` column is
+already present on the ``Person`` class.  Declarative lets us return
+that :class:`.Column` as a result in this case, where it knows to skip
+re-assigning the same column. If the mapping is mis-configured such
+that the ``start_date`` column is accidentally re-assigned to a
+different table (such as, if we changed ``Manager`` to be joined
+inheritance without fixing ``start_date``), an error is raised which
+indicates an existing :class:`.Column` is trying to be re-assigned to
+a different owning :class:`.Table`.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8 :class:`.declared_attr` can be used on a non-mixin
+   class, and the returned :class:`.Column` or other mapped attribute
+   will be applied to the mapping as any other attribute.  Previously,
+   the resulting attribute would be ignored, and also result in a warning
+   being emitted when a subclass was created.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8 :class:`.declared_attr`, when used either with a
+   mixin or non-mixin declarative class, can return an existing
+   :class:`.Column` already assigned to the parent :class:`.Table`,
+   to indicate that the re-assignment of the :class:`.Column` should be
+   skipped, however should still be mapped on the target class,
+   in order to resolve duplicate column conflicts.
+
+The same concept can be used with mixin classes (see
+:ref:`declarative_mixins`)::
+
+    class Person(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'people'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}
+
+    class HasStartDate(object):
+        @declared_attr
+        def start_date(cls):
+            return cls.__table__.c.get('start_date', Column(DateTime))
+
+    class Engineer(HasStartDate, Person):
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
+
+    class Manager(HasStartDate, Person):
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'manager'}
+
+The above mixin checks the local ``__table__`` attribute for the column.
+Because we're using single table inheritance, we're sure that in this case,
+``cls.__table__`` refers to ``People.__table__``.  If we were mixing joined-
+and single-table inheritance, we might want our mixin to check more carefully
+if ``cls.__table__`` is really the :class:`.Table` we're looking for.
+
+Concrete Table Inheritance
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Concrete is defined as a subclass which has its own table and sets the
+``concrete`` keyword argument to ``True``::
+
+    class Person(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'people'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String(50))
+
+    class Engineer(Person):
+        __tablename__ = 'engineers'
+        __mapper_args__ = {'concrete':True}
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        primary_language = Column(String(50))
+        name = Column(String(50))
+
+Usage of an abstract base class is a little less straightforward as it
+requires usage of :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.util.polymorphic_union`,
+which needs to be created with the :class:`.Table` objects
+before the class is built::
+
+    engineers = Table('engineers', Base.metadata,
+                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('name', String(50)),
+                    Column('primary_language', String(50))
+                )
+    managers = Table('managers', Base.metadata,
+                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('name', String(50)),
+                    Column('golf_swing', String(50))
+                )
+
+    punion = polymorphic_union({
+        'engineer':engineers,
+        'manager':managers
+    }, 'type', 'punion')
+
+    class Person(Base):
+        __table__ = punion
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on':punion.c.type}
+
+    class Engineer(Person):
+        __table__ = engineers
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity':'engineer', 'concrete':True}
+
+    class Manager(Person):
+        __table__ = managers
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity':'manager', 'concrete':True}
+
+.. _declarative_concrete_helpers:
+
+Using the Concrete Helpers
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Helper classes provides a simpler pattern for concrete inheritance.
+With these objects, the ``__declare_first__`` helper is used to configure the
+"polymorphic" loader for the mapper after all subclasses have been declared.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+An abstract base can be declared using the
+:class:`.AbstractConcreteBase` class::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import AbstractConcreteBase
+
+    class Employee(AbstractConcreteBase, Base):
+        pass
+
+To have a concrete ``employee`` table, use :class:`.ConcreteBase` instead::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import ConcreteBase
+
+    class Employee(ConcreteBase, Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'employee'
+        employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String(50))
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+                        'polymorphic_identity':'employee',
+                        'concrete':True}
+
+
+Either ``Employee`` base can be used in the normal fashion::
+
+    class Manager(Employee):
+        __tablename__ = 'manager'
+        employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String(50))
+        manager_data = Column(String(40))
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+                        'polymorphic_identity':'manager',
+                        'concrete':True}
+
+    class Engineer(Employee):
+        __tablename__ = 'engineer'
+        employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String(50))
+        engineer_info = Column(String(40))
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity':'engineer',
+                        'concrete':True}
+
+
+The :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase` class is itself mapped, and can be
+used as a target of relationships::
+
+    class Company(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'company'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        employees = relationship("Employee",
+                        primaryjoin="Company.id == Employee.company_id")
+
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.9.3 Support for use of :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase`
+   as the target of a :func:`.relationship` has been improved.
+
+It can also be queried directly::
+
+    for employee in session.query(Employee).filter(Employee.name == 'qbert'):
+        print(employee)
+
+
+.. _declarative_mixins:
+
+Mixin and Custom Base Classes
+==============================
+
+A common need when using :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` is to
+share some functionality, such as a set of common columns, some common
+table options, or other mapped properties, across many
+classes.  The standard Python idioms for this is to have the classes
+inherit from a base which includes these common features.
+
+When using :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.declarative`, this idiom is allowed
+via the usage of a custom declarative base class, as well as a "mixin" class
+which is inherited from in addition to the primary base.  Declarative
+includes several helper features to make this work in terms of how
+mappings are declared.   An example of some commonly mixed-in
+idioms is below::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declared_attr
+
+    class MyMixin(object):
+
+        @declared_attr
+        def __tablename__(cls):
+            return cls.__name__.lower()
+
+        __table_args__ = {'mysql_engine': 'InnoDB'}
+        __mapper_args__= {'always_refresh': True}
+
+        id =  Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+    class MyModel(MyMixin, Base):
+        name = Column(String(1000))
+
+Where above, the class ``MyModel`` will contain an "id" column
+as the primary key, a ``__tablename__`` attribute that derives
+from the name of the class itself, as well as ``__table_args__``
+and ``__mapper_args__`` defined by the ``MyMixin`` mixin class.
+
+There's no fixed convention over whether ``MyMixin`` precedes
+``Base`` or not.  Normal Python method resolution rules apply, and
+the above example would work just as well with::
+
+    class MyModel(Base, MyMixin):
+        name = Column(String(1000))
+
+This works because ``Base`` here doesn't define any of the
+variables that ``MyMixin`` defines, i.e. ``__tablename__``,
+``__table_args__``, ``id``, etc.   If the ``Base`` did define
+an attribute of the same name, the class placed first in the
+inherits list would determine which attribute is used on the
+newly defined class.
+
+Augmenting the Base
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+In addition to using a pure mixin, most of the techniques in this
+section can also be applied to the base class itself, for patterns that
+should apply to all classes derived from a particular base.  This is achieved
+using the ``cls`` argument of the :func:`.declarative_base` function::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declared_attr
+
+    class Base(object):
+        @declared_attr
+        def __tablename__(cls):
+            return cls.__name__.lower()
+
+        __table_args__ = {'mysql_engine': 'InnoDB'}
+
+        id =  Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+
+    Base = declarative_base(cls=Base)
+
+    class MyModel(Base):
+        name = Column(String(1000))
+
+Where above, ``MyModel`` and all other classes that derive from ``Base`` will
+have a table name derived from the class name, an ``id`` primary key column,
+as well as the "InnoDB" engine for MySQL.
+
+Mixing in Columns
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The most basic way to specify a column on a mixin is by simple
+declaration::
+
+    class TimestampMixin(object):
+        created_at = Column(DateTime, default=func.now())
+
+    class MyModel(TimestampMixin, Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'test'
+
+        id =  Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String(1000))
+
+Where above, all declarative classes that include ``TimestampMixin``
+will also have a column ``created_at`` that applies a timestamp to
+all row insertions.
+
+Those familiar with the SQLAlchemy expression language know that
+the object identity of clause elements defines their role in a schema.
+Two ``Table`` objects ``a`` and ``b`` may both have a column called
+``id``, but the way these are differentiated is that ``a.c.id``
+and ``b.c.id`` are two distinct Python objects, referencing their
+parent tables ``a`` and ``b`` respectively.
+
+In the case of the mixin column, it seems that only one
+:class:`.Column` object is explicitly created, yet the ultimate
+``created_at`` column above must exist as a distinct Python object
+for each separate destination class.  To accomplish this, the declarative
+extension creates a **copy** of each :class:`.Column` object encountered on
+a class that is detected as a mixin.
+
+This copy mechanism is limited to simple columns that have no foreign
+keys, as a :class:`.ForeignKey` itself contains references to columns
+which can't be properly recreated at this level.  For columns that
+have foreign keys, as well as for the variety of mapper-level constructs
+that require destination-explicit context, the
+:class:`~.declared_attr` decorator is provided so that
+patterns common to many classes can be defined as callables::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declared_attr
+
+    class ReferenceAddressMixin(object):
+        @declared_attr
+        def address_id(cls):
+            return Column(Integer, ForeignKey('address.id'))
+
+    class User(ReferenceAddressMixin, Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'user'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+Where above, the ``address_id`` class-level callable is executed at the
+point at which the ``User`` class is constructed, and the declarative
+extension can use the resulting :class:`.Column` object as returned by
+the method without the need to copy it.
+
+.. versionchanged:: > 0.6.5
+    Rename 0.6.5 ``sqlalchemy.util.classproperty``
+    into :class:`~.declared_attr`.
+
+Columns generated by :class:`~.declared_attr` can also be
+referenced by ``__mapper_args__`` to a limited degree, currently
+by ``polymorphic_on`` and ``version_id_col``, by specifying the
+classdecorator itself into the dictionary - the declarative extension
+will resolve them at class construction time::
+
+    class MyMixin:
+        @declared_attr
+        def type_(cls):
+            return Column(String(50))
+
+        __mapper_args__= {'polymorphic_on':type_}
+
+    class MyModel(MyMixin, Base):
+        __tablename__='test'
+        id =  Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+
+
+Mixing in Relationships
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Relationships created by :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.relationship` are provided
+with declarative mixin classes exclusively using the
+:class:`.declared_attr` approach, eliminating any ambiguity
+which could arise when copying a relationship and its possibly column-bound
+contents. Below is an example which combines a foreign key column and a
+relationship so that two classes ``Foo`` and ``Bar`` can both be configured to
+reference a common target class via many-to-one::
+
+    class RefTargetMixin(object):
+        @declared_attr
+        def target_id(cls):
+            return Column('target_id', ForeignKey('target.id'))
+
+        @declared_attr
+        def target(cls):
+            return relationship("Target")
+
+    class Foo(RefTargetMixin, Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'foo'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+    class Bar(RefTargetMixin, Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'bar'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+    class Target(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'target'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+Using Advanced Relationship Arguments (e.g. ``primaryjoin``, etc.)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+:func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.relationship` definitions which require explicit
+primaryjoin, order_by etc. expressions should in all but the most
+simplistic cases use **late bound** forms
+for these arguments, meaning, using either the string form or a lambda.
+The reason for this is that the related :class:`.Column` objects which are to
+be configured using ``@declared_attr`` are not available to another
+``@declared_attr`` attribute; while the methods will work and return new
+:class:`.Column` objects, those are not the :class:`.Column` objects that
+Declarative will be using as it calls the methods on its own, thus using
+*different* :class:`.Column` objects.
+
+The canonical example is the primaryjoin condition that depends upon
+another mixed-in column::
+
+    class RefTargetMixin(object):
+        @declared_attr
+        def target_id(cls):
+            return Column('target_id', ForeignKey('target.id'))
+
+        @declared_attr
+        def target(cls):
+            return relationship(Target,
+                primaryjoin=Target.id==cls.target_id   # this is *incorrect*
+            )
+
+Mapping a class using the above mixin, we will get an error like::
+
+    sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError: this ForeignKey's parent column is not
+    yet associated with a Table.
+
+This is because the ``target_id`` :class:`.Column` we've called upon in our
+``target()`` method is not the same :class:`.Column` that declarative is
+actually going to map to our table.
+
+The condition above is resolved using a lambda::
+
+    class RefTargetMixin(object):
+        @declared_attr
+        def target_id(cls):
+            return Column('target_id', ForeignKey('target.id'))
+
+        @declared_attr
+        def target(cls):
+            return relationship(Target,
+                primaryjoin=lambda: Target.id==cls.target_id
+            )
+
+or alternatively, the string form (which ultimately generates a lambda)::
+
+    class RefTargetMixin(object):
+        @declared_attr
+        def target_id(cls):
+            return Column('target_id', ForeignKey('target.id'))
+
+        @declared_attr
+        def target(cls):
+            return relationship("Target",
+                primaryjoin="Target.id==%s.target_id" % cls.__name__
+            )
+
+Mixing in deferred(), column_property(), and other MapperProperty classes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Like :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.relationship`, all
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.MapperProperty` subclasses such as
+:func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.deferred`, :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.column_property`,
+etc. ultimately involve references to columns, and therefore, when
+used with declarative mixins, have the :class:`.declared_attr`
+requirement so that no reliance on copying is needed::
+
+    class SomethingMixin(object):
+
+        @declared_attr
+        def dprop(cls):
+            return deferred(Column(Integer))
+
+    class Something(SomethingMixin, Base):
+        __tablename__ = "something"
+
+Mixing in Association Proxy and Other Attributes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Mixins can specify user-defined attributes as well as other extension
+units such as :func:`.association_proxy`.   The usage of
+:class:`.declared_attr` is required in those cases where the attribute must
+be tailored specifically to the target subclass.   An example is when
+constructing multiple :func:`.association_proxy` attributes which each
+target a different type of child object.  Below is an
+:func:`.association_proxy` / mixin example which provides a scalar list of
+string values to an implementing class::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, ForeignKey, String
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.associationproxy import association_proxy
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base, declared_attr
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class HasStringCollection(object):
+        @declared_attr
+        def _strings(cls):
+            class StringAttribute(Base):
+                __tablename__ = cls.string_table_name
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                value = Column(String(50), nullable=False)
+                parent_id = Column(Integer,
+                                ForeignKey('%s.id' % cls.__tablename__),
+                                nullable=False)
+                def __init__(self, value):
+                    self.value = value
+
+            return relationship(StringAttribute)
+
+        @declared_attr
+        def strings(cls):
+            return association_proxy('_strings', 'value')
+
+    class TypeA(HasStringCollection, Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'type_a'
+        string_table_name = 'type_a_strings'
+        id = Column(Integer(), primary_key=True)
+
+    class TypeB(HasStringCollection, Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'type_b'
+        string_table_name = 'type_b_strings'
+        id = Column(Integer(), primary_key=True)
+
+Above, the ``HasStringCollection`` mixin produces a :func:`.relationship`
+which refers to a newly generated class called ``StringAttribute``.  The
+``StringAttribute`` class is generated with its own :class:`.Table`
+definition which is local to the parent class making usage of the
+``HasStringCollection`` mixin.  It also produces an :func:`.association_proxy`
+object which proxies references to the ``strings`` attribute onto the ``value``
+attribute of each ``StringAttribute`` instance.
+
+``TypeA`` or ``TypeB`` can be instantiated given the constructor
+argument ``strings``, a list of strings::
+
+    ta = TypeA(strings=['foo', 'bar'])
+    tb = TypeA(strings=['bat', 'bar'])
+
+This list will generate a collection
+of ``StringAttribute`` objects, which are persisted into a table that's
+local to either the ``type_a_strings`` or ``type_b_strings`` table::
+
+    >>> print ta._strings
+    [<__main__.StringAttribute object at 0x10151cd90>,
+        <__main__.StringAttribute object at 0x10151ce10>]
+
+When constructing the :func:`.association_proxy`, the
+:class:`.declared_attr` decorator must be used so that a distinct
+:func:`.association_proxy` object is created for each of the ``TypeA``
+and ``TypeB`` classes.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8 :class:`.declared_attr` is usable with non-mapped
+   attributes, including user-defined attributes as well as
+   :func:`.association_proxy`.
+
+
+Controlling table inheritance with mixins
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The ``__tablename__`` attribute in conjunction with the hierarchy of
+classes involved in a declarative mixin scenario controls what type of
+table inheritance, if any,
+is configured by the declarative extension.
+
+If the ``__tablename__`` is computed by a mixin, you may need to
+control which classes get the computed attribute in order to get the
+type of table inheritance you require.
+
+For example, if you had a mixin that computes ``__tablename__`` but
+where you wanted to use that mixin in a single table inheritance
+hierarchy, you can explicitly specify ``__tablename__`` as ``None`` to
+indicate that the class should not have a table mapped::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declared_attr
+
+    class Tablename:
+        @declared_attr
+        def __tablename__(cls):
+            return cls.__name__.lower()
+
+    class Person(Tablename, Base):
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}
+
+    class Engineer(Person):
+        __tablename__ = None
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
+        primary_language = Column(String(50))
+
+Alternatively, you can make the mixin intelligent enough to only
+return a ``__tablename__`` in the event that no table is already
+mapped in the inheritance hierarchy. To help with this, a
+:func:`~sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.has_inherited_table` helper
+function is provided that returns ``True`` if a parent class already
+has a mapped table.
+
+As an example, here's a mixin that will only allow single table
+inheritance::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declared_attr
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import has_inherited_table
+
+    class Tablename(object):
+        @declared_attr
+        def __tablename__(cls):
+            if has_inherited_table(cls):
+                return None
+            return cls.__name__.lower()
+
+    class Person(Tablename, Base):
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}
+
+    class Engineer(Person):
+        primary_language = Column(String(50))
+        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
+
+
+Combining Table/Mapper Arguments from Multiple Mixins
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+In the case of ``__table_args__`` or ``__mapper_args__``
+specified with declarative mixins, you may want to combine
+some parameters from several mixins with those you wish to
+define on the class iteself. The
+:class:`.declared_attr` decorator can be used
+here to create user-defined collation routines that pull
+from multiple collections::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declared_attr
+
+    class MySQLSettings(object):
+        __table_args__ = {'mysql_engine':'InnoDB'}
+
+    class MyOtherMixin(object):
+        __table_args__ = {'info':'foo'}
+
+    class MyModel(MySQLSettings, MyOtherMixin, Base):
+        __tablename__='my_model'
+
+        @declared_attr
+        def __table_args__(cls):
+            args = dict()
+            args.update(MySQLSettings.__table_args__)
+            args.update(MyOtherMixin.__table_args__)
+            return args
+
+        id =  Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+Creating Indexes with Mixins
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+To define a named, potentially multicolumn :class:`.Index` that applies to all
+tables derived from a mixin, use the "inline" form of :class:`.Index` and
+establish it as part of ``__table_args__``::
+
+    class MyMixin(object):
+        a =  Column(Integer)
+        b =  Column(Integer)
+
+        @declared_attr
+        def __table_args__(cls):
+            return (Index('test_idx_%s' % cls.__tablename__, 'a', 'b'),)
+
+    class MyModel(MyMixin, Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'atable'
+        c =  Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
+
+Special Directives
+==================
+
+``__declare_last__()``
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The ``__declare_last__()`` hook allows definition of
+a class level function that is automatically called by the
+:meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured` event, which occurs after mappings are
+assumed to be completed and the 'configure' step has finished::
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        @classmethod
+        def __declare_last__(cls):
+            ""
+            # do something with mappings
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+``__declare_first__()``
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Like ``__declare_last__()``, but is called at the beginning of mapper
+configuration via the :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured` event::
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        @classmethod
+        def __declare_first__(cls):
+            ""
+            # do something before mappings are configured
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.3
+
+.. _declarative_abstract:
+
+``__abstract__``
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``__abstract__`` causes declarative to skip the production
+of a table or mapper for the class entirely.  A class can be added within a
+hierarchy in the same way as mixin (see :ref:`declarative_mixins`), allowing
+subclasses to extend just from the special class::
+
+    class SomeAbstractBase(Base):
+        __abstract__ = True
+
+        def some_helpful_method(self):
+            ""
+
+        @declared_attr
+        def __mapper_args__(cls):
+            return {"helpful mapper arguments":True}
+
+    class MyMappedClass(SomeAbstractBase):
+        ""
+
+One possible use of ``__abstract__`` is to use a distinct
+:class:`.MetaData` for different bases::
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class DefaultBase(Base):
+        __abstract__ = True
+        metadata = MetaData()
+
+    class OtherBase(Base):
+        __abstract__ = True
+        metadata = MetaData()
+
+Above, classes which inherit from ``DefaultBase`` will use one
+:class:`.MetaData` as the registry of tables, and those which inherit from
+``OtherBase`` will use a different one. The tables themselves can then be
+created perhaps within distinct databases::
+
+    DefaultBase.metadata.create_all(some_engine)
+    OtherBase.metadata_create_all(some_other_engine)
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+Class Constructor
+=================
+
+As a convenience feature, the :func:`declarative_base` sets a default
+constructor on classes which takes keyword arguments, and assigns them
+to the named attributes::
+
+    e = Engineer(primary_language='python')
+
+Sessions
+========
+
+Note that ``declarative`` does nothing special with sessions, and is
+only intended as an easier way to configure mappers and
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` objects.  A typical application
+setup using :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.scoping.scoped_session` might look like::
+
+    engine = create_engine('postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test')
+    Session = scoped_session(sessionmaker(autocommit=False,
+                                          autoflush=False,
+                                          bind=engine))
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+Mapped instances then make usage of
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session` in the usual way.
+
+"""
+
+from .api import declarative_base, synonym_for, comparable_using, \
+    instrument_declarative, ConcreteBase, AbstractConcreteBase, \
+    DeclarativeMeta, DeferredReflection, has_inherited_table,\
+    declared_attr, as_declarative
+
+
+__all__ = ['declarative_base', 'synonym_for', 'has_inherited_table',
+           'comparable_using', 'instrument_declarative', 'declared_attr',
+           'ConcreteBase', 'AbstractConcreteBase', 'DeclarativeMeta',
+           'DeferredReflection']
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/api.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/api.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..daf8bff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+# ext/declarative/api.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Public API functions and helpers for declarative."""
+
+
+from ...schema import Table, MetaData
+from ...orm import synonym as _orm_synonym, mapper,\
+    comparable_property,\
+    interfaces, properties
+from ...orm.util import polymorphic_union
+from ...orm.base import _mapper_or_none
+from ...util import OrderedDict
+from ... import exc
+import weakref
+
+from .base import _as_declarative, \
+    _declarative_constructor,\
+    _DeferredMapperConfig, _add_attribute
+from .clsregistry import _class_resolver
+from . import clsregistry
+
+
+def instrument_declarative(cls, registry, metadata):
+    """Given a class, configure the class declaratively,
+    using the given registry, which can be any dictionary, and
+    MetaData object.
+
+    """
+    if '_decl_class_registry' in cls.__dict__:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Class %r already has been "
+            "instrumented declaratively" % cls)
+    cls._decl_class_registry = registry
+    cls.metadata = metadata
+    _as_declarative(cls, cls.__name__, cls.__dict__)
+
+
+def has_inherited_table(cls):
+    """Given a class, return True if any of the classes it inherits from has a
+    mapped table, otherwise return False.
+    """
+    for class_ in cls.__mro__[1:]:
+        if getattr(class_, '__table__', None) is not None:
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+class DeclarativeMeta(type):
+    def __init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_):
+        if '_decl_class_registry' not in cls.__dict__:
+            _as_declarative(cls, classname, cls.__dict__)
+        type.__init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_)
+
+    def __setattr__(cls, key, value):
+        _add_attribute(cls, key, value)
+
+
+def synonym_for(name, map_column=False):
+    """Decorator, make a Python @property a query synonym for a column.
+
+    A decorator version of :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.synonym`. The function being
+    decorated is the 'descriptor', otherwise passes its arguments through to
+    synonym()::
+
+      @synonym_for('col')
+      @property
+      def prop(self):
+          return 'special sauce'
+
+    The regular ``synonym()`` is also usable directly in a declarative setting
+    and may be convenient for read/write properties::
+
+      prop = synonym('col', descriptor=property(_read_prop, _write_prop))
+
+    """
+    def decorate(fn):
+        return _orm_synonym(name, map_column=map_column, descriptor=fn)
+    return decorate
+
+
+def comparable_using(comparator_factory):
+    """Decorator, allow a Python @property to be used in query criteria.
+
+    This is a  decorator front end to
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.comparable_property` that passes
+    through the comparator_factory and the function being decorated::
+
+      @comparable_using(MyComparatorType)
+      @property
+      def prop(self):
+          return 'special sauce'
+
+    The regular ``comparable_property()`` is also usable directly in a
+    declarative setting and may be convenient for read/write properties::
+
+      prop = comparable_property(MyComparatorType)
+
+    """
+    def decorate(fn):
+        return comparable_property(comparator_factory, fn)
+    return decorate
+
+
+class declared_attr(interfaces._MappedAttribute, property):
+    """Mark a class-level method as representing the definition of
+    a mapped property or special declarative member name.
+
+    @declared_attr turns the attribute into a scalar-like
+    property that can be invoked from the uninstantiated class.
+    Declarative treats attributes specifically marked with
+    @declared_attr as returning a construct that is specific
+    to mapping or declarative table configuration.  The name
+    of the attribute is that of what the non-dynamic version
+    of the attribute would be.
+
+    @declared_attr is more often than not applicable to mixins,
+    to define relationships that are to be applied to different
+    implementors of the class::
+
+        class ProvidesUser(object):
+            "A mixin that adds a 'user' relationship to classes."
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def user(self):
+                return relationship("User")
+
+    It also can be applied to mapped classes, such as to provide
+    a "polymorphic" scheme for inheritance::
+
+        class Employee(Base):
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            type = Column(String(50), nullable=False)
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def __tablename__(cls):
+                return cls.__name__.lower()
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def __mapper_args__(cls):
+                if cls.__name__ == 'Employee':
+                    return {
+                            "polymorphic_on":cls.type,
+                            "polymorphic_identity":"Employee"
+                    }
+                else:
+                    return {"polymorphic_identity":cls.__name__}
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8 :class:`.declared_attr` can be used with
+       non-ORM or extension attributes, such as user-defined attributes
+       or :func:`.association_proxy` objects, which will be assigned
+       to the class at class construction time.
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fget, *arg, **kw):
+        super(declared_attr, self).__init__(fget, *arg, **kw)
+        self.__doc__ = fget.__doc__
+
+    def __get__(desc, self, cls):
+        return desc.fget(cls)
+
+
+def declarative_base(bind=None, metadata=None, mapper=None, cls=object,
+                     name='Base', constructor=_declarative_constructor,
+                     class_registry=None,
+                     metaclass=DeclarativeMeta):
+    """Construct a base class for declarative class definitions.
+
+    The new base class will be given a metaclass that produces
+    appropriate :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` objects and makes
+    the appropriate :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper` calls based on the
+    information provided declaratively in the class and any subclasses
+    of the class.
+
+    :param bind: An optional
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connectable`, will be assigned
+      the ``bind`` attribute on the :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData`
+      instance.
+
+    :param metadata:
+      An optional :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData` instance.  All
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` objects implicitly declared by
+      subclasses of the base will share this MetaData.  A MetaData instance
+      will be created if none is provided.  The
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData` instance will be available via the
+      `metadata` attribute of the generated declarative base class.
+
+    :param mapper:
+      An optional callable, defaults to :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper`. Will
+      be used to map subclasses to their Tables.
+
+    :param cls:
+      Defaults to :class:`object`. A type to use as the base for the generated
+      declarative base class. May be a class or tuple of classes.
+
+    :param name:
+      Defaults to ``Base``.  The display name for the generated
+      class.  Customizing this is not required, but can improve clarity in
+      tracebacks and debugging.
+
+    :param constructor:
+      Defaults to
+      :func:`~sqlalchemy.ext.declarative._declarative_constructor`, an
+      __init__ implementation that assigns \**kwargs for declared
+      fields and relationships to an instance.  If ``None`` is supplied,
+      no __init__ will be provided and construction will fall back to
+      cls.__init__ by way of the normal Python semantics.
+
+    :param class_registry: optional dictionary that will serve as the
+      registry of class names-> mapped classes when string names
+      are used to identify classes inside of :func:`.relationship`
+      and others.  Allows two or more declarative base classes
+      to share the same registry of class names for simplified
+      inter-base relationships.
+
+    :param metaclass:
+      Defaults to :class:`.DeclarativeMeta`.  A metaclass or __metaclass__
+      compatible callable to use as the meta type of the generated
+      declarative base class.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.as_declarative`
+
+    """
+    lcl_metadata = metadata or MetaData()
+    if bind:
+        lcl_metadata.bind = bind
+
+    if class_registry is None:
+        class_registry = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+
+    bases = not isinstance(cls, tuple) and (cls,) or cls
+    class_dict = dict(_decl_class_registry=class_registry,
+                      metadata=lcl_metadata)
+
+    if constructor:
+        class_dict['__init__'] = constructor
+    if mapper:
+        class_dict['__mapper_cls__'] = mapper
+
+    return metaclass(name, bases, class_dict)
+
+
+def as_declarative(**kw):
+    """
+    Class decorator for :func:`.declarative_base`.
+
+    Provides a syntactical shortcut to the ``cls`` argument
+    sent to :func:`.declarative_base`, allowing the base class
+    to be converted in-place to a "declarative" base::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import as_declarative
+
+        @as_declarative()
+        class Base(object):
+            @declared_attr
+            def __tablename__(cls):
+                return cls.__name__.lower()
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+        class MyMappedClass(Base):
+            # ...
+
+    All keyword arguments passed to :func:`.as_declarative` are passed
+    along to :func:`.declarative_base`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.3
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.declarative_base`
+
+    """
+    def decorate(cls):
+        kw['cls'] = cls
+        kw['name'] = cls.__name__
+        return declarative_base(**kw)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+class ConcreteBase(object):
+    """A helper class for 'concrete' declarative mappings.
+
+    :class:`.ConcreteBase` will use the :func:`.polymorphic_union`
+    function automatically, against all tables mapped as a subclass
+    to this class.   The function is called via the
+    ``__declare_last__()`` function, which is essentially
+    a hook for the :meth:`.after_configured` event.
+
+    :class:`.ConcreteBase` produces a mapped
+    table for the class itself.  Compare to :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase`,
+    which does not.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import ConcreteBase
+
+        class Employee(ConcreteBase, Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'employee'
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                            'polymorphic_identity':'employee',
+                            'concrete':True}
+
+        class Manager(Employee):
+            __tablename__ = 'manager'
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            manager_data = Column(String(40))
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                            'polymorphic_identity':'manager',
+                            'concrete':True}
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_polymorphic_union(cls, mappers):
+        return polymorphic_union(OrderedDict(
+            (mp.polymorphic_identity, mp.local_table)
+            for mp in mappers
+        ), 'type', 'pjoin')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __declare_first__(cls):
+        m = cls.__mapper__
+        if m.with_polymorphic:
+            return
+
+        mappers = list(m.self_and_descendants)
+        pjoin = cls._create_polymorphic_union(mappers)
+        m._set_with_polymorphic(("*", pjoin))
+        m._set_polymorphic_on(pjoin.c.type)
+
+
+class AbstractConcreteBase(ConcreteBase):
+    """A helper class for 'concrete' declarative mappings.
+
+    :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase` will use the :func:`.polymorphic_union`
+    function automatically, against all tables mapped as a subclass
+    to this class.   The function is called via the
+    ``__declare_last__()`` function, which is essentially
+    a hook for the :meth:`.after_configured` event.
+
+    :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase` does not produce a mapped
+    table for the class itself.  Compare to :class:`.ConcreteBase`,
+    which does.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import AbstractConcreteBase
+
+        class Employee(AbstractConcreteBase, Base):
+            pass
+
+        class Manager(Employee):
+            __tablename__ = 'manager'
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            manager_data = Column(String(40))
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                            'polymorphic_identity':'manager',
+                            'concrete':True}
+
+    """
+
+    __abstract__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __declare_first__(cls):
+        if hasattr(cls, '__mapper__'):
+            return
+
+        clsregistry.add_class(cls.__name__, cls)
+        # can't rely on 'self_and_descendants' here
+        # since technically an immediate subclass
+        # might not be mapped, but a subclass
+        # may be.
+        mappers = []
+        stack = list(cls.__subclasses__())
+        while stack:
+            klass = stack.pop()
+            stack.extend(klass.__subclasses__())
+            mn = _mapper_or_none(klass)
+            if mn is not None:
+                mappers.append(mn)
+        pjoin = cls._create_polymorphic_union(mappers)
+        cls.__mapper__ = m = mapper(cls, pjoin, polymorphic_on=pjoin.c.type)
+
+        for scls in cls.__subclasses__():
+            sm = _mapper_or_none(scls)
+            if sm.concrete and cls in scls.__bases__:
+                sm._set_concrete_base(m)
+
+
+class DeferredReflection(object):
+    """A helper class for construction of mappings based on
+    a deferred reflection step.
+
+    Normally, declarative can be used with reflection by
+    setting a :class:`.Table` object using autoload=True
+    as the ``__table__`` attribute on a declarative class.
+    The caveat is that the :class:`.Table` must be fully
+    reflected, or at the very least have a primary key column,
+    at the point at which a normal declarative mapping is
+    constructed, meaning the :class:`.Engine` must be available
+    at class declaration time.
+
+    The :class:`.DeferredReflection` mixin moves the construction
+    of mappers to be at a later point, after a specific
+    method is called which first reflects all :class:`.Table`
+    objects created so far.   Classes can define it as such::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import DeferredReflection
+        Base = declarative_base()
+
+        class MyClass(DeferredReflection, Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'mytable'
+
+    Above, ``MyClass`` is not yet mapped.   After a series of
+    classes have been defined in the above fashion, all tables
+    can be reflected and mappings created using
+    :meth:`.prepare`::
+
+        engine = create_engine("someengine://...")
+        DeferredReflection.prepare(engine)
+
+    The :class:`.DeferredReflection` mixin can be applied to individual
+    classes, used as the base for the declarative base itself,
+    or used in a custom abstract class.   Using an abstract base
+    allows that only a subset of classes to be prepared for a
+    particular prepare step, which is necessary for applications
+    that use more than one engine.  For example, if an application
+    has two engines, you might use two bases, and prepare each
+    separately, e.g.::
+
+        class ReflectedOne(DeferredReflection, Base):
+            __abstract__ = True
+
+        class ReflectedTwo(DeferredReflection, Base):
+            __abstract__ = True
+
+        class MyClass(ReflectedOne):
+            __tablename__ = 'mytable'
+
+        class MyOtherClass(ReflectedOne):
+            __tablename__ = 'myothertable'
+
+        class YetAnotherClass(ReflectedTwo):
+            __tablename__ = 'yetanothertable'
+
+        # ... etc.
+
+    Above, the class hierarchies for ``ReflectedOne`` and
+    ``ReflectedTwo`` can be configured separately::
+
+        ReflectedOne.prepare(engine_one)
+        ReflectedTwo.prepare(engine_two)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    """
+    @classmethod
+    def prepare(cls, engine):
+        """Reflect all :class:`.Table` objects for all current
+        :class:`.DeferredReflection` subclasses"""
+
+        to_map = _DeferredMapperConfig.classes_for_base(cls)
+        for thingy in to_map:
+            cls._sa_decl_prepare(thingy.local_table, engine)
+            thingy.map()
+            mapper = thingy.cls.__mapper__
+            metadata = mapper.class_.metadata
+            for rel in mapper._props.values():
+                if isinstance(rel, properties.RelationshipProperty) and \
+                        rel.secondary is not None:
+                    if isinstance(rel.secondary, Table):
+                        cls._reflect_table(rel.secondary, engine)
+                    elif isinstance(rel.secondary, _class_resolver):
+                        rel.secondary._resolvers += (
+                            cls._sa_deferred_table_resolver(engine, metadata),
+                        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_deferred_table_resolver(cls, engine, metadata):
+        def _resolve(key):
+            t1 = Table(key, metadata)
+            cls._reflect_table(t1, engine)
+            return t1
+        return _resolve
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_decl_prepare(cls, local_table, engine):
+        # autoload Table, which is already
+        # present in the metadata.  This
+        # will fill in db-loaded columns
+        # into the existing Table object.
+        if local_table is not None:
+            cls._reflect_table(local_table, engine)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _reflect_table(cls, table, engine):
+        Table(table.name,
+              table.metadata,
+              extend_existing=True,
+              autoload_replace=False,
+              autoload=True,
+              autoload_with=engine,
+              schema=table.schema)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94baeeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+# ext/declarative/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Internal implementation for declarative."""
+
+from ...schema import Table, Column
+from ...orm import mapper, class_mapper, synonym
+from ...orm.interfaces import MapperProperty
+from ...orm.properties import ColumnProperty, CompositeProperty
+from ...orm.attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from ...orm.base import _is_mapped_class
+from ... import util, exc
+from ...util import topological
+from ...sql import expression
+from ... import event
+from . import clsregistry
+import collections
+import weakref
+
+
+def _declared_mapping_info(cls):
+    # deferred mapping
+    if _DeferredMapperConfig.has_cls(cls):
+        return _DeferredMapperConfig.config_for_cls(cls)
+    # regular mapping
+    elif _is_mapped_class(cls):
+        return class_mapper(cls, configure=False)
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _as_declarative(cls, classname, dict_):
+    from .api import declared_attr
+
+    # dict_ will be a dictproxy, which we can't write to, and we need to!
+    dict_ = dict(dict_)
+
+    column_copies = {}
+    potential_columns = {}
+
+    mapper_args_fn = None
+    table_args = inherited_table_args = None
+    tablename = None
+
+    declarative_props = (declared_attr, util.classproperty)
+
+    for base in cls.__mro__:
+        _is_declarative_inherits = hasattr(base, '_decl_class_registry')
+
+        if '__declare_last__' in base.__dict__:
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "after_configured")
+            def go():
+                cls.__declare_last__()
+        if '__declare_first__' in base.__dict__:
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "before_configured")
+            def go():
+                cls.__declare_first__()
+        if '__abstract__' in base.__dict__ and base.__abstract__:
+            if (base is cls or
+                    (base in cls.__bases__ and not _is_declarative_inherits)):
+                return
+
+        class_mapped = _declared_mapping_info(base) is not None
+
+        for name, obj in vars(base).items():
+            if name == '__mapper_args__':
+                if not mapper_args_fn and (
+                    not class_mapped or
+                    isinstance(obj, declarative_props)
+                ):
+                    # don't even invoke __mapper_args__ until
+                    # after we've determined everything about the
+                    # mapped table.
+                    # make a copy of it so a class-level dictionary
+                    # is not overwritten when we update column-based
+                    # arguments.
+                    mapper_args_fn = lambda: dict(cls.__mapper_args__)
+            elif name == '__tablename__':
+                if not tablename and (
+                    not class_mapped or
+                    isinstance(obj, declarative_props)
+                ):
+                    tablename = cls.__tablename__
+            elif name == '__table_args__':
+                if not table_args and (
+                    not class_mapped or
+                    isinstance(obj, declarative_props)
+                ):
+                    table_args = cls.__table_args__
+                    if not isinstance(table_args, (tuple, dict, type(None))):
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "__table_args__ value must be a tuple, "
+                            "dict, or None")
+                    if base is not cls:
+                        inherited_table_args = True
+            elif class_mapped:
+                if isinstance(obj, declarative_props):
+                    util.warn("Regular (i.e. not __special__) "
+                              "attribute '%s.%s' uses @declared_attr, "
+                              "but owning class %s is mapped - "
+                              "not applying to subclass %s."
+                              % (base.__name__, name, base, cls))
+                continue
+            elif base is not cls:
+                # we're a mixin.
+                if isinstance(obj, Column):
+                    if getattr(cls, name) is not obj:
+                        # if column has been overridden
+                        # (like by the InstrumentedAttribute of the
+                        # superclass), skip
+                        continue
+                    if obj.foreign_keys:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Columns with foreign keys to other columns "
+                            "must be declared as @declared_attr callables "
+                            "on declarative mixin classes. ")
+                    if name not in dict_ and not (
+                            '__table__' in dict_ and
+                            (obj.name or name) in dict_['__table__'].c
+                    ) and name not in potential_columns:
+                        potential_columns[name] = \
+                            column_copies[obj] = \
+                            obj.copy()
+                        column_copies[obj]._creation_order = \
+                            obj._creation_order
+                elif isinstance(obj, MapperProperty):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Mapper properties (i.e. deferred,"
+                        "column_property(), relationship(), etc.) must "
+                        "be declared as @declared_attr callables "
+                        "on declarative mixin classes.")
+                elif isinstance(obj, declarative_props):
+                    dict_[name] = ret = \
+                        column_copies[obj] = getattr(cls, name)
+                    if isinstance(ret, (Column, MapperProperty)) and \
+                            ret.doc is None:
+                        ret.doc = obj.__doc__
+
+    # apply inherited columns as we should
+    for k, v in potential_columns.items():
+        dict_[k] = v
+
+    if inherited_table_args and not tablename:
+        table_args = None
+
+    clsregistry.add_class(classname, cls)
+    our_stuff = util.OrderedDict()
+
+    for k in list(dict_):
+
+        # TODO: improve this ?  all dunders ?
+        if k in ('__table__', '__tablename__', '__mapper_args__'):
+            continue
+
+        value = dict_[k]
+        if isinstance(value, declarative_props):
+            value = getattr(cls, k)
+
+        elif isinstance(value, QueryableAttribute) and \
+                value.class_ is not cls and \
+                value.key != k:
+            # detect a QueryableAttribute that's already mapped being
+            # assigned elsewhere in userland, turn into a synonym()
+            value = synonym(value.key)
+            setattr(cls, k, value)
+
+        if (isinstance(value, tuple) and len(value) == 1 and
+                isinstance(value[0], (Column, MapperProperty))):
+            util.warn("Ignoring declarative-like tuple value of attribute "
+                      "%s: possibly a copy-and-paste error with a comma "
+                      "left at the end of the line?" % k)
+            continue
+        if not isinstance(value, (Column, MapperProperty)):
+            if not k.startswith('__'):
+                dict_.pop(k)
+                setattr(cls, k, value)
+            continue
+        if k == 'metadata':
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Attribute name 'metadata' is reserved "
+                "for the MetaData instance when using a "
+                "declarative base class."
+            )
+        prop = clsregistry._deferred_relationship(cls, value)
+        our_stuff[k] = prop
+
+    # set up attributes in the order they were created
+    our_stuff.sort(key=lambda key: our_stuff[key]._creation_order)
+
+    # extract columns from the class dict
+    declared_columns = set()
+    name_to_prop_key = collections.defaultdict(set)
+    for key, c in list(our_stuff.items()):
+        if isinstance(c, (ColumnProperty, CompositeProperty)):
+            for col in c.columns:
+                if isinstance(col, Column) and \
+                        col.table is None:
+                    _undefer_column_name(key, col)
+                    if not isinstance(c, CompositeProperty):
+                        name_to_prop_key[col.name].add(key)
+                    declared_columns.add(col)
+        elif isinstance(c, Column):
+            _undefer_column_name(key, c)
+            name_to_prop_key[c.name].add(key)
+            declared_columns.add(c)
+            # if the column is the same name as the key,
+            # remove it from the explicit properties dict.
+            # the normal rules for assigning column-based properties
+            # will take over, including precedence of columns
+            # in multi-column ColumnProperties.
+            if key == c.key:
+                del our_stuff[key]
+
+    for name, keys in name_to_prop_key.items():
+        if len(keys) > 1:
+            util.warn(
+                "On class %r, Column object %r named directly multiple times, "
+                "only one will be used: %s" %
+                (classname, name, (", ".join(sorted(keys))))
+            )
+
+    declared_columns = sorted(
+        declared_columns, key=lambda c: c._creation_order)
+    table = None
+
+    if hasattr(cls, '__table_cls__'):
+        table_cls = util.unbound_method_to_callable(cls.__table_cls__)
+    else:
+        table_cls = Table
+
+    if '__table__' not in dict_:
+        if tablename is not None:
+
+            args, table_kw = (), {}
+            if table_args:
+                if isinstance(table_args, dict):
+                    table_kw = table_args
+                elif isinstance(table_args, tuple):
+                    if isinstance(table_args[-1], dict):
+                        args, table_kw = table_args[0:-1], table_args[-1]
+                    else:
+                        args = table_args
+
+            autoload = dict_.get('__autoload__')
+            if autoload:
+                table_kw['autoload'] = True
+
+            cls.__table__ = table = table_cls(
+                tablename, cls.metadata,
+                *(tuple(declared_columns) + tuple(args)),
+                **table_kw)
+    else:
+        table = cls.__table__
+        if declared_columns:
+            for c in declared_columns:
+                if not table.c.contains_column(c):
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't add additional column %r when "
+                        "specifying __table__" % c.key
+                    )
+
+    if hasattr(cls, '__mapper_cls__'):
+        mapper_cls = util.unbound_method_to_callable(cls.__mapper_cls__)
+    else:
+        mapper_cls = mapper
+
+    for c in cls.__bases__:
+        if _declared_mapping_info(c) is not None:
+            inherits = c
+            break
+    else:
+        inherits = None
+
+    if table is None and inherits is None:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Class %r does not have a __table__ or __tablename__ "
+            "specified and does not inherit from an existing "
+            "table-mapped class." % cls
+        )
+    elif inherits:
+        inherited_mapper = _declared_mapping_info(inherits)
+        inherited_table = inherited_mapper.local_table
+        inherited_mapped_table = inherited_mapper.mapped_table
+
+        if table is None:
+            # single table inheritance.
+            # ensure no table args
+            if table_args:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't place __table_args__ on an inherited class "
+                    "with no table."
+                )
+            # add any columns declared here to the inherited table.
+            for c in declared_columns:
+                if c.primary_key:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't place primary key columns on an inherited "
+                        "class with no table."
+                    )
+                if c.name in inherited_table.c:
+                    if inherited_table.c[c.name] is c:
+                        continue
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Column '%s' on class %s conflicts with "
+                        "existing column '%s'" %
+                        (c, cls, inherited_table.c[c.name])
+                    )
+                inherited_table.append_column(c)
+                if inherited_mapped_table is not None and \
+                        inherited_mapped_table is not inherited_table:
+                    inherited_mapped_table._refresh_for_new_column(c)
+
+    defer_map = hasattr(cls, '_sa_decl_prepare')
+    if defer_map:
+        cfg_cls = _DeferredMapperConfig
+    else:
+        cfg_cls = _MapperConfig
+    mt = cfg_cls(mapper_cls,
+                 cls, table,
+                 inherits,
+                 declared_columns,
+                 column_copies,
+                 our_stuff,
+                 mapper_args_fn)
+    if not defer_map:
+        mt.map()
+
+
+class _MapperConfig(object):
+
+    mapped_table = None
+
+    def __init__(self, mapper_cls,
+                 cls,
+                 table,
+                 inherits,
+                 declared_columns,
+                 column_copies,
+                 properties, mapper_args_fn):
+        self.mapper_cls = mapper_cls
+        self.cls = cls
+        self.local_table = table
+        self.inherits = inherits
+        self.properties = properties
+        self.mapper_args_fn = mapper_args_fn
+        self.declared_columns = declared_columns
+        self.column_copies = column_copies
+
+    def _prepare_mapper_arguments(self):
+        properties = self.properties
+        if self.mapper_args_fn:
+            mapper_args = self.mapper_args_fn()
+        else:
+            mapper_args = {}
+
+        # make sure that column copies are used rather
+        # than the original columns from any mixins
+        for k in ('version_id_col', 'polymorphic_on',):
+            if k in mapper_args:
+                v = mapper_args[k]
+                mapper_args[k] = self.column_copies.get(v, v)
+
+        assert 'inherits' not in mapper_args, \
+            "Can't specify 'inherits' explicitly with declarative mappings"
+
+        if self.inherits:
+            mapper_args['inherits'] = self.inherits
+
+        if self.inherits and not mapper_args.get('concrete', False):
+            # single or joined inheritance
+            # exclude any cols on the inherited table which are
+            # not mapped on the parent class, to avoid
+            # mapping columns specific to sibling/nephew classes
+            inherited_mapper = _declared_mapping_info(self.inherits)
+            inherited_table = inherited_mapper.local_table
+
+            if 'exclude_properties' not in mapper_args:
+                mapper_args['exclude_properties'] = exclude_properties = \
+                    set([c.key for c in inherited_table.c
+                         if c not in inherited_mapper._columntoproperty])
+                exclude_properties.difference_update(
+                    [c.key for c in self.declared_columns])
+
+            # look through columns in the current mapper that
+            # are keyed to a propname different than the colname
+            # (if names were the same, we'd have popped it out above,
+            # in which case the mapper makes this combination).
+            # See if the superclass has a similar column property.
+            # If so, join them together.
+            for k, col in list(properties.items()):
+                if not isinstance(col, expression.ColumnElement):
+                    continue
+                if k in inherited_mapper._props:
+                    p = inherited_mapper._props[k]
+                    if isinstance(p, ColumnProperty):
+                        # note here we place the subclass column
+                        # first.  See [ticket:1892] for background.
+                        properties[k] = [col] + p.columns
+        result_mapper_args = mapper_args.copy()
+        result_mapper_args['properties'] = properties
+        return result_mapper_args
+
+    def map(self):
+        mapper_args = self._prepare_mapper_arguments()
+        self.cls.__mapper__ = self.mapper_cls(
+            self.cls,
+            self.local_table,
+            **mapper_args
+        )
+
+
+class _DeferredMapperConfig(_MapperConfig):
+    _configs = util.OrderedDict()
+
+    @property
+    def cls(self):
+        return self._cls()
+
+    @cls.setter
+    def cls(self, class_):
+        self._cls = weakref.ref(class_, self._remove_config_cls)
+        self._configs[self._cls] = self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _remove_config_cls(cls, ref):
+        cls._configs.pop(ref, None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def has_cls(cls, class_):
+        # 2.6 fails on weakref if class_ is an old style class
+        return isinstance(class_, type) and \
+            weakref.ref(class_) in cls._configs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def config_for_cls(cls, class_):
+        return cls._configs[weakref.ref(class_)]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def classes_for_base(cls, base_cls, sort=True):
+        classes_for_base = [m for m in cls._configs.values()
+                            if issubclass(m.cls, base_cls)]
+        if not sort:
+            return classes_for_base
+
+        all_m_by_cls = dict(
+            (m.cls, m)
+            for m in classes_for_base
+        )
+
+        tuples = []
+        for m_cls in all_m_by_cls:
+            tuples.extend(
+                (all_m_by_cls[base_cls], all_m_by_cls[m_cls])
+                for base_cls in m_cls.__bases__
+                if base_cls in all_m_by_cls
+            )
+        return list(
+            topological.sort(
+                tuples,
+                classes_for_base
+            )
+        )
+
+    def map(self):
+        self._configs.pop(self._cls, None)
+        super(_DeferredMapperConfig, self).map()
+
+
+def _add_attribute(cls, key, value):
+    """add an attribute to an existing declarative class.
+
+    This runs through the logic to determine MapperProperty,
+    adds it to the Mapper, adds a column to the mapped Table, etc.
+
+    """
+
+    if '__mapper__' in cls.__dict__:
+        if isinstance(value, Column):
+            _undefer_column_name(key, value)
+            cls.__table__.append_column(value)
+            cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, value)
+        elif isinstance(value, ColumnProperty):
+            for col in value.columns:
+                if isinstance(col, Column) and col.table is None:
+                    _undefer_column_name(key, col)
+                    cls.__table__.append_column(col)
+            cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, value)
+        elif isinstance(value, MapperProperty):
+            cls.__mapper__.add_property(
+                key,
+                clsregistry._deferred_relationship(cls, value)
+            )
+        elif isinstance(value, QueryableAttribute) and value.key != key:
+            # detect a QueryableAttribute that's already mapped being
+            # assigned elsewhere in userland, turn into a synonym()
+            value = synonym(value.key)
+            cls.__mapper__.add_property(
+                key,
+                clsregistry._deferred_relationship(cls, value)
+            )
+        else:
+            type.__setattr__(cls, key, value)
+    else:
+        type.__setattr__(cls, key, value)
+
+
+def _declarative_constructor(self, **kwargs):
+    """A simple constructor that allows initialization from kwargs.
+
+    Sets attributes on the constructed instance using the names and
+    values in ``kwargs``.
+
+    Only keys that are present as
+    attributes of the instance's class are allowed. These could be,
+    for example, any mapped columns or relationships.
+    """
+    cls_ = type(self)
+    for k in kwargs:
+        if not hasattr(cls_, k):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%r is an invalid keyword argument for %s" %
+                (k, cls_.__name__))
+        setattr(self, k, kwargs[k])
+_declarative_constructor.__name__ = '__init__'
+
+
+def _undefer_column_name(key, column):
+    if column.key is None:
+        column.key = key
+    if column.name is None:
+        column.name = key
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/clsregistry.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/clsregistry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4595b85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/clsregistry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+# ext/declarative/clsregistry.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Routines to handle the string class registry used by declarative.
+
+This system allows specification of classes and expressions used in
+:func:`.relationship` using strings.
+
+"""
+from ...orm.properties import ColumnProperty, RelationshipProperty, \
+    SynonymProperty
+from ...schema import _get_table_key
+from ...orm import class_mapper, interfaces
+from ... import util
+from ... import inspection
+from ... import exc
+import weakref
+
+# strong references to registries which we place in
+# the _decl_class_registry, which is usually weak referencing.
+# the internal registries here link to classes with weakrefs and remove
+# themselves when all references to contained classes are removed.
+_registries = set()
+
+
+def add_class(classname, cls):
+    """Add a class to the _decl_class_registry associated with the
+    given declarative class.
+
+    """
+    if classname in cls._decl_class_registry:
+        # class already exists.
+        existing = cls._decl_class_registry[classname]
+        if not isinstance(existing, _MultipleClassMarker):
+            existing = \
+                cls._decl_class_registry[classname] = \
+                _MultipleClassMarker([cls, existing])
+    else:
+        cls._decl_class_registry[classname] = cls
+
+    try:
+        root_module = cls._decl_class_registry['_sa_module_registry']
+    except KeyError:
+        cls._decl_class_registry['_sa_module_registry'] = \
+            root_module = _ModuleMarker('_sa_module_registry', None)
+
+    tokens = cls.__module__.split(".")
+
+    # build up a tree like this:
+    # modulename:  myapp.snacks.nuts
+    #
+    # myapp->snack->nuts->(classes)
+    # snack->nuts->(classes)
+    # nuts->(classes)
+    #
+    # this allows partial token paths to be used.
+    while tokens:
+        token = tokens.pop(0)
+        module = root_module.get_module(token)
+        for token in tokens:
+            module = module.get_module(token)
+        module.add_class(classname, cls)
+
+
+class _MultipleClassMarker(object):
+    """refers to multiple classes of the same name
+    within _decl_class_registry.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, classes, on_remove=None):
+        self.on_remove = on_remove
+        self.contents = set([
+            weakref.ref(item, self._remove_item) for item in classes])
+        _registries.add(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (ref() for ref in self.contents)
+
+    def attempt_get(self, path, key):
+        if len(self.contents) > 1:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Multiple classes found for path \"%s\" "
+                "in the registry of this declarative "
+                "base. Please use a fully module-qualified path." %
+                (".".join(path + [key]))
+            )
+        else:
+            ref = list(self.contents)[0]
+            cls = ref()
+            if cls is None:
+                raise NameError(key)
+            return cls
+
+    def _remove_item(self, ref):
+        self.contents.remove(ref)
+        if not self.contents:
+            _registries.discard(self)
+            if self.on_remove:
+                self.on_remove()
+
+    def add_item(self, item):
+        modules = set([cls().__module__ for cls in self.contents])
+        if item.__module__ in modules:
+            util.warn(
+                "This declarative base already contains a class with the "
+                "same class name and module name as %s.%s, and will "
+                "be replaced in the string-lookup table." % (
+                    item.__module__,
+                    item.__name__
+                )
+            )
+        self.contents.add(weakref.ref(item, self._remove_item))
+
+
+class _ModuleMarker(object):
+    """"refers to a module name within
+    _decl_class_registry.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name, parent):
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.name = name
+        self.contents = {}
+        self.mod_ns = _ModNS(self)
+        if self.parent:
+            self.path = self.parent.path + [self.name]
+        else:
+            self.path = []
+        _registries.add(self)
+
+    def __contains__(self, name):
+        return name in self.contents
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        return self.contents[name]
+
+    def _remove_item(self, name):
+        self.contents.pop(name, None)
+        if not self.contents and self.parent is not None:
+            self.parent._remove_item(self.name)
+            _registries.discard(self)
+
+    def resolve_attr(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.mod_ns, key)
+
+    def get_module(self, name):
+        if name not in self.contents:
+            marker = _ModuleMarker(name, self)
+            self.contents[name] = marker
+        else:
+            marker = self.contents[name]
+        return marker
+
+    def add_class(self, name, cls):
+        if name in self.contents:
+            existing = self.contents[name]
+            existing.add_item(cls)
+        else:
+            existing = self.contents[name] = \
+                _MultipleClassMarker([cls],
+                                     on_remove=lambda: self._remove_item(name))
+
+
+class _ModNS(object):
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        self.__parent = parent
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        try:
+            value = self.__parent.contents[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if value is not None:
+                if isinstance(value, _ModuleMarker):
+                    return value.mod_ns
+                else:
+                    assert isinstance(value, _MultipleClassMarker)
+                    return value.attempt_get(self.__parent.path, key)
+        raise AttributeError("Module %r has no mapped classes "
+                             "registered under the name %r" % (
+                                 self.__parent.name, key))
+
+
+class _GetColumns(object):
+    def __init__(self, cls):
+        self.cls = cls
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        mp = class_mapper(self.cls, configure=False)
+        if mp:
+            if key not in mp.all_orm_descriptors:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Class %r does not have a mapped column named %r"
+                    % (self.cls, key))
+
+            desc = mp.all_orm_descriptors[key]
+            if desc.extension_type is interfaces.NOT_EXTENSION:
+                prop = desc.property
+                if isinstance(prop, SynonymProperty):
+                    key = prop.name
+                elif not isinstance(prop, ColumnProperty):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Property %r is not an instance of"
+                        " ColumnProperty (i.e. does not correspond"
+                        " directly to a Column)." % key)
+        return getattr(self.cls, key)
+
+inspection._inspects(_GetColumns)(
+    lambda target: inspection.inspect(target.cls))
+
+
+class _GetTable(object):
+    def __init__(self, key, metadata):
+        self.key = key
+        self.metadata = metadata
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return self.metadata.tables[
+            _get_table_key(key, self.key)
+        ]
+
+
+def _determine_container(key, value):
+    if isinstance(value, _MultipleClassMarker):
+        value = value.attempt_get([], key)
+    return _GetColumns(value)
+
+
+class _class_resolver(object):
+    def __init__(self, cls, prop, fallback, arg):
+        self.cls = cls
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.arg = self._declarative_arg = arg
+        self.fallback = fallback
+        self._dict = util.PopulateDict(self._access_cls)
+        self._resolvers = ()
+
+    def _access_cls(self, key):
+        cls = self.cls
+        if key in cls._decl_class_registry:
+            return _determine_container(key, cls._decl_class_registry[key])
+        elif key in cls.metadata.tables:
+            return cls.metadata.tables[key]
+        elif key in cls.metadata._schemas:
+            return _GetTable(key, cls.metadata)
+        elif '_sa_module_registry' in cls._decl_class_registry and \
+                key in cls._decl_class_registry['_sa_module_registry']:
+            registry = cls._decl_class_registry['_sa_module_registry']
+            return registry.resolve_attr(key)
+        elif self._resolvers:
+            for resolv in self._resolvers:
+                value = resolv(key)
+                if value is not None:
+                    return value
+
+        return self.fallback[key]
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        try:
+            x = eval(self.arg, globals(), self._dict)
+
+            if isinstance(x, _GetColumns):
+                return x.cls
+            else:
+                return x
+        except NameError as n:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "When initializing mapper %s, expression %r failed to "
+                "locate a name (%r). If this is a class name, consider "
+                "adding this relationship() to the %r class after "
+                "both dependent classes have been defined." %
+                (self.prop.parent, self.arg, n.args[0], self.cls)
+            )
+
+
+def _resolver(cls, prop):
+    import sqlalchemy
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import foreign, remote
+
+    fallback = sqlalchemy.__dict__.copy()
+    fallback.update({'foreign': foreign, 'remote': remote})
+
+    def resolve_arg(arg):
+        return _class_resolver(cls, prop, fallback, arg)
+    return resolve_arg
+
+
+def _deferred_relationship(cls, prop):
+
+    if isinstance(prop, RelationshipProperty):
+        resolve_arg = _resolver(cls, prop)
+
+        for attr in ('argument', 'order_by', 'primaryjoin', 'secondaryjoin',
+                     'secondary', '_user_defined_foreign_keys', 'remote_side'):
+            v = getattr(prop, attr)
+            if isinstance(v, util.string_types):
+                setattr(prop, attr, resolve_arg(v))
+
+        if prop.backref and isinstance(prop.backref, tuple):
+            key, kwargs = prop.backref
+            for attr in ('primaryjoin', 'secondaryjoin', 'secondary',
+                         'foreign_keys', 'remote_side', 'order_by'):
+                if attr in kwargs and isinstance(kwargs[attr], str):
+                    kwargs[attr] = resolve_arg(kwargs[attr])
+
+    return prop
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/horizontal_shard.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/horizontal_shard.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d311fb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/horizontal_shard.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# ext/horizontal_shard.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Horizontal sharding support.
+
+Defines a rudimental 'horizontal sharding' system which allows a Session to
+distribute queries and persistence operations across multiple databases.
+
+For a usage example, see the :ref:`examples_sharding` example included in
+the source distribution.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import util
+from ..orm.session import Session
+from ..orm.query import Query
+
+__all__ = ['ShardedSession', 'ShardedQuery']
+
+
+class ShardedQuery(Query):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(ShardedQuery, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.id_chooser = self.session.id_chooser
+        self.query_chooser = self.session.query_chooser
+        self._shard_id = None
+
+    def set_shard(self, shard_id):
+        """return a new query, limited to a single shard ID.
+
+        all subsequent operations with the returned query will
+        be against the single shard regardless of other state.
+        """
+
+        q = self._clone()
+        q._shard_id = shard_id
+        return q
+
+    def _execute_and_instances(self, context):
+        def iter_for_shard(shard_id):
+            context.attributes['shard_id'] = shard_id
+            result = self._connection_from_session(
+                mapper=self._mapper_zero(),
+                shard_id=shard_id).execute(
+                context.statement,
+                self._params)
+            return self.instances(result, context)
+
+        if self._shard_id is not None:
+            return iter_for_shard(self._shard_id)
+        else:
+            partial = []
+            for shard_id in self.query_chooser(self):
+                partial.extend(iter_for_shard(shard_id))
+
+            # if some kind of in memory 'sorting'
+            # were done, this is where it would happen
+            return iter(partial)
+
+    def get(self, ident, **kwargs):
+        if self._shard_id is not None:
+            return super(ShardedQuery, self).get(ident)
+        else:
+            ident = util.to_list(ident)
+            for shard_id in self.id_chooser(self, ident):
+                o = self.set_shard(shard_id).get(ident, **kwargs)
+                if o is not None:
+                    return o
+            else:
+                return None
+
+
+class ShardedSession(Session):
+    def __init__(self, shard_chooser, id_chooser, query_chooser, shards=None,
+                 query_cls=ShardedQuery, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a ShardedSession.
+
+        :param shard_chooser: A callable which, passed a Mapper, a mapped
+          instance, and possibly a SQL clause, returns a shard ID.  This id
+          may be based off of the attributes present within the object, or on
+          some round-robin scheme. If the scheme is based on a selection, it
+          should set whatever state on the instance to mark it in the future as
+          participating in that shard.
+
+        :param id_chooser: A callable, passed a query and a tuple of identity
+          values, which should return a list of shard ids where the ID might
+          reside.  The databases will be queried in the order of this listing.
+
+        :param query_chooser: For a given Query, returns the list of shard_ids
+          where the query should be issued.  Results from all shards returned
+          will be combined together into a single listing.
+
+        :param shards: A dictionary of string shard names
+          to :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` objects.
+
+        """
+        super(ShardedSession, self).__init__(query_cls=query_cls, **kwargs)
+        self.shard_chooser = shard_chooser
+        self.id_chooser = id_chooser
+        self.query_chooser = query_chooser
+        self.__binds = {}
+        self.connection_callable = self.connection
+        if shards is not None:
+            for k in shards:
+                self.bind_shard(k, shards[k])
+
+    def connection(self, mapper=None, instance=None, shard_id=None, **kwargs):
+        if shard_id is None:
+            shard_id = self.shard_chooser(mapper, instance)
+
+        if self.transaction is not None:
+            return self.transaction.connection(mapper, shard_id=shard_id)
+        else:
+            return self.get_bind(
+                mapper,
+                shard_id=shard_id,
+                instance=instance
+            ).contextual_connect(**kwargs)
+
+    def get_bind(self, mapper, shard_id=None,
+                 instance=None, clause=None, **kw):
+        if shard_id is None:
+            shard_id = self.shard_chooser(mapper, instance, clause=clause)
+        return self.__binds[shard_id]
+
+    def bind_shard(self, shard_id, bind):
+        self.__binds[shard_id] = bind
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/hybrid.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/hybrid.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f4e09e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/hybrid.py
@@ -0,0 +1,810 @@
+# ext/hybrid.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define attributes on ORM-mapped classes that have "hybrid" behavior.
+
+"hybrid" means the attribute has distinct behaviors defined at the
+class level and at the instance level.
+
+The :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid` extension provides a special form of
+method decorator, is around 50 lines of code and has almost no
+dependencies on the rest of SQLAlchemy.  It can, in theory, work with
+any descriptor-based expression system.
+
+Consider a mapping ``Interval``, representing integer ``start`` and ``end``
+values. We can define higher level functions on mapped classes that produce
+SQL expressions at the class level, and Python expression evaluation at the
+instance level.  Below, each function decorated with :class:`.hybrid_method` or
+:class:`.hybrid_property` may receive ``self`` as an instance of the class, or
+as the class itself::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, aliased
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property, hybrid_method
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'interval'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        start = Column(Integer, nullable=False)
+        end = Column(Integer, nullable=False)
+
+        def __init__(self, start, end):
+            self.start = start
+            self.end = end
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def length(self):
+            return self.end - self.start
+
+        @hybrid_method
+        def contains(self,point):
+            return (self.start <= point) & (point < self.end)
+
+        @hybrid_method
+        def intersects(self, other):
+            return self.contains(other.start) | self.contains(other.end)
+
+Above, the ``length`` property returns the difference between the
+``end`` and ``start`` attributes.  With an instance of ``Interval``,
+this subtraction occurs in Python, using normal Python descriptor
+mechanics::
+
+    >>> i1 = Interval(5, 10)
+    >>> i1.length
+    5
+
+When dealing with the ``Interval`` class itself, the :class:`.hybrid_property`
+descriptor evaluates the function body given the ``Interval`` class as
+the argument, which when evaluated with SQLAlchemy expression mechanics
+returns a new SQL expression::
+
+    >>> print Interval.length
+    interval."end" - interval.start
+
+    >>> print Session().query(Interval).filter(Interval.length > 10)
+    SELECT interval.id AS interval_id, interval.start AS interval_start,
+    interval."end" AS interval_end
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE interval."end" - interval.start > :param_1
+
+ORM methods such as :meth:`~.Query.filter_by` generally use ``getattr()`` to
+locate attributes, so can also be used with hybrid attributes::
+
+    >>> print Session().query(Interval).filter_by(length=5)
+    SELECT interval.id AS interval_id, interval.start AS interval_start,
+    interval."end" AS interval_end
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE interval."end" - interval.start = :param_1
+
+The ``Interval`` class example also illustrates two methods,
+``contains()`` and ``intersects()``, decorated with
+:class:`.hybrid_method`. This decorator applies the same idea to
+methods that :class:`.hybrid_property` applies to attributes.   The
+methods return boolean values, and take advantage of the Python ``|``
+and ``&`` bitwise operators to produce equivalent instance-level and
+SQL expression-level boolean behavior::
+
+    >>> i1.contains(6)
+    True
+    >>> i1.contains(15)
+    False
+    >>> i1.intersects(Interval(7, 18))
+    True
+    >>> i1.intersects(Interval(25, 29))
+    False
+
+    >>> print Session().query(Interval).filter(Interval.contains(15))
+    SELECT interval.id AS interval_id, interval.start AS interval_start,
+    interval."end" AS interval_end
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE interval.start <= :start_1 AND interval."end" > :end_1
+
+    >>> ia = aliased(Interval)
+    >>> print Session().query(Interval, ia).filter(Interval.intersects(ia))
+    SELECT interval.id AS interval_id, interval.start AS interval_start,
+    interval."end" AS interval_end, interval_1.id AS interval_1_id,
+    interval_1.start AS interval_1_start, interval_1."end" AS interval_1_end
+    FROM interval, interval AS interval_1
+    WHERE interval.start <= interval_1.start
+        AND interval."end" > interval_1.start
+        OR interval.start <= interval_1."end"
+        AND interval."end" > interval_1."end"
+
+Defining Expression Behavior Distinct from Attribute Behavior
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Our usage of the ``&`` and ``|`` bitwise operators above was
+fortunate, considering our functions operated on two boolean values to
+return a new one.   In many cases, the construction of an in-Python
+function and a SQLAlchemy SQL expression have enough differences that
+two separate Python expressions should be defined.  The
+:mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid` decorators define the
+:meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` modifier for this purpose.   As an
+example we'll define the radius of the interval, which requires the
+usage of the absolute value function::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import func
+
+    class Interval(object):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def radius(self):
+            return abs(self.length) / 2
+
+        @radius.expression
+        def radius(cls):
+            return func.abs(cls.length) / 2
+
+Above the Python function ``abs()`` is used for instance-level
+operations, the SQL function ``ABS()`` is used via the :attr:`.func`
+object for class-level expressions::
+
+    >>> i1.radius
+    2
+
+    >>> print Session().query(Interval).filter(Interval.radius > 5)
+    SELECT interval.id AS interval_id, interval.start AS interval_start,
+        interval."end" AS interval_end
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE abs(interval."end" - interval.start) / :abs_1 > :param_1
+
+Defining Setters
+----------------
+
+Hybrid properties can also define setter methods.  If we wanted
+``length`` above, when set, to modify the endpoint value::
+
+    class Interval(object):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def length(self):
+            return self.end - self.start
+
+        @length.setter
+        def length(self, value):
+            self.end = self.start + value
+
+The ``length(self, value)`` method is now called upon set::
+
+    >>> i1 = Interval(5, 10)
+    >>> i1.length
+    5
+    >>> i1.length = 12
+    >>> i1.end
+    17
+
+Working with Relationships
+--------------------------
+
+There's no essential difference when creating hybrids that work with
+related objects as opposed to column-based data. The need for distinct
+expressions tends to be greater.  Two variants of we'll illustrate
+are the "join-dependent" hybrid, and the "correlated subquery" hybrid.
+
+Join-Dependent Relationship Hybrid
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Consider the following declarative
+mapping which relates a ``User`` to a ``SavingsAccount``::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, ForeignKey, Numeric, String
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class SavingsAccount(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'account'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('user.id'), nullable=False)
+        balance = Column(Numeric(15, 5))
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'user'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String(100), nullable=False)
+
+        accounts = relationship("SavingsAccount", backref="owner")
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def balance(self):
+            if self.accounts:
+                return self.accounts[0].balance
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        @balance.setter
+        def balance(self, value):
+            if not self.accounts:
+                account = Account(owner=self)
+            else:
+                account = self.accounts[0]
+            account.balance = value
+
+        @balance.expression
+        def balance(cls):
+            return SavingsAccount.balance
+
+The above hybrid property ``balance`` works with the first
+``SavingsAccount`` entry in the list of accounts for this user.   The
+in-Python getter/setter methods can treat ``accounts`` as a Python
+list available on ``self``.
+
+However, at the expression level, it's expected that the ``User`` class will
+be used in an appropriate context such that an appropriate join to
+``SavingsAccount`` will be present::
+
+    >>> print Session().query(User, User.balance).\\
+    ...     join(User.accounts).filter(User.balance > 5000)
+    SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name,
+    account.balance AS account_balance
+    FROM "user" JOIN account ON "user".id = account.user_id
+    WHERE account.balance > :balance_1
+
+Note however, that while the instance level accessors need to worry
+about whether ``self.accounts`` is even present, this issue expresses
+itself differently at the SQL expression level, where we basically
+would use an outer join::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import or_
+    >>> print (Session().query(User, User.balance).outerjoin(User.accounts).
+    ...         filter(or_(User.balance < 5000, User.balance == None)))
+    SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name,
+    account.balance AS account_balance
+    FROM "user" LEFT OUTER JOIN account ON "user".id = account.user_id
+    WHERE account.balance <  :balance_1 OR account.balance IS NULL
+
+Correlated Subquery Relationship Hybrid
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+We can, of course, forego being dependent on the enclosing query's usage
+of joins in favor of the correlated subquery, which can portably be packed
+into a single column expression. A correlated subquery is more portable, but
+often performs more poorly at the SQL level. Using the same technique
+illustrated at :ref:`mapper_column_property_sql_expressions`,
+we can adjust our ``SavingsAccount`` example to aggregate the balances for
+*all* accounts, and use a correlated subquery for the column expression::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, ForeignKey, Numeric, String
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+    from sqlalchemy import select, func
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class SavingsAccount(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'account'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('user.id'), nullable=False)
+        balance = Column(Numeric(15, 5))
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'user'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String(100), nullable=False)
+
+        accounts = relationship("SavingsAccount", backref="owner")
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def balance(self):
+            return sum(acc.balance for acc in self.accounts)
+
+        @balance.expression
+        def balance(cls):
+            return select([func.sum(SavingsAccount.balance)]).\\
+                    where(SavingsAccount.user_id==cls.id).\\
+                    label('total_balance')
+
+The above recipe will give us the ``balance`` column which renders
+a correlated SELECT::
+
+    >>> print s.query(User).filter(User.balance > 400)
+    SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name
+    FROM "user"
+    WHERE (SELECT sum(account.balance) AS sum_1
+    FROM account
+    WHERE account.user_id = "user".id) > :param_1
+
+.. _hybrid_custom_comparators:
+
+Building Custom Comparators
+---------------------------
+
+The hybrid property also includes a helper that allows construction of
+custom comparators. A comparator object allows one to customize the
+behavior of each SQLAlchemy expression operator individually.  They
+are useful when creating custom types that have some highly
+idiosyncratic behavior on the SQL side.
+
+The example class below allows case-insensitive comparisons on the attribute
+named ``word_insensitive``::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import Comparator, hybrid_property
+    from sqlalchemy import func, Column, Integer, String
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class CaseInsensitiveComparator(Comparator):
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return func.lower(self.__clause_element__()) == func.lower(other)
+
+    class SearchWord(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'searchword'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        word = Column(String(255), nullable=False)
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def word_insensitive(self):
+            return self.word.lower()
+
+        @word_insensitive.comparator
+        def word_insensitive(cls):
+            return CaseInsensitiveComparator(cls.word)
+
+Above, SQL expressions against ``word_insensitive`` will apply the ``LOWER()``
+SQL function to both sides::
+
+    >>> print Session().query(SearchWord).filter_by(word_insensitive="Trucks")
+    SELECT searchword.id AS searchword_id, searchword.word AS searchword_word
+    FROM searchword
+    WHERE lower(searchword.word) = lower(:lower_1)
+
+The ``CaseInsensitiveComparator`` above implements part of the
+:class:`.ColumnOperators` interface.   A "coercion" operation like
+lowercasing can be applied to all comparison operations (i.e. ``eq``,
+``lt``, ``gt``, etc.) using :meth:`.Operators.operate`::
+
+    class CaseInsensitiveComparator(Comparator):
+        def operate(self, op, other):
+            return op(func.lower(self.__clause_element__()), func.lower(other))
+
+Hybrid Value Objects
+--------------------
+
+Note in our previous example, if we were to compare the
+``word_insensitive`` attribute of a ``SearchWord`` instance to a plain
+Python string, the plain Python string would not be coerced to lower
+case - the ``CaseInsensitiveComparator`` we built, being returned by
+``@word_insensitive.comparator``, only applies to the SQL side.
+
+A more comprehensive form of the custom comparator is to construct a
+*Hybrid Value Object*. This technique applies the target value or
+expression to a value object which is then returned by the accessor in
+all cases.   The value object allows control of all operations upon
+the value as well as how compared values are treated, both on the SQL
+expression side as well as the Python value side.   Replacing the
+previous ``CaseInsensitiveComparator`` class with a new
+``CaseInsensitiveWord`` class::
+
+    class CaseInsensitiveWord(Comparator):
+        "Hybrid value representing a lower case representation of a word."
+
+        def __init__(self, word):
+            if isinstance(word, basestring):
+                self.word = word.lower()
+            elif isinstance(word, CaseInsensitiveWord):
+                self.word = word.word
+            else:
+                self.word = func.lower(word)
+
+        def operate(self, op, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, CaseInsensitiveWord):
+                other = CaseInsensitiveWord(other)
+            return op(self.word, other.word)
+
+        def __clause_element__(self):
+            return self.word
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            return self.word
+
+        key = 'word'
+        "Label to apply to Query tuple results"
+
+Above, the ``CaseInsensitiveWord`` object represents ``self.word``,
+which may be a SQL function, or may be a Python native.   By
+overriding ``operate()`` and ``__clause_element__()`` to work in terms
+of ``self.word``, all comparison operations will work against the
+"converted" form of ``word``, whether it be SQL side or Python side.
+Our ``SearchWord`` class can now deliver the ``CaseInsensitiveWord``
+object unconditionally from a single hybrid call::
+
+    class SearchWord(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'searchword'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        word = Column(String(255), nullable=False)
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def word_insensitive(self):
+            return CaseInsensitiveWord(self.word)
+
+The ``word_insensitive`` attribute now has case-insensitive comparison
+behavior universally, including SQL expression vs. Python expression
+(note the Python value is converted to lower case on the Python side
+here)::
+
+    >>> print Session().query(SearchWord).filter_by(word_insensitive="Trucks")
+    SELECT searchword.id AS searchword_id, searchword.word AS searchword_word
+    FROM searchword
+    WHERE lower(searchword.word) = :lower_1
+
+SQL expression versus SQL expression::
+
+    >>> sw1 = aliased(SearchWord)
+    >>> sw2 = aliased(SearchWord)
+    >>> print Session().query(
+    ...                    sw1.word_insensitive,
+    ...                    sw2.word_insensitive).\\
+    ...                        filter(
+    ...                            sw1.word_insensitive > sw2.word_insensitive
+    ...                        )
+    SELECT lower(searchword_1.word) AS lower_1,
+    lower(searchword_2.word) AS lower_2
+    FROM searchword AS searchword_1, searchword AS searchword_2
+    WHERE lower(searchword_1.word) > lower(searchword_2.word)
+
+Python only expression::
+
+    >>> ws1 = SearchWord(word="SomeWord")
+    >>> ws1.word_insensitive == "sOmEwOrD"
+    True
+    >>> ws1.word_insensitive == "XOmEwOrX"
+    False
+    >>> print ws1.word_insensitive
+    someword
+
+The Hybrid Value pattern is very useful for any kind of value that may
+have multiple representations, such as timestamps, time deltas, units
+of measurement, currencies and encrypted passwords.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Hybrids and Value Agnostic Types
+    `_
+    - on the techspot.zzzeek.org blog
+
+    `Value Agnostic Types, Part II
+    `_ -
+    on the techspot.zzzeek.org blog
+
+.. _hybrid_transformers:
+
+Building Transformers
+----------------------
+
+A *transformer* is an object which can receive a :class:`.Query`
+object and return a new one.   The :class:`.Query` object includes a
+method :meth:`.with_transformation` that returns a new :class:`.Query`
+transformed by the given function.
+
+We can combine this with the :class:`.Comparator` class to produce one type
+of recipe which can both set up the FROM clause of a query as well as assign
+filtering criterion.
+
+Consider a mapped class ``Node``, which assembles using adjacency list
+into a hierarchical tree pattern::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, ForeignKey
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Node(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'node'
+        id =Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        parent_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('node.id'))
+        parent = relationship("Node", remote_side=id)
+
+Suppose we wanted to add an accessor ``grandparent``.  This would
+return the ``parent`` of ``Node.parent``.  When we have an instance of
+``Node``, this is simple::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+
+    class Node(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def grandparent(self):
+            return self.parent.parent
+
+For the expression, things are not so clear.   We'd need to construct
+a :class:`.Query` where we :meth:`~.Query.join` twice along
+``Node.parent`` to get to the ``grandparent``.   We can instead return
+a transforming callable that we'll combine with the
+:class:`.Comparator` class to receive any :class:`.Query` object, and
+return a new one that's joined to the ``Node.parent`` attribute and
+filtered based on the given criterion::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import Comparator
+
+    class GrandparentTransformer(Comparator):
+        def operate(self, op, other):
+            def transform(q):
+                cls = self.__clause_element__()
+                parent_alias = aliased(cls)
+                return q.join(parent_alias, cls.parent).\\
+                            filter(op(parent_alias.parent, other))
+            return transform
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Node(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'node'
+        id =Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        parent_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('node.id'))
+        parent = relationship("Node", remote_side=id)
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def grandparent(self):
+            return self.parent.parent
+
+        @grandparent.comparator
+        def grandparent(cls):
+            return GrandparentTransformer(cls)
+
+The ``GrandparentTransformer`` overrides the core
+:meth:`.Operators.operate` method at the base of the
+:class:`.Comparator` hierarchy to return a query-transforming
+callable, which then runs the given comparison operation in a
+particular context. Such as, in the example above, the ``operate``
+method is called, given the :attr:`.Operators.eq` callable as well as
+the right side of the comparison ``Node(id=5)``.  A function
+``transform`` is then returned which will transform a :class:`.Query`
+first to join to ``Node.parent``, then to compare ``parent_alias``
+using :attr:`.Operators.eq` against the left and right sides, passing
+into :class:`.Query.filter`:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+    >>> session = Session()
+    {sql}>>> session.query(Node).\\
+    ...        with_transformation(Node.grandparent==Node(id=5)).\\
+    ...        all()
+    SELECT node.id AS node_id, node.parent_id AS node_parent_id
+    FROM node JOIN node AS node_1 ON node_1.id = node.parent_id
+    WHERE :param_1 = node_1.parent_id
+    {stop}
+
+We can modify the pattern to be more verbose but flexible by separating
+the "join" step from the "filter" step.  The tricky part here is ensuring
+that successive instances of ``GrandparentTransformer`` use the same
+:class:`.AliasedClass` object against ``Node``.  Below we use a simple
+memoizing approach that associates a ``GrandparentTransformer``
+with each class::
+
+    class Node(Base):
+
+        # ...
+
+        @grandparent.comparator
+        def grandparent(cls):
+            # memoize a GrandparentTransformer
+            # per class
+            if '_gp' not in cls.__dict__:
+                cls._gp = GrandparentTransformer(cls)
+            return cls._gp
+
+    class GrandparentTransformer(Comparator):
+
+        def __init__(self, cls):
+            self.parent_alias = aliased(cls)
+
+        @property
+        def join(self):
+            def go(q):
+                return q.join(self.parent_alias, Node.parent)
+            return go
+
+        def operate(self, op, other):
+            return op(self.parent_alias.parent, other)
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    {sql}>>> session.query(Node).\\
+    ...            with_transformation(Node.grandparent.join).\\
+    ...            filter(Node.grandparent==Node(id=5))
+    SELECT node.id AS node_id, node.parent_id AS node_parent_id
+    FROM node JOIN node AS node_1 ON node_1.id = node.parent_id
+    WHERE :param_1 = node_1.parent_id
+    {stop}
+
+The "transformer" pattern is an experimental pattern that starts
+to make usage of some functional programming paradigms.
+While it's only recommended for advanced and/or patient developers,
+there's probably a whole lot of amazing things it can be used for.
+
+"""
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import attributes, interfaces
+
+HYBRID_METHOD = util.symbol('HYBRID_METHOD')
+"""Symbol indicating an :class:`_InspectionAttr` that's
+   of type :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+   Is assigned to the :attr:`._InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+   attibute.
+
+   .. seealso::
+
+    :attr:`.Mapper.all_orm_attributes`
+
+"""
+
+HYBRID_PROPERTY = util.symbol('HYBRID_PROPERTY')
+"""Symbol indicating an :class:`_InspectionAttr` that's
+    of type :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+   Is assigned to the :attr:`._InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+   attibute.
+
+   .. seealso::
+
+    :attr:`.Mapper.all_orm_attributes`
+
+"""
+
+
+class hybrid_method(interfaces._InspectionAttr):
+    """A decorator which allows definition of a Python object method with both
+    instance-level and class-level behavior.
+
+    """
+
+    is_attribute = True
+    extension_type = HYBRID_METHOD
+
+    def __init__(self, func, expr=None):
+        """Create a new :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+        Usage is typically via decorator::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_method
+
+            class SomeClass(object):
+                @hybrid_method
+                def value(self, x, y):
+                    return self._value + x + y
+
+                @value.expression
+                def value(self, x, y):
+                    return func.some_function(self._value, x, y)
+
+        """
+        self.func = func
+        self.expr = expr or func
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self.expr.__get__(owner, owner.__class__)
+        else:
+            return self.func.__get__(instance, owner)
+
+    def expression(self, expr):
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a
+        SQL-expression producing method."""
+
+        self.expr = expr
+        return self
+
+
+class hybrid_property(interfaces._InspectionAttr):
+    """A decorator which allows definition of a Python descriptor with both
+    instance-level and class-level behavior.
+
+    """
+
+    is_attribute = True
+    extension_type = HYBRID_PROPERTY
+
+    def __init__(self, fget, fset=None, fdel=None, expr=None):
+        """Create a new :class:`.hybrid_property`.
+
+        Usage is typically via decorator::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+
+            class SomeClass(object):
+                @hybrid_property
+                def value(self):
+                    return self._value
+
+                @value.setter
+                def value(self, value):
+                    self._value = value
+
+        """
+        self.fget = fget
+        self.fset = fset
+        self.fdel = fdel
+        self.expr = expr or fget
+        util.update_wrapper(self, fget)
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self.expr(owner)
+        else:
+            return self.fget(instance)
+
+    def __set__(self, instance, value):
+        if self.fset is None:
+            raise AttributeError("can't set attribute")
+        self.fset(instance, value)
+
+    def __delete__(self, instance):
+        if self.fdel is None:
+            raise AttributeError("can't delete attribute")
+        self.fdel(instance)
+
+    def setter(self, fset):
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a value-setter method."""
+
+        self.fset = fset
+        return self
+
+    def deleter(self, fdel):
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a
+        value-deletion method."""
+
+        self.fdel = fdel
+        return self
+
+    def expression(self, expr):
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a SQL-expression
+        producing method."""
+
+        self.expr = expr
+        return self
+
+    def comparator(self, comparator):
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a custom
+        comparator producing method.
+
+        The return value of the decorated method should be an instance of
+        :class:`~.hybrid.Comparator`.
+
+        """
+
+        proxy_attr = attributes.\
+            create_proxied_attribute(self)
+
+        def expr(owner):
+            return proxy_attr(owner, self.__name__, self, comparator(owner))
+        self.expr = expr
+        return self
+
+
+class Comparator(interfaces.PropComparator):
+    """A helper class that allows easy construction of custom
+    :class:`~.orm.interfaces.PropComparator`
+    classes for usage with hybrids."""
+
+    property = None
+
+    def __init__(self, expression):
+        self.expression = expression
+
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        expr = self.expression
+        while hasattr(expr, '__clause_element__'):
+            expr = expr.__clause_element__()
+        return expr
+
+    def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
+        # interesting....
+        return self
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/instrumentation.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/instrumentation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0241366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/instrumentation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+"""Extensible class instrumentation.
+
+The :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation` package provides for alternate
+systems of class instrumentation within the ORM.  Class instrumentation
+refers to how the ORM places attributes on the class which maintain
+data and track changes to that data, as well as event hooks installed
+on the class.
+
+.. note::
+    The extension package is provided for the benefit of integration
+    with other object management packages, which already perform
+    their own instrumentation.  It is not intended for general use.
+
+For examples of how the instrumentation extension is used,
+see the example :ref:`examples_instrumentation`.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.8
+   The :mod:`sqlalchemy.orm.instrumentation` was split out so
+   that all functionality having to do with non-standard
+   instrumentation was moved out to :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`.
+   When imported, the module installs itself within
+   :mod:`sqlalchemy.orm.instrumentation` so that it
+   takes effect, including recognition of
+   ``__sa_instrumentation_manager__`` on mapped classes, as
+   well :data:`.instrumentation_finders`
+   being used to determine class instrumentation resolution.
+
+"""
+from ..orm import instrumentation as orm_instrumentation
+from ..orm.instrumentation import (
+    ClassManager, InstrumentationFactory, _default_state_getter,
+    _default_dict_getter, _default_manager_getter
+)
+from ..orm import attributes, collections, base as orm_base
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import exc as orm_exc
+import weakref
+
+INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER = '__sa_instrumentation_manager__'
+"""Attribute, elects custom instrumentation when present on a mapped class.
+
+Allows a class to specify a slightly or wildly different technique for
+tracking changes made to mapped attributes and collections.
+
+Only one instrumentation implementation is allowed in a given object
+inheritance hierarchy.
+
+The value of this attribute must be a callable and will be passed a class
+object.  The callable must return one of:
+
+  - An instance of an InstrumentationManager or subclass
+  - An object implementing all or some of InstrumentationManager (TODO)
+  - A dictionary of callables, implementing all or some of the above (TODO)
+  - An instance of a ClassManager or subclass
+
+This attribute is consulted by SQLAlchemy instrumentation
+resolution, once the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation` module
+has been imported.  If custom finders are installed in the global
+instrumentation_finders list, they may or may not choose to honor this
+attribute.
+
+"""
+
+
+def find_native_user_instrumentation_hook(cls):
+    """Find user-specified instrumentation management for a class."""
+    return getattr(cls, INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER, None)
+
+instrumentation_finders = [find_native_user_instrumentation_hook]
+"""An extensible sequence of callables which return instrumentation
+implementations
+
+When a class is registered, each callable will be passed a class object.
+If None is returned, the
+next finder in the sequence is consulted.  Otherwise the return must be an
+instrumentation factory that follows the same guidelines as
+sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation.INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER.
+
+By default, the only finder is find_native_user_instrumentation_hook, which
+searches for INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER.  If all finders return None, standard
+ClassManager instrumentation is used.
+
+"""
+
+
+class ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry(InstrumentationFactory):
+    """Extends :class:`.InstrumentationFactory` with additional
+    bookkeeping, to accommodate multiple types of
+    class managers.
+
+    """
+    _manager_finders = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    _state_finders = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    _dict_finders = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    _extended = False
+
+    def _locate_extended_factory(self, class_):
+        for finder in instrumentation_finders:
+            factory = finder(class_)
+            if factory is not None:
+                manager = self._extended_class_manager(class_, factory)
+                return manager, factory
+        else:
+            return None, None
+
+    def _check_conflicts(self, class_, factory):
+        existing_factories = self._collect_management_factories_for(class_).\
+            difference([factory])
+        if existing_factories:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "multiple instrumentation implementations specified "
+                "in %s inheritance hierarchy: %r" % (
+                    class_.__name__, list(existing_factories)))
+
+    def _extended_class_manager(self, class_, factory):
+        manager = factory(class_)
+        if not isinstance(manager, ClassManager):
+            manager = _ClassInstrumentationAdapter(class_, manager)
+
+        if factory != ClassManager and not self._extended:
+            # somebody invoked a custom ClassManager.
+            # reinstall global "getter" functions with the more
+            # expensive ones.
+            self._extended = True
+            _install_instrumented_lookups()
+
+        self._manager_finders[class_] = manager.manager_getter()
+        self._state_finders[class_] = manager.state_getter()
+        self._dict_finders[class_] = manager.dict_getter()
+        return manager
+
+    def _collect_management_factories_for(self, cls):
+        """Return a collection of factories in play or specified for a
+        hierarchy.
+
+        Traverses the entire inheritance graph of a cls and returns a
+        collection of instrumentation factories for those classes. Factories
+        are extracted from active ClassManagers, if available, otherwise
+        instrumentation_finders is consulted.
+
+        """
+        hierarchy = util.class_hierarchy(cls)
+        factories = set()
+        for member in hierarchy:
+            manager = self.manager_of_class(member)
+            if manager is not None:
+                factories.add(manager.factory)
+            else:
+                for finder in instrumentation_finders:
+                    factory = finder(member)
+                    if factory is not None:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    factory = None
+                factories.add(factory)
+        factories.discard(None)
+        return factories
+
+    def unregister(self, class_):
+        if class_ in self._manager_finders:
+            del self._manager_finders[class_]
+            del self._state_finders[class_]
+            del self._dict_finders[class_]
+        super(ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry, self).unregister(class_)
+
+    def manager_of_class(self, cls):
+        if cls is None:
+            return None
+        return self._manager_finders.get(cls, _default_manager_getter)(cls)
+
+    def state_of(self, instance):
+        if instance is None:
+            raise AttributeError("None has no persistent state.")
+        return self._state_finders.get(
+            instance.__class__, _default_state_getter)(instance)
+
+    def dict_of(self, instance):
+        if instance is None:
+            raise AttributeError("None has no persistent state.")
+        return self._dict_finders.get(
+            instance.__class__, _default_dict_getter)(instance)
+
+
+orm_instrumentation._instrumentation_factory = \
+    _instrumentation_factory = ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry()
+orm_instrumentation.instrumentation_finders = instrumentation_finders
+
+
+class InstrumentationManager(object):
+    """User-defined class instrumentation extension.
+
+    :class:`.InstrumentationManager` can be subclassed in order
+    to change
+    how class instrumentation proceeds. This class exists for
+    the purposes of integration with other object management
+    frameworks which would like to entirely modify the
+    instrumentation methodology of the ORM, and is not intended
+    for regular usage.  For interception of class instrumentation
+    events, see :class:`.InstrumentationEvents`.
+
+    The API for this class should be considered as semi-stable,
+    and may change slightly with new releases.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+       :class:`.InstrumentationManager` was moved from
+       :mod:`sqlalchemy.orm.instrumentation` to
+       :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`.
+
+    """
+
+    # r4361 added a mandatory (cls) constructor to this interface.
+    # given that, perhaps class_ should be dropped from all of these
+    # signatures.
+
+    def __init__(self, class_):
+        pass
+
+    def manage(self, class_, manager):
+        setattr(class_, '_default_class_manager', manager)
+
+    def dispose(self, class_, manager):
+        delattr(class_, '_default_class_manager')
+
+    def manager_getter(self, class_):
+        def get(cls):
+            return cls._default_class_manager
+        return get
+
+    def instrument_attribute(self, class_, key, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def post_configure_attribute(self, class_, key, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def install_descriptor(self, class_, key, inst):
+        setattr(class_, key, inst)
+
+    def uninstall_descriptor(self, class_, key):
+        delattr(class_, key)
+
+    def install_member(self, class_, key, implementation):
+        setattr(class_, key, implementation)
+
+    def uninstall_member(self, class_, key):
+        delattr(class_, key)
+
+    def instrument_collection_class(self, class_, key, collection_class):
+        return collections.prepare_instrumentation(collection_class)
+
+    def get_instance_dict(self, class_, instance):
+        return instance.__dict__
+
+    def initialize_instance_dict(self, class_, instance):
+        pass
+
+    def install_state(self, class_, instance, state):
+        setattr(instance, '_default_state', state)
+
+    def remove_state(self, class_, instance):
+        delattr(instance, '_default_state')
+
+    def state_getter(self, class_):
+        return lambda instance: getattr(instance, '_default_state')
+
+    def dict_getter(self, class_):
+        return lambda inst: self.get_instance_dict(class_, inst)
+
+
+class _ClassInstrumentationAdapter(ClassManager):
+    """Adapts a user-defined InstrumentationManager to a ClassManager."""
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, override):
+        self._adapted = override
+        self._get_state = self._adapted.state_getter(class_)
+        self._get_dict = self._adapted.dict_getter(class_)
+
+        ClassManager.__init__(self, class_)
+
+    def manage(self):
+        self._adapted.manage(self.class_, self)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        self._adapted.dispose(self.class_)
+
+    def manager_getter(self):
+        return self._adapted.manager_getter(self.class_)
+
+    def instrument_attribute(self, key, inst, propagated=False):
+        ClassManager.instrument_attribute(self, key, inst, propagated)
+        if not propagated:
+            self._adapted.instrument_attribute(self.class_, key, inst)
+
+    def post_configure_attribute(self, key):
+        super(_ClassInstrumentationAdapter, self).post_configure_attribute(key)
+        self._adapted.post_configure_attribute(self.class_, key, self[key])
+
+    def install_descriptor(self, key, inst):
+        self._adapted.install_descriptor(self.class_, key, inst)
+
+    def uninstall_descriptor(self, key):
+        self._adapted.uninstall_descriptor(self.class_, key)
+
+    def install_member(self, key, implementation):
+        self._adapted.install_member(self.class_, key, implementation)
+
+    def uninstall_member(self, key):
+        self._adapted.uninstall_member(self.class_, key)
+
+    def instrument_collection_class(self, key, collection_class):
+        return self._adapted.instrument_collection_class(
+            self.class_, key, collection_class)
+
+    def initialize_collection(self, key, state, factory):
+        delegate = getattr(self._adapted, 'initialize_collection', None)
+        if delegate:
+            return delegate(key, state, factory)
+        else:
+            return ClassManager.initialize_collection(self, key,
+                                                      state, factory)
+
+    def new_instance(self, state=None):
+        instance = self.class_.__new__(self.class_)
+        self.setup_instance(instance, state)
+        return instance
+
+    def _new_state_if_none(self, instance):
+        """Install a default InstanceState if none is present.
+
+        A private convenience method used by the __init__ decorator.
+        """
+        if self.has_state(instance):
+            return False
+        else:
+            return self.setup_instance(instance)
+
+    def setup_instance(self, instance, state=None):
+        self._adapted.initialize_instance_dict(self.class_, instance)
+
+        if state is None:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+
+        # the given instance is assumed to have no state
+        self._adapted.install_state(self.class_, instance, state)
+        return state
+
+    def teardown_instance(self, instance):
+        self._adapted.remove_state(self.class_, instance)
+
+    def has_state(self, instance):
+        try:
+            self._get_state(instance)
+        except orm_exc.NO_STATE:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def state_getter(self):
+        return self._get_state
+
+    def dict_getter(self):
+        return self._get_dict
+
+
+def _install_instrumented_lookups():
+    """Replace global class/object management functions
+    with ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry implementations, which
+    allow multiple types of class managers to be present,
+    at the cost of performance.
+
+    This function is called only by ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry
+    and unit tests specific to this behavior.
+
+    The _reinstall_default_lookups() function can be called
+    after this one to re-establish the default functions.
+
+    """
+    _install_lookups(
+        dict(
+            instance_state=_instrumentation_factory.state_of,
+            instance_dict=_instrumentation_factory.dict_of,
+            manager_of_class=_instrumentation_factory.manager_of_class
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _reinstall_default_lookups():
+    """Restore simplified lookups."""
+    _install_lookups(
+        dict(
+            instance_state=_default_state_getter,
+            instance_dict=_default_dict_getter,
+            manager_of_class=_default_manager_getter
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _install_lookups(lookups):
+    global instance_state, instance_dict, manager_of_class
+    instance_state = lookups['instance_state']
+    instance_dict = lookups['instance_dict']
+    manager_of_class = lookups['manager_of_class']
+    orm_base.instance_state = attributes.instance_state = \
+        orm_instrumentation.instance_state = instance_state
+    orm_base.instance_dict = attributes.instance_dict = \
+        orm_instrumentation.instance_dict = instance_dict
+    orm_base.manager_of_class = attributes.manager_of_class = \
+        orm_instrumentation.manager_of_class = manager_of_class
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mutable.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mutable.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7469bcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mutable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,642 @@
+# ext/mutable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provide support for tracking of in-place changes to scalar values,
+which are propagated into ORM change events on owning parent objects.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7 :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` replaces SQLAlchemy's
+   legacy approach to in-place mutations of scalar values; see
+   :ref:`07_migration_mutation_extension`.
+
+.. _mutable_scalars:
+
+Establishing Mutability on Scalar Column Values
+===============================================
+
+A typical example of a "mutable" structure is a Python dictionary.
+Following the example introduced in :ref:`types_toplevel`, we
+begin with a custom type that marshals Python dictionaries into
+JSON strings before being persisted::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.types import TypeDecorator, VARCHAR
+    import json
+
+    class JSONEncodedDict(TypeDecorator):
+        "Represents an immutable structure as a json-encoded string."
+
+        impl = VARCHAR
+
+        def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = json.dumps(value)
+            return value
+
+        def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = json.loads(value)
+            return value
+
+The usage of ``json`` is only for the purposes of example. The
+:mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension can be used
+with any type whose target Python type may be mutable, including
+:class:`.PickleType`, :class:`.postgresql.ARRAY`, etc.
+
+When using the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension, the value itself
+tracks all parents which reference it.  Below, we illustrate the a simple
+version of the :class:`.MutableDict` dictionary object, which applies
+the :class:`.Mutable` mixin to a plain Python dictionary::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import Mutable
+
+    class MutableDict(Mutable, dict):
+        @classmethod
+        def coerce(cls, key, value):
+            "Convert plain dictionaries to MutableDict."
+
+            if not isinstance(value, MutableDict):
+                if isinstance(value, dict):
+                    return MutableDict(value)
+
+                # this call will raise ValueError
+                return Mutable.coerce(key, value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+            "Detect dictionary set events and emit change events."
+
+            dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+            self.changed()
+
+        def __delitem__(self, key):
+            "Detect dictionary del events and emit change events."
+
+            dict.__delitem__(self, key)
+            self.changed()
+
+The above dictionary class takes the approach of subclassing the Python
+built-in ``dict`` to produce a dict
+subclass which routes all mutation events through ``__setitem__``.  There are
+variants on this approach, such as subclassing ``UserDict.UserDict`` or
+``collections.MutableMapping``; the part that's important to this example is
+that the :meth:`.Mutable.changed` method is called whenever an in-place
+change to the datastructure takes place.
+
+We also redefine the :meth:`.Mutable.coerce` method which will be used to
+convert any values that are not instances of ``MutableDict``, such
+as the plain dictionaries returned by the ``json`` module, into the
+appropriate type.  Defining this method is optional; we could just as well
+created our ``JSONEncodedDict`` such that it always returns an instance
+of ``MutableDict``, and additionally ensured that all calling code
+uses ``MutableDict`` explicitly.  When :meth:`.Mutable.coerce` is not
+overridden, any values applied to a parent object which are not instances
+of the mutable type will raise a ``ValueError``.
+
+Our new ``MutableDict`` type offers a class method
+:meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` which we can use within column metadata
+to associate with types. This method grabs the given type object or
+class and associates a listener that will detect all future mappings
+of this type, applying event listening instrumentation to the mapped
+attribute. Such as, with classical table metadata::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Integer
+
+    my_data = Table('my_data', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column('data', MutableDict.as_mutable(JSONEncodedDict))
+    )
+
+Above, :meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` returns an instance of ``JSONEncodedDict``
+(if the type object was not an instance already), which will intercept any
+attributes which are mapped against this type.  Below we establish a simple
+mapping against the ``my_data`` table::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import mapper
+
+    class MyDataClass(object):
+        pass
+
+    # associates mutation listeners with MyDataClass.data
+    mapper(MyDataClass, my_data)
+
+The ``MyDataClass.data`` member will now be notified of in place changes
+to its value.
+
+There's no difference in usage when using declarative::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class MyDataClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'my_data'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        data = Column(MutableDict.as_mutable(JSONEncodedDict))
+
+Any in-place changes to the ``MyDataClass.data`` member
+will flag the attribute as "dirty" on the parent object::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+    >>> sess = Session()
+    >>> m1 = MyDataClass(data={'value1':'foo'})
+    >>> sess.add(m1)
+    >>> sess.commit()
+
+    >>> m1.data['value1'] = 'bar'
+    >>> assert m1 in sess.dirty
+    True
+
+The ``MutableDict`` can be associated with all future instances
+of ``JSONEncodedDict`` in one step, using
+:meth:`~.Mutable.associate_with`.  This is similar to
+:meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` except it will intercept all occurrences
+of ``MutableDict`` in all mappings unconditionally, without
+the need to declare it individually::
+
+    MutableDict.associate_with(JSONEncodedDict)
+
+    class MyDataClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'my_data'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        data = Column(JSONEncodedDict)
+
+
+Supporting Pickling
+--------------------
+
+The key to the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension relies upon the
+placement of a ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` upon the value object, which
+stores a mapping of parent mapped objects keyed to the attribute name under
+which they are associated with this value. ``WeakKeyDictionary`` objects are
+not picklable, due to the fact that they contain weakrefs and function
+callbacks. In our case, this is a good thing, since if this dictionary were
+picklable, it could lead to an excessively large pickle size for our value
+objects that are pickled by themselves outside of the context of the parent.
+The developer responsibility here is only to provide a ``__getstate__`` method
+that excludes the :meth:`~MutableBase._parents` collection from the pickle
+stream::
+
+    class MyMutableType(Mutable):
+        def __getstate__(self):
+            d = self.__dict__.copy()
+            d.pop('_parents', None)
+            return d
+
+With our dictionary example, we need to return the contents of the dict itself
+(and also restore them on __setstate__)::
+
+    class MutableDict(Mutable, dict):
+        # ....
+
+        def __getstate__(self):
+            return dict(self)
+
+        def __setstate__(self, state):
+            self.update(state)
+
+In the case that our mutable value object is pickled as it is attached to one
+or more parent objects that are also part of the pickle, the :class:`.Mutable`
+mixin will re-establish the :attr:`.Mutable._parents` collection on each value
+object as the owning parents themselves are unpickled.
+
+.. _mutable_composites:
+
+Establishing Mutability on Composites
+=====================================
+
+Composites are a special ORM feature which allow a single scalar attribute to
+be assigned an object value which represents information "composed" from one
+or more columns from the underlying mapped table. The usual example is that of
+a geometric "point", and is introduced in :ref:`mapper_composite`.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.7
+    The internals of :func:`.orm.composite` have been
+    greatly simplified and in-place mutation detection is no longer enabled by
+    default; instead, the user-defined value must detect changes on its own and
+    propagate them to all owning parents. The :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable`
+    extension provides the helper class :class:`.MutableComposite`, which is a
+    slight variant on the :class:`.Mutable` class.
+
+As is the case with :class:`.Mutable`, the user-defined composite class
+subclasses :class:`.MutableComposite` as a mixin, and detects and delivers
+change events to its parents via the :meth:`.MutableComposite.changed` method.
+In the case of a composite class, the detection is usually via the usage of
+Python descriptors (i.e. ``@property``), or alternatively via the special
+Python method ``__setattr__()``. Below we expand upon the ``Point`` class
+introduced in :ref:`mapper_composite` to subclass :class:`.MutableComposite`
+and to also route attribute set events via ``__setattr__`` to the
+:meth:`.MutableComposite.changed` method::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableComposite
+
+    class Point(MutableComposite):
+        def __init__(self, x, y):
+            self.x = x
+            self.y = y
+
+        def __setattr__(self, key, value):
+            "Intercept set events"
+
+            # set the attribute
+            object.__setattr__(self, key, value)
+
+            # alert all parents to the change
+            self.changed()
+
+        def __composite_values__(self):
+            return self.x, self.y
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return isinstance(other, Point) and \\
+                other.x == self.x and \\
+                other.y == self.y
+
+        def __ne__(self, other):
+            return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+The :class:`.MutableComposite` class uses a Python metaclass to automatically
+establish listeners for any usage of :func:`.orm.composite` that specifies our
+``Point`` type. Below, when ``Point`` is mapped to the ``Vertex`` class,
+listeners are established which will route change events from ``Point``
+objects to each of the ``Vertex.start`` and ``Vertex.end`` attributes::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import composite, mapper
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, Column
+
+    vertices = Table('vertices', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column('x1', Integer),
+        Column('y1', Integer),
+        Column('x2', Integer),
+        Column('y2', Integer),
+        )
+
+    class Vertex(object):
+        pass
+
+    mapper(Vertex, vertices, properties={
+        'start': composite(Point, vertices.c.x1, vertices.c.y1),
+        'end': composite(Point, vertices.c.x2, vertices.c.y2)
+    })
+
+Any in-place changes to the ``Vertex.start`` or ``Vertex.end`` members
+will flag the attribute as "dirty" on the parent object::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+    >>> sess = Session()
+    >>> v1 = Vertex(start=Point(3, 4), end=Point(12, 15))
+    >>> sess.add(v1)
+    >>> sess.commit()
+
+    >>> v1.end.x = 8
+    >>> assert v1 in sess.dirty
+    True
+
+Coercing Mutable Composites
+---------------------------
+
+The :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce` method is also supported on composite types.
+In the case of :class:`.MutableComposite`, the :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce`
+method is only called for attribute set operations, not load operations.
+Overriding the :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce` method is essentially equivalent
+to using a :func:`.validates` validation routine for all attributes which
+make use of the custom composite type::
+
+    class Point(MutableComposite):
+        # other Point methods
+        # ...
+
+        def coerce(cls, key, value):
+            if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                value = Point(*value)
+            elif not isinstance(value, Point):
+                raise ValueError("tuple or Point expected")
+            return value
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.10,0.8.0b2
+    Support for the :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce` method in conjunction with
+    objects of type :class:`.MutableComposite`.
+
+Supporting Pickling
+--------------------
+
+As is the case with :class:`.Mutable`, the :class:`.MutableComposite` helper
+class uses a ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` available via the
+:meth:`MutableBase._parents` attribute which isn't picklable. If we need to
+pickle instances of ``Point`` or its owning class ``Vertex``, we at least need
+to define a ``__getstate__`` that doesn't include the ``_parents`` dictionary.
+Below we define both a ``__getstate__`` and a ``__setstate__`` that package up
+the minimal form of our ``Point`` class::
+
+    class Point(MutableComposite):
+        # ...
+
+        def __getstate__(self):
+            return self.x, self.y
+
+        def __setstate__(self, state):
+            self.x, self.y = state
+
+As with :class:`.Mutable`, the :class:`.MutableComposite` augments the
+pickling process of the parent's object-relational state so that the
+:meth:`MutableBase._parents` collection is restored to all ``Point`` objects.
+
+"""
+from ..orm.attributes import flag_modified
+from .. import event, types
+from ..orm import mapper, object_mapper, Mapper
+from ..util import memoized_property
+import weakref
+
+
+class MutableBase(object):
+    """Common base class to :class:`.Mutable`
+    and :class:`.MutableComposite`.
+
+    """
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def _parents(self):
+        """Dictionary of parent object->attribute name on the parent.
+
+        This attribute is a so-called "memoized" property.  It initializes
+        itself with a new ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` the first time
+        it is accessed, returning the same object upon subsequent access.
+
+        """
+
+        return weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, key, value):
+        """Given a value, coerce it into the target type.
+
+        Can be overridden by custom subclasses to coerce incoming
+        data into a particular type.
+
+        By default, raises ``ValueError``.
+
+        This method is called in different scenarios depending on if
+        the parent class is of type :class:`.Mutable` or of type
+        :class:`.MutableComposite`.  In the case of the former, it is called
+        for both attribute-set operations as well as during ORM loading
+        operations.  For the latter, it is only called during attribute-set
+        operations; the mechanics of the :func:`.composite` construct
+        handle coercion during load operations.
+
+
+        :param key: string name of the ORM-mapped attribute being set.
+        :param value: the incoming value.
+        :return: the method should return the coerced value, or raise
+         ``ValueError`` if the coercion cannot be completed.
+
+        """
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        msg = "Attribute '%s' does not accept objects of type %s"
+        raise ValueError(msg % (key, type(value)))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen_on_attribute(cls, attribute, coerce, parent_cls):
+        """Establish this type as a mutation listener for the given
+        mapped descriptor.
+
+        """
+        key = attribute.key
+        if parent_cls is not attribute.class_:
+            return
+
+        # rely on "propagate" here
+        parent_cls = attribute.class_
+
+        def load(state, *args):
+            """Listen for objects loaded or refreshed.
+
+            Wrap the target data member's value with
+            ``Mutable``.
+
+            """
+            val = state.dict.get(key, None)
+            if val is not None:
+                if coerce:
+                    val = cls.coerce(key, val)
+                    state.dict[key] = val
+                val._parents[state.obj()] = key
+
+        def set(target, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            """Listen for set/replace events on the target
+            data member.
+
+            Establish a weak reference to the parent object
+            on the incoming value, remove it for the one
+            outgoing.
+
+            """
+            if value is oldvalue:
+                return value
+
+            if not isinstance(value, cls):
+                value = cls.coerce(key, value)
+            if value is not None:
+                value._parents[target.obj()] = key
+            if isinstance(oldvalue, cls):
+                oldvalue._parents.pop(target.obj(), None)
+            return value
+
+        def pickle(state, state_dict):
+            val = state.dict.get(key, None)
+            if val is not None:
+                if 'ext.mutable.values' not in state_dict:
+                    state_dict['ext.mutable.values'] = []
+                state_dict['ext.mutable.values'].append(val)
+
+        def unpickle(state, state_dict):
+            if 'ext.mutable.values' in state_dict:
+                for val in state_dict['ext.mutable.values']:
+                    val._parents[state.obj()] = key
+
+        event.listen(parent_cls, 'load', load,
+                     raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(parent_cls, 'refresh', load,
+                     raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(attribute, 'set', set,
+                     raw=True, retval=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(parent_cls, 'pickle', pickle,
+                     raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(parent_cls, 'unpickle', unpickle,
+                     raw=True, propagate=True)
+
+
+class Mutable(MutableBase):
+    """Mixin that defines transparent propagation of change
+    events to a parent object.
+
+    See the example in :ref:`mutable_scalars` for usage information.
+
+    """
+
+    def changed(self):
+        """Subclasses should call this method whenever change events occur."""
+
+        for parent, key in self._parents.items():
+            flag_modified(parent, key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def associate_with_attribute(cls, attribute):
+        """Establish this type as a mutation listener for the given
+        mapped descriptor.
+
+        """
+        cls._listen_on_attribute(attribute, True, attribute.class_)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def associate_with(cls, sqltype):
+        """Associate this wrapper with all future mapped columns
+        of the given type.
+
+        This is a convenience method that calls
+        ``associate_with_attribute`` automatically.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+           The listeners established by this method are *global*
+           to all mappers, and are *not* garbage collected.   Only use
+           :meth:`.associate_with` for types that are permanent to an
+           application, not with ad-hoc types else this will cause unbounded
+           growth in memory usage.
+
+        """
+
+        def listen_for_type(mapper, class_):
+            for prop in mapper.column_attrs:
+                if isinstance(prop.columns[0].type, sqltype):
+                    cls.associate_with_attribute(getattr(class_, prop.key))
+
+        event.listen(mapper, 'mapper_configured', listen_for_type)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def as_mutable(cls, sqltype):
+        """Associate a SQL type with this mutable Python type.
+
+        This establishes listeners that will detect ORM mappings against
+        the given type, adding mutation event trackers to those mappings.
+
+        The type is returned, unconditionally as an instance, so that
+        :meth:`.as_mutable` can be used inline::
+
+            Table('mytable', metadata,
+                Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column('data', MyMutableType.as_mutable(PickleType))
+            )
+
+        Note that the returned type is always an instance, even if a class
+        is given, and that only columns which are declared specifically with
+        that type instance receive additional instrumentation.
+
+        To associate a particular mutable type with all occurrences of a
+        particular type, use the :meth:`.Mutable.associate_with` classmethod
+        of the particular :class:`.Mutable` subclass to establish a global
+        association.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+           The listeners established by this method are *global*
+           to all mappers, and are *not* garbage collected.   Only use
+           :meth:`.as_mutable` for types that are permanent to an application,
+           not with ad-hoc types else this will cause unbounded growth
+           in memory usage.
+
+        """
+        sqltype = types.to_instance(sqltype)
+
+        def listen_for_type(mapper, class_):
+            for prop in mapper.column_attrs:
+                if prop.columns[0].type is sqltype:
+                    cls.associate_with_attribute(getattr(class_, prop.key))
+
+        event.listen(mapper, 'mapper_configured', listen_for_type)
+
+        return sqltype
+
+
+class MutableComposite(MutableBase):
+    """Mixin that defines transparent propagation of change
+    events on a SQLAlchemy "composite" object to its
+    owning parent or parents.
+
+    See the example in :ref:`mutable_composites` for usage information.
+
+    """
+
+    def changed(self):
+        """Subclasses should call this method whenever change events occur."""
+
+        for parent, key in self._parents.items():
+
+            prop = object_mapper(parent).get_property(key)
+            for value, attr_name in zip(
+                    self.__composite_values__(),
+                    prop._attribute_keys):
+                setattr(parent, attr_name, value)
+
+
+def _setup_composite_listener():
+    def _listen_for_type(mapper, class_):
+        for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
+            if (hasattr(prop, 'composite_class') and
+                    isinstance(prop.composite_class, type) and
+                    issubclass(prop.composite_class, MutableComposite)):
+                prop.composite_class._listen_on_attribute(
+                    getattr(class_, prop.key), False, class_)
+    if not event.contains(Mapper, "mapper_configured", _listen_for_type):
+        event.listen(Mapper, 'mapper_configured', _listen_for_type)
+_setup_composite_listener()
+
+
+class MutableDict(Mutable, dict):
+    """A dictionary type that implements :class:`.Mutable`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    """
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        """Detect dictionary set events and emit change events."""
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, value):
+        result = dict.setdefault(self, key, value)
+        self.changed()
+        return result
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        """Detect dictionary del events and emit change events."""
+        dict.__delitem__(self, key)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def clear(self):
+        dict.clear(self)
+        self.changed()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, key, value):
+        """Convert plain dictionary to MutableDict."""
+        if not isinstance(value, MutableDict):
+            if isinstance(value, dict):
+                return MutableDict(value)
+            return Mutable.coerce(key, value)
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(self)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.update(state)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/orderinglist.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/orderinglist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67fda44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/orderinglist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+# ext/orderinglist.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""A custom list that manages index/position information for contained
+elements.
+
+:author: Jason Kirtland
+
+``orderinglist`` is a helper for mutable ordered relationships.  It will
+intercept list operations performed on a :func:`.relationship`-managed
+collection and
+automatically synchronize changes in list position onto a target scalar
+attribute.
+
+Example: A ``slide`` table, where each row refers to zero or more entries
+in a related ``bullet`` table.   The bullets within a slide are
+displayed in order based on the value of the ``position`` column in the
+``bullet`` table.   As entries are reordered in memory, the value of the
+``position`` attribute should be updated to reflect the new sort order::
+
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Slide(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'slide'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String)
+
+        bullets = relationship("Bullet", order_by="Bullet.position")
+
+    class Bullet(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'bullet'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        slide_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('slide.id'))
+        position = Column(Integer)
+        text = Column(String)
+
+The standard relationship mapping will produce a list-like attribute on each
+``Slide`` containing all related ``Bullet`` objects,
+but coping with changes in ordering is not handled automatically.
+When appending a ``Bullet`` into ``Slide.bullets``, the ``Bullet.position``
+attribute will remain unset until manually assigned.   When the ``Bullet``
+is inserted into the middle of the list, the following ``Bullet`` objects
+will also need to be renumbered.
+
+The :class:`.OrderingList` object automates this task, managing the
+``position`` attribute on all ``Bullet`` objects in the collection.  It is
+constructed using the :func:`.ordering_list` factory::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.orderinglist import ordering_list
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Slide(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'slide'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String)
+
+        bullets = relationship("Bullet", order_by="Bullet.position",
+                                collection_class=ordering_list('position'))
+
+    class Bullet(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'bullet'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        slide_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('slide.id'))
+        position = Column(Integer)
+        text = Column(String)
+
+With the above mapping the ``Bullet.position`` attribute is managed::
+
+    s = Slide()
+    s.bullets.append(Bullet())
+    s.bullets.append(Bullet())
+    s.bullets[1].position
+    >>> 1
+    s.bullets.insert(1, Bullet())
+    s.bullets[2].position
+    >>> 2
+
+The :class:`.OrderingList` construct only works with **changes** to a
+collection, and not the initial load from the database, and requires that the
+list be sorted when loaded.  Therefore, be sure to specify ``order_by`` on the
+:func:`.relationship` against the target ordering attribute, so that the
+ordering is correct when first loaded.
+
+.. warning::
+
+  :class:`.OrderingList` only provides limited functionality when a primary
+  key column or unique column is the target of the sort.  Operations
+  that are unsupported or are problematic include:
+
+    * two entries must trade values.  This is not supported directly in the
+      case of a primary key or unique constraint because it means at least
+      one row would need to be temporarily removed first, or changed to
+      a third, neutral value while the switch occurs.
+
+    * an entry must be deleted in order to make room for a new entry.
+      SQLAlchemy's unit of work performs all INSERTs before DELETEs within a
+      single flush.  In the case of a primary key, it will trade
+      an INSERT/DELETE of the same primary key for an UPDATE statement in order
+      to lessen the impact of this limitation, however this does not take place
+      for a UNIQUE column.
+      A future feature will allow the "DELETE before INSERT" behavior to be
+      possible, allevating this limitation, though this feature will require
+      explicit configuration at the mapper level for sets of columns that
+      are to be handled in this way.
+
+:func:`.ordering_list` takes the name of the related object's ordering
+attribute as an argument.  By default, the zero-based integer index of the
+object's position in the :func:`.ordering_list` is synchronized with the
+ordering attribute: index 0 will get position 0, index 1 position 1, etc.  To
+start numbering at 1 or some other integer, provide ``count_from=1``.
+
+
+"""
+from ..orm.collections import collection
+from .. import util
+
+__all__ = ['ordering_list']
+
+
+def ordering_list(attr, count_from=None, **kw):
+    """Prepares an :class:`OrderingList` factory for use in mapper definitions.
+
+    Returns an object suitable for use as an argument to a Mapper
+    relationship's ``collection_class`` option.  e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.orderinglist import ordering_list
+
+        class Slide(Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'slide'
+
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String)
+
+            bullets = relationship("Bullet", order_by="Bullet.position",
+                                    collection_class=ordering_list('position'))
+
+    :param attr:
+      Name of the mapped attribute to use for storage and retrieval of
+      ordering information
+
+    :param count_from:
+      Set up an integer-based ordering, starting at ``count_from``.  For
+      example, ``ordering_list('pos', count_from=1)`` would create a 1-based
+      list in SQL, storing the value in the 'pos' column.  Ignored if
+      ``ordering_func`` is supplied.
+
+    Additional arguments are passed to the :class:`.OrderingList` constructor.
+
+    """
+
+    kw = _unsugar_count_from(count_from=count_from, **kw)
+    return lambda: OrderingList(attr, **kw)
+
+
+# Ordering utility functions
+
+
+def count_from_0(index, collection):
+    """Numbering function: consecutive integers starting at 0."""
+
+    return index
+
+
+def count_from_1(index, collection):
+    """Numbering function: consecutive integers starting at 1."""
+
+    return index + 1
+
+
+def count_from_n_factory(start):
+    """Numbering function: consecutive integers starting at arbitrary start."""
+
+    def f(index, collection):
+        return index + start
+    try:
+        f.__name__ = 'count_from_%i' % start
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+    return f
+
+
+def _unsugar_count_from(**kw):
+    """Builds counting functions from keyword arguments.
+
+    Keyword argument filter, prepares a simple ``ordering_func`` from a
+    ``count_from`` argument, otherwise passes ``ordering_func`` on unchanged.
+    """
+
+    count_from = kw.pop('count_from', None)
+    if kw.get('ordering_func', None) is None and count_from is not None:
+        if count_from == 0:
+            kw['ordering_func'] = count_from_0
+        elif count_from == 1:
+            kw['ordering_func'] = count_from_1
+        else:
+            kw['ordering_func'] = count_from_n_factory(count_from)
+    return kw
+
+
+class OrderingList(list):
+    """A custom list that manages position information for its children.
+
+    The :class:`.OrderingList` object is normally set up using the
+    :func:`.ordering_list` factory function, used in conjunction with
+    the :func:`.relationship` function.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, ordering_attr=None, ordering_func=None,
+                 reorder_on_append=False):
+        """A custom list that manages position information for its children.
+
+        ``OrderingList`` is a ``collection_class`` list implementation that
+        syncs position in a Python list with a position attribute on the
+        mapped objects.
+
+        This implementation relies on the list starting in the proper order,
+        so be **sure** to put an ``order_by`` on your relationship.
+
+        :param ordering_attr:
+          Name of the attribute that stores the object's order in the
+          relationship.
+
+        :param ordering_func: Optional.  A function that maps the position in
+          the Python list to a value to store in the
+          ``ordering_attr``.  Values returned are usually (but need not be!)
+          integers.
+
+          An ``ordering_func`` is called with two positional parameters: the
+          index of the element in the list, and the list itself.
+
+          If omitted, Python list indexes are used for the attribute values.
+          Two basic pre-built numbering functions are provided in this module:
+          ``count_from_0`` and ``count_from_1``.  For more exotic examples
+          like stepped numbering, alphabetical and Fibonacci numbering, see
+          the unit tests.
+
+        :param reorder_on_append:
+          Default False.  When appending an object with an existing (non-None)
+          ordering value, that value will be left untouched unless
+          ``reorder_on_append`` is true.  This is an optimization to avoid a
+          variety of dangerous unexpected database writes.
+
+          SQLAlchemy will add instances to the list via append() when your
+          object loads.  If for some reason the result set from the database
+          skips a step in the ordering (say, row '1' is missing but you get
+          '2', '3', and '4'), reorder_on_append=True would immediately
+          renumber the items to '1', '2', '3'.  If you have multiple sessions
+          making changes, any of whom happen to load this collection even in
+          passing, all of the sessions would try to "clean up" the numbering
+          in their commits, possibly causing all but one to fail with a
+          concurrent modification error.
+
+          Recommend leaving this with the default of False, and just call
+          ``reorder()`` if you're doing ``append()`` operations with
+          previously ordered instances or when doing some housekeeping after
+          manual sql operations.
+
+        """
+        self.ordering_attr = ordering_attr
+        if ordering_func is None:
+            ordering_func = count_from_0
+        self.ordering_func = ordering_func
+        self.reorder_on_append = reorder_on_append
+
+    # More complex serialization schemes (multi column, e.g.) are possible by
+    # subclassing and reimplementing these two methods.
+    def _get_order_value(self, entity):
+        return getattr(entity, self.ordering_attr)
+
+    def _set_order_value(self, entity, value):
+        setattr(entity, self.ordering_attr, value)
+
+    def reorder(self):
+        """Synchronize ordering for the entire collection.
+
+        Sweeps through the list and ensures that each object has accurate
+        ordering information set.
+
+        """
+        for index, entity in enumerate(self):
+            self._order_entity(index, entity, True)
+
+    # As of 0.5, _reorder is no longer semi-private
+    _reorder = reorder
+
+    def _order_entity(self, index, entity, reorder=True):
+        have = self._get_order_value(entity)
+
+        # Don't disturb existing ordering if reorder is False
+        if have is not None and not reorder:
+            return
+
+        should_be = self.ordering_func(index, self)
+        if have != should_be:
+            self._set_order_value(entity, should_be)
+
+    def append(self, entity):
+        super(OrderingList, self).append(entity)
+        self._order_entity(len(self) - 1, entity, self.reorder_on_append)
+
+    def _raw_append(self, entity):
+        """Append without any ordering behavior."""
+
+        super(OrderingList, self).append(entity)
+    _raw_append = collection.adds(1)(_raw_append)
+
+    def insert(self, index, entity):
+        super(OrderingList, self).insert(index, entity)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def remove(self, entity):
+        super(OrderingList, self).remove(entity)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def pop(self, index=-1):
+        entity = super(OrderingList, self).pop(index)
+        self._reorder()
+        return entity
+
+    def __setitem__(self, index, entity):
+        if isinstance(index, slice):
+            step = index.step or 1
+            start = index.start or 0
+            if start < 0:
+                start += len(self)
+            stop = index.stop or len(self)
+            if stop < 0:
+                stop += len(self)
+
+            for i in range(start, stop, step):
+                self.__setitem__(i, entity[i])
+        else:
+            self._order_entity(index, entity, True)
+            super(OrderingList, self).__setitem__(index, entity)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, index):
+        super(OrderingList, self).__delitem__(index)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def __setslice__(self, start, end, values):
+        super(OrderingList, self).__setslice__(start, end, values)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def __delslice__(self, start, end):
+        super(OrderingList, self).__delslice__(start, end)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _reconstitute, (self.__class__, self.__dict__, list(self))
+
+    for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+        if (util.callable(func) and func.__name__ == func_name and
+                not func.__doc__ and hasattr(list, func_name)):
+            func.__doc__ = getattr(list, func_name).__doc__
+    del func_name, func
+
+
+def _reconstitute(cls, dict_, items):
+    """ Reconstitute an :class:`.OrderingList`.
+
+    This is the adjoint to :meth:`.OrderingList.__reduce__`.  It is used for
+    unpickling :class:`.OrderingList` objects.
+
+    """
+    obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+    obj.__dict__.update(dict_)
+    list.extend(obj, items)
+    return obj
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/serializer.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/serializer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf8d67d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/serializer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# ext/serializer.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Serializer/Deserializer objects for usage with SQLAlchemy query structures,
+allowing "contextual" deserialization.
+
+Any SQLAlchemy query structure, either based on sqlalchemy.sql.*
+or sqlalchemy.orm.* can be used.  The mappers, Tables, Columns, Session
+etc. which are referenced by the structure are not persisted in serialized
+form, but are instead re-associated with the query structure
+when it is deserialized.
+
+Usage is nearly the same as that of the standard Python pickle module::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.serializer import loads, dumps
+    metadata = MetaData(bind=some_engine)
+    Session = scoped_session(sessionmaker())
+
+    # ... define mappers
+
+    query = Session.query(MyClass).
+        filter(MyClass.somedata=='foo').order_by(MyClass.sortkey)
+
+    # pickle the query
+    serialized = dumps(query)
+
+    # unpickle.  Pass in metadata + scoped_session
+    query2 = loads(serialized, metadata, Session)
+
+    print query2.all()
+
+Similar restrictions as when using raw pickle apply; mapped classes must be
+themselves be pickleable, meaning they are importable from a module-level
+namespace.
+
+The serializer module is only appropriate for query structures.  It is not
+needed for:
+
+* instances of user-defined classes.   These contain no references to engines,
+  sessions or expression constructs in the typical case and can be serialized
+  directly.
+
+* Table metadata that is to be loaded entirely from the serialized structure
+  (i.e. is not already declared in the application).   Regular
+  pickle.loads()/dumps() can be used to fully dump any ``MetaData`` object,
+  typically one which was reflected from an existing database at some previous
+  point in time.  The serializer module is specifically for the opposite case,
+  where the Table metadata is already present in memory.
+
+"""
+
+from ..orm import class_mapper
+from ..orm.session import Session
+from ..orm.mapper import Mapper
+from ..orm.interfaces import MapperProperty
+from ..orm.attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from .. import Table, Column
+from ..engine import Engine
+from ..util import pickle, byte_buffer, b64encode, b64decode, text_type
+import re
+
+
+__all__ = ['Serializer', 'Deserializer', 'dumps', 'loads']
+
+
+def Serializer(*args, **kw):
+    pickler = pickle.Pickler(*args, **kw)
+
+    def persistent_id(obj):
+        # print "serializing:", repr(obj)
+        if isinstance(obj, QueryableAttribute):
+            cls = obj.impl.class_
+            key = obj.impl.key
+            id = "attribute:" + key + ":" + b64encode(pickle.dumps(cls))
+        elif isinstance(obj, Mapper) and not obj.non_primary:
+            id = "mapper:" + b64encode(pickle.dumps(obj.class_))
+        elif isinstance(obj, MapperProperty) and not obj.parent.non_primary:
+            id = "mapperprop:" + b64encode(pickle.dumps(obj.parent.class_)) + \
+                ":" + obj.key
+        elif isinstance(obj, Table):
+            id = "table:" + text_type(obj.key)
+        elif isinstance(obj, Column) and isinstance(obj.table, Table):
+            id = "column:" + \
+                text_type(obj.table.key) + ":" + text_type(obj.key)
+        elif isinstance(obj, Session):
+            id = "session:"
+        elif isinstance(obj, Engine):
+            id = "engine:"
+        else:
+            return None
+        return id
+
+    pickler.persistent_id = persistent_id
+    return pickler
+
+our_ids = re.compile(
+    r'(mapperprop|mapper|table|column|session|attribute|engine):(.*)')
+
+
+def Deserializer(file, metadata=None, scoped_session=None, engine=None):
+    unpickler = pickle.Unpickler(file)
+
+    def get_engine():
+        if engine:
+            return engine
+        elif scoped_session and scoped_session().bind:
+            return scoped_session().bind
+        elif metadata and metadata.bind:
+            return metadata.bind
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def persistent_load(id):
+        m = our_ids.match(text_type(id))
+        if not m:
+            return None
+        else:
+            type_, args = m.group(1, 2)
+            if type_ == 'attribute':
+                key, clsarg = args.split(":")
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(clsarg))
+                return getattr(cls, key)
+            elif type_ == "mapper":
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(args))
+                return class_mapper(cls)
+            elif type_ == "mapperprop":
+                mapper, keyname = args.split(':')
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(mapper))
+                return class_mapper(cls).attrs[keyname]
+            elif type_ == "table":
+                return metadata.tables[args]
+            elif type_ == "column":
+                table, colname = args.split(':')
+                return metadata.tables[table].c[colname]
+            elif type_ == "session":
+                return scoped_session()
+            elif type_ == "engine":
+                return get_engine()
+            else:
+                raise Exception("Unknown token: %s" % type_)
+    unpickler.persistent_load = persistent_load
+    return unpickler
+
+
+def dumps(obj, protocol=0):
+    buf = byte_buffer()
+    pickler = Serializer(buf, protocol)
+    pickler.dump(obj)
+    return buf.getvalue()
+
+
+def loads(data, metadata=None, scoped_session=None, engine=None):
+    buf = byte_buffer(data)
+    unpickler = Deserializer(buf, metadata, scoped_session, engine)
+    return unpickler.load()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/inspection.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/inspection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab9f2ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/inspection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# sqlalchemy/inspect.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The inspection module provides the :func:`.inspect` function,
+which delivers runtime information about a wide variety
+of SQLAlchemy objects, both within the Core as well as the
+ORM.
+
+The :func:`.inspect` function is the entry point to SQLAlchemy's
+public API for viewing the configuration and construction
+of in-memory objects.   Depending on the type of object
+passed to :func:`.inspect`, the return value will either be
+a related object which provides a known interface, or in many
+cases it will return the object itself.
+
+The rationale for :func:`.inspect` is twofold.  One is that
+it replaces the need to be aware of a large variety of "information
+getting" functions in SQLAlchemy, such as :meth:`.Inspector.from_engine`,
+:func:`.orm.attributes.instance_state`, :func:`.orm.class_mapper`,
+and others.    The other is that the return value of :func:`.inspect`
+is guaranteed to obey a documented API, thus allowing third party
+tools which build on top of SQLAlchemy configurations to be constructed
+in a forwards-compatible way.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8 The :func:`.inspect` system is introduced
+   as of version 0.8.
+
+"""
+
+from . import util, exc
+_registrars = util.defaultdict(list)
+
+
+def inspect(subject, raiseerr=True):
+    """Produce an inspection object for the given target.
+
+    The returned value in some cases may be the
+    same object as the one given, such as if a
+    :class:`.Mapper` object is passed.   In other
+    cases, it will be an instance of the registered
+    inspection type for the given object, such as
+    if an :class:`.engine.Engine` is passed, an
+    :class:`.Inspector` object is returned.
+
+    :param subject: the subject to be inspected.
+    :param raiseerr: When ``True``, if the given subject
+     does not
+     correspond to a known SQLAlchemy inspected type,
+     :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable`
+     is raised.  If ``False``, ``None`` is returned.
+
+     """
+    type_ = type(subject)
+    for cls in type_.__mro__:
+        if cls in _registrars:
+            reg = _registrars[cls]
+            if reg is True:
+                return subject
+            ret = reg(subject)
+            if ret is not None:
+                break
+    else:
+        reg = ret = None
+
+    if raiseerr and (
+            reg is None or ret is None
+            ):
+        raise exc.NoInspectionAvailable(
+            "No inspection system is "
+            "available for object of type %s" %
+            type_)
+    return ret
+
+
+def _inspects(*types):
+    def decorate(fn_or_cls):
+        for type_ in types:
+            if type_ in _registrars:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "Type %s is already "
+                    "registered" % type_)
+            _registrars[type_] = fn_or_cls
+        return fn_or_cls
+    return decorate
+
+
+def _self_inspects(cls):
+    _inspects(cls)(True)
+    return cls
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/interfaces.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae11d19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/interfaces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+# sqlalchemy/interfaces.py
+# Copyright (C) 2007-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+# Copyright (C) 2007 Jason Kirtland jek@discorporate.us
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Deprecated core event interfaces.
+
+This module is **deprecated** and is superseded by the
+event system.
+
+"""
+
+from . import event, util
+
+
+class PoolListener(object):
+    """Hooks into the lifecycle of connections in a :class:`.Pool`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       :class:`.PoolListener` is deprecated.   Please
+       refer to :class:`.PoolEvents`.
+
+    Usage::
+
+        class MyListener(PoolListener):
+            def connect(self, dbapi_con, con_record):
+                '''perform connect operations'''
+            # etc.
+
+        # create a new pool with a listener
+        p = QueuePool(..., listeners=[MyListener()])
+
+        # add a listener after the fact
+        p.add_listener(MyListener())
+
+        # usage with create_engine()
+        e = create_engine("url://", listeners=[MyListener()])
+
+    All of the standard connection :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool` types can
+    accept event listeners for key connection lifecycle events:
+    creation, pool check-out and check-in.  There are no events fired
+    when a connection closes.
+
+    For any given DB-API connection, there will be one ``connect``
+    event, `n` number of ``checkout`` events, and either `n` or `n - 1`
+    ``checkin`` events.  (If a ``Connection`` is detached from its
+    pool via the ``detach()`` method, it won't be checked back in.)
+
+    These are low-level events for low-level objects: raw Python
+    DB-API connections, without the conveniences of the SQLAlchemy
+    ``Connection`` wrapper, ``Dialect`` services or ``ClauseElement``
+    execution.  If you execute SQL through the connection, explicitly
+    closing all cursors and other resources is recommended.
+
+    Events also receive a ``_ConnectionRecord``, a long-lived internal
+    ``Pool`` object that basically represents a "slot" in the
+    connection pool.  ``_ConnectionRecord`` objects have one public
+    attribute of note: ``info``, a dictionary whose contents are
+    scoped to the lifetime of the DB-API connection managed by the
+    record.  You can use this shared storage area however you like.
+
+    There is no need to subclass ``PoolListener`` to handle events.
+    Any class that implements one or more of these methods can be used
+    as a pool listener.  The ``Pool`` will inspect the methods
+    provided by a listener object and add the listener to one or more
+    internal event queues based on its capabilities.  In terms of
+    efficiency and function call overhead, you're much better off only
+    providing implementations for the hooks you'll be using.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_listener(cls, self, listener):
+        """Adapt a :class:`.PoolListener` to individual
+        :class:`event.Dispatch` events.
+
+        """
+
+        listener = util.as_interface(listener,
+                                     methods=('connect', 'first_connect',
+                                              'checkout', 'checkin'))
+        if hasattr(listener, 'connect'):
+            event.listen(self, 'connect', listener.connect)
+        if hasattr(listener, 'first_connect'):
+            event.listen(self, 'first_connect', listener.first_connect)
+        if hasattr(listener, 'checkout'):
+            event.listen(self, 'checkout', listener.checkout)
+        if hasattr(listener, 'checkin'):
+            event.listen(self, 'checkin', listener.checkin)
+
+    def connect(self, dbapi_con, con_record):
+        """Called once for each new DB-API connection or Pool's ``creator()``.
+
+        dbapi_con
+          A newly connected raw DB-API connection (not a SQLAlchemy
+          ``Connection`` wrapper).
+
+        con_record
+          The ``_ConnectionRecord`` that persistently manages the connection
+
+        """
+
+    def first_connect(self, dbapi_con, con_record):
+        """Called exactly once for the first DB-API connection.
+
+        dbapi_con
+          A newly connected raw DB-API connection (not a SQLAlchemy
+          ``Connection`` wrapper).
+
+        con_record
+          The ``_ConnectionRecord`` that persistently manages the connection
+
+        """
+
+    def checkout(self, dbapi_con, con_record, con_proxy):
+        """Called when a connection is retrieved from the Pool.
+
+        dbapi_con
+          A raw DB-API connection
+
+        con_record
+          The ``_ConnectionRecord`` that persistently manages the connection
+
+        con_proxy
+          The ``_ConnectionFairy`` which manages the connection for the span of
+          the current checkout.
+
+        If you raise an ``exc.DisconnectionError``, the current
+        connection will be disposed and a fresh connection retrieved.
+        Processing of all checkout listeners will abort and restart
+        using the new connection.
+        """
+
+    def checkin(self, dbapi_con, con_record):
+        """Called when a connection returns to the pool.
+
+        Note that the connection may be closed, and may be None if the
+        connection has been invalidated.  ``checkin`` will not be called
+        for detached connections.  (They do not return to the pool.)
+
+        dbapi_con
+          A raw DB-API connection
+
+        con_record
+          The ``_ConnectionRecord`` that persistently manages the connection
+
+        """
+
+
+class ConnectionProxy(object):
+    """Allows interception of statement execution by Connections.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       :class:`.ConnectionProxy` is deprecated.   Please
+       refer to :class:`.ConnectionEvents`.
+
+    Either or both of the ``execute()`` and ``cursor_execute()``
+    may be implemented to intercept compiled statement and
+    cursor level executions, e.g.::
+
+        class MyProxy(ConnectionProxy):
+            def execute(self, conn, execute, clauseelement,
+                        *multiparams, **params):
+                print "compiled statement:", clauseelement
+                return execute(clauseelement, *multiparams, **params)
+
+            def cursor_execute(self, execute, cursor, statement,
+                               parameters, context, executemany):
+                print "raw statement:", statement
+                return execute(cursor, statement, parameters, context)
+
+    The ``execute`` argument is a function that will fulfill the default
+    execution behavior for the operation.  The signature illustrated
+    in the example should be used.
+
+    The proxy is installed into an :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` via
+    the ``proxy`` argument::
+
+        e = create_engine('someurl://', proxy=MyProxy())
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_listener(cls, self, listener):
+
+        def adapt_execute(conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params):
+
+            def execute_wrapper(clauseelement, *multiparams, **params):
+                return clauseelement, multiparams, params
+
+            return listener.execute(conn, execute_wrapper,
+                                    clauseelement, *multiparams,
+                                    **params)
+
+        event.listen(self, 'before_execute', adapt_execute)
+
+        def adapt_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement,
+                                 parameters, context, executemany):
+
+            def execute_wrapper(
+                cursor,
+                statement,
+                parameters,
+                context,
+            ):
+                return statement, parameters
+
+            return listener.cursor_execute(
+                execute_wrapper,
+                cursor,
+                statement,
+                parameters,
+                context,
+                executemany,
+                )
+
+        event.listen(self, 'before_cursor_execute', adapt_cursor_execute)
+
+        def do_nothing_callback(*arg, **kw):
+            pass
+
+        def adapt_listener(fn):
+
+            def go(conn, *arg, **kw):
+                fn(conn, do_nothing_callback, *arg, **kw)
+
+            return util.update_wrapper(go, fn)
+
+        event.listen(self, 'begin', adapt_listener(listener.begin))
+        event.listen(self, 'rollback',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.rollback))
+        event.listen(self, 'commit', adapt_listener(listener.commit))
+        event.listen(self, 'savepoint',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.savepoint))
+        event.listen(self, 'rollback_savepoint',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.rollback_savepoint))
+        event.listen(self, 'release_savepoint',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.release_savepoint))
+        event.listen(self, 'begin_twophase',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.begin_twophase))
+        event.listen(self, 'prepare_twophase',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.prepare_twophase))
+        event.listen(self, 'rollback_twophase',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.rollback_twophase))
+        event.listen(self, 'commit_twophase',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.commit_twophase))
+
+    def execute(self, conn, execute, clauseelement, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Intercept high level execute() events."""
+
+        return execute(clauseelement, *multiparams, **params)
+
+    def cursor_execute(self, execute, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                       context, executemany):
+        """Intercept low-level cursor execute() events."""
+
+        return execute(cursor, statement, parameters, context)
+
+    def begin(self, conn, begin):
+        """Intercept begin() events."""
+
+        return begin()
+
+    def rollback(self, conn, rollback):
+        """Intercept rollback() events."""
+
+        return rollback()
+
+    def commit(self, conn, commit):
+        """Intercept commit() events."""
+
+        return commit()
+
+    def savepoint(self, conn, savepoint, name=None):
+        """Intercept savepoint() events."""
+
+        return savepoint(name=name)
+
+    def rollback_savepoint(self, conn, rollback_savepoint, name, context):
+        """Intercept rollback_savepoint() events."""
+
+        return rollback_savepoint(name, context)
+
+    def release_savepoint(self, conn, release_savepoint, name, context):
+        """Intercept release_savepoint() events."""
+
+        return release_savepoint(name, context)
+
+    def begin_twophase(self, conn, begin_twophase, xid):
+        """Intercept begin_twophase() events."""
+
+        return begin_twophase(xid)
+
+    def prepare_twophase(self, conn, prepare_twophase, xid):
+        """Intercept prepare_twophase() events."""
+
+        return prepare_twophase(xid)
+
+    def rollback_twophase(self, conn, rollback_twophase, xid, is_prepared):
+        """Intercept rollback_twophase() events."""
+
+        return rollback_twophase(xid, is_prepared)
+
+    def commit_twophase(self, conn, commit_twophase, xid, is_prepared):
+        """Intercept commit_twophase() events."""
+
+        return commit_twophase(xid, is_prepared)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/log.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/log.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3c9ae0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/log.py
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+# sqlalchemy/log.py
+# Copyright (C) 2006-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+# Includes alterations by Vinay Sajip vinay_sajip@yahoo.co.uk
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Logging control and utilities.
+
+Control of logging for SA can be performed from the regular python logging
+module.  The regular dotted module namespace is used, starting at
+'sqlalchemy'.  For class-level logging, the class name is appended.
+
+The "echo" keyword parameter, available on SQLA :class:`.Engine`
+and :class:`.Pool` objects, corresponds to a logger specific to that
+instance only.
+
+"""
+
+import logging
+import sys
+
+# set initial level to WARN.  This so that
+# log statements don't occur in the absence of explicit
+# logging being enabled for 'sqlalchemy'.
+rootlogger = logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy')
+if rootlogger.level == logging.NOTSET:
+    rootlogger.setLevel(logging.WARN)
+
+
+def _add_default_handler(logger):
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
+    handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(
+        '%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(name)s %(message)s'))
+    logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+
+_logged_classes = set()
+
+
+def class_logger(cls):
+    logger = logging.getLogger(cls.__module__ + "." + cls.__name__)
+    cls._should_log_debug = lambda self: logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG)
+    cls._should_log_info = lambda self: logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO)
+    cls.logger = logger
+    _logged_classes.add(cls)
+    return cls
+
+
+class Identified(object):
+    logging_name = None
+
+    def _should_log_debug(self):
+        return self.logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG)
+
+    def _should_log_info(self):
+        return self.logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO)
+
+
+class InstanceLogger(object):
+    """A logger adapter (wrapper) for :class:`.Identified` subclasses.
+
+    This allows multiple instances (e.g. Engine or Pool instances)
+    to share a logger, but have its verbosity controlled on a
+    per-instance basis.
+
+    The basic functionality is to return a logging level
+    which is based on an instance's echo setting.
+
+    Default implementation is:
+
+    'debug' -> logging.DEBUG
+    True    -> logging.INFO
+    False   -> Effective level of underlying logger
+               (logging.WARNING by default)
+    None    -> same as False
+    """
+
+    # Map echo settings to logger levels
+    _echo_map = {
+        None: logging.NOTSET,
+        False: logging.NOTSET,
+        True: logging.INFO,
+        'debug': logging.DEBUG,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, echo, name):
+        self.echo = echo
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+
+        # if echo flag is enabled and no handlers,
+        # add a handler to the list
+        if self._echo_map[echo] <= logging.INFO \
+           and not self.logger.handlers:
+            _add_default_handler(self.logger)
+
+    #
+    # Boilerplate convenience methods
+    #
+    def debug(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Delegate a debug call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        self.log(logging.DEBUG, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def info(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Delegate an info call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        self.log(logging.INFO, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def warning(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Delegate a warning call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        self.log(logging.WARNING, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    warn = warning
+
+    def error(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Delegate an error call to the underlying logger.
+        """
+        self.log(logging.ERROR, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def exception(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Delegate an exception call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        kwargs["exc_info"] = 1
+        self.log(logging.ERROR, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def critical(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Delegate a critical call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        self.log(logging.CRITICAL, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def log(self, level, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Delegate a log call to the underlying logger.
+
+        The level here is determined by the echo
+        flag as well as that of the underlying logger, and
+        logger._log() is called directly.
+
+        """
+
+        # inline the logic from isEnabledFor(),
+        # getEffectiveLevel(), to avoid overhead.
+
+        if self.logger.manager.disable >= level:
+            return
+
+        selected_level = self._echo_map[self.echo]
+        if selected_level == logging.NOTSET:
+            selected_level = self.logger.getEffectiveLevel()
+
+        if level >= selected_level:
+            self.logger._log(level, msg, args, **kwargs)
+
+    def isEnabledFor(self, level):
+        """Is this logger enabled for level 'level'?"""
+
+        if self.logger.manager.disable >= level:
+            return False
+        return level >= self.getEffectiveLevel()
+
+    def getEffectiveLevel(self):
+        """What's the effective level for this logger?"""
+
+        level = self._echo_map[self.echo]
+        if level == logging.NOTSET:
+            level = self.logger.getEffectiveLevel()
+        return level
+
+
+def instance_logger(instance, echoflag=None):
+    """create a logger for an instance that implements :class:`.Identified`."""
+
+    if instance.logging_name:
+        name = "%s.%s.%s" % (instance.__class__.__module__,
+                             instance.__class__.__name__,
+                             instance.logging_name)
+    else:
+        name = "%s.%s" % (instance.__class__.__module__,
+                          instance.__class__.__name__)
+
+    instance._echo = echoflag
+
+    if echoflag in (False, None):
+        # if no echo setting or False, return a Logger directly,
+        # avoiding overhead of filtering
+        logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+    else:
+        # if a specified echo flag, return an EchoLogger,
+        # which checks the flag, overrides normal log
+        # levels by calling logger._log()
+        logger = InstanceLogger(echoflag, name)
+
+    instance.logger = logger
+
+
+class echo_property(object):
+    __doc__ = """\
+    When ``True``, enable log output for this element.
+
+    This has the effect of setting the Python logging level for the namespace
+    of this element's class and object reference.  A value of boolean ``True``
+    indicates that the loglevel ``logging.INFO`` will be set for the logger,
+    whereas the string value ``debug`` will set the loglevel to
+    ``logging.DEBUG``.
+    """
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return instance._echo
+
+    def __set__(self, instance, value):
+        instance_logger(instance, echoflag=value)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..741e79b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+# orm/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+Functional constructs for ORM configuration.
+
+See the SQLAlchemy object relational tutorial and mapper configuration
+documentation for an overview of how this module is used.
+
+"""
+
+from . import exc
+from .mapper import (
+    Mapper,
+    _mapper_registry,
+    class_mapper,
+    configure_mappers,
+    reconstructor,
+    validates
+)
+from .interfaces import (
+    EXT_CONTINUE,
+    EXT_STOP,
+    PropComparator,
+)
+from .deprecated_interfaces import (
+    MapperExtension,
+    SessionExtension,
+    AttributeExtension,
+)
+from .util import (
+    aliased,
+    join,
+    object_mapper,
+    outerjoin,
+    polymorphic_union,
+    was_deleted,
+    with_parent,
+    with_polymorphic,
+)
+from .properties import ColumnProperty
+from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+from .descriptor_props import (
+    ComparableProperty,
+    CompositeProperty,
+    SynonymProperty,
+)
+from .relationships import (
+    foreign,
+    remote,
+)
+from .session import (
+    Session,
+    object_session,
+    sessionmaker,
+    make_transient,
+    make_transient_to_detached
+)
+from .scoping import (
+    scoped_session
+)
+from . import mapper as mapperlib
+from .query import AliasOption, Query, Bundle
+from ..util.langhelpers import public_factory
+from .. import util as _sa_util
+from . import strategies as _strategies
+
+
+def create_session(bind=None, **kwargs):
+    """Create a new :class:`.Session`
+    with no automation enabled by default.
+
+    This function is used primarily for testing.   The usual
+    route to :class:`.Session` creation is via its constructor
+    or the :func:`.sessionmaker` function.
+
+    :param bind: optional, a single Connectable to use for all
+      database access in the created
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session`.
+
+    :param \*\*kwargs: optional, passed through to the
+      :class:`.Session` constructor.
+
+    :returns: an :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session` instance
+
+    The defaults of create_session() are the opposite of that of
+    :func:`sessionmaker`; ``autoflush`` and ``expire_on_commit`` are
+    False, ``autocommit`` is True.  In this sense the session acts
+    more like the "classic" SQLAlchemy 0.3 session with these.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import create_session
+      >>> session = create_session()
+
+    It is recommended to use :func:`sessionmaker` instead of
+    create_session().
+
+    """
+    kwargs.setdefault('autoflush', False)
+    kwargs.setdefault('autocommit', True)
+    kwargs.setdefault('expire_on_commit', False)
+    return Session(bind=bind, **kwargs)
+
+relationship = public_factory(RelationshipProperty, ".orm.relationship")
+
+
+def relation(*arg, **kw):
+    """A synonym for :func:`relationship`."""
+
+    return relationship(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+def dynamic_loader(argument, **kw):
+    """Construct a dynamically-loading mapper property.
+
+    This is essentially the same as
+    using the ``lazy='dynamic'`` argument with :func:`relationship`::
+
+        dynamic_loader(SomeClass)
+
+        # is the same as
+
+        relationship(SomeClass, lazy="dynamic")
+
+    See the section :ref:`dynamic_relationship` for more details
+    on dynamic loading.
+
+    """
+    kw['lazy'] = 'dynamic'
+    return relationship(argument, **kw)
+
+
+column_property = public_factory(ColumnProperty, ".orm.column_property")
+composite = public_factory(CompositeProperty, ".orm.composite")
+
+
+def backref(name, **kwargs):
+    """Create a back reference with explicit keyword arguments, which are the
+    same arguments one can send to :func:`relationship`.
+
+    Used with the ``backref`` keyword argument to :func:`relationship` in
+    place of a string argument, e.g.::
+
+        'items':relationship(
+            SomeItem, backref=backref('parent', lazy='subquery'))
+
+    """
+    return (name, kwargs)
+
+
+def deferred(*columns, **kw):
+    """Indicate a column-based mapped attribute that by default will
+    not load unless accessed.
+
+    :param \*columns: columns to be mapped.  This is typically a single
+     :class:`.Column` object, however a collection is supported in order
+     to support multiple columns mapped under the same attribute.
+
+    :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments passed to
+     :class:`.ColumnProperty`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`deferred`
+
+    """
+    return ColumnProperty(deferred=True, *columns, **kw)
+
+
+mapper = public_factory(Mapper, ".orm.mapper")
+
+synonym = public_factory(SynonymProperty, ".orm.synonym")
+
+comparable_property = public_factory(ComparableProperty,
+                                     ".orm.comparable_property")
+
+
+@_sa_util.deprecated("0.7", message=":func:`.compile_mappers` "
+                     "is renamed to :func:`.configure_mappers`")
+def compile_mappers():
+    """Initialize the inter-mapper relationships of all mappers that have
+    been defined.
+
+    """
+    configure_mappers()
+
+
+def clear_mappers():
+    """Remove all mappers from all classes.
+
+    This function removes all instrumentation from classes and disposes
+    of their associated mappers.  Once called, the classes are unmapped
+    and can be later re-mapped with new mappers.
+
+    :func:`.clear_mappers` is *not* for normal use, as there is literally no
+    valid usage for it outside of very specific testing scenarios. Normally,
+    mappers are permanent structural components of user-defined classes, and
+    are never discarded independently of their class.  If a mapped class
+    itself is garbage collected, its mapper is automatically disposed of as
+    well. As such, :func:`.clear_mappers` is only for usage in test suites
+    that re-use the same classes with different mappings, which is itself an
+    extremely rare use case - the only such use case is in fact SQLAlchemy's
+    own test suite, and possibly the test suites of other ORM extension
+    libraries which intend to test various combinations of mapper construction
+    upon a fixed set of classes.
+
+    """
+    mapperlib._CONFIGURE_MUTEX.acquire()
+    try:
+        while _mapper_registry:
+            try:
+                # can't even reliably call list(weakdict) in jython
+                mapper, b = _mapper_registry.popitem()
+                mapper.dispose()
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+    finally:
+        mapperlib._CONFIGURE_MUTEX.release()
+
+from . import strategy_options
+
+joinedload = strategy_options.joinedload._unbound_fn
+joinedload_all = strategy_options.joinedload._unbound_all_fn
+contains_eager = strategy_options.contains_eager._unbound_fn
+defer = strategy_options.defer._unbound_fn
+undefer = strategy_options.undefer._unbound_fn
+undefer_group = strategy_options.undefer_group._unbound_fn
+load_only = strategy_options.load_only._unbound_fn
+lazyload = strategy_options.lazyload._unbound_fn
+lazyload_all = strategy_options.lazyload_all._unbound_all_fn
+subqueryload = strategy_options.subqueryload._unbound_fn
+subqueryload_all = strategy_options.subqueryload_all._unbound_all_fn
+immediateload = strategy_options.immediateload._unbound_fn
+noload = strategy_options.noload._unbound_fn
+defaultload = strategy_options.defaultload._unbound_fn
+
+from .strategy_options import Load
+
+
+def eagerload(*args, **kwargs):
+    """A synonym for :func:`joinedload()`."""
+    return joinedload(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def eagerload_all(*args, **kwargs):
+    """A synonym for :func:`joinedload_all()`"""
+    return joinedload_all(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+contains_alias = public_factory(AliasOption, ".orm.contains_alias")
+
+
+def __go(lcls):
+    global __all__
+    from .. import util as sa_util
+    from . import dynamic
+    from . import events
+    import inspect as _inspect
+
+    __all__ = sorted(name for name, obj in lcls.items()
+                     if not (name.startswith('_') or _inspect.ismodule(obj)))
+
+    _sa_util.dependencies.resolve_all("sqlalchemy.orm")
+
+__go(locals())
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ffe5c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1578 @@
+# orm/attributes.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines instrumentation for class attributes and their interaction
+with instances.
+
+This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
+defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.
+
+
+"""
+
+import operator
+from .. import util, event, inspection
+from . import interfaces, collections, exc as orm_exc
+
+from .base import instance_state, instance_dict, manager_of_class
+
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_RESULT, ATTR_WAS_SET, ATTR_EMPTY, NO_VALUE,\
+    NEVER_SET, NO_CHANGE, CALLABLES_OK, SQL_OK, RELATED_OBJECT_OK,\
+    INIT_OK, NON_PERSISTENT_OK, LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED, PASSIVE_OFF,\
+    PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET, PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE, PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,\
+    PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED, PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT, NO_AUTOFLUSH
+from .base import state_str, instance_str
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class QueryableAttribute(interfaces._MappedAttribute,
+                         interfaces._InspectionAttr,
+                         interfaces.PropComparator):
+
+    """Base class for :term:`descriptor` objects that intercept
+    attribute events on behalf of a :class:`.MapperProperty`
+    object.  The actual :class:`.MapperProperty` is accessible
+    via the :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property`
+    attribute.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.InstrumentedAttribute`
+
+        :class:`.MapperProperty`
+
+        :attr:`.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+
+        :attr:`.Mapper.attrs`
+    """
+
+    is_attribute = True
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, key, impl=None,
+                 comparator=None, parententity=None,
+                 of_type=None):
+        self.class_ = class_
+        self.key = key
+        self.impl = impl
+        self.comparator = comparator
+        self._parententity = parententity
+        self._of_type = of_type
+
+        manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+        # manager is None in the case of AliasedClass
+        if manager:
+            # propagate existing event listeners from
+            # immediate superclass
+            for base in manager._bases:
+                if key in base:
+                    self.dispatch._update(base[key].dispatch)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _supports_population(self):
+        return self.impl.supports_population
+
+    def get_history(self, instance, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        return self.impl.get_history(instance_state(instance),
+                                     instance_dict(instance), passive)
+
+    def __selectable__(self):
+        # TODO: conditionally attach this method based on clause_element ?
+        return self
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        """Return the 'info' dictionary for the underlying SQL element.
+
+        The behavior here is as follows:
+
+        * If the attribute is a column-mapped property, i.e.
+          :class:`.ColumnProperty`, which is mapped directly
+          to a schema-level :class:`.Column` object, this attribute
+          will return the :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` dictionary associated
+          with the core-level :class:`.Column` object.
+
+        * If the attribute is a :class:`.ColumnProperty` but is mapped to
+          any other kind of SQL expression other than a :class:`.Column`,
+          the attribute will refer to the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
+          dictionary associated directly with the :class:`.ColumnProperty`,
+          assuming the SQL expression itself does not have its own ``.info``
+          attribute (which should be the case, unless a user-defined SQL
+          construct has defined one).
+
+        * If the attribute refers to any other kind of
+          :class:`.MapperProperty`, including :class:`.RelationshipProperty`,
+          the attribute will refer to the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
+          dictionary associated with that :class:`.MapperProperty`.
+
+        * To access the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` dictionary of the
+          :class:`.MapperProperty` unconditionally, including for a
+          :class:`.ColumnProperty` that's associated directly with a
+          :class:`.schema.Column`, the attribute can be referred to using
+          :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property` attribute, as
+          ``MyClass.someattribute.property.info``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`
+
+            :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
+
+        """
+        return self.comparator.info
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def parent(self):
+        """Return an inspection instance representing the parent.
+
+        This will be either an instance of :class:`.Mapper`
+        or :class:`.AliasedInsp`, depending upon the nature
+        of the parent entity which this attribute is associated
+        with.
+
+        """
+        return inspection.inspect(self._parententity)
+
+    @property
+    def expression(self):
+        return self.comparator.__clause_element__()
+
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        return self.comparator.__clause_element__()
+
+    def _query_clause_element(self):
+        """like __clause_element__(), but called specifically
+        by :class:`.Query` to allow special behavior."""
+
+        return self.comparator._query_clause_element()
+
+    def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
+        assert not self._of_type
+        return self.__class__(adapt_to_entity.entity,
+                              self.key, impl=self.impl,
+                              comparator=self.comparator.adapt_to_entity(
+                                  adapt_to_entity),
+                              parententity=adapt_to_entity)
+
+    def of_type(self, cls):
+        return QueryableAttribute(
+            self.class_,
+            self.key,
+            self.impl,
+            self.comparator.of_type(cls),
+            self._parententity,
+            of_type=cls)
+
+    def label(self, name):
+        return self._query_clause_element().label(name)
+
+    def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+        return op(self.comparator, *other, **kwargs)
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+        return op(other, self.comparator, **kwargs)
+
+    def hasparent(self, state, optimistic=False):
+        return self.impl.hasparent(state, optimistic=optimistic) is not False
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return getattr(self.comparator, key)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                'Neither %r object nor %r object associated with %s '
+                'has an attribute %r' % (
+                    type(self).__name__,
+                    type(self.comparator).__name__,
+                    self,
+                    key)
+            )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s.%s" % (self.class_.__name__, self.key)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def property(self):
+        """Return the :class:`.MapperProperty` associated with this
+        :class:`.QueryableAttribute`.
+
+
+        Return values here will commonly be instances of
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty` or :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+
+        """
+        return self.comparator.property
+
+
+class InstrumentedAttribute(QueryableAttribute):
+
+    """Class bound instrumented attribute which adds basic
+    :term:`descriptor` methods.
+
+    See :class:`.QueryableAttribute` for a description of most features.
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __set__(self, instance, value):
+        self.impl.set(instance_state(instance),
+                      instance_dict(instance), value, None)
+
+    def __delete__(self, instance):
+        self.impl.delete(instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance))
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+
+        dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
+        if self._supports_population and self.key in dict_:
+            return dict_[self.key]
+        else:
+            return self.impl.get(instance_state(instance), dict_)
+
+
+def create_proxied_attribute(descriptor):
+    """Create an QueryableAttribute / user descriptor hybrid.
+
+    Returns a new QueryableAttribute type that delegates descriptor
+    behavior and getattr() to the given descriptor.
+    """
+
+    # TODO: can move this to descriptor_props if the need for this
+    # function is removed from ext/hybrid.py
+
+    class Proxy(QueryableAttribute):
+
+        """Presents the :class:`.QueryableAttribute` interface as a
+        proxy on top of a Python descriptor / :class:`.PropComparator`
+        combination.
+
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, class_, key, descriptor,
+                     comparator,
+                     adapt_to_entity=None, doc=None,
+                     original_property=None):
+            self.class_ = class_
+            self.key = key
+            self.descriptor = descriptor
+            self.original_property = original_property
+            self._comparator = comparator
+            self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
+            self.__doc__ = doc
+
+        @property
+        def property(self):
+            return self.comparator.property
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def comparator(self):
+            if util.callable(self._comparator):
+                self._comparator = self._comparator()
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                self._comparator = self._comparator.adapt_to_entity(
+                    self._adapt_to_entity)
+            return self._comparator
+
+        def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
+            return self.__class__(adapt_to_entity.entity,
+                                  self.key,
+                                  self.descriptor,
+                                  self._comparator,
+                                  adapt_to_entity)
+
+        def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+            if instance is None:
+                return self
+            else:
+                return self.descriptor.__get__(instance, owner)
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            return "%s.%s" % (self.class_.__name__, self.key)
+
+        def __getattr__(self, attribute):
+            """Delegate __getattr__ to the original descriptor and/or
+            comparator."""
+
+            try:
+                return getattr(descriptor, attribute)
+            except AttributeError:
+                try:
+                    return getattr(self.comparator, attribute)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    raise AttributeError(
+                        'Neither %r object nor %r object associated with %s '
+                        'has an attribute %r' % (
+                            type(descriptor).__name__,
+                            type(self.comparator).__name__,
+                            self,
+                            attribute)
+                    )
+
+    Proxy.__name__ = type(descriptor).__name__ + 'Proxy'
+
+    util.monkeypatch_proxied_specials(Proxy, type(descriptor),
+                                      name='descriptor',
+                                      from_instance=descriptor)
+    return Proxy
+
+OP_REMOVE = util.symbol("REMOVE")
+OP_APPEND = util.symbol("APPEND")
+OP_REPLACE = util.symbol("REPLACE")
+
+
+class Event(object):
+
+    """A token propagated throughout the course of a chain of attribute
+    events.
+
+    Serves as an indicator of the source of the event and also provides
+    a means of controlling propagation across a chain of attribute
+    operations.
+
+    The :class:`.Event` object is sent as the ``initiator`` argument
+    when dealing with the :meth:`.AttributeEvents.append`,
+    :meth:`.AttributeEvents.set`,
+    and :meth:`.AttributeEvents.remove` events.
+
+    The :class:`.Event` object is currently interpreted by the backref
+    event handlers, and is used to control the propagation of operations
+    across two mutually-dependent attributes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    """
+
+    impl = None
+    """The :class:`.AttributeImpl` which is the current event initiator.
+    """
+
+    op = None
+    """The symbol :attr:`.OP_APPEND`, :attr:`.OP_REMOVE` or :attr:`.OP_REPLACE`,
+    indicating the source operation.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, attribute_impl, op):
+        self.impl = attribute_impl
+        self.op = op
+        self.parent_token = self.impl.parent_token
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        return self.impl.key
+
+    def hasparent(self, state):
+        return self.impl.hasparent(state)
+
+
+class AttributeImpl(object):
+
+    """internal implementation for instrumented attributes."""
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, key,
+                 callable_, dispatch, trackparent=False, extension=None,
+                 compare_function=None, active_history=False,
+                 parent_token=None, expire_missing=True,
+                 send_modified_events=True,
+                 **kwargs):
+        """Construct an AttributeImpl.
+
+        \class_
+          associated class
+
+        key
+          string name of the attribute
+
+        \callable_
+          optional function which generates a callable based on a parent
+          instance, which produces the "default" values for a scalar or
+          collection attribute when it's first accessed, if not present
+          already.
+
+        trackparent
+          if True, attempt to track if an instance has a parent attached
+          to it via this attribute.
+
+        extension
+          a single or list of AttributeExtension object(s) which will
+          receive set/delete/append/remove/etc. events.  Deprecated.
+          The event package is now used.
+
+        compare_function
+          a function that compares two values which are normally
+          assignable to this attribute.
+
+        active_history
+          indicates that get_history() should always return the "old" value,
+          even if it means executing a lazy callable upon attribute change.
+
+        parent_token
+          Usually references the MapperProperty, used as a key for
+          the hasparent() function to identify an "owning" attribute.
+          Allows multiple AttributeImpls to all match a single
+          owner attribute.
+
+        expire_missing
+          if False, don't add an "expiry" callable to this attribute
+          during state.expire_attributes(None), if no value is present
+          for this key.
+
+        send_modified_events
+          if False, the InstanceState._modified_event method will have no
+          effect; this means the attribute will never show up as changed in a
+          history entry.
+        """
+        self.class_ = class_
+        self.key = key
+        self.callable_ = callable_
+        self.dispatch = dispatch
+        self.trackparent = trackparent
+        self.parent_token = parent_token or self
+        self.send_modified_events = send_modified_events
+        if compare_function is None:
+            self.is_equal = operator.eq
+        else:
+            self.is_equal = compare_function
+
+        # TODO: pass in the manager here
+        # instead of doing a lookup
+        attr = manager_of_class(class_)[key]
+
+        for ext in util.to_list(extension or []):
+            ext._adapt_listener(attr, ext)
+
+        if active_history:
+            self.dispatch._active_history = True
+
+        self.expire_missing = expire_missing
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s.%s" % (self.class_.__name__, self.key)
+
+    def _get_active_history(self):
+        """Backwards compat for impl.active_history"""
+
+        return self.dispatch._active_history
+
+    def _set_active_history(self, value):
+        self.dispatch._active_history = value
+
+    active_history = property(_get_active_history, _set_active_history)
+
+    def hasparent(self, state, optimistic=False):
+        """Return the boolean value of a `hasparent` flag attached to
+        the given state.
+
+        The `optimistic` flag determines what the default return value
+        should be if no `hasparent` flag can be located.
+
+        As this function is used to determine if an instance is an
+        *orphan*, instances that were loaded from storage should be
+        assumed to not be orphans, until a True/False value for this
+        flag is set.
+
+        An instance attribute that is loaded by a callable function
+        will also not have a `hasparent` flag.
+
+        """
+        msg = "This AttributeImpl is not configured to track parents."
+        assert self.trackparent, msg
+
+        return state.parents.get(id(self.parent_token), optimistic) \
+            is not False
+
+    def sethasparent(self, state, parent_state, value):
+        """Set a boolean flag on the given item corresponding to
+        whether or not it is attached to a parent object via the
+        attribute represented by this ``InstrumentedAttribute``.
+
+        """
+        msg = "This AttributeImpl is not configured to track parents."
+        assert self.trackparent, msg
+
+        id_ = id(self.parent_token)
+        if value:
+            state.parents[id_] = parent_state
+        else:
+            if id_ in state.parents:
+                last_parent = state.parents[id_]
+
+                if last_parent is not False and \
+                        last_parent.key != parent_state.key:
+
+                    if last_parent.obj() is None:
+                        raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                            "Removing state %s from parent "
+                            "state %s along attribute '%s', "
+                            "but the parent record "
+                            "has gone stale, can't be sure this "
+                            "is the most recent parent." %
+                            (state_str(state),
+                             state_str(parent_state),
+                             self.key))
+
+                    return
+
+            state.parents[id_] = False
+
+    def set_callable(self, state, callable_):
+        """Set a callable function for this attribute on the given object.
+
+        This callable will be executed when the attribute is next
+        accessed, and is assumed to construct part of the instances
+        previously stored state. When its value or values are loaded,
+        they will be established as part of the instance's *committed
+        state*.  While *trackparent* information will be assembled for
+        these instances, attribute-level event handlers will not be
+        fired.
+
+        The callable overrides the class level callable set in the
+        ``InstrumentedAttribute`` constructor.
+
+        """
+        state.callables[self.key] = callable_
+
+    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_all_pending(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
+        """Return a list of tuples of (state, obj)
+        for all objects in this attribute's current state
+        + history.
+
+        Only applies to object-based attributes.
+
+        This is an inlining of existing functionality
+        which roughly corresponds to:
+
+            get_state_history(
+                        state,
+                        key,
+                        passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE).sum()
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def initialize(self, state, dict_):
+        """Initialize the given state's attribute with an empty value."""
+
+        dict_[self.key] = None
+        return None
+
+    def get(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        """Retrieve a value from the given object.
+        If a callable is assembled on this object's attribute, and
+        passive is False, the callable will be executed and the
+        resulting value will be set as the new value for this attribute.
+        """
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            return dict_[self.key]
+        else:
+            # if history present, don't load
+            key = self.key
+            if key not in state.committed_state or \
+                    state.committed_state[key] is NEVER_SET:
+                if not passive & CALLABLES_OK:
+                    return PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+                if key in state.callables:
+                    callable_ = state.callables[key]
+                    value = callable_(state, passive)
+                elif self.callable_:
+                    value = self.callable_(state, passive)
+                else:
+                    value = ATTR_EMPTY
+
+                if value is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or value is NEVER_SET:
+                    return value
+                elif value is ATTR_WAS_SET:
+                    try:
+                        return dict_[key]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        # TODO: no test coverage here.
+                        raise KeyError(
+                            "Deferred loader for attribute "
+                            "%r failed to populate "
+                            "correctly" % key)
+                elif value is not ATTR_EMPTY:
+                    return self.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)
+
+            if not passive & INIT_OK:
+                return NEVER_SET
+            else:
+                # Return a new, empty value
+                return self.initialize(state, dict_)
+
+    def append(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        self.set(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
+
+    def remove(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        self.set(state, dict_, None, initiator,
+                 passive=passive, check_old=value)
+
+    def pop(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        self.set(state, dict_, None, initiator,
+                 passive=passive, check_old=value, pop=True)
+
+    def set(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+            passive=PASSIVE_OFF, check_old=None, pop=False):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_committed_value(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        """return the unchanged value of this attribute"""
+
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            value = state.committed_state[self.key]
+            if value is NO_VALUE:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return value
+        else:
+            return self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    def set_committed_value(self, state, dict_, value):
+        """set an attribute value on the given instance and 'commit' it."""
+
+        dict_[self.key] = value
+        state._commit(dict_, [self.key])
+        return value
+
+
+class ScalarAttributeImpl(AttributeImpl):
+
+    """represents a scalar value-holding InstrumentedAttribute."""
+
+    accepts_scalar_loader = True
+    uses_objects = False
+    supports_population = True
+    collection = False
+
+    def delete(self, state, dict_):
+
+        # TODO: catch key errors, convert to attributeerror?
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(state, dict_, PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET)
+        else:
+            old = dict_.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+        if self.dispatch.remove:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, old, self._remove_token)
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old)
+        del dict_[self.key]
+
+    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            return History.from_scalar_attribute(self, state, dict_[self.key])
+        else:
+            if passive & INIT_OK:
+                passive ^= INIT_OK
+            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return HISTORY_BLANK
+            else:
+                return History.from_scalar_attribute(self, state, current)
+
+    def set(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+            passive=PASSIVE_OFF, check_old=None, pop=False):
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(state, dict_, PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET)
+        else:
+            old = dict_.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+        if self.dispatch.set:
+            value = self.fire_replace_event(state, dict_,
+                                            value, old, initiator)
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old)
+        dict_[self.key] = value
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _replace_token(self):
+        return Event(self, OP_REPLACE)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _append_token(self):
+        return Event(self, OP_REPLACE)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _remove_token(self):
+        return Event(self, OP_REMOVE)
+
+    def fire_replace_event(self, state, dict_, value, previous, initiator):
+        for fn in self.dispatch.set:
+            value = fn(
+                state, value, previous, initiator or self._replace_token)
+        return value
+
+    def fire_remove_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator):
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        self.property.columns[0].type
+
+
+class ScalarObjectAttributeImpl(ScalarAttributeImpl):
+
+    """represents a scalar-holding InstrumentedAttribute,
+       where the target object is also instrumented.
+
+       Adds events to delete/set operations.
+
+    """
+
+    accepts_scalar_loader = False
+    uses_objects = True
+    supports_population = True
+    collection = False
+
+    def delete(self, state, dict_):
+        old = self.get(state, dict_)
+        self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, old, self._remove_token)
+        del dict_[self.key]
+
+    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            return History.from_object_attribute(self, state, dict_[self.key])
+        else:
+            if passive & INIT_OK:
+                passive ^= INIT_OK
+            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return HISTORY_BLANK
+            else:
+                return History.from_object_attribute(self, state, current)
+
+    def get_all_pending(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            current = dict_[self.key]
+        elif passive & CALLABLES_OK:
+            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+        else:
+            return []
+
+        # can't use __hash__(), can't use __eq__() here
+        if current is not None and \
+                current is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                current is not NEVER_SET:
+            ret = [(instance_state(current), current)]
+        else:
+            ret = [(None, None)]
+
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            original = state.committed_state[self.key]
+            if original is not None and \
+                    original is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                    original is not NEVER_SET and \
+                    original is not current:
+
+                ret.append((instance_state(original), original))
+        return ret
+
+    def set(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+            passive=PASSIVE_OFF, check_old=None, pop=False):
+        """Set a value on the given InstanceState.
+
+        """
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(
+                state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT | NO_AUTOFLUSH)
+        else:
+            # would like to call with PASSIVE_NO_FETCH ^ INIT_OK.  However,
+            # we have a long-standing behavior that a "get()" on never set
+            # should implicitly set the value to None.  Leaving INIT_OK
+            # set here means we are consistent whether or not we did a get
+            # first.
+            # see test_use_object_set_None vs.
+            # test_use_object_get_first_set_None in test_attributes.py
+            old = self.get(state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH)
+
+        if check_old is not None and \
+                old is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                check_old is not old:
+            if pop:
+                return
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Object %s not associated with %s on attribute '%s'" % (
+                        instance_str(check_old),
+                        state_str(state),
+                        self.key
+                    ))
+
+        value = self.fire_replace_event(state, dict_, value, old, initiator)
+        dict_[self.key] = value
+
+    def fire_remove_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator):
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, value)
+
+    def fire_replace_event(self, state, dict_, value, previous, initiator):
+        if self.trackparent:
+            if (previous is not value and
+                    previous not in (None, PASSIVE_NO_RESULT, NEVER_SET)):
+                self.sethasparent(instance_state(previous), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.set:
+            value = fn(
+                state, value, previous, initiator or self._replace_token)
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, previous)
+
+        if self.trackparent:
+            if value is not None:
+                self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, True)
+
+        return value
+
+
+class CollectionAttributeImpl(AttributeImpl):
+
+    """A collection-holding attribute that instruments changes in membership.
+
+    Only handles collections of instrumented objects.
+
+    InstrumentedCollectionAttribute holds an arbitrary, user-specified
+    container object (defaulting to a list) and brokers access to the
+    CollectionAdapter, a "view" onto that object that presents consistent bag
+    semantics to the orm layer independent of the user data implementation.
+
+    """
+    accepts_scalar_loader = False
+    uses_objects = True
+    supports_population = True
+    collection = True
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, key, callable_, dispatch,
+                 typecallable=None, trackparent=False, extension=None,
+                 copy_function=None, compare_function=None, **kwargs):
+        super(CollectionAttributeImpl, self).__init__(
+            class_,
+            key,
+            callable_, dispatch,
+            trackparent=trackparent,
+            extension=extension,
+            compare_function=compare_function,
+            **kwargs)
+
+        if copy_function is None:
+            copy_function = self.__copy
+        self.copy = copy_function
+        self.collection_factory = typecallable
+
+    def __copy(self, item):
+        return [y for y in collections.collection_adapter(item)]
+
+    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+        if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            return HISTORY_BLANK
+        else:
+            return History.from_collection(self, state, current)
+
+    def get_all_pending(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
+        # NOTE: passive is ignored here at the moment
+
+        if self.key not in dict_:
+            return []
+
+        current = dict_[self.key]
+        current = getattr(current, '_sa_adapter')
+
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            original = state.committed_state[self.key]
+            if original not in (NO_VALUE, NEVER_SET):
+                current_states = [((c is not None) and
+                                   instance_state(c) or None, c)
+                                  for c in current]
+                original_states = [((c is not None) and
+                                    instance_state(c) or None, c)
+                                   for c in original]
+
+                current_set = dict(current_states)
+                original_set = dict(original_states)
+
+                return \
+                    [(s, o) for s, o in current_states
+                        if s not in original_set] + \
+                    [(s, o) for s, o in current_states
+                        if s in original_set] + \
+                    [(s, o) for s, o in original_states
+                        if s not in current_set]
+
+        return [(instance_state(o), o) for o in current]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _append_token(self):
+        return Event(self, OP_APPEND)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _remove_token(self):
+        return Event(self, OP_REMOVE)
+
+    def fire_append_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator):
+        for fn in self.dispatch.append:
+            value = fn(state, value, initiator or self._append_token)
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET, True)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, True)
+
+        return value
+
+    def fire_pre_remove_event(self, state, dict_, initiator):
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET, True)
+
+    def fire_remove_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator):
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET, True)
+
+    def delete(self, state, dict_):
+        if self.key not in dict_:
+            return
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET, True)
+
+        collection = self.get_collection(state, state.dict)
+        collection.clear_with_event()
+        # TODO: catch key errors, convert to attributeerror?
+        del dict_[self.key]
+
+    def initialize(self, state, dict_):
+        """Initialize this attribute with an empty collection."""
+
+        _, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
+        dict_[self.key] = user_data
+        return user_data
+
+    def _initialize_collection(self, state):
+        return state.manager.initialize_collection(
+            self.key, state, self.collection_factory)
+
+    def append(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        collection = self.get_collection(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+        if collection is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            value = self.fire_append_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+            assert self.key not in dict_, \
+                "Collection was loaded during event handling."
+            state._get_pending_mutation(self.key).append(value)
+        else:
+            collection.append_with_event(value, initiator)
+
+    def remove(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        collection = self.get_collection(state, state.dict, passive=passive)
+        if collection is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+            assert self.key not in dict_, \
+                "Collection was loaded during event handling."
+            state._get_pending_mutation(self.key).remove(value)
+        else:
+            collection.remove_with_event(value, initiator)
+
+    def pop(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        try:
+            # TODO: better solution here would be to add
+            # a "popper" role to collections.py to complement
+            # "remover".
+            self.remove(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
+        except (ValueError, KeyError, IndexError):
+            pass
+
+    def set(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+            passive=PASSIVE_OFF, pop=False):
+        """Set a value on the given object.
+
+        """
+
+        self._set_iterable(
+            state, dict_, value,
+            lambda adapter, i: adapter.adapt_like_to_iterable(i))
+
+    def _set_iterable(self, state, dict_, iterable, adapter=None):
+        """Set a collection value from an iterable of state-bearers.
+
+        ``adapter`` is an optional callable invoked with a CollectionAdapter
+        and the iterable.  Should return an iterable of state-bearing
+        instances suitable for appending via a CollectionAdapter.  Can be used
+        for, e.g., adapting an incoming dictionary into an iterator of values
+        rather than keys.
+
+        """
+        # pulling a new collection first so that an adaptation exception does
+        # not trigger a lazy load of the old collection.
+        new_collection, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
+        if adapter:
+            new_values = list(adapter(new_collection, iterable))
+        else:
+            new_values = list(iterable)
+
+        old = self.get(state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT)
+        if old is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            old = self.initialize(state, dict_)
+        elif old is iterable:
+            # ignore re-assignment of the current collection, as happens
+            # implicitly with in-place operators (foo.collection |= other)
+            return
+
+        # place a copy of "old" in state.committed_state
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old, True)
+
+        old_collection = getattr(old, '_sa_adapter')
+
+        dict_[self.key] = user_data
+
+        collections.bulk_replace(new_values, old_collection, new_collection)
+        old_collection.unlink(old)
+
+    def _invalidate_collection(self, collection):
+        adapter = getattr(collection, '_sa_adapter')
+        adapter.invalidated = True
+
+    def set_committed_value(self, state, dict_, value):
+        """Set an attribute value on the given instance and 'commit' it."""
+
+        collection, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
+
+        if value:
+            collection.append_multiple_without_event(value)
+
+        state.dict[self.key] = user_data
+
+        state._commit(dict_, [self.key])
+
+        if self.key in state._pending_mutations:
+            # pending items exist.  issue a modified event,
+            # add/remove new items.
+            state._modified_event(dict_, self, user_data, True)
+
+            pending = state._pending_mutations.pop(self.key)
+            added = pending.added_items
+            removed = pending.deleted_items
+            for item in added:
+                collection.append_without_event(item)
+            for item in removed:
+                collection.remove_without_event(item)
+
+        return user_data
+
+    def get_collection(self, state, dict_,
+                       user_data=None, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        """Retrieve the CollectionAdapter associated with the given state.
+
+        Creates a new CollectionAdapter if one does not exist.
+
+        """
+        if user_data is None:
+            user_data = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            if user_data is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return user_data
+
+        return getattr(user_data, '_sa_adapter')
+
+
+def backref_listeners(attribute, key, uselist):
+    """Apply listeners to synchronize a two-way relationship."""
+
+    # use easily recognizable names for stack traces
+
+    parent_token = attribute.impl.parent_token
+    parent_impl = attribute.impl
+
+    def _acceptable_key_err(child_state, initiator, child_impl):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Bidirectional attribute conflict detected: "
+            'Passing object %s to attribute "%s" '
+            'triggers a modify event on attribute "%s" '
+            'via the backref "%s".' % (
+                state_str(child_state),
+                initiator.parent_token,
+                child_impl.parent_token,
+                attribute.impl.parent_token
+            )
+        )
+
+    def emit_backref_from_scalar_set_event(state, child, oldchild, initiator):
+        if oldchild is child:
+            return child
+        if oldchild is not None and \
+                oldchild is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                oldchild is not NEVER_SET:
+            # With lazy=None, there's no guarantee that the full collection is
+            # present when updating via a backref.
+            old_state, old_dict = instance_state(oldchild),\
+                instance_dict(oldchild)
+            impl = old_state.manager[key].impl
+
+            if initiator.impl is not impl or \
+                    initiator.op not in (OP_REPLACE, OP_REMOVE):
+                impl.pop(old_state,
+                         old_dict,
+                         state.obj(),
+                         parent_impl._append_token,
+                         passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH)
+
+        if child is not None:
+            child_state, child_dict = instance_state(child),\
+                instance_dict(child)
+            child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl
+            if initiator.parent_token is not parent_token and \
+                    initiator.parent_token is not child_impl.parent_token:
+                _acceptable_key_err(state, initiator, child_impl)
+            elif initiator.impl is not child_impl or \
+                    initiator.op not in (OP_APPEND, OP_REPLACE):
+                child_impl.append(
+                    child_state,
+                    child_dict,
+                    state.obj(),
+                    initiator,
+                    passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH)
+        return child
+
+    def emit_backref_from_collection_append_event(state, child, initiator):
+        if child is None:
+            return
+
+        child_state, child_dict = instance_state(child), \
+            instance_dict(child)
+        child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl
+
+        if initiator.parent_token is not parent_token and \
+                initiator.parent_token is not child_impl.parent_token:
+            _acceptable_key_err(state, initiator, child_impl)
+        elif initiator.impl is not child_impl or \
+                initiator.op not in (OP_APPEND, OP_REPLACE):
+            child_impl.append(
+                child_state,
+                child_dict,
+                state.obj(),
+                initiator,
+                passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH)
+        return child
+
+    def emit_backref_from_collection_remove_event(state, child, initiator):
+        if child is not None:
+            child_state, child_dict = instance_state(child),\
+                instance_dict(child)
+            child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl
+            if initiator.impl is not child_impl or \
+                    initiator.op not in (OP_REMOVE, OP_REPLACE):
+                child_impl.pop(
+                    child_state,
+                    child_dict,
+                    state.obj(),
+                    initiator,
+                    passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH)
+
+    if uselist:
+        event.listen(attribute, "append",
+                     emit_backref_from_collection_append_event,
+                     retval=True, raw=True)
+    else:
+        event.listen(attribute, "set",
+                     emit_backref_from_scalar_set_event,
+                     retval=True, raw=True)
+    # TODO: need coverage in test/orm/ of remove event
+    event.listen(attribute, "remove",
+                 emit_backref_from_collection_remove_event,
+                 retval=True, raw=True)
+
+_NO_HISTORY = util.symbol('NO_HISTORY')
+_NO_STATE_SYMBOLS = frozenset([
+    id(PASSIVE_NO_RESULT),
+    id(NO_VALUE),
+    id(NEVER_SET)])
+
+History = util.namedtuple("History", [
+    "added", "unchanged", "deleted"
+])
+
+
+class History(History):
+
+    """A 3-tuple of added, unchanged and deleted values,
+    representing the changes which have occurred on an instrumented
+    attribute.
+
+    The easiest way to get a :class:`.History` object for a particular
+    attribute on an object is to use the :func:`.inspect` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+        hist = inspect(myobject).attrs.myattribute.history
+
+    Each tuple member is an iterable sequence:
+
+    * ``added`` - the collection of items added to the attribute (the first
+      tuple element).
+
+    * ``unchanged`` - the collection of items that have not changed on the
+      attribute (the second tuple element).
+
+    * ``deleted`` - the collection of items that have been removed from the
+      attribute (the third tuple element).
+
+    """
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return self != HISTORY_BLANK
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def empty(self):
+        """Return True if this :class:`.History` has no changes
+        and no existing, unchanged state.
+
+        """
+
+        return not bool(
+            (self.added or self.deleted)
+            or self.unchanged
+        )
+
+    def sum(self):
+        """Return a collection of added + unchanged + deleted."""
+
+        return (self.added or []) +\
+            (self.unchanged or []) +\
+            (self.deleted or [])
+
+    def non_deleted(self):
+        """Return a collection of added + unchanged."""
+
+        return (self.added or []) +\
+            (self.unchanged or [])
+
+    def non_added(self):
+        """Return a collection of unchanged + deleted."""
+
+        return (self.unchanged or []) +\
+            (self.deleted or [])
+
+    def has_changes(self):
+        """Return True if this :class:`.History` has changes."""
+
+        return bool(self.added or self.deleted)
+
+    def as_state(self):
+        return History(
+            [(c is not None)
+             and instance_state(c) or None
+             for c in self.added],
+            [(c is not None)
+             and instance_state(c) or None
+             for c in self.unchanged],
+            [(c is not None)
+             and instance_state(c) or None
+             for c in self.deleted],
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_scalar_attribute(cls, attribute, state, current):
+        original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+
+        if original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            if current is NEVER_SET:
+                return cls((), (), ())
+            else:
+                return cls((), [current], ())
+        # don't let ClauseElement expressions here trip things up
+        elif attribute.is_equal(current, original) is True:
+            return cls((), [current], ())
+        else:
+            # current convention on native scalars is to not
+            # include information
+            # about missing previous value in "deleted", but
+            # we do include None, which helps in some primary
+            # key situations
+            if id(original) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS:
+                deleted = ()
+            else:
+                deleted = [original]
+            if current is NEVER_SET:
+                return cls((), (), deleted)
+            else:
+                return cls([current], (), deleted)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_object_attribute(cls, attribute, state, current):
+        original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+
+        if original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            if current is NO_VALUE or current is NEVER_SET:
+                return cls((), (), ())
+            else:
+                return cls((), [current], ())
+        elif current is original:
+            return cls((), [current], ())
+        else:
+            # current convention on related objects is to not
+            # include information
+            # about missing previous value in "deleted", and
+            # to also not include None - the dependency.py rules
+            # ignore the None in any case.
+            if id(original) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS or original is None:
+                deleted = ()
+            else:
+                deleted = [original]
+            if current is NO_VALUE or current is NEVER_SET:
+                return cls((), (), deleted)
+            else:
+                return cls([current], (), deleted)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_collection(cls, attribute, state, current):
+        original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+
+        if current is NO_VALUE or current is NEVER_SET:
+            return cls((), (), ())
+
+        current = getattr(current, '_sa_adapter')
+        if original in (NO_VALUE, NEVER_SET):
+            return cls(list(current), (), ())
+        elif original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            return cls((), list(current), ())
+        else:
+
+            current_states = [((c is not None) and instance_state(c)
+                               or None, c)
+                              for c in current
+                              ]
+            original_states = [((c is not None) and instance_state(c)
+                                or None, c)
+                               for c in original
+                               ]
+
+            current_set = dict(current_states)
+            original_set = dict(original_states)
+
+            return cls(
+                [o for s, o in current_states if s not in original_set],
+                [o for s, o in current_states if s in original_set],
+                [o for s, o in original_states if s not in current_set]
+            )
+
+HISTORY_BLANK = History(None, None, None)
+
+
+def get_history(obj, key, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+    """Return a :class:`.History` record for the given object
+    and attribute key.
+
+    :param obj: an object whose class is instrumented by the
+      attributes package.
+
+    :param key: string attribute name.
+
+    :param passive: indicates loading behavior for the attribute
+       if the value is not already present.   This is a
+       bitflag attribute, which defaults to the symbol
+       :attr:`.PASSIVE_OFF` indicating all necessary SQL
+       should be emitted.
+
+    """
+    if passive is True:
+        util.warn_deprecated("Passing True for 'passive' is deprecated. "
+                             "Use attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE")
+        passive = PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+    elif passive is False:
+        util.warn_deprecated("Passing False for 'passive' is "
+                             "deprecated.  Use attributes.PASSIVE_OFF")
+        passive = PASSIVE_OFF
+
+    return get_state_history(instance_state(obj), key, passive)
+
+
+def get_state_history(state, key, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+    return state.get_history(key, passive)
+
+
+def has_parent(cls, obj, key, optimistic=False):
+    """TODO"""
+    manager = manager_of_class(cls)
+    state = instance_state(obj)
+    return manager.has_parent(state, key, optimistic)
+
+
+def register_attribute(class_, key, **kw):
+    comparator = kw.pop('comparator', None)
+    parententity = kw.pop('parententity', None)
+    doc = kw.pop('doc', None)
+    desc = register_descriptor(class_, key,
+                               comparator, parententity, doc=doc)
+    register_attribute_impl(class_, key, **kw)
+    return desc
+
+
+def register_attribute_impl(class_, key,
+                            uselist=False, callable_=None,
+                            useobject=False,
+                            impl_class=None, backref=None, **kw):
+
+    manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+    if uselist:
+        factory = kw.pop('typecallable', None)
+        typecallable = manager.instrument_collection_class(
+            key, factory or list)
+    else:
+        typecallable = kw.pop('typecallable', None)
+
+    dispatch = manager[key].dispatch
+
+    if impl_class:
+        impl = impl_class(class_, key, typecallable, dispatch, **kw)
+    elif uselist:
+        impl = CollectionAttributeImpl(class_, key, callable_, dispatch,
+                                       typecallable=typecallable, **kw)
+    elif useobject:
+        impl = ScalarObjectAttributeImpl(class_, key, callable_,
+                                         dispatch, **kw)
+    else:
+        impl = ScalarAttributeImpl(class_, key, callable_, dispatch, **kw)
+
+    manager[key].impl = impl
+
+    if backref:
+        backref_listeners(manager[key], backref, uselist)
+
+    manager.post_configure_attribute(key)
+    return manager[key]
+
+
+def register_descriptor(class_, key, comparator=None,
+                        parententity=None, doc=None):
+    manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+
+    descriptor = InstrumentedAttribute(class_, key, comparator=comparator,
+                                       parententity=parententity)
+
+    descriptor.__doc__ = doc
+
+    manager.instrument_attribute(key, descriptor)
+    return descriptor
+
+
+def unregister_attribute(class_, key):
+    manager_of_class(class_).uninstrument_attribute(key)
+
+
+def init_collection(obj, key):
+    """Initialize a collection attribute and return the collection adapter.
+
+    This function is used to provide direct access to collection internals
+    for a previously unloaded attribute.  e.g.::
+
+        collection_adapter = init_collection(someobject, 'elements')
+        for elem in values:
+            collection_adapter.append_without_event(elem)
+
+    For an easier way to do the above, see
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.attributes.set_committed_value`.
+
+    obj is an instrumented object instance.  An InstanceState
+    is accepted directly for backwards compatibility but
+    this usage is deprecated.
+
+    """
+    state = instance_state(obj)
+    dict_ = state.dict
+    return init_state_collection(state, dict_, key)
+
+
+def init_state_collection(state, dict_, key):
+    """Initialize a collection attribute and return the collection adapter."""
+
+    attr = state.manager[key].impl
+    user_data = attr.initialize(state, dict_)
+    return attr.get_collection(state, dict_, user_data)
+
+
+def set_committed_value(instance, key, value):
+    """Set the value of an attribute with no history events.
+
+    Cancels any previous history present.  The value should be
+    a scalar value for scalar-holding attributes, or
+    an iterable for any collection-holding attribute.
+
+    This is the same underlying method used when a lazy loader
+    fires off and loads additional data from the database.
+    In particular, this method can be used by application code
+    which has loaded additional attributes or collections through
+    separate queries, which can then be attached to an instance
+    as though it were part of its original loaded state.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state.manager[key].impl.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)
+
+
+def set_attribute(instance, key, value):
+    """Set the value of an attribute, firing history events.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
+    of this method to establish attribute state as understood
+    by SQLAlchemy.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state.manager[key].impl.set(state, dict_, value, None)
+
+
+def get_attribute(instance, key):
+    """Get the value of an attribute, firing any callables required.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
+    of this method to make usage of attribute state as understood
+    by SQLAlchemy.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    return state.manager[key].impl.get(state, dict_)
+
+
+def del_attribute(instance, key):
+    """Delete the value of an attribute, firing history events.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
+    of this method to establish attribute state as understood
+    by SQLAlchemy.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state.manager[key].impl.delete(state, dict_)
+
+
+def flag_modified(instance, key):
+    """Mark an attribute on an instance as 'modified'.
+
+    This sets the 'modified' flag on the instance and
+    establishes an unconditional change event for the given attribute.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    impl = state.manager[key].impl
+    state._modified_event(dict_, impl, NO_VALUE, force=True)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61630b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+# orm/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Constants and rudimental functions used throughout the ORM.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import util, inspection, exc as sa_exc
+from ..sql import expression
+from . import exc
+import operator
+
+PASSIVE_NO_RESULT = util.symbol(
+    'PASSIVE_NO_RESULT',
+    """Symbol returned by a loader callable or other attribute/history
+    retrieval operation when a value could not be determined, based
+    on loader callable flags.
+    """
+)
+
+ATTR_WAS_SET = util.symbol(
+    'ATTR_WAS_SET',
+    """Symbol returned by a loader callable to indicate the
+    retrieved value, or values, were assigned to their attributes
+    on the target object.
+    """
+)
+
+ATTR_EMPTY = util.symbol(
+    'ATTR_EMPTY',
+    """Symbol used internally to indicate an attribute had no callable."""
+)
+
+NO_VALUE = util.symbol(
+    'NO_VALUE',
+    """Symbol which may be placed as the 'previous' value of an attribute,
+    indicating no value was loaded for an attribute when it was modified,
+    and flags indicated we were not to load it.
+    """
+)
+
+NEVER_SET = util.symbol(
+    'NEVER_SET',
+    """Symbol which may be placed as the 'previous' value of an attribute
+    indicating that the attribute had not been assigned to previously.
+    """
+)
+
+NO_CHANGE = util.symbol(
+    "NO_CHANGE",
+    """No callables or SQL should be emitted on attribute access
+    and no state should change
+    """, canonical=0
+)
+
+CALLABLES_OK = util.symbol(
+    "CALLABLES_OK",
+    """Loader callables can be fired off if a value
+    is not present.
+    """, canonical=1
+)
+
+SQL_OK = util.symbol(
+    "SQL_OK",
+    """Loader callables can emit SQL at least on scalar value attributes.""",
+    canonical=2
+)
+
+RELATED_OBJECT_OK = util.symbol(
+    "RELATED_OBJECT_OK",
+    """Callables can use SQL to load related objects as well
+    as scalar value attributes.
+    """, canonical=4
+)
+
+INIT_OK = util.symbol(
+    "INIT_OK",
+    """Attributes should be initialized with a blank
+    value (None or an empty collection) upon get, if no other
+    value can be obtained.
+    """, canonical=8
+)
+
+NON_PERSISTENT_OK = util.symbol(
+    "NON_PERSISTENT_OK",
+    """Callables can be emitted if the parent is not persistent.""",
+    canonical=16
+)
+
+LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED = util.symbol(
+    "LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED",
+    """Callables should use committed values as primary/foreign keys during a
+    load.
+    """, canonical=32
+)
+
+NO_AUTOFLUSH = util.symbol(
+    "NO_AUTOFLUSH",
+    """Loader callables should disable autoflush.""",
+    canonical=64
+)
+
+# pre-packaged sets of flags used as inputs
+PASSIVE_OFF = util.symbol(
+    "PASSIVE_OFF",
+    "Callables can be emitted in all cases.",
+    canonical=(RELATED_OBJECT_OK | NON_PERSISTENT_OK |
+               INIT_OK | CALLABLES_OK | SQL_OK)
+)
+PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET = util.symbol(
+    "PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET",
+    """PASSIVE_OFF ^ INIT_OK""",
+    canonical=PASSIVE_OFF ^ INIT_OK
+)
+PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE = util.symbol(
+    "PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE",
+    "PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET ^ CALLABLES_OK",
+    canonical=PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET ^ CALLABLES_OK
+)
+PASSIVE_NO_FETCH = util.symbol(
+    "PASSIVE_NO_FETCH",
+    "PASSIVE_OFF ^ SQL_OK",
+    canonical=PASSIVE_OFF ^ SQL_OK
+)
+PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED = util.symbol(
+    "PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED",
+    "PASSIVE_OFF ^ RELATED_OBJECT_OK",
+    canonical=PASSIVE_OFF ^ RELATED_OBJECT_OK
+)
+PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT = util.symbol(
+    "PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT",
+    "PASSIVE_OFF ^ NON_PERSISTENT_OK",
+    canonical=PASSIVE_OFF ^ NON_PERSISTENT_OK
+)
+
+DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR = '_sa_class_manager'
+DEFAULT_STATE_ATTR = '_sa_instance_state'
+_INSTRUMENTOR = ('mapper', 'instrumentor')
+
+EXT_CONTINUE = util.symbol('EXT_CONTINUE')
+EXT_STOP = util.symbol('EXT_STOP')
+
+ONETOMANY = util.symbol('ONETOMANY',
+                        """Indicates the one-to-many direction for a :func:`.relationship`.
+
+This symbol is typically used by the internals but may be exposed within
+certain API features.
+
+""")
+
+MANYTOONE = util.symbol('MANYTOONE',
+                        """Indicates the many-to-one direction for a :func:`.relationship`.
+
+This symbol is typically used by the internals but may be exposed within
+certain API features.
+
+""")
+
+MANYTOMANY = util.symbol('MANYTOMANY',
+                         """Indicates the many-to-many direction for a :func:`.relationship`.
+
+This symbol is typically used by the internals but may be exposed within
+certain API features.
+
+""")
+
+NOT_EXTENSION = util.symbol('NOT_EXTENSION',
+                            """Symbol indicating an :class:`_InspectionAttr` that's
+   not part of sqlalchemy.ext.
+
+   Is assigned to the :attr:`._InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+   attibute.
+
+""")
+
+_none_set = frozenset([None])
+
+
+def _generative(*assertions):
+    """Mark a method as generative, e.g. method-chained."""
+
+    @util.decorator
+    def generate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        self = args[0]._clone()
+        for assertion in assertions:
+            assertion(self, fn.__name__)
+        fn(self, *args[1:], **kw)
+        return self
+    return generate
+
+
+# these can be replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+# if augmented class instrumentation is enabled.
+def manager_of_class(cls):
+    return cls.__dict__.get(DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR, None)
+
+instance_state = operator.attrgetter(DEFAULT_STATE_ATTR)
+
+instance_dict = operator.attrgetter('__dict__')
+
+
+def instance_str(instance):
+    """Return a string describing an instance."""
+
+    return state_str(instance_state(instance))
+
+
+def state_str(state):
+    """Return a string describing an instance via its InstanceState."""
+
+    if state is None:
+        return "None"
+    else:
+        return '<%s at 0x%x>' % (state.class_.__name__, id(state.obj()))
+
+
+def state_class_str(state):
+    """Return a string describing an instance's class via its
+    InstanceState.
+    """
+
+    if state is None:
+        return "None"
+    else:
+        return '<%s>' % (state.class_.__name__, )
+
+
+def attribute_str(instance, attribute):
+    return instance_str(instance) + "." + attribute
+
+
+def state_attribute_str(state, attribute):
+    return state_str(state) + "." + attribute
+
+
+def object_mapper(instance):
+    """Given an object, return the primary Mapper associated with the object
+    instance.
+
+    Raises :class:`sqlalchemy.orm.exc.UnmappedInstanceError`
+    if no mapping is configured.
+
+    This function is available via the inspection system as::
+
+        inspect(instance).mapper
+
+    Using the inspection system will raise
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable` if the instance is
+    not part of a mapping.
+
+    """
+    return object_state(instance).mapper
+
+
+def object_state(instance):
+    """Given an object, return the :class:`.InstanceState`
+    associated with the object.
+
+    Raises :class:`sqlalchemy.orm.exc.UnmappedInstanceError`
+    if no mapping is configured.
+
+    Equivalent functionality is available via the :func:`.inspect`
+    function as::
+
+        inspect(instance)
+
+    Using the inspection system will raise
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable` if the instance is
+    not part of a mapping.
+
+    """
+    state = _inspect_mapped_object(instance)
+    if state is None:
+        raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+    else:
+        return state
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(object)
+def _inspect_mapped_object(instance):
+    try:
+        return instance_state(instance)
+        # TODO: whats the py-2/3 syntax to catch two
+        # different kinds of exceptions at once ?
+    except exc.UnmappedClassError:
+        return None
+    except exc.NO_STATE:
+        return None
+
+
+def _class_to_mapper(class_or_mapper):
+    insp = inspection.inspect(class_or_mapper, False)
+    if insp is not None:
+        return insp.mapper
+    else:
+        raise exc.UnmappedClassError(class_or_mapper)
+
+
+def _mapper_or_none(entity):
+    """Return the :class:`.Mapper` for the given class or None if the
+    class is not mapped.
+    """
+
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    if insp is not None:
+        return insp.mapper
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _is_mapped_class(entity):
+    """Return True if the given object is a mapped class,
+    :class:`.Mapper`, or :class:`.AliasedClass`.
+    """
+
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    return insp is not None and \
+        hasattr(insp, "mapper") and \
+        (
+            insp.is_mapper
+            or insp.is_aliased_class
+        )
+
+
+def _attr_as_key(attr):
+    if hasattr(attr, 'key'):
+        return attr.key
+    else:
+        return expression._column_as_key(attr)
+
+
+def _orm_columns(entity):
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    if hasattr(insp, 'selectable'):
+        return [c for c in insp.selectable.c]
+    else:
+        return [entity]
+
+
+def _is_aliased_class(entity):
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    return insp is not None and \
+        getattr(insp, "is_aliased_class", False)
+
+
+def _entity_descriptor(entity, key):
+    """Return a class attribute given an entity and string name.
+
+    May return :class:`.InstrumentedAttribute` or user-defined
+    attribute.
+
+    """
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity)
+    if insp.is_selectable:
+        description = entity
+        entity = insp.c
+    elif insp.is_aliased_class:
+        entity = insp.entity
+        description = entity
+    elif hasattr(insp, "mapper"):
+        description = entity = insp.mapper.class_
+    else:
+        description = entity
+
+    try:
+        return getattr(entity, key)
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Entity '%s' has no property '%s'" %
+            (description, key)
+        )
+
+_state_mapper = util.dottedgetter('manager.mapper')
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(type)
+def _inspect_mapped_class(class_, configure=False):
+    try:
+        class_manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+        if not class_manager.is_mapped:
+            return None
+        mapper = class_manager.mapper
+    except exc.NO_STATE:
+        return None
+    else:
+        if configure and mapper._new_mappers:
+            mapper._configure_all()
+        return mapper
+
+
+def class_mapper(class_, configure=True):
+    """Given a class, return the primary :class:`.Mapper` associated
+    with the key.
+
+    Raises :exc:`.UnmappedClassError` if no mapping is configured
+    on the given class, or :exc:`.ArgumentError` if a non-class
+    object is passed.
+
+    Equivalent functionality is available via the :func:`.inspect`
+    function as::
+
+        inspect(some_mapped_class)
+
+    Using the inspection system will raise
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable` if the class is not mapped.
+
+    """
+    mapper = _inspect_mapped_class(class_, configure=configure)
+    if mapper is None:
+        if not isinstance(class_, type):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Class object expected, got '%r'." % (class_, ))
+        raise exc.UnmappedClassError(class_)
+    else:
+        return mapper
+
+
+class _InspectionAttr(object):
+    """A base class applied to all ORM objects that can be returned
+    by the :func:`.inspect` function.
+
+    The attributes defined here allow the usage of simple boolean
+    checks to test basic facts about the object returned.
+
+    While the boolean checks here are basically the same as using
+    the Python isinstance() function, the flags here can be used without
+    the need to import all of these classes, and also such that
+    the SQLAlchemy class system can change while leaving the flags
+    here intact for forwards-compatibility.
+
+    """
+
+    is_selectable = False
+    """Return True if this object is an instance of :class:`.Selectable`."""
+
+    is_aliased_class = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.AliasedClass`."""
+
+    is_instance = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.InstanceState`."""
+
+    is_mapper = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.Mapper`."""
+
+    is_property = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.MapperProperty`."""
+
+    is_attribute = False
+    """True if this object is a Python :term:`descriptor`.
+
+    This can refer to one of many types.   Usually a
+    :class:`.QueryableAttribute` which handles attributes events on behalf
+    of a :class:`.MapperProperty`.   But can also be an extension type
+    such as :class:`.AssociationProxy` or :class:`.hybrid_property`.
+    The :attr:`._InspectionAttr.extension_type` will refer to a constant
+    identifying the specific subtype.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+
+    """
+
+    is_clause_element = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.ClauseElement`."""
+
+    extension_type = NOT_EXTENSION
+    """The extension type, if any.
+    Defaults to :data:`.interfaces.NOT_EXTENSION`
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :data:`.HYBRID_METHOD`
+
+        :data:`.HYBRID_PROPERTY`
+
+        :data:`.ASSOCIATION_PROXY`
+
+    """
+
+
+class _MappedAttribute(object):
+    """Mixin for attributes which should be replaced by mapper-assigned
+    attributes.
+
+    """
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..698677a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1554 @@
+# orm/collections.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Support for collections of mapped entities.
+
+The collections package supplies the machinery used to inform the ORM of
+collection membership changes.  An instrumentation via decoration approach is
+used, allowing arbitrary types (including built-ins) to be used as entity
+collections without requiring inheritance from a base class.
+
+Instrumentation decoration relays membership change events to the
+:class:`.CollectionAttributeImpl` that is currently managing the collection.
+The decorators observe function call arguments and return values, tracking
+entities entering or leaving the collection.  Two decorator approaches are
+provided.  One is a bundle of generic decorators that map function arguments
+and return values to events::
+
+  from sqlalchemy.orm.collections import collection
+  class MyClass(object):
+      # ...
+
+      @collection.adds(1)
+      def store(self, item):
+          self.data.append(item)
+
+      @collection.removes_return()
+      def pop(self):
+          return self.data.pop()
+
+
+The second approach is a bundle of targeted decorators that wrap appropriate
+append and remove notifiers around the mutation methods present in the
+standard Python ``list``, ``set`` and ``dict`` interfaces.  These could be
+specified in terms of generic decorator recipes, but are instead hand-tooled
+for increased efficiency.  The targeted decorators occasionally implement
+adapter-like behavior, such as mapping bulk-set methods (``extend``,
+``update``, ``__setslice__``, etc.) into the series of atomic mutation events
+that the ORM requires.
+
+The targeted decorators are used internally for automatic instrumentation of
+entity collection classes.  Every collection class goes through a
+transformation process roughly like so:
+
+1. If the class is a built-in, substitute a trivial sub-class
+2. Is this class already instrumented?
+3. Add in generic decorators
+4. Sniff out the collection interface through duck-typing
+5. Add targeted decoration to any undecorated interface method
+
+This process modifies the class at runtime, decorating methods and adding some
+bookkeeping properties.  This isn't possible (or desirable) for built-in
+classes like ``list``, so trivial sub-classes are substituted to hold
+decoration::
+
+  class InstrumentedList(list):
+      pass
+
+Collection classes can be specified in ``relationship(collection_class=)`` as
+types or a function that returns an instance.  Collection classes are
+inspected and instrumented during the mapper compilation phase.  The
+collection_class callable will be executed once to produce a specimen
+instance, and the type of that specimen will be instrumented.  Functions that
+return built-in types like ``lists`` will be adapted to produce instrumented
+instances.
+
+When extending a known type like ``list``, additional decorations are not
+generally not needed.  Odds are, the extension method will delegate to a
+method that's already instrumented.  For example::
+
+  class QueueIsh(list):
+     def push(self, item):
+         self.append(item)
+     def shift(self):
+         return self.pop(0)
+
+There's no need to decorate these methods.  ``append`` and ``pop`` are already
+instrumented as part of the ``list`` interface.  Decorating them would fire
+duplicate events, which should be avoided.
+
+The targeted decoration tries not to rely on other methods in the underlying
+collection class, but some are unavoidable.  Many depend on 'read' methods
+being present to properly instrument a 'write', for example, ``__setitem__``
+needs ``__getitem__``.  "Bulk" methods like ``update`` and ``extend`` may also
+reimplemented in terms of atomic appends and removes, so the ``extend``
+decoration will actually perform many ``append`` operations and not call the
+underlying method at all.
+
+Tight control over bulk operation and the firing of events is also possible by
+implementing the instrumentation internally in your methods.  The basic
+instrumentation package works under the general assumption that collection
+mutation will not raise unusual exceptions.  If you want to closely
+orchestrate append and remove events with exception management, internal
+instrumentation may be the answer.  Within your method,
+``collection_adapter(self)`` will retrieve an object that you can use for
+explicit control over triggering append and remove events.
+
+The owning object and :class:`.CollectionAttributeImpl` are also reachable
+through the adapter, allowing for some very sophisticated behavior.
+
+"""
+
+import inspect
+import operator
+import weakref
+
+from ..sql import expression
+from .. import util, exc as sa_exc
+from . import base
+
+
+__all__ = ['collection', 'collection_adapter',
+           'mapped_collection', 'column_mapped_collection',
+           'attribute_mapped_collection']
+
+__instrumentation_mutex = util.threading.Lock()
+
+
+class _PlainColumnGetter(object):
+    """Plain column getter, stores collection of Column objects
+    directly.
+
+    Serializes to a :class:`._SerializableColumnGetterV2`
+    which has more expensive __call__() performance
+    and some rare caveats.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, cols):
+        self.cols = cols
+        self.composite = len(cols) > 1
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _SerializableColumnGetterV2._reduce_from_cols(self.cols)
+
+    def _cols(self, mapper):
+        return self.cols
+
+    def __call__(self, value):
+        state = base.instance_state(value)
+        m = base._state_mapper(state)
+
+        key = [
+            m._get_state_attr_by_column(state, state.dict, col)
+            for col in self._cols(m)
+        ]
+
+        if self.composite:
+            return tuple(key)
+        else:
+            return key[0]
+
+
+class _SerializableColumnGetter(object):
+    """Column-based getter used in version 0.7.6 only.
+
+    Remains here for pickle compatibility with 0.7.6.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, colkeys):
+        self.colkeys = colkeys
+        self.composite = len(colkeys) > 1
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _SerializableColumnGetter, (self.colkeys,)
+
+    def __call__(self, value):
+        state = base.instance_state(value)
+        m = base._state_mapper(state)
+        key = [m._get_state_attr_by_column(
+            state, state.dict,
+            m.mapped_table.columns[k])
+            for k in self.colkeys]
+        if self.composite:
+            return tuple(key)
+        else:
+            return key[0]
+
+
+class _SerializableColumnGetterV2(_PlainColumnGetter):
+    """Updated serializable getter which deals with
+    multi-table mapped classes.
+
+    Two extremely unusual cases are not supported.
+    Mappings which have tables across multiple metadata
+    objects, or which are mapped to non-Table selectables
+    linked across inheriting mappers may fail to function
+    here.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, colkeys):
+        self.colkeys = colkeys
+        self.composite = len(colkeys) > 1
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.colkeys,)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _reduce_from_cols(cls, cols):
+        def _table_key(c):
+            if not isinstance(c.table, expression.TableClause):
+                return None
+            else:
+                return c.table.key
+        colkeys = [(c.key, _table_key(c)) for c in cols]
+        return _SerializableColumnGetterV2, (colkeys,)
+
+    def _cols(self, mapper):
+        cols = []
+        metadata = getattr(mapper.local_table, 'metadata', None)
+        for (ckey, tkey) in self.colkeys:
+            if tkey is None or \
+                    metadata is None or \
+                    tkey not in metadata:
+                cols.append(mapper.local_table.c[ckey])
+            else:
+                cols.append(metadata.tables[tkey].c[ckey])
+        return cols
+
+
+def column_mapped_collection(mapping_spec):
+    """A dictionary-based collection type with column-based keying.
+
+    Returns a :class:`.MappedCollection` factory with a keying function
+    generated from mapping_spec, which may be a Column or a sequence
+    of Columns.
+
+    The key value must be immutable for the lifetime of the object.  You
+    can not, for example, map on foreign key values if those key values will
+    change during the session, i.e. from None to a database-assigned integer
+    after a session flush.
+
+    """
+    cols = [expression._only_column_elements(q, "mapping_spec")
+            for q in util.to_list(mapping_spec)
+            ]
+    keyfunc = _PlainColumnGetter(cols)
+    return lambda: MappedCollection(keyfunc)
+
+
+class _SerializableAttrGetter(object):
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+        self.getter = operator.attrgetter(name)
+
+    def __call__(self, target):
+        return self.getter(target)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _SerializableAttrGetter, (self.name, )
+
+
+def attribute_mapped_collection(attr_name):
+    """A dictionary-based collection type with attribute-based keying.
+
+    Returns a :class:`.MappedCollection` factory with a keying based on the
+    'attr_name' attribute of entities in the collection, where ``attr_name``
+    is the string name of the attribute.
+
+    The key value must be immutable for the lifetime of the object.  You
+    can not, for example, map on foreign key values if those key values will
+    change during the session, i.e. from None to a database-assigned integer
+    after a session flush.
+
+    """
+    getter = _SerializableAttrGetter(attr_name)
+    return lambda: MappedCollection(getter)
+
+
+def mapped_collection(keyfunc):
+    """A dictionary-based collection type with arbitrary keying.
+
+    Returns a :class:`.MappedCollection` factory with a keying function
+    generated from keyfunc, a callable that takes an entity and returns a
+    key value.
+
+    The key value must be immutable for the lifetime of the object.  You
+    can not, for example, map on foreign key values if those key values will
+    change during the session, i.e. from None to a database-assigned integer
+    after a session flush.
+
+    """
+    return lambda: MappedCollection(keyfunc)
+
+
+class collection(object):
+    """Decorators for entity collection classes.
+
+    The decorators fall into two groups: annotations and interception recipes.
+
+    The annotating decorators (appender, remover, iterator, linker, converter,
+    internally_instrumented) indicate the method's purpose and take no
+    arguments.  They are not written with parens::
+
+        @collection.appender
+        def append(self, append): ...
+
+    The recipe decorators all require parens, even those that take no
+    arguments::
+
+        @collection.adds('entity')
+        def insert(self, position, entity): ...
+
+        @collection.removes_return()
+        def popitem(self): ...
+
+    """
+    # Bundled as a class solely for ease of use: packaging, doc strings,
+    # importability.
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def appender(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection appender.
+
+        The appender method is called with one positional argument: the value
+        to append. The method will be automatically decorated with 'adds(1)'
+        if not already decorated::
+
+            @collection.appender
+            def add(self, append): ...
+
+            # or, equivalently
+            @collection.appender
+            @collection.adds(1)
+            def add(self, append): ...
+
+            # for mapping type, an 'append' may kick out a previous value
+            # that occupies that slot.  consider d['a'] = 'foo'- any previous
+            # value in d['a'] is discarded.
+            @collection.appender
+            @collection.replaces(1)
+            def add(self, entity):
+                key = some_key_func(entity)
+                previous = None
+                if key in self:
+                    previous = self[key]
+                self[key] = entity
+                return previous
+
+        If the value to append is not allowed in the collection, you may
+        raise an exception.  Something to remember is that the appender
+        will be called for each object mapped by a database query.  If the
+        database contains rows that violate your collection semantics, you
+        will need to get creative to fix the problem, as access via the
+        collection will not work.
+
+        If the appender method is internally instrumented, you must also
+        receive the keyword argument '_sa_initiator' and ensure its
+        promulgation to collection events.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = 'appender'
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def remover(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection remover.
+
+        The remover method is called with one positional argument: the value
+        to remove. The method will be automatically decorated with
+        :meth:`removes_return` if not already decorated::
+
+            @collection.remover
+            def zap(self, entity): ...
+
+            # or, equivalently
+            @collection.remover
+            @collection.removes_return()
+            def zap(self, ): ...
+
+        If the value to remove is not present in the collection, you may
+        raise an exception or return None to ignore the error.
+
+        If the remove method is internally instrumented, you must also
+        receive the keyword argument '_sa_initiator' and ensure its
+        promulgation to collection events.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = 'remover'
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def iterator(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection remover.
+
+        The iterator method is called with no arguments.  It is expected to
+        return an iterator over all collection members::
+
+            @collection.iterator
+            def __iter__(self): ...
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = 'iterator'
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def internally_instrumented(fn):
+        """Tag the method as instrumented.
+
+        This tag will prevent any decoration from being applied to the
+        method. Use this if you are orchestrating your own calls to
+        :func:`.collection_adapter` in one of the basic SQLAlchemy
+        interface methods, or to prevent an automatic ABC method
+        decoration from wrapping your implementation::
+
+            # normally an 'extend' method on a list-like class would be
+            # automatically intercepted and re-implemented in terms of
+            # SQLAlchemy events and append().  your implementation will
+            # never be called, unless:
+            @collection.internally_instrumented
+            def extend(self, items): ...
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def linker(fn):
+        """Tag the method as a "linked to attribute" event handler.
+
+        This optional event handler will be called when the collection class
+        is linked to or unlinked from the InstrumentedAttribute.  It is
+        invoked immediately after the '_sa_adapter' property is set on
+        the instance.  A single argument is passed: the collection adapter
+        that has been linked, or None if unlinking.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = 'linker'
+        return fn
+
+    link = linker
+    """deprecated; synonym for :meth:`.collection.linker`."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def converter(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection converter.
+
+        This optional method will be called when a collection is being
+        replaced entirely, as in::
+
+            myobj.acollection = [newvalue1, newvalue2]
+
+        The converter method will receive the object being assigned and should
+        return an iterable of values suitable for use by the ``appender``
+        method.  A converter must not assign values or mutate the collection,
+        its sole job is to adapt the value the user provides into an iterable
+        of values for the ORM's use.
+
+        The default converter implementation will use duck-typing to do the
+        conversion.  A dict-like collection will be convert into an iterable
+        of dictionary values, and other types will simply be iterated::
+
+            @collection.converter
+            def convert(self, other): ...
+
+        If the duck-typing of the object does not match the type of this
+        collection, a TypeError is raised.
+
+        Supply an implementation of this method if you want to expand the
+        range of possible types that can be assigned in bulk or perform
+        validation on the values about to be assigned.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = 'converter'
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def adds(arg):
+        """Mark the method as adding an entity to the collection.
+
+        Adds "add to collection" handling to the method.  The decorator
+        argument indicates which method argument holds the SQLAlchemy-relevant
+        value.  Arguments can be specified positionally (i.e. integer) or by
+        name::
+
+            @collection.adds(1)
+            def push(self, item): ...
+
+            @collection.adds('entity')
+            def do_stuff(self, thing, entity=None): ...
+
+        """
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_before = ('fire_append_event', arg)
+            return fn
+        return decorator
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def replaces(arg):
+        """Mark the method as replacing an entity in the collection.
+
+        Adds "add to collection" and "remove from collection" handling to
+        the method.  The decorator argument indicates which method argument
+        holds the SQLAlchemy-relevant value to be added, and return value, if
+        any will be considered the value to remove.
+
+        Arguments can be specified positionally (i.e. integer) or by name::
+
+            @collection.replaces(2)
+            def __setitem__(self, index, item): ...
+
+        """
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_before = ('fire_append_event', arg)
+            fn._sa_instrument_after = 'fire_remove_event'
+            return fn
+        return decorator
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def removes(arg):
+        """Mark the method as removing an entity in the collection.
+
+        Adds "remove from collection" handling to the method.  The decorator
+        argument indicates which method argument holds the SQLAlchemy-relevant
+        value to be removed. Arguments can be specified positionally (i.e.
+        integer) or by name::
+
+            @collection.removes(1)
+            def zap(self, item): ...
+
+        For methods where the value to remove is not known at call-time, use
+        collection.removes_return.
+
+        """
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_before = ('fire_remove_event', arg)
+            return fn
+        return decorator
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def removes_return():
+        """Mark the method as removing an entity in the collection.
+
+        Adds "remove from collection" handling to the method.  The return
+        value of the method, if any, is considered the value to remove.  The
+        method arguments are not inspected::
+
+            @collection.removes_return()
+            def pop(self): ...
+
+        For methods where the value to remove is known at call-time, use
+        collection.remove.
+
+        """
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_after = 'fire_remove_event'
+            return fn
+        return decorator
+
+
+collection_adapter = operator.attrgetter('_sa_adapter')
+"""Fetch the :class:`.CollectionAdapter` for a collection."""
+
+
+class CollectionAdapter(object):
+    """Bridges between the ORM and arbitrary Python collections.
+
+    Proxies base-level collection operations (append, remove, iterate)
+    to the underlying Python collection, and emits add/remove events for
+    entities entering or leaving the collection.
+
+    The ORM uses :class:`.CollectionAdapter` exclusively for interaction with
+    entity collections.
+
+
+    """
+    invalidated = False
+
+    def __init__(self, attr, owner_state, data):
+        self._key = attr.key
+        self._data = weakref.ref(data)
+        self.owner_state = owner_state
+        self.link_to_self(data)
+
+    def _warn_invalidated(self):
+        util.warn("This collection has been invalidated.")
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        "The entity collection being adapted."
+        return self._data()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def attr(self):
+        return self.owner_state.manager[self._key].impl
+
+    def link_to_self(self, data):
+        """Link a collection to this adapter"""
+
+        data._sa_adapter = self
+        if data._sa_linker:
+            data._sa_linker(self)
+
+    def unlink(self, data):
+        """Unlink a collection from any adapter"""
+
+        del data._sa_adapter
+        if data._sa_linker:
+            data._sa_linker(None)
+
+    def adapt_like_to_iterable(self, obj):
+        """Converts collection-compatible objects to an iterable of values.
+
+        Can be passed any type of object, and if the underlying collection
+        determines that it can be adapted into a stream of values it can
+        use, returns an iterable of values suitable for append()ing.
+
+        This method may raise TypeError or any other suitable exception
+        if adaptation fails.
+
+        If a converter implementation is not supplied on the collection,
+        a default duck-typing-based implementation is used.
+
+        """
+        converter = self._data()._sa_converter
+        if converter is not None:
+            return converter(obj)
+
+        setting_type = util.duck_type_collection(obj)
+        receiving_type = util.duck_type_collection(self._data())
+
+        if obj is None or setting_type != receiving_type:
+            given = obj is None and 'None' or obj.__class__.__name__
+            if receiving_type is None:
+                wanted = self._data().__class__.__name__
+            else:
+                wanted = receiving_type.__name__
+
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Incompatible collection type: %s is not %s-like" % (
+                    given, wanted))
+
+        # If the object is an adapted collection, return the (iterable)
+        # adapter.
+        if getattr(obj, '_sa_adapter', None) is not None:
+            return obj._sa_adapter
+        elif setting_type == dict:
+            if util.py3k:
+                return obj.values()
+            else:
+                return getattr(obj, 'itervalues', obj.values)()
+        else:
+            return iter(obj)
+
+    def append_with_event(self, item, initiator=None):
+        """Add an entity to the collection, firing mutation events."""
+
+        self._data()._sa_appender(item, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+
+    def append_without_event(self, item):
+        """Add or restore an entity to the collection, firing no events."""
+        self._data()._sa_appender(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def append_multiple_without_event(self, items):
+        """Add or restore an entity to the collection, firing no events."""
+        appender = self._data()._sa_appender
+        for item in items:
+            appender(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def remove_with_event(self, item, initiator=None):
+        """Remove an entity from the collection, firing mutation events."""
+        self._data()._sa_remover(item, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+
+    def remove_without_event(self, item):
+        """Remove an entity from the collection, firing no events."""
+        self._data()._sa_remover(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def clear_with_event(self, initiator=None):
+        """Empty the collection, firing a mutation event for each entity."""
+
+        remover = self._data()._sa_remover
+        for item in list(self):
+            remover(item, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+
+    def clear_without_event(self):
+        """Empty the collection, firing no events."""
+
+        remover = self._data()._sa_remover
+        for item in list(self):
+            remover(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate over entities in the collection."""
+
+        return iter(self._data()._sa_iterator())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Count entities in the collection."""
+        return len(list(self._data()._sa_iterator()))
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return True
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def fire_append_event(self, item, initiator=None):
+        """Notify that a entity has entered the collection.
+
+        Initiator is a token owned by the InstrumentedAttribute that
+        initiated the membership mutation, and should be left as None
+        unless you are passing along an initiator value from a chained
+        operation.
+
+        """
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+            return self.attr.fire_append_event(
+                self.owner_state,
+                self.owner_state.dict,
+                item, initiator)
+        else:
+            return item
+
+    def fire_remove_event(self, item, initiator=None):
+        """Notify that a entity has been removed from the collection.
+
+        Initiator is the InstrumentedAttribute that initiated the membership
+        mutation, and should be left as None unless you are passing along
+        an initiator value from a chained operation.
+
+        """
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+            self.attr.fire_remove_event(
+                self.owner_state,
+                self.owner_state.dict,
+                item, initiator)
+
+    def fire_pre_remove_event(self, initiator=None):
+        """Notify that an entity is about to be removed from the collection.
+
+        Only called if the entity cannot be removed after calling
+        fire_remove_event().
+
+        """
+        if self.invalidated:
+            self._warn_invalidated()
+        self.attr.fire_pre_remove_event(
+            self.owner_state,
+            self.owner_state.dict,
+            initiator=initiator)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'key': self._key,
+                'owner_state': self.owner_state,
+                'data': self.data}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, d):
+        self._key = d['key']
+        self.owner_state = d['owner_state']
+        self._data = weakref.ref(d['data'])
+
+
+def bulk_replace(values, existing_adapter, new_adapter):
+    """Load a new collection, firing events based on prior like membership.
+
+    Appends instances in ``values`` onto the ``new_adapter``. Events will be
+    fired for any instance not present in the ``existing_adapter``.  Any
+    instances in ``existing_adapter`` not present in ``values`` will have
+    remove events fired upon them.
+
+    :param values: An iterable of collection member instances
+
+    :param existing_adapter: A :class:`.CollectionAdapter` of
+     instances to be replaced
+
+    :param new_adapter: An empty :class:`.CollectionAdapter`
+     to load with ``values``
+
+
+    """
+    if not isinstance(values, list):
+        values = list(values)
+
+    idset = util.IdentitySet
+    existing_idset = idset(existing_adapter or ())
+    constants = existing_idset.intersection(values or ())
+    additions = idset(values or ()).difference(constants)
+    removals = existing_idset.difference(constants)
+
+    for member in values or ():
+        if member in additions:
+            new_adapter.append_with_event(member)
+        elif member in constants:
+            new_adapter.append_without_event(member)
+
+    if existing_adapter:
+        for member in removals:
+            existing_adapter.remove_with_event(member)
+
+
+def prepare_instrumentation(factory):
+    """Prepare a callable for future use as a collection class factory.
+
+    Given a collection class factory (either a type or no-arg callable),
+    return another factory that will produce compatible instances when
+    called.
+
+    This function is responsible for converting collection_class=list
+    into the run-time behavior of collection_class=InstrumentedList.
+
+    """
+    # Convert a builtin to 'Instrumented*'
+    if factory in __canned_instrumentation:
+        factory = __canned_instrumentation[factory]
+
+    # Create a specimen
+    cls = type(factory())
+
+    # Did factory callable return a builtin?
+    if cls in __canned_instrumentation:
+        # Wrap it so that it returns our 'Instrumented*'
+        factory = __converting_factory(cls, factory)
+        cls = factory()
+
+    # Instrument the class if needed.
+    if __instrumentation_mutex.acquire():
+        try:
+            if getattr(cls, '_sa_instrumented', None) != id(cls):
+                _instrument_class(cls)
+        finally:
+            __instrumentation_mutex.release()
+
+    return factory
+
+
+def __converting_factory(specimen_cls, original_factory):
+    """Return a wrapper that converts a "canned" collection like
+    set, dict, list into the Instrumented* version.
+
+    """
+
+    instrumented_cls = __canned_instrumentation[specimen_cls]
+
+    def wrapper():
+        collection = original_factory()
+        return instrumented_cls(collection)
+
+    # often flawed but better than nothing
+    wrapper.__name__ = "%sWrapper" % original_factory.__name__
+    wrapper.__doc__ = original_factory.__doc__
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def _instrument_class(cls):
+    """Modify methods in a class and install instrumentation."""
+
+    # In the normal call flow, a request for any of the 3 basic collection
+    # types is transformed into one of our trivial subclasses
+    # (e.g. InstrumentedList).  Catch anything else that sneaks in here...
+    if cls.__module__ == '__builtin__':
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Can not instrument a built-in type. Use a "
+            "subclass, even a trivial one.")
+
+    roles = {}
+    methods = {}
+
+    # search for _sa_instrument_role-decorated methods in
+    # method resolution order, assign to roles
+    for supercls in cls.__mro__:
+        for name, method in vars(supercls).items():
+            if not util.callable(method):
+                continue
+
+            # note role declarations
+            if hasattr(method, '_sa_instrument_role'):
+                role = method._sa_instrument_role
+                assert role in ('appender', 'remover', 'iterator',
+                                'linker', 'converter')
+                roles.setdefault(role, name)
+
+            # transfer instrumentation requests from decorated function
+            # to the combined queue
+            before, after = None, None
+            if hasattr(method, '_sa_instrument_before'):
+                op, argument = method._sa_instrument_before
+                assert op in ('fire_append_event', 'fire_remove_event')
+                before = op, argument
+            if hasattr(method, '_sa_instrument_after'):
+                op = method._sa_instrument_after
+                assert op in ('fire_append_event', 'fire_remove_event')
+                after = op
+            if before:
+                methods[name] = before[0], before[1], after
+            elif after:
+                methods[name] = None, None, after
+
+    # see if this class has "canned" roles based on a known
+    # collection type (dict, set, list).  Apply those roles
+    # as needed to the "roles" dictionary, and also
+    # prepare "decorator" methods
+    collection_type = util.duck_type_collection(cls)
+    if collection_type in __interfaces:
+        canned_roles, decorators = __interfaces[collection_type]
+        for role, name in canned_roles.items():
+            roles.setdefault(role, name)
+
+        # apply ABC auto-decoration to methods that need it
+        for method, decorator in decorators.items():
+            fn = getattr(cls, method, None)
+            if (fn and method not in methods and
+                    not hasattr(fn, '_sa_instrumented')):
+                setattr(cls, method, decorator(fn))
+
+    # ensure all roles are present, and apply implicit instrumentation if
+    # needed
+    if 'appender' not in roles or not hasattr(cls, roles['appender']):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Type %s must elect an appender method to be "
+            "a collection class" % cls.__name__)
+    elif (roles['appender'] not in methods and
+          not hasattr(getattr(cls, roles['appender']), '_sa_instrumented')):
+        methods[roles['appender']] = ('fire_append_event', 1, None)
+
+    if 'remover' not in roles or not hasattr(cls, roles['remover']):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Type %s must elect a remover method to be "
+            "a collection class" % cls.__name__)
+    elif (roles['remover'] not in methods and
+          not hasattr(getattr(cls, roles['remover']), '_sa_instrumented')):
+        methods[roles['remover']] = ('fire_remove_event', 1, None)
+
+    if 'iterator' not in roles or not hasattr(cls, roles['iterator']):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Type %s must elect an iterator method to be "
+            "a collection class" % cls.__name__)
+
+    # apply ad-hoc instrumentation from decorators, class-level defaults
+    # and implicit role declarations
+    for method_name, (before, argument, after) in methods.items():
+        setattr(cls, method_name,
+                _instrument_membership_mutator(getattr(cls, method_name),
+                                               before, argument, after))
+    # intern the role map
+    for role, method_name in roles.items():
+        setattr(cls, '_sa_%s' % role, getattr(cls, method_name))
+
+    cls._sa_adapter = None
+    if not hasattr(cls, '_sa_linker'):
+        cls._sa_linker = None
+    if not hasattr(cls, '_sa_converter'):
+        cls._sa_converter = None
+    cls._sa_instrumented = id(cls)
+
+
+def _instrument_membership_mutator(method, before, argument, after):
+    """Route method args and/or return value through the collection
+    adapter."""
+    # This isn't smart enough to handle @adds(1) for 'def fn(self, (a, b))'
+    if before:
+        fn_args = list(util.flatten_iterator(inspect.getargspec(method)[0]))
+        if isinstance(argument, int):
+            pos_arg = argument
+            named_arg = len(fn_args) > argument and fn_args[argument] or None
+        else:
+            if argument in fn_args:
+                pos_arg = fn_args.index(argument)
+            else:
+                pos_arg = None
+            named_arg = argument
+        del fn_args
+
+    def wrapper(*args, **kw):
+        if before:
+            if pos_arg is None:
+                if named_arg not in kw:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Missing argument %s" % argument)
+                value = kw[named_arg]
+            else:
+                if len(args) > pos_arg:
+                    value = args[pos_arg]
+                elif named_arg in kw:
+                    value = kw[named_arg]
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Missing argument %s" % argument)
+
+        initiator = kw.pop('_sa_initiator', None)
+        if initiator is False:
+            executor = None
+        else:
+            executor = args[0]._sa_adapter
+
+        if before and executor:
+            getattr(executor, before)(value, initiator)
+
+        if not after or not executor:
+            return method(*args, **kw)
+        else:
+            res = method(*args, **kw)
+            if res is not None:
+                getattr(executor, after)(res, initiator)
+            return res
+
+    wrapper._sa_instrumented = True
+    if hasattr(method, "_sa_instrument_role"):
+        wrapper._sa_instrument_role = method._sa_instrument_role
+    wrapper.__name__ = method.__name__
+    wrapper.__doc__ = method.__doc__
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def __set(collection, item, _sa_initiator=None):
+    """Run set events, may eventually be inlined into decorators."""
+
+    if _sa_initiator is not False:
+        executor = collection._sa_adapter
+        if executor:
+            item = executor.fire_append_event(item, _sa_initiator)
+    return item
+
+
+def __del(collection, item, _sa_initiator=None):
+    """Run del events, may eventually be inlined into decorators."""
+    if _sa_initiator is not False:
+        executor = collection._sa_adapter
+        if executor:
+            executor.fire_remove_event(item, _sa_initiator)
+
+
+def __before_delete(collection, _sa_initiator=None):
+    """Special method to run 'commit existing value' methods"""
+    executor = collection._sa_adapter
+    if executor:
+        executor.fire_pre_remove_event(_sa_initiator)
+
+
+def _list_decorators():
+    """Tailored instrumentation wrappers for any list-like class."""
+
+    def _tidy(fn):
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        fn.__doc__ = getattr(list, fn.__name__).__doc__
+
+    def append(fn):
+        def append(self, item, _sa_initiator=None):
+            item = __set(self, item, _sa_initiator)
+            fn(self, item)
+        _tidy(append)
+        return append
+
+    def remove(fn):
+        def remove(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            __before_delete(self, _sa_initiator)
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__eq__
+            fn(self, value)
+            __del(self, value, _sa_initiator)
+        _tidy(remove)
+        return remove
+
+    def insert(fn):
+        def insert(self, index, value):
+            value = __set(self, value)
+            fn(self, index, value)
+        _tidy(insert)
+        return insert
+
+    def __setitem__(fn):
+        def __setitem__(self, index, value):
+            if not isinstance(index, slice):
+                existing = self[index]
+                if existing is not None:
+                    __del(self, existing)
+                value = __set(self, value)
+                fn(self, index, value)
+            else:
+                # slice assignment requires __delitem__, insert, __len__
+                step = index.step or 1
+                start = index.start or 0
+                if start < 0:
+                    start += len(self)
+                if index.stop is not None:
+                    stop = index.stop
+                else:
+                    stop = len(self)
+                if stop < 0:
+                    stop += len(self)
+
+                if step == 1:
+                    for i in range(start, stop, step):
+                        if len(self) > start:
+                            del self[start]
+
+                    for i, item in enumerate(value):
+                        self.insert(i + start, item)
+                else:
+                    rng = list(range(start, stop, step))
+                    if len(value) != len(rng):
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "attempt to assign sequence of size %s to "
+                            "extended slice of size %s" % (len(value),
+                                                           len(rng)))
+                    for i, item in zip(rng, value):
+                        self.__setitem__(i, item)
+        _tidy(__setitem__)
+        return __setitem__
+
+    def __delitem__(fn):
+        def __delitem__(self, index):
+            if not isinstance(index, slice):
+                item = self[index]
+                __del(self, item)
+                fn(self, index)
+            else:
+                # slice deletion requires __getslice__ and a slice-groking
+                # __getitem__ for stepped deletion
+                # note: not breaking this into atomic dels
+                for item in self[index]:
+                    __del(self, item)
+                fn(self, index)
+        _tidy(__delitem__)
+        return __delitem__
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        def __setslice__(fn):
+            def __setslice__(self, start, end, values):
+                for value in self[start:end]:
+                    __del(self, value)
+                values = [__set(self, value) for value in values]
+                fn(self, start, end, values)
+            _tidy(__setslice__)
+            return __setslice__
+
+        def __delslice__(fn):
+            def __delslice__(self, start, end):
+                for value in self[start:end]:
+                    __del(self, value)
+                fn(self, start, end)
+            _tidy(__delslice__)
+            return __delslice__
+
+    def extend(fn):
+        def extend(self, iterable):
+            for value in iterable:
+                self.append(value)
+        _tidy(extend)
+        return extend
+
+    def __iadd__(fn):
+        def __iadd__(self, iterable):
+            # list.__iadd__ takes any iterable and seems to let TypeError
+            # raise as-is instead of returning NotImplemented
+            for value in iterable:
+                self.append(value)
+            return self
+        _tidy(__iadd__)
+        return __iadd__
+
+    def pop(fn):
+        def pop(self, index=-1):
+            __before_delete(self)
+            item = fn(self, index)
+            __del(self, item)
+            return item
+        _tidy(pop)
+        return pop
+
+    if not util.py2k:
+        def clear(fn):
+            def clear(self, index=-1):
+                for item in self:
+                    __del(self, item)
+                fn(self)
+            _tidy(clear)
+            return clear
+
+    # __imul__ : not wrapping this.  all members of the collection are already
+    # present, so no need to fire appends... wrapping it with an explicit
+    # decorator is still possible, so events on *= can be had if they're
+    # desired.  hard to imagine a use case for __imul__, though.
+
+    l = locals().copy()
+    l.pop('_tidy')
+    return l
+
+
+def _dict_decorators():
+    """Tailored instrumentation wrappers for any dict-like mapping class."""
+
+    def _tidy(fn):
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        fn.__doc__ = getattr(dict, fn.__name__).__doc__
+
+    Unspecified = util.symbol('Unspecified')
+
+    def __setitem__(fn):
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            if key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key], _sa_initiator)
+            value = __set(self, value, _sa_initiator)
+            fn(self, key, value)
+        _tidy(__setitem__)
+        return __setitem__
+
+    def __delitem__(fn):
+        def __delitem__(self, key, _sa_initiator=None):
+            if key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key], _sa_initiator)
+            fn(self, key)
+        _tidy(__delitem__)
+        return __delitem__
+
+    def clear(fn):
+        def clear(self):
+            for key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key])
+            fn(self)
+        _tidy(clear)
+        return clear
+
+    def pop(fn):
+        def pop(self, key, default=Unspecified):
+            if key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key])
+            if default is Unspecified:
+                return fn(self, key)
+            else:
+                return fn(self, key, default)
+        _tidy(pop)
+        return pop
+
+    def popitem(fn):
+        def popitem(self):
+            __before_delete(self)
+            item = fn(self)
+            __del(self, item[1])
+            return item
+        _tidy(popitem)
+        return popitem
+
+    def setdefault(fn):
+        def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+            if key not in self:
+                self.__setitem__(key, default)
+                return default
+            else:
+                return self.__getitem__(key)
+        _tidy(setdefault)
+        return setdefault
+
+    def update(fn):
+        def update(self, __other=Unspecified, **kw):
+            if __other is not Unspecified:
+                if hasattr(__other, 'keys'):
+                    for key in list(__other):
+                        if (key not in self or
+                                self[key] is not __other[key]):
+                            self[key] = __other[key]
+                else:
+                    for key, value in __other:
+                        if key not in self or self[key] is not value:
+                            self[key] = value
+            for key in kw:
+                if key not in self or self[key] is not kw[key]:
+                    self[key] = kw[key]
+        _tidy(update)
+        return update
+
+    l = locals().copy()
+    l.pop('_tidy')
+    l.pop('Unspecified')
+    return l
+
+_set_binop_bases = (set, frozenset)
+
+
+def _set_binops_check_strict(self, obj):
+    """Allow only set, frozenset and self.__class__-derived
+    objects in binops."""
+    return isinstance(obj, _set_binop_bases + (self.__class__,))
+
+
+def _set_binops_check_loose(self, obj):
+    """Allow anything set-like to participate in set binops."""
+    return (isinstance(obj, _set_binop_bases + (self.__class__,)) or
+            util.duck_type_collection(obj) == set)
+
+
+def _set_decorators():
+    """Tailored instrumentation wrappers for any set-like class."""
+
+    def _tidy(fn):
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        fn.__doc__ = getattr(set, fn.__name__).__doc__
+
+    Unspecified = util.symbol('Unspecified')
+
+    def add(fn):
+        def add(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            if value not in self:
+                value = __set(self, value, _sa_initiator)
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            fn(self, value)
+        _tidy(add)
+        return add
+
+    def discard(fn):
+        def discard(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            if value in self:
+                __del(self, value, _sa_initiator)
+                # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            fn(self, value)
+        _tidy(discard)
+        return discard
+
+    def remove(fn):
+        def remove(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            if value in self:
+                __del(self, value, _sa_initiator)
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            fn(self, value)
+        _tidy(remove)
+        return remove
+
+    def pop(fn):
+        def pop(self):
+            __before_delete(self)
+            item = fn(self)
+            __del(self, item)
+            return item
+        _tidy(pop)
+        return pop
+
+    def clear(fn):
+        def clear(self):
+            for item in list(self):
+                self.remove(item)
+        _tidy(clear)
+        return clear
+
+    def update(fn):
+        def update(self, value):
+            for item in value:
+                self.add(item)
+        _tidy(update)
+        return update
+
+    def __ior__(fn):
+        def __ior__(self, value):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, value):
+                return NotImplemented
+            for item in value:
+                self.add(item)
+            return self
+        _tidy(__ior__)
+        return __ior__
+
+    def difference_update(fn):
+        def difference_update(self, value):
+            for item in value:
+                self.discard(item)
+        _tidy(difference_update)
+        return difference_update
+
+    def __isub__(fn):
+        def __isub__(self, value):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, value):
+                return NotImplemented
+            for item in value:
+                self.discard(item)
+            return self
+        _tidy(__isub__)
+        return __isub__
+
+    def intersection_update(fn):
+        def intersection_update(self, other):
+            want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+        _tidy(intersection_update)
+        return intersection_update
+
+    def __iand__(fn):
+        def __iand__(self, other):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+                return NotImplemented
+            want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+            return self
+        _tidy(__iand__)
+        return __iand__
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(fn):
+        def symmetric_difference_update(self, other):
+            want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+        _tidy(symmetric_difference_update)
+        return symmetric_difference_update
+
+    def __ixor__(fn):
+        def __ixor__(self, other):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+                return NotImplemented
+            want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+            return self
+        _tidy(__ixor__)
+        return __ixor__
+
+    l = locals().copy()
+    l.pop('_tidy')
+    l.pop('Unspecified')
+    return l
+
+
+class InstrumentedList(list):
+    """An instrumented version of the built-in list."""
+
+
+class InstrumentedSet(set):
+    """An instrumented version of the built-in set."""
+
+
+class InstrumentedDict(dict):
+    """An instrumented version of the built-in dict."""
+
+
+__canned_instrumentation = {
+    list: InstrumentedList,
+    set: InstrumentedSet,
+    dict: InstrumentedDict,
+}
+
+__interfaces = {
+    list: (
+        {'appender': 'append', 'remover': 'remove',
+         'iterator': '__iter__'}, _list_decorators()
+    ),
+
+    set: ({'appender': 'add',
+           'remover': 'remove',
+           'iterator': '__iter__'}, _set_decorators()
+          ),
+
+    # decorators are required for dicts and object collections.
+    dict: ({'iterator': 'values'}, _dict_decorators()) if util.py3k
+    else ({'iterator': 'itervalues'}, _dict_decorators()),
+}
+
+
+class MappedCollection(dict):
+    """A basic dictionary-based collection class.
+
+    Extends dict with the minimal bag semantics that collection
+    classes require. ``set`` and ``remove`` are implemented in terms
+    of a keying function: any callable that takes an object and
+    returns an object for use as a dictionary key.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, keyfunc):
+        """Create a new collection with keying provided by keyfunc.
+
+        keyfunc may be any callable any callable that takes an object and
+        returns an object for use as a dictionary key.
+
+        The keyfunc will be called every time the ORM needs to add a member by
+        value-only (such as when loading instances from the database) or
+        remove a member.  The usual cautions about dictionary keying apply-
+        ``keyfunc(object)`` should return the same output for the life of the
+        collection.  Keying based on mutable properties can result in
+        unreachable instances "lost" in the collection.
+
+        """
+        self.keyfunc = keyfunc
+
+    @collection.appender
+    @collection.internally_instrumented
+    def set(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+        """Add an item by value, consulting the keyfunc for the key."""
+
+        key = self.keyfunc(value)
+        self.__setitem__(key, value, _sa_initiator)
+
+    @collection.remover
+    @collection.internally_instrumented
+    def remove(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+        """Remove an item by value, consulting the keyfunc for the key."""
+
+        key = self.keyfunc(value)
+        # Let self[key] raise if key is not in this collection
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__ne__
+        if self[key] != value:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can not remove '%s': collection holds '%s' for key '%s'. "
+                "Possible cause: is the MappedCollection key function "
+                "based on mutable properties or properties that only obtain "
+                "values after flush?" %
+                (value, self[key], key))
+        self.__delitem__(key, _sa_initiator)
+
+    @collection.converter
+    def _convert(self, dictlike):
+        """Validate and convert a dict-like object into values for set()ing.
+
+        This is called behind the scenes when a MappedCollection is replaced
+        entirely by another collection, as in::
+
+          myobj.mappedcollection = {'a':obj1, 'b': obj2} # ...
+
+        Raises a TypeError if the key in any (key, value) pair in the dictlike
+        object does not match the key that this collection's keyfunc would
+        have assigned for that value.
+
+        """
+        for incoming_key, value in util.dictlike_iteritems(dictlike):
+            new_key = self.keyfunc(value)
+            if incoming_key != new_key:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Found incompatible key %r for value %r; this "
+                    "collection's "
+                    "keying function requires a key of %r for this value." % (
+                        incoming_key, value, new_key))
+            yield value
+
+# ensure instrumentation is associated with
+# these built-in classes; if a user-defined class
+# subclasses these and uses @internally_instrumented,
+# the superclass is otherwise not instrumented.
+# see [ticket:2406].
+_instrument_class(MappedCollection)
+_instrument_class(InstrumentedList)
+_instrument_class(InstrumentedSet)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dependency.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dependency.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1cf66f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dependency.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1172 @@
+# orm/dependency.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Relationship dependencies.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import sql, util, exc as sa_exc
+from . import attributes, exc, sync, unitofwork, \
+    util as mapperutil
+from .interfaces import ONETOMANY, MANYTOONE, MANYTOMANY
+
+
+class DependencyProcessor(object):
+    def __init__(self, prop):
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.cascade = prop.cascade
+        self.mapper = prop.mapper
+        self.parent = prop.parent
+        self.secondary = prop.secondary
+        self.direction = prop.direction
+        self.post_update = prop.post_update
+        self.passive_deletes = prop.passive_deletes
+        self.passive_updates = prop.passive_updates
+        self.enable_typechecks = prop.enable_typechecks
+        if self.passive_deletes:
+            self._passive_delete_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        else:
+            self._passive_delete_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+        if self.passive_updates:
+            self._passive_update_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        else:
+            self._passive_update_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+
+        self.key = prop.key
+        if not self.prop.synchronize_pairs:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't build a DependencyProcessor for relationship %s. "
+                "No target attributes to populate between parent and "
+                "child are present" %
+                self.prop)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_relationship(cls, prop):
+        return _direction_to_processor[prop.direction](prop)
+
+    def hasparent(self, state):
+        """return True if the given object instance has a parent,
+        according to the ``InstrumentedAttribute`` handled by this
+        ``DependencyProcessor``.
+
+        """
+        return self.parent.class_manager.get_impl(self.key).hasparent(state)
+
+    def per_property_preprocessors(self, uow):
+        """establish actions and dependencies related to a flush.
+
+        These actions will operate on all relevant states in
+        the aggregate.
+
+        """
+        uow.register_preprocessor(self, True)
+
+    def per_property_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        after_save = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, False, True)
+        before_delete = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, True, True)
+
+        parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+            uow,
+            self.parent.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+        child_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+            uow,
+            self.mapper.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+
+        parent_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(
+            uow,
+            self.parent.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+        child_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(
+            uow,
+            self.mapper.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+
+        self.per_property_dependencies(uow,
+                                       parent_saves,
+                                       child_saves,
+                                       parent_deletes,
+                                       child_deletes,
+                                       after_save,
+                                       before_delete
+                                       )
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow, states, isdelete):
+        """establish actions and dependencies related to a flush.
+
+        These actions will operate on all relevant states
+        individually.    This occurs only if there are cycles
+        in the 'aggregated' version of events.
+
+        """
+
+        parent_base_mapper = self.parent.primary_base_mapper
+        child_base_mapper = self.mapper.primary_base_mapper
+        child_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(uow, child_base_mapper)
+        child_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(uow, child_base_mapper)
+
+        # locate and disable the aggregate processors
+        # for this dependency
+
+        if isdelete:
+            before_delete = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, True, True)
+            before_delete.disabled = True
+        else:
+            after_save = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, False, True)
+            after_save.disabled = True
+
+        # check if the "child" side is part of the cycle
+
+        if child_saves not in uow.cycles:
+            # based on the current dependencies we use, the saves/
+            # deletes should always be in the 'cycles' collection
+            # together.   if this changes, we will have to break up
+            # this method a bit more.
+            assert child_deletes not in uow.cycles
+
+            # child side is not part of the cycle, so we will link per-state
+            # actions to the aggregate "saves", "deletes" actions
+            child_actions = [
+                (child_saves, False), (child_deletes, True)
+            ]
+            child_in_cycles = False
+        else:
+            child_in_cycles = True
+
+        # check if the "parent" side is part of the cycle
+        if not isdelete:
+            parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+                uow,
+                self.parent.base_mapper)
+            parent_deletes = before_delete = None
+            if parent_saves in uow.cycles:
+                parent_in_cycles = True
+        else:
+            parent_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(
+                uow,
+                self.parent.base_mapper)
+            parent_saves = after_save = None
+            if parent_deletes in uow.cycles:
+                parent_in_cycles = True
+
+        # now create actions /dependencies for each state.
+
+        for state in states:
+            # detect if there's anything changed or loaded
+            # by a preprocessor on this state/attribute.   In the
+            # case of deletes we may try to load missing items here as well.
+            sum_ = state.manager[self.key].impl.get_all_pending(
+                state, state.dict,
+                self._passive_delete_flag
+                if isdelete
+                else attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+
+            if not sum_:
+                continue
+
+            if isdelete:
+                before_delete = unitofwork.ProcessState(uow,
+                                                        self, True, state)
+                if parent_in_cycles:
+                    parent_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteState(
+                        uow,
+                        state,
+                        parent_base_mapper)
+            else:
+                after_save = unitofwork.ProcessState(uow, self, False, state)
+                if parent_in_cycles:
+                    parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateState(
+                        uow,
+                        state,
+                        parent_base_mapper)
+
+            if child_in_cycles:
+                child_actions = []
+                for child_state, child in sum_:
+                    if child_state not in uow.states:
+                        child_action = (None, None)
+                    else:
+                        (deleted, listonly) = uow.states[child_state]
+                        if deleted:
+                            child_action = (
+                                unitofwork.DeleteState(
+                                    uow, child_state,
+                                    child_base_mapper),
+                                True)
+                        else:
+                            child_action = (
+                                unitofwork.SaveUpdateState(
+                                    uow, child_state,
+                                    child_base_mapper),
+                                False)
+                    child_actions.append(child_action)
+
+            # establish dependencies between our possibly per-state
+            # parent action and our possibly per-state child action.
+            for child_action, childisdelete in child_actions:
+                self.per_state_dependencies(uow, parent_saves,
+                                            parent_deletes,
+                                            child_action,
+                                            after_save, before_delete,
+                                            isdelete, childisdelete)
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        return False
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        return False
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        pass
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        pass
+
+    def prop_has_changes(self, uowcommit, states, isdelete):
+        if not isdelete or self.passive_deletes:
+            passive = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        elif self.direction is MANYTOONE:
+            passive = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED
+        else:
+            passive = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+
+        for s in states:
+            # TODO: add a high speed method
+            # to InstanceState which returns:  attribute
+            # has a non-None value, or had one
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                s,
+                self.key,
+                passive)
+            if history and not history.empty():
+                return True
+        else:
+            return states and \
+                not self.prop._is_self_referential and \
+                self.mapper in uowcommit.mappers
+
+    def _verify_canload(self, state):
+        if self.prop.uselist and state is None:
+            raise exc.FlushError(
+                "Can't flush None value found in "
+                "collection %s" % (self.prop, ))
+        elif state is not None and \
+            not self.mapper._canload(
+                state, allow_subtypes=not self.enable_typechecks):
+            if self.mapper._canload(state, allow_subtypes=True):
+                raise exc.FlushError('Attempting to flush an item of type '
+                                     '%(x)s as a member of collection '
+                                     '"%(y)s". Expected an object of type '
+                                     '%(z)s or a polymorphic subclass of '
+                                     'this type. If %(x)s is a subclass of '
+                                     '%(z)s, configure mapper "%(zm)s" to '
+                                     'load this subtype polymorphically, or '
+                                     'set enable_typechecks=False to allow '
+                                     'any subtype to be accepted for flush. '
+                                     % {
+                                         'x': state.class_,
+                                         'y': self.prop,
+                                         'z': self.mapper.class_,
+                                         'zm': self.mapper,
+                                     })
+            else:
+                raise exc.FlushError(
+                    'Attempting to flush an item of type '
+                    '%(x)s as a member of collection '
+                    '"%(y)s". Expected an object of type '
+                    '%(z)s or a polymorphic subclass of '
+                    'this type.' % {
+                        'x': state.class_,
+                        'y': self.prop,
+                        'z': self.mapper.class_,
+                    })
+
+    def _synchronize(self, state, child, associationrow,
+                     clearkeys, uowcommit):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_reversed_processed_set(self, uow):
+        if not self.prop._reverse_property:
+            return None
+
+        process_key = tuple(sorted(
+            [self.key] +
+            [p.key for p in self.prop._reverse_property]
+        ))
+        return uow.memo(
+            ('reverse_key', process_key),
+            set
+        )
+
+    def _post_update(self, state, uowcommit, related):
+        for x in related:
+            if x is not None:
+                uowcommit.issue_post_update(
+                    state,
+                    [r for l, r in self.prop.synchronize_pairs]
+                )
+                break
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.prop)
+
+
+class OneToManyDP(DependencyProcessor):
+
+    def per_property_dependencies(self, uow, parent_saves,
+                                  child_saves,
+                                  parent_deletes,
+                                  child_deletes,
+                                  after_save,
+                                  before_delete,
+                                  ):
+        if self.post_update:
+            child_post_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                uow,
+                self.mapper.primary_base_mapper,
+                False)
+            child_pre_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                uow,
+                self.mapper.primary_base_mapper,
+                True)
+
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (child_saves, after_save),
+                (parent_saves, after_save),
+                (after_save, child_post_updates),
+
+                (before_delete, child_pre_updates),
+                (child_pre_updates, parent_deletes),
+                (child_pre_updates, child_deletes),
+
+            ])
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (parent_saves, after_save),
+                (after_save, child_saves),
+                (after_save, child_deletes),
+
+                (child_saves, parent_deletes),
+                (child_deletes, parent_deletes),
+
+                (before_delete, child_saves),
+                (before_delete, child_deletes),
+            ])
+
+    def per_state_dependencies(self, uow,
+                               save_parent,
+                               delete_parent,
+                               child_action,
+                               after_save, before_delete,
+                               isdelete, childisdelete):
+
+        if self.post_update:
+
+            child_post_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                uow,
+                self.mapper.primary_base_mapper,
+                False)
+            child_pre_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                uow,
+                self.mapper.primary_base_mapper,
+                True)
+
+            # TODO: this whole block is not covered
+            # by any tests
+            if not isdelete:
+                if childisdelete:
+                    uow.dependencies.update([
+                        (child_action, after_save),
+                        (after_save, child_post_updates),
+                    ])
+                else:
+                    uow.dependencies.update([
+                        (save_parent, after_save),
+                        (child_action, after_save),
+                        (after_save, child_post_updates),
+                    ])
+            else:
+                if childisdelete:
+                    uow.dependencies.update([
+                        (before_delete, child_pre_updates),
+                        (child_pre_updates, delete_parent),
+                    ])
+                else:
+                    uow.dependencies.update([
+                        (before_delete, child_pre_updates),
+                        (child_pre_updates, delete_parent),
+                    ])
+        elif not isdelete:
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (save_parent, after_save),
+                (after_save, child_action),
+                (save_parent, child_action)
+            ])
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (before_delete, child_action),
+                (child_action, delete_parent)
+            ])
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # head object is being deleted, and we manage its list of
+        # child objects the child objects have to have their
+        # foreign key to the parent set to NULL
+        should_null_fks = not self.cascade.delete and \
+            not self.passive_deletes == 'all'
+
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state,
+                self.key,
+                self._passive_delete_flag)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if child is not None and self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                        if self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(child, isdelete=True)
+                        else:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(child)
+
+                if should_null_fks:
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        if child is not None:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child, operation="delete", prop=self.prop)
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        children_added = uowcommit.memo(('children_added', self), set)
+
+        for state in states:
+            pks_changed = self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state)
+
+            if not pks_changed or self.passive_updates:
+                passive = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+            else:
+                passive = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state,
+                self.key,
+                passive)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.added:
+                    if child is not None:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(child, cancel_delete=True,
+                                                  operation="add",
+                                                  prop=self.prop)
+
+                children_added.update(history.added)
+
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if not self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(child, isdelete=False,
+                                                  operation='delete',
+                                                  prop=self.prop)
+                    elif self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child, isdelete=True,
+                            operation="delete", prop=self.prop)
+                        for c, m, st_, dct_ in self.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+                                'delete', child):
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                st_,
+                                isdelete=True)
+
+            if pks_changed:
+                if history:
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        if child is not None:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child,
+                                False,
+                                self.passive_updates,
+                                operation="pk change",
+                                prop=self.prop)
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # head object is being deleted, and we manage its list of
+        # child objects the child objects have to have their foreign
+        # key to the parent set to NULL this phase can be called
+        # safely for any cascade but is unnecessary if delete cascade
+        # is on.
+
+        if self.post_update or not self.passive_deletes == 'all':
+            children_added = uowcommit.memo(('children_added', self), set)
+
+            for state in states:
+                history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state,
+                    self.key,
+                    self._passive_delete_flag)
+                if history:
+                    for child in history.deleted:
+                        if child is not None and \
+                                self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                            self._synchronize(
+                                state,
+                                child,
+                                None, True,
+                                uowcommit, False)
+                            if self.post_update and child:
+                                self._post_update(child, uowcommit, [state])
+
+                    if self.post_update or not self.cascade.delete:
+                        for child in set(history.unchanged).\
+                                difference(children_added):
+                            if child is not None:
+                                self._synchronize(
+                                    state,
+                                    child,
+                                    None, True,
+                                    uowcommit, False)
+                                if self.post_update and child:
+                                    self._post_update(child,
+                                                      uowcommit,
+                                                      [state])
+
+                    # technically, we can even remove each child from the
+                    # collection here too.  but this would be a somewhat
+                    # inconsistent behavior since it wouldn't happen
+                    # if the old parent wasn't deleted but child was moved.
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state,
+                self.key,
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.added:
+                    self._synchronize(state, child, None,
+                                      False, uowcommit, False)
+                    if child is not None and self.post_update:
+                        self._post_update(child, uowcommit, [state])
+
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if not self.cascade.delete_orphan and \
+                            not self.hasparent(child):
+                        self._synchronize(state, child, None, True,
+                                          uowcommit, False)
+
+                if self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state):
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        self._synchronize(state, child, None,
+                                          False, uowcommit, True)
+
+    def _synchronize(self, state, child,
+                     associationrow, clearkeys, uowcommit,
+                     pks_changed):
+        source = state
+        dest = child
+        self._verify_canload(child)
+        if dest is None or \
+                (not self.post_update and uowcommit.is_deleted(dest)):
+            return
+        if clearkeys:
+            sync.clear(dest, self.mapper, self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+        else:
+            sync.populate(source, self.parent, dest, self.mapper,
+                          self.prop.synchronize_pairs, uowcommit,
+                          self.passive_updates and pks_changed)
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        return sync.source_modified(
+            uowcommit,
+            state,
+            self.parent,
+            self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+
+
+class ManyToOneDP(DependencyProcessor):
+    def __init__(self, prop):
+        DependencyProcessor.__init__(self, prop)
+        self.mapper._dependency_processors.append(DetectKeySwitch(prop))
+
+    def per_property_dependencies(self, uow,
+                                  parent_saves,
+                                  child_saves,
+                                  parent_deletes,
+                                  child_deletes,
+                                  after_save,
+                                  before_delete):
+
+        if self.post_update:
+            parent_post_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                uow,
+                self.parent.primary_base_mapper,
+                False)
+            parent_pre_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                uow,
+                self.parent.primary_base_mapper,
+                True)
+
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (child_saves, after_save),
+                (parent_saves, after_save),
+                (after_save, parent_post_updates),
+
+                (after_save, parent_pre_updates),
+                (before_delete, parent_pre_updates),
+
+                (parent_pre_updates, child_deletes),
+            ])
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (child_saves, after_save),
+                (after_save, parent_saves),
+                (parent_saves, child_deletes),
+                (parent_deletes, child_deletes)
+            ])
+
+    def per_state_dependencies(self, uow,
+                               save_parent,
+                               delete_parent,
+                               child_action,
+                               after_save, before_delete,
+                               isdelete, childisdelete):
+
+        if self.post_update:
+
+            if not isdelete:
+                parent_post_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                    uow,
+                    self.parent.primary_base_mapper,
+                    False)
+                if childisdelete:
+                    uow.dependencies.update([
+                        (after_save, parent_post_updates),
+                        (parent_post_updates, child_action)
+                    ])
+                else:
+                    uow.dependencies.update([
+                        (save_parent, after_save),
+                        (child_action, after_save),
+
+                        (after_save, parent_post_updates)
+                    ])
+            else:
+                parent_pre_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                    uow,
+                    self.parent.primary_base_mapper,
+                    True)
+
+                uow.dependencies.update([
+                    (before_delete, parent_pre_updates),
+                    (parent_pre_updates, delete_parent),
+                    (parent_pre_updates, child_action)
+                ])
+
+        elif not isdelete:
+            if not childisdelete:
+                uow.dependencies.update([
+                    (child_action, after_save),
+                    (after_save, save_parent),
+                ])
+            else:
+                uow.dependencies.update([
+                    (after_save, save_parent),
+                ])
+
+        else:
+            if childisdelete:
+                uow.dependencies.update([
+                    (delete_parent, child_action)
+                ])
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        if self.cascade.delete or self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+            for state in states:
+                history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state,
+                    self.key,
+                    self._passive_delete_flag)
+                if history:
+                    if self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                        todelete = history.sum()
+                    else:
+                        todelete = history.non_deleted()
+                    for child in todelete:
+                        if child is None:
+                            continue
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child, isdelete=True,
+                            operation="delete", prop=self.prop)
+                        t = self.mapper.cascade_iterator('delete', child)
+                        for c, m, st_, dct_ in t:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                st_, isdelete=True)
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        for state in states:
+            uowcommit.register_object(state, operation="add", prop=self.prop)
+            if self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state,
+                    self.key,
+                    self._passive_delete_flag)
+                if history:
+                    for child in history.deleted:
+                        if self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child, isdelete=True,
+                                operation="delete", prop=self.prop)
+
+                            t = self.mapper.cascade_iterator('delete', child)
+                            for c, m, st_, dct_ in t:
+                                uowcommit.register_object(st_, isdelete=True)
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        if self.post_update and \
+                not self.cascade.delete_orphan and \
+                not self.passive_deletes == 'all':
+
+            # post_update means we have to update our
+            # row to not reference the child object
+            # before we can DELETE the row
+            for state in states:
+                self._synchronize(state, None, None, True, uowcommit)
+                if state and self.post_update:
+                    history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                        state,
+                        self.key,
+                        self._passive_delete_flag)
+                    if history:
+                        self._post_update(state, uowcommit, history.sum())
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state,
+                self.key,
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+            if history:
+                if history.added:
+                    for child in history.added:
+                        self._synchronize(state, child, None, False,
+                                          uowcommit, "add")
+                if self.post_update:
+                    self._post_update(state, uowcommit, history.sum())
+
+    def _synchronize(self, state, child, associationrow,
+                     clearkeys, uowcommit, operation=None):
+        if state is None or \
+                (not self.post_update and uowcommit.is_deleted(state)):
+            return
+
+        if operation is not None and \
+                child is not None and \
+                not uowcommit.session._contains_state(child):
+            util.warn(
+                "Object of type %s not in session, %s "
+                "operation along '%s' won't proceed" %
+                (mapperutil.state_class_str(child), operation, self.prop))
+            return
+
+        if clearkeys or child is None:
+            sync.clear(state, self.parent, self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+        else:
+            self._verify_canload(child)
+            sync.populate(child, self.mapper, state,
+                          self.parent,
+                          self.prop.synchronize_pairs,
+                          uowcommit,
+                          False)
+
+
+class DetectKeySwitch(DependencyProcessor):
+    """For many-to-one relationships with no one-to-many backref,
+    searches for parents through the unit of work when a primary
+    key has changed and updates them.
+
+    Theoretically, this approach could be expanded to support transparent
+    deletion of objects referenced via many-to-one as well, although
+    the current attribute system doesn't do enough bookkeeping for this
+    to be efficient.
+
+    """
+
+    def per_property_preprocessors(self, uow):
+        if self.prop._reverse_property:
+            if self.passive_updates:
+                return
+            else:
+                if False in (prop.passive_updates for
+                             prop in self.prop._reverse_property):
+                    return
+
+        uow.register_preprocessor(self, False)
+
+    def per_property_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+            uow,
+            self.parent.base_mapper)
+        after_save = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, False, False)
+        uow.dependencies.update([
+            (parent_saves, after_save)
+        ])
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow, states, isdelete):
+        pass
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        pass
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uow, states):
+        if not self.passive_updates:
+            # for non-passive updates, register in the preprocess stage
+            # so that mapper save_obj() gets a hold of changes
+            self._process_key_switches(states, uow)
+
+    def prop_has_changes(self, uow, states, isdelete):
+        if not isdelete and self.passive_updates:
+            d = self._key_switchers(uow, states)
+            return bool(d)
+
+        return False
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        assert False
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # for passive updates, register objects in the process stage
+        # so that we avoid ManyToOneDP's registering the object without
+        # the listonly flag in its own preprocess stage (results in UPDATE)
+        # statements being emitted
+        assert self.passive_updates
+        self._process_key_switches(states, uowcommit)
+
+    def _key_switchers(self, uow, states):
+        switched, notswitched = uow.memo(
+                                        ('pk_switchers', self),
+            lambda: (set(), set())
+        )
+
+        allstates = switched.union(notswitched)
+        for s in states:
+            if s not in allstates:
+                if self._pks_changed(uow, s):
+                    switched.add(s)
+                else:
+                    notswitched.add(s)
+        return switched
+
+    def _process_key_switches(self, deplist, uowcommit):
+        switchers = self._key_switchers(uowcommit, deplist)
+        if switchers:
+            # if primary key values have actually changed somewhere, perform
+            # a linear search through the UOW in search of a parent.
+            for state in uowcommit.session.identity_map.all_states():
+                if not issubclass(state.class_, self.parent.class_):
+                    continue
+                dict_ = state.dict
+                related = state.get_impl(self.key).get(
+                    state, dict_, passive=self._passive_update_flag)
+                if related is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                        related is not None:
+                    related_state = attributes.instance_state(dict_[self.key])
+                    if related_state in switchers:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(state,
+                                                  False,
+                                                  self.passive_updates)
+                        sync.populate(
+                            related_state,
+                            self.mapper, state,
+                            self.parent, self.prop.synchronize_pairs,
+                            uowcommit, self.passive_updates)
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        return bool(state.key) and sync.source_modified(
+            uowcommit, state, self.mapper, self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+
+
+class ManyToManyDP(DependencyProcessor):
+
+    def per_property_dependencies(self, uow, parent_saves,
+                                  child_saves,
+                                  parent_deletes,
+                                  child_deletes,
+                                  after_save,
+                                  before_delete
+                                  ):
+
+        uow.dependencies.update([
+            (parent_saves, after_save),
+            (child_saves, after_save),
+            (after_save, child_deletes),
+
+            # a rowswitch on the parent from  deleted to saved
+            # can make this one occur, as the "save" may remove
+            # an element from the
+            # "deleted" list before we have a chance to
+            # process its child rows
+            (before_delete, parent_saves),
+
+            (before_delete, parent_deletes),
+            (before_delete, child_deletes),
+            (before_delete, child_saves),
+        ])
+
+    def per_state_dependencies(self, uow,
+                               save_parent,
+                               delete_parent,
+                               child_action,
+                               after_save, before_delete,
+                               isdelete, childisdelete):
+        if not isdelete:
+            if childisdelete:
+                uow.dependencies.update([
+                    (save_parent, after_save),
+                    (after_save, child_action),
+                ])
+            else:
+                uow.dependencies.update([
+                    (save_parent, after_save),
+                    (child_action, after_save),
+                ])
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (before_delete, child_action),
+                (before_delete, delete_parent)
+            ])
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # TODO: no tests fail if this whole
+        # thing is removed !!!!
+        if not self.passive_deletes:
+            # if no passive deletes, load history on
+            # the collection, so that prop_has_changes()
+            # returns True
+            for state in states:
+                uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state,
+                    self.key,
+                    self._passive_delete_flag)
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        if not self.passive_updates:
+            # if no passive updates, load history on
+            # each collection where parent has changed PK,
+            # so that prop_has_changes() returns True
+            for state in states:
+                if self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state):
+                    history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                        state,
+                        self.key,
+                        attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+
+        if not self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+            return
+
+        # check for child items removed from the collection
+        # if delete_orphan check is turned on.
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state,
+                self.key,
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child, isdelete=True,
+                            operation="delete", prop=self.prop)
+                        for c, m, st_, dct_ in self.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+                                'delete',
+                                child):
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                st_, isdelete=True)
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        secondary_delete = []
+        secondary_insert = []
+        secondary_update = []
+
+        processed = self._get_reversed_processed_set(uowcommit)
+        tmp = set()
+        for state in states:
+            # this history should be cached already, as
+            # we loaded it in preprocess_deletes
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state,
+                self.key,
+                self._passive_delete_flag)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.non_added():
+                    if child is None or \
+                        (processed is not None and
+                            (state, child) in processed):
+                        continue
+                    associationrow = {}
+                    if not self._synchronize(
+                            state,
+                            child,
+                            associationrow,
+                            False, uowcommit, "delete"):
+                        continue
+                    secondary_delete.append(associationrow)
+
+                tmp.update((c, state) for c in history.non_added())
+
+        if processed is not None:
+            processed.update(tmp)
+
+        self._run_crud(uowcommit, secondary_insert,
+                       secondary_update, secondary_delete)
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        secondary_delete = []
+        secondary_insert = []
+        secondary_update = []
+
+        processed = self._get_reversed_processed_set(uowcommit)
+        tmp = set()
+
+        for state in states:
+            need_cascade_pks = not self.passive_updates and \
+                self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state)
+            if need_cascade_pks:
+                passive = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+            else:
+                passive = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(state, self.key,
+                                                      passive)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.added:
+                    if (processed is not None and
+                            (state, child) in processed):
+                        continue
+                    associationrow = {}
+                    if not self._synchronize(state,
+                                             child,
+                                             associationrow,
+                                             False, uowcommit, "add"):
+                        continue
+                    secondary_insert.append(associationrow)
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if (processed is not None and
+                            (state, child) in processed):
+                        continue
+                    associationrow = {}
+                    if not self._synchronize(state,
+                                             child,
+                                             associationrow,
+                                             False, uowcommit, "delete"):
+                        continue
+                    secondary_delete.append(associationrow)
+
+                tmp.update((c, state)
+                           for c in history.added + history.deleted)
+
+                if need_cascade_pks:
+
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        associationrow = {}
+                        sync.update(state,
+                                    self.parent,
+                                    associationrow,
+                                    "old_",
+                                    self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+                        sync.update(child,
+                                    self.mapper,
+                                    associationrow,
+                                    "old_",
+                                    self.prop.secondary_synchronize_pairs)
+
+                        secondary_update.append(associationrow)
+
+        if processed is not None:
+            processed.update(tmp)
+
+        self._run_crud(uowcommit, secondary_insert,
+                       secondary_update, secondary_delete)
+
+    def _run_crud(self, uowcommit, secondary_insert,
+                  secondary_update, secondary_delete):
+        connection = uowcommit.transaction.connection(self.mapper)
+
+        if secondary_delete:
+            associationrow = secondary_delete[0]
+            statement = self.secondary.delete(sql.and_(*[
+                c == sql.bindparam(c.key, type_=c.type)
+                for c in self.secondary.c
+                if c.key in associationrow
+            ]))
+            result = connection.execute(statement, secondary_delete)
+
+            if result.supports_sane_multi_rowcount() and \
+                    result.rowcount != len(secondary_delete):
+                raise exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to delete "
+                    "%d row(s); Only %d were matched." %
+                    (self.secondary.description, len(secondary_delete),
+                     result.rowcount)
+                )
+
+        if secondary_update:
+            associationrow = secondary_update[0]
+            statement = self.secondary.update(sql.and_(*[
+                c == sql.bindparam("old_" + c.key, type_=c.type)
+                for c in self.secondary.c
+                if c.key in associationrow
+            ]))
+            result = connection.execute(statement, secondary_update)
+            if result.supports_sane_multi_rowcount() and \
+                    result.rowcount != len(secondary_update):
+                raise exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "UPDATE statement on table '%s' expected to update "
+                    "%d row(s); Only %d were matched." %
+                    (self.secondary.description, len(secondary_update),
+                     result.rowcount)
+                )
+
+        if secondary_insert:
+            statement = self.secondary.insert()
+            connection.execute(statement, secondary_insert)
+
+    def _synchronize(self, state, child, associationrow,
+                     clearkeys, uowcommit, operation):
+
+        # this checks for None if uselist=True
+        self._verify_canload(child)
+
+        # but if uselist=False we get here.   If child is None,
+        # no association row can be generated, so return.
+        if child is None:
+            return False
+
+        if child is not None and not uowcommit.session._contains_state(child):
+            if not child.deleted:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Object of type %s not in session, %s "
+                    "operation along '%s' won't proceed" %
+                    (mapperutil.state_class_str(child), operation, self.prop))
+            return False
+
+        sync.populate_dict(state, self.parent, associationrow,
+                           self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+        sync.populate_dict(child, self.mapper, associationrow,
+                           self.prop.secondary_synchronize_pairs)
+
+        return True
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        return sync.source_modified(
+            uowcommit,
+            state,
+            self.parent,
+            self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+
+_direction_to_processor = {
+    ONETOMANY: OneToManyDP,
+    MANYTOONE: ManyToOneDP,
+    MANYTOMANY: ManyToManyDP,
+}
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/deprecated_interfaces.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/deprecated_interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa693c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/deprecated_interfaces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,593 @@
+# orm/deprecated_interfaces.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .. import event, util
+from .interfaces import EXT_CONTINUE
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces")
+class MapperExtension(object):
+    """Base implementation for :class:`.Mapper` event hooks.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       :class:`.MapperExtension` is deprecated.   Please
+       refer to :func:`.event.listen` as well as
+       :class:`.MapperEvents`.
+
+    New extension classes subclass :class:`.MapperExtension` and are specified
+    using the ``extension`` mapper() argument, which is a single
+    :class:`.MapperExtension` or a list of such::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces import MapperExtension
+
+        class MyExtension(MapperExtension):
+            def before_insert(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+                print "instance %s before insert !" % instance
+
+        m = mapper(User, users_table, extension=MyExtension())
+
+    A single mapper can maintain a chain of ``MapperExtension``
+    objects. When a particular mapping event occurs, the
+    corresponding method on each ``MapperExtension`` is invoked
+    serially, and each method has the ability to halt the chain
+    from proceeding further::
+
+        m = mapper(User, users_table, extension=[ext1, ext2, ext3])
+
+    Each ``MapperExtension`` method returns the symbol
+    EXT_CONTINUE by default.   This symbol generally means "move
+    to the next ``MapperExtension`` for processing".  For methods
+    that return objects like translated rows or new object
+    instances, EXT_CONTINUE means the result of the method
+    should be ignored.   In some cases it's required for a
+    default mapper activity to be performed, such as adding a
+    new instance to a result list.
+
+    The symbol EXT_STOP has significance within a chain
+    of ``MapperExtension`` objects that the chain will be stopped
+    when this symbol is returned.  Like EXT_CONTINUE, it also
+    has additional significance in some cases that a default
+    mapper activity will not be performed.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_instrument_class(cls, self, listener):
+        cls._adapt_listener_methods(self, listener, ('instrument_class',))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_listener(cls, self, listener):
+        cls._adapt_listener_methods(
+            self, listener,
+            (
+                'init_instance',
+                'init_failed',
+                'translate_row',
+                'create_instance',
+                'append_result',
+                'populate_instance',
+                'reconstruct_instance',
+                'before_insert',
+                'after_insert',
+                'before_update',
+                'after_update',
+                'before_delete',
+                'after_delete'
+            ))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_listener_methods(cls, self, listener, methods):
+
+        for meth in methods:
+            me_meth = getattr(MapperExtension, meth)
+            ls_meth = getattr(listener, meth)
+
+            if not util.methods_equivalent(me_meth, ls_meth):
+                if meth == 'reconstruct_instance':
+                    def go(ls_meth):
+                        def reconstruct(instance, ctx):
+                            ls_meth(self, instance)
+                        return reconstruct
+                    event.listen(self.class_manager, 'load',
+                                 go(ls_meth), raw=False, propagate=True)
+                elif meth == 'init_instance':
+                    def go(ls_meth):
+                        def init_instance(instance, args, kwargs):
+                            ls_meth(self, self.class_,
+                                    self.class_manager.original_init,
+                                    instance, args, kwargs)
+                        return init_instance
+                    event.listen(self.class_manager, 'init',
+                                 go(ls_meth), raw=False, propagate=True)
+                elif meth == 'init_failed':
+                    def go(ls_meth):
+                        def init_failed(instance, args, kwargs):
+                            util.warn_exception(
+                                ls_meth, self, self.class_,
+                                self.class_manager.original_init,
+                                instance, args, kwargs)
+
+                        return init_failed
+                    event.listen(self.class_manager, 'init_failure',
+                                 go(ls_meth), raw=False, propagate=True)
+                else:
+                    event.listen(self, "%s" % meth, ls_meth,
+                                 raw=False, retval=True, propagate=True)
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper, class_):
+        """Receive a class when the mapper is first constructed, and has
+        applied instrumentation to the mapped class.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def init_instance(self, mapper, class_, oldinit, instance, args, kwargs):
+        """Receive an instance when its constructor is called.
+
+        This method is only called during a userland construction of
+        an object.  It is not called when an object is loaded from the
+        database.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def init_failed(self, mapper, class_, oldinit, instance, args, kwargs):
+        """Receive an instance when its constructor has been called,
+        and raised an exception.
+
+        This method is only called during a userland construction of
+        an object.  It is not called when an object is loaded from the
+        database.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def translate_row(self, mapper, context, row):
+        """Perform pre-processing on the given result row and return a
+        new row instance.
+
+        This is called when the mapper first receives a row, before
+        the object identity or the instance itself has been derived
+        from that row.   The given row may or may not be a
+        ``RowProxy`` object - it will always be a dictionary-like
+        object which contains mapped columns as keys.  The
+        returned object should also be a dictionary-like object
+        which recognizes mapped columns as keys.
+
+        If the ultimate return value is EXT_CONTINUE, the row
+        is not translated.
+
+        """
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def create_instance(self, mapper, selectcontext, row, class_):
+        """Receive a row when a new object instance is about to be
+        created from that row.
+
+        The method can choose to create the instance itself, or it can return
+        EXT_CONTINUE to indicate normal object creation should take place.
+
+        mapper
+          The mapper doing the operation
+
+        selectcontext
+          The QueryContext generated from the Query.
+
+        row
+          The result row from the database
+
+        class\_
+          The class we are mapping.
+
+        return value
+          A new object instance, or EXT_CONTINUE
+
+        """
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def append_result(self, mapper, selectcontext, row, instance,
+                      result, **flags):
+        """Receive an object instance before that instance is appended
+        to a result list.
+
+        If this method returns EXT_CONTINUE, result appending will proceed
+        normally.  if this method returns any other value or None,
+        result appending will not proceed for this instance, giving
+        this extension an opportunity to do the appending itself, if
+        desired.
+
+        mapper
+          The mapper doing the operation.
+
+        selectcontext
+          The QueryContext generated from the Query.
+
+        row
+          The result row from the database.
+
+        instance
+          The object instance to be appended to the result.
+
+        result
+          List to which results are being appended.
+
+        \**flags
+          extra information about the row, same as criterion in
+          ``create_row_processor()`` method of
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.MapperProperty`
+        """
+
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def populate_instance(self, mapper, selectcontext, row,
+                          instance, **flags):
+        """Receive an instance before that instance has
+        its attributes populated.
+
+        This usually corresponds to a newly loaded instance but may
+        also correspond to an already-loaded instance which has
+        unloaded attributes to be populated.  The method may be called
+        many times for a single instance, as multiple result rows are
+        used to populate eagerly loaded collections.
+
+        If this method returns EXT_CONTINUE, instance population will
+        proceed normally.  If any other value or None is returned,
+        instance population will not proceed, giving this extension an
+        opportunity to populate the instance itself, if desired.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.5
+            Most usages of this hook are obsolete.  For a
+            generic "object has been newly created from a row" hook, use
+            ``reconstruct_instance()``, or the ``@orm.reconstructor``
+            decorator.
+
+        """
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def reconstruct_instance(self, mapper, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance after it has been created via
+        ``__new__``, and after initial attribute population has
+        occurred.
+
+        This typically occurs when the instance is created based on
+        incoming result rows, and is only called once for that
+        instance's lifetime.
+
+        Note that during a result-row load, this method is called upon
+        the first row received for this instance.  Note that some
+        attributes and collections may or may not be loaded or even
+        initialized, depending on what's present in the result rows.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def before_insert(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance before that instance is inserted
+        into its table.
+
+        This is a good place to set up primary key values and such
+        that aren't handled otherwise.
+
+        Column-based attributes can be modified within this method
+        which will result in the new value being inserted.  However
+        *no* changes to the overall flush plan can be made, and
+        manipulation of the ``Session`` will not have the desired effect.
+        To manipulate the ``Session`` within an extension, use
+        ``SessionExtension``.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def after_insert(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance after that instance is inserted.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def before_update(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance before that instance is updated.
+
+        Note that this method is called for all instances that are marked as
+        "dirty", even those which have no net changes to their column-based
+        attributes. An object is marked as dirty when any of its column-based
+        attributes have a "set attribute" operation called or when any of its
+        collections are modified. If, at update time, no column-based
+        attributes have any net changes, no UPDATE statement will be issued.
+        This means that an instance being sent to before_update is *not* a
+        guarantee that an UPDATE statement will be issued (although you can
+        affect the outcome here).
+
+        To detect if the column-based attributes on the object have net
+        changes, and will therefore generate an UPDATE statement, use
+        ``object_session(instance).is_modified(instance,
+        include_collections=False)``.
+
+        Column-based attributes can be modified within this method
+        which will result in the new value being updated.  However
+        *no* changes to the overall flush plan can be made, and
+        manipulation of the ``Session`` will not have the desired effect.
+        To manipulate the ``Session`` within an extension, use
+        ``SessionExtension``.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def after_update(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance after that instance is updated.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def before_delete(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance before that instance is deleted.
+
+        Note that *no* changes to the overall flush plan can be made
+        here; and manipulation of the ``Session`` will not have the
+        desired effect. To manipulate the ``Session`` within an
+        extension, use ``SessionExtension``.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def after_delete(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance after that instance is deleted.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces")
+class SessionExtension(object):
+
+    """Base implementation for :class:`.Session` event hooks.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       :class:`.SessionExtension` is deprecated.   Please
+       refer to :func:`.event.listen` as well as
+       :class:`.SessionEvents`.
+
+    Subclasses may be installed into a :class:`.Session` (or
+    :class:`.sessionmaker`) using the ``extension`` keyword
+    argument::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces import SessionExtension
+
+        class MySessionExtension(SessionExtension):
+            def before_commit(self, session):
+                print "before commit!"
+
+        Session = sessionmaker(extension=MySessionExtension())
+
+    The same :class:`.SessionExtension` instance can be used
+    with any number of sessions.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_listener(cls, self, listener):
+        for meth in [
+            'before_commit',
+            'after_commit',
+            'after_rollback',
+            'before_flush',
+            'after_flush',
+            'after_flush_postexec',
+            'after_begin',
+            'after_attach',
+            'after_bulk_update',
+            'after_bulk_delete',
+        ]:
+            me_meth = getattr(SessionExtension, meth)
+            ls_meth = getattr(listener, meth)
+
+            if not util.methods_equivalent(me_meth, ls_meth):
+                event.listen(self, meth, getattr(listener, meth))
+
+    def before_commit(self, session):
+        """Execute right before commit is called.
+
+        Note that this may not be per-flush if a longer running
+        transaction is ongoing."""
+
+    def after_commit(self, session):
+        """Execute after a commit has occurred.
+
+        Note that this may not be per-flush if a longer running
+        transaction is ongoing."""
+
+    def after_rollback(self, session):
+        """Execute after a rollback has occurred.
+
+        Note that this may not be per-flush if a longer running
+        transaction is ongoing."""
+
+    def before_flush(self, session, flush_context, instances):
+        """Execute before flush process has started.
+
+        `instances` is an optional list of objects which were passed to
+        the ``flush()`` method. """
+
+    def after_flush(self, session, flush_context):
+        """Execute after flush has completed, but before commit has been
+        called.
+
+        Note that the session's state is still in pre-flush, i.e. 'new',
+        'dirty', and 'deleted' lists still show pre-flush state as well
+        as the history settings on instance attributes."""
+
+    def after_flush_postexec(self, session, flush_context):
+        """Execute after flush has completed, and after the post-exec
+        state occurs.
+
+        This will be when the 'new', 'dirty', and 'deleted' lists are in
+        their final state.  An actual commit() may or may not have
+        occurred, depending on whether or not the flush started its own
+        transaction or participated in a larger transaction. """
+
+    def after_begin(self, session, transaction, connection):
+        """Execute after a transaction is begun on a connection
+
+        `transaction` is the SessionTransaction. This method is called
+        after an engine level transaction is begun on a connection. """
+
+    def after_attach(self, session, instance):
+        """Execute after an instance is attached to a session.
+
+        This is called after an add, delete or merge. """
+
+    def after_bulk_update(self, session, query, query_context, result):
+        """Execute after a bulk update operation to the session.
+
+        This is called after a session.query(...).update()
+
+        `query` is the query object that this update operation was
+        called on. `query_context` was the query context object.
+        `result` is the result object returned from the bulk operation.
+        """
+
+    def after_bulk_delete(self, session, query, query_context, result):
+        """Execute after a bulk delete operation to the session.
+
+        This is called after a session.query(...).delete()
+
+        `query` is the query object that this delete operation was
+        called on. `query_context` was the query context object.
+        `result` is the result object returned from the bulk operation.
+        """
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces")
+class AttributeExtension(object):
+    """Base implementation for :class:`.AttributeImpl` event hooks, events
+    that fire upon attribute mutations in user code.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       :class:`.AttributeExtension` is deprecated.   Please
+       refer to :func:`.event.listen` as well as
+       :class:`.AttributeEvents`.
+
+    :class:`.AttributeExtension` is used to listen for set,
+    remove, and append events on individual mapped attributes.
+    It is established on an individual mapped attribute using
+    the `extension` argument, available on
+    :func:`.column_property`, :func:`.relationship`, and
+    others::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces import AttributeExtension
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper, relationship, column_property
+
+        class MyAttrExt(AttributeExtension):
+            def append(self, state, value, initiator):
+                print "append event !"
+                return value
+
+            def set(self, state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+                print "set event !"
+                return value
+
+        mapper(SomeClass, sometable, properties={
+            'foo':column_property(sometable.c.foo, extension=MyAttrExt()),
+            'bar':relationship(Bar, extension=MyAttrExt())
+        })
+
+    Note that the :class:`.AttributeExtension` methods
+    :meth:`~.AttributeExtension.append` and
+    :meth:`~.AttributeExtension.set` need to return the
+    ``value`` parameter. The returned value is used as the
+    effective value, and allows the extension to change what is
+    ultimately persisted.
+
+    AttributeExtension is assembled within the descriptors associated
+    with a mapped class.
+
+    """
+
+    active_history = True
+    """indicates that the set() method would like to receive the 'old' value,
+    even if it means firing lazy callables.
+
+    Note that ``active_history`` can also be set directly via
+    :func:`.column_property` and :func:`.relationship`.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_listener(cls, self, listener):
+        event.listen(self, 'append', listener.append,
+                     active_history=listener.active_history,
+                     raw=True, retval=True)
+        event.listen(self, 'remove', listener.remove,
+                     active_history=listener.active_history,
+                     raw=True, retval=True)
+        event.listen(self, 'set', listener.set,
+                     active_history=listener.active_history,
+                     raw=True, retval=True)
+
+    def append(self, state, value, initiator):
+        """Receive a collection append event.
+
+        The returned value will be used as the actual value to be
+        appended.
+
+        """
+        return value
+
+    def remove(self, state, value, initiator):
+        """Receive a remove event.
+
+        No return value is defined.
+
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def set(self, state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+        """Receive a set event.
+
+        The returned value will be used as the actual value to be
+        set.
+
+        """
+        return value
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/descriptor_props.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/descriptor_props.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ed24b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/descriptor_props.py
@@ -0,0 +1,680 @@
+# orm/descriptor_props.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Descriptor properties are more "auxiliary" properties
+that exist as configurational elements, but don't participate
+as actively in the load/persist ORM loop.
+
+"""
+
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty, PropComparator
+from .util import _none_set
+from . import attributes
+from .. import util, sql, exc as sa_exc, event, schema
+from ..sql import expression
+from . import properties
+from . import query
+
+
+class DescriptorProperty(MapperProperty):
+    """:class:`.MapperProperty` which proxies access to a
+        user-defined descriptor."""
+
+    doc = None
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper):
+        prop = self
+
+        class _ProxyImpl(object):
+            accepts_scalar_loader = False
+            expire_missing = True
+            collection = False
+
+            def __init__(self, key):
+                self.key = key
+
+            if hasattr(prop, 'get_history'):
+                def get_history(self, state, dict_,
+                                passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+                    return prop.get_history(state, dict_, passive)
+
+        if self.descriptor is None:
+            desc = getattr(mapper.class_, self.key, None)
+            if mapper._is_userland_descriptor(desc):
+                self.descriptor = desc
+
+        if self.descriptor is None:
+            def fset(obj, value):
+                setattr(obj, self.name, value)
+
+            def fdel(obj):
+                delattr(obj, self.name)
+
+            def fget(obj):
+                return getattr(obj, self.name)
+
+            self.descriptor = property(
+                fget=fget,
+                fset=fset,
+                fdel=fdel,
+            )
+
+        proxy_attr = attributes.create_proxied_attribute(
+            self.descriptor)(
+                self.parent.class_,
+                self.key,
+                self.descriptor,
+                lambda: self._comparator_factory(mapper),
+                doc=self.doc,
+                original_property=self
+            )
+        proxy_attr.impl = _ProxyImpl(self.key)
+        mapper.class_manager.instrument_attribute(self.key, proxy_attr)
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+class CompositeProperty(DescriptorProperty):
+    """Defines a "composite" mapped attribute, representing a collection
+    of columns as one attribute.
+
+    :class:`.CompositeProperty` is constructed using the :func:`.composite`
+    function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`mapper_composite`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, *attrs, **kwargs):
+        """Return a composite column-based property for use with a Mapper.
+
+        See the mapping documentation section :ref:`mapper_composite` for a
+        full usage example.
+
+        The :class:`.MapperProperty` returned by :func:`.composite`
+        is the :class:`.CompositeProperty`.
+
+        :param class\_:
+          The "composite type" class.
+
+        :param \*cols:
+          List of Column objects to be mapped.
+
+        :param active_history=False:
+          When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
+          scalar attribute should be loaded when replaced, if not
+          already loaded.  See the same flag on :func:`.column_property`.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+              This flag specifically becomes meaningful
+              - previously it was a placeholder.
+
+        :param group:
+          A group name for this property when marked as deferred.
+
+        :param deferred:
+          When True, the column property is "deferred", meaning that it does
+          not load immediately, and is instead loaded when the attribute is
+          first accessed on an instance.  See also
+          :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.deferred`.
+
+        :param comparator_factory:  a class which extends
+          :class:`.CompositeProperty.Comparator` which provides custom SQL
+          clause generation for comparison operations.
+
+        :param doc:
+          optional string that will be applied as the doc on the
+          class-bound descriptor.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        :param extension:
+          an :class:`.AttributeExtension` instance,
+          or list of extensions, which will be prepended to the list of
+          attribute listeners for the resulting descriptor placed on the
+          class.  **Deprecated.**  Please see :class:`.AttributeEvents`.
+
+        """
+
+        self.attrs = attrs
+        self.composite_class = class_
+        self.active_history = kwargs.get('active_history', False)
+        self.deferred = kwargs.get('deferred', False)
+        self.group = kwargs.get('group', None)
+        self.comparator_factory = kwargs.pop('comparator_factory',
+                                             self.__class__.Comparator)
+        if 'info' in kwargs:
+            self.info = kwargs.pop('info')
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+        self._create_descriptor()
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper):
+        super(CompositeProperty, self).instrument_class(mapper)
+        self._setup_event_handlers()
+
+    def do_init(self):
+        """Initialization which occurs after the :class:`.CompositeProperty`
+        has been associated with its parent mapper.
+
+        """
+        self._setup_arguments_on_columns()
+
+    def _create_descriptor(self):
+        """Create the Python descriptor that will serve as
+        the access point on instances of the mapped class.
+
+        """
+
+        def fget(instance):
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+
+            if self.key not in dict_:
+                # key not present.  Iterate through related
+                # attributes, retrieve their values.  This
+                # ensures they all load.
+                values = [
+                    getattr(instance, key)
+                    for key in self._attribute_keys
+                ]
+
+                # current expected behavior here is that the composite is
+                # created on access if the object is persistent or if
+                # col attributes have non-None.  This would be better
+                # if the composite were created unconditionally,
+                # but that would be a behavioral change.
+                if self.key not in dict_ and (
+                    state.key is not None or
+                    not _none_set.issuperset(values)
+                ):
+                    dict_[self.key] = self.composite_class(*values)
+                    state.manager.dispatch.refresh(state, None, [self.key])
+
+            return dict_.get(self.key, None)
+
+        def fset(instance, value):
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+            attr = state.manager[self.key]
+            previous = dict_.get(self.key, attributes.NO_VALUE)
+            for fn in attr.dispatch.set:
+                value = fn(state, value, previous, attr.impl)
+            dict_[self.key] = value
+            if value is None:
+                for key in self._attribute_keys:
+                    setattr(instance, key, None)
+            else:
+                for key, value in zip(
+                        self._attribute_keys,
+                        value.__composite_values__()):
+                    setattr(instance, key, value)
+
+        def fdel(instance):
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            previous = dict_.pop(self.key, attributes.NO_VALUE)
+            attr = state.manager[self.key]
+            attr.dispatch.remove(state, previous, attr.impl)
+            for key in self._attribute_keys:
+                setattr(instance, key, None)
+
+        self.descriptor = property(fget, fset, fdel)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _comparable_elements(self):
+        return [
+            getattr(self.parent.class_, prop.key)
+            for prop in self.props
+        ]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def props(self):
+        props = []
+        for attr in self.attrs:
+            if isinstance(attr, str):
+                prop = self.parent.get_property(
+                    attr, _configure_mappers=False)
+            elif isinstance(attr, schema.Column):
+                prop = self.parent._columntoproperty[attr]
+            elif isinstance(attr, attributes.InstrumentedAttribute):
+                prop = attr.property
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Composite expects Column objects or mapped "
+                    "attributes/attribute names as arguments, got: %r"
+                    % (attr,))
+            props.append(prop)
+        return props
+
+    @property
+    def columns(self):
+        return [a for a in self.attrs if isinstance(a, schema.Column)]
+
+    def _setup_arguments_on_columns(self):
+        """Propagate configuration arguments made on this composite
+        to the target columns, for those that apply.
+
+        """
+        for prop in self.props:
+            prop.active_history = self.active_history
+            if self.deferred:
+                prop.deferred = self.deferred
+                prop.strategy_class = prop._strategy_lookup(
+                    ("deferred", True),
+                    ("instrument", True))
+            prop.group = self.group
+
+    def _setup_event_handlers(self):
+        """Establish events that populate/expire the composite attribute."""
+
+        def load_handler(state, *args):
+            dict_ = state.dict
+
+            if self.key in dict_:
+                return
+
+            # if column elements aren't loaded, skip.
+            # __get__() will initiate a load for those
+            # columns
+            for k in self._attribute_keys:
+                if k not in dict_:
+                    return
+
+            # assert self.key not in dict_
+            dict_[self.key] = self.composite_class(
+                *[state.dict[key] for key in
+                  self._attribute_keys]
+            )
+
+        def expire_handler(state, keys):
+            if keys is None or set(self._attribute_keys).intersection(keys):
+                state.dict.pop(self.key, None)
+
+        def insert_update_handler(mapper, connection, state):
+            """After an insert or update, some columns may be expired due
+            to server side defaults, or re-populated due to client side
+            defaults.  Pop out the composite value here so that it
+            recreates.
+
+            """
+
+            state.dict.pop(self.key, None)
+
+        event.listen(self.parent, 'after_insert',
+                     insert_update_handler, raw=True)
+        event.listen(self.parent, 'after_update',
+                     insert_update_handler, raw=True)
+        event.listen(self.parent, 'load',
+                     load_handler, raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(self.parent, 'refresh',
+                     load_handler, raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(self.parent, 'expire',
+                     expire_handler, raw=True, propagate=True)
+
+        # TODO: need a deserialize hook here
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _attribute_keys(self):
+        return [
+            prop.key for prop in self.props
+        ]
+
+    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        """Provided for userland code that uses attributes.get_history()."""
+
+        added = []
+        deleted = []
+
+        has_history = False
+        for prop in self.props:
+            key = prop.key
+            hist = state.manager[key].impl.get_history(state, dict_)
+            if hist.has_changes():
+                has_history = True
+
+            non_deleted = hist.non_deleted()
+            if non_deleted:
+                added.extend(non_deleted)
+            else:
+                added.append(None)
+            if hist.deleted:
+                deleted.extend(hist.deleted)
+            else:
+                deleted.append(None)
+
+        if has_history:
+            return attributes.History(
+                [self.composite_class(*added)],
+                (),
+                [self.composite_class(*deleted)]
+            )
+        else:
+            return attributes.History(
+                (), [self.composite_class(*added)], ()
+            )
+
+    def _comparator_factory(self, mapper):
+        return self.comparator_factory(self, mapper)
+
+    class CompositeBundle(query.Bundle):
+        def __init__(self, property, expr):
+            self.property = property
+            super(CompositeProperty.CompositeBundle, self).__init__(
+                property.key, *expr)
+
+        def create_row_processor(self, query, procs, labels):
+            def proc(row, result):
+                return self.property.composite_class(
+                    *[proc(row, result) for proc in procs])
+            return proc
+
+    class Comparator(PropComparator):
+        """Produce boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+        :class:`.CompositeProperty` attributes.
+
+        See the example in :ref:`composite_operations` for an overview
+        of usage , as well as the documentation for :class:`.PropComparator`.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+        :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+        :ref:`types_operators`
+
+        :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        """
+
+        __hash__ = None
+
+        @property
+        def clauses(self):
+            return self.__clause_element__()
+
+        def __clause_element__(self):
+            return expression.ClauseList(
+                group=False, *self._comparable_elements)
+
+        def _query_clause_element(self):
+            return CompositeProperty.CompositeBundle(
+                self.prop, self.__clause_element__())
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def _comparable_elements(self):
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                return [
+                    getattr(
+                        self._adapt_to_entity.entity,
+                        prop.key
+                    ) for prop in self.prop._comparable_elements
+                ]
+            else:
+                return self.prop._comparable_elements
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if other is None:
+                values = [None] * len(self.prop._comparable_elements)
+            else:
+                values = other.__composite_values__()
+            comparisons = [
+                a == b
+                for a, b in zip(self.prop._comparable_elements, values)
+            ]
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                comparisons = [self.adapter(x) for x in comparisons]
+            return sql.and_(*comparisons)
+
+        def __ne__(self, other):
+            return sql.not_(self.__eq__(other))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.parent.class_.__name__) + "." + self.key
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+class ConcreteInheritedProperty(DescriptorProperty):
+    """A 'do nothing' :class:`.MapperProperty` that disables
+    an attribute on a concrete subclass that is only present
+    on the inherited mapper, not the concrete classes' mapper.
+
+    Cases where this occurs include:
+
+    * When the superclass mapper is mapped against a
+      "polymorphic union", which includes all attributes from
+      all subclasses.
+    * When a relationship() is configured on an inherited mapper,
+      but not on the subclass mapper.  Concrete mappers require
+      that relationship() is configured explicitly on each
+      subclass.
+
+    """
+
+    def _comparator_factory(self, mapper):
+        comparator_callable = None
+
+        for m in self.parent.iterate_to_root():
+            p = m._props[self.key]
+            if not isinstance(p, ConcreteInheritedProperty):
+                comparator_callable = p.comparator_factory
+                break
+        return comparator_callable
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        def warn():
+            raise AttributeError("Concrete %s does not implement "
+                                 "attribute %r at the instance level.  Add "
+                                 "this property explicitly to %s." %
+                                 (self.parent, self.key, self.parent))
+
+        class NoninheritedConcreteProp(object):
+            def __set__(s, obj, value):
+                warn()
+
+            def __delete__(s, obj):
+                warn()
+
+            def __get__(s, obj, owner):
+                if obj is None:
+                    return self.descriptor
+                warn()
+        self.descriptor = NoninheritedConcreteProp()
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+class SynonymProperty(DescriptorProperty):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, map_column=None,
+                 descriptor=None, comparator_factory=None,
+                 doc=None):
+        """Denote an attribute name as a synonym to a mapped property,
+        in that the attribute will mirror the value and expression behavior
+        of another attribute.
+
+        :param name: the name of the existing mapped property.  This
+          can refer to the string name of any :class:`.MapperProperty`
+          configured on the class, including column-bound attributes
+          and relationships.
+
+        :param descriptor: a Python :term:`descriptor` that will be used
+          as a getter (and potentially a setter) when this attribute is
+          accessed at the instance level.
+
+        :param map_column: if ``True``, the :func:`.synonym` construct will
+          locate the existing named :class:`.MapperProperty` based on the
+          attribute name of this :func:`.synonym`, and assign it to a new
+          attribute linked to the name of this :func:`.synonym`.
+          That is, given a mapping like::
+
+                class MyClass(Base):
+                    __tablename__ = 'my_table'
+
+                    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                    job_status = Column(String(50))
+
+                    job_status = synonym("_job_status", map_column=True)
+
+          The above class ``MyClass`` will now have the ``job_status``
+          :class:`.Column` object mapped to the attribute named
+          ``_job_status``, and the attribute named ``job_status`` will refer
+          to the synonym itself.  This feature is typically used in
+          conjunction with the ``descriptor`` argument in order to link a
+          user-defined descriptor as a "wrapper" for an existing column.
+
+        :param comparator_factory: A subclass of :class:`.PropComparator`
+          that will provide custom comparison behavior at the SQL expression
+          level.
+
+          .. note::
+
+            For the use case of providing an attribute which redefines both
+            Python-level and SQL-expression level behavior of an attribute,
+            please refer to the Hybrid attribute introduced at
+            :ref:`mapper_hybrids` for a more effective technique.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`synonyms` - examples of functionality.
+
+            :ref:`mapper_hybrids` - Hybrids provide a better approach for
+            more complicated attribute-wrapping schemes than synonyms.
+
+        """
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.map_column = map_column
+        self.descriptor = descriptor
+        self.comparator_factory = comparator_factory
+        self.doc = doc or (descriptor and descriptor.__doc__) or None
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+    # TODO: when initialized, check _proxied_property,
+    # emit a warning if its not a column-based property
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _proxied_property(self):
+        return getattr(self.parent.class_, self.name).property
+
+    def _comparator_factory(self, mapper):
+        prop = self._proxied_property
+
+        if self.comparator_factory:
+            comp = self.comparator_factory(prop, mapper)
+        else:
+            comp = prop.comparator_factory(prop, mapper)
+        return comp
+
+    def set_parent(self, parent, init):
+        if self.map_column:
+            # implement the 'map_column' option.
+            if self.key not in parent.mapped_table.c:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't compile synonym '%s': no column on table "
+                    "'%s' named '%s'"
+                    % (self.name, parent.mapped_table.description, self.key))
+            elif parent.mapped_table.c[self.key] in \
+                    parent._columntoproperty and \
+                    parent._columntoproperty[
+                parent.mapped_table.c[self.key]
+            ].key == self.name:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't call map_column=True for synonym %r=%r, "
+                    "a ColumnProperty already exists keyed to the name "
+                    "%r for column %r" %
+                    (self.key, self.name, self.name, self.key)
+                )
+            p = properties.ColumnProperty(parent.mapped_table.c[self.key])
+            parent._configure_property(
+                self.name, p,
+                init=init,
+                setparent=True)
+            p._mapped_by_synonym = self.key
+
+        self.parent = parent
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+class ComparableProperty(DescriptorProperty):
+    """Instruments a Python property for use in query expressions."""
+
+    def __init__(self, comparator_factory, descriptor=None, doc=None):
+        """Provides a method of applying a :class:`.PropComparator`
+        to any Python descriptor attribute.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+            :func:`.comparable_property` is superseded by
+            the :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid` extension.  See the example
+            at :ref:`hybrid_custom_comparators`.
+
+        Allows any Python descriptor to behave like a SQL-enabled
+        attribute when used at the class level in queries, allowing
+        redefinition of expression operator behavior.
+
+        In the example below we redefine :meth:`.PropComparator.operate`
+        to wrap both sides of an expression in ``func.lower()`` to produce
+        case-insensitive comparison::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import comparable_property
+            from sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces import PropComparator
+            from sqlalchemy.sql import func
+            from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, Column
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+
+            class CaseInsensitiveComparator(PropComparator):
+                def __clause_element__(self):
+                    return self.prop
+
+                def operate(self, op, other):
+                    return op(
+                        func.lower(self.__clause_element__()),
+                        func.lower(other)
+                    )
+
+            Base = declarative_base()
+
+            class SearchWord(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'search_word'
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                word = Column(String)
+                word_insensitive = comparable_property(lambda prop, mapper:
+                                CaseInsensitiveComparator(
+                                    mapper.c.word, mapper)
+                            )
+
+
+        A mapping like the above allows the ``word_insensitive`` attribute
+        to render an expression like::
+
+            >>> print SearchWord.word_insensitive == "Trucks"
+            lower(search_word.word) = lower(:lower_1)
+
+        :param comparator_factory:
+          A PropComparator subclass or factory that defines operator behavior
+          for this property.
+
+        :param descriptor:
+          Optional when used in a ``properties={}`` declaration.  The Python
+          descriptor or property to layer comparison behavior on top of.
+
+          The like-named descriptor will be automatically retrieved from the
+          mapped class if left blank in a ``properties`` declaration.
+
+        """
+        self.descriptor = descriptor
+        self.comparator_factory = comparator_factory
+        self.doc = doc or (descriptor and descriptor.__doc__) or None
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+    def _comparator_factory(self, mapper):
+        return self.comparator_factory(self, mapper)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dynamic.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dynamic.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51db1b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dynamic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+# orm/dynamic.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Dynamic collection API.
+
+Dynamic collections act like Query() objects for read operations and support
+basic add/delete mutation.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import log, util, exc
+from ..sql import operators
+from . import (
+    attributes, object_session, util as orm_util, strategies,
+    object_mapper, exc as orm_exc, properties
+)
+from .query import Query
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="dynamic")
+class DynaLoader(strategies.AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+        if not self.uselist:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "On relationship %s, 'dynamic' loaders cannot be used with "
+                "many-to-one/one-to-one relationships and/or "
+                "uselist=False." % self.parent_property)
+        strategies._register_attribute(
+            self,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=True,
+            uselist=True,
+            impl_class=DynamicAttributeImpl,
+            target_mapper=self.parent_property.mapper,
+            order_by=self.parent_property.order_by,
+            query_class=self.parent_property.query_class,
+            backref=self.parent_property.back_populates,
+        )
+
+
+class DynamicAttributeImpl(attributes.AttributeImpl):
+    uses_objects = True
+    accepts_scalar_loader = False
+    supports_population = False
+    collection = False
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, key, typecallable,
+                 dispatch,
+                 target_mapper, order_by, query_class=None, **kw):
+        super(DynamicAttributeImpl, self).\
+            __init__(class_, key, typecallable, dispatch, **kw)
+        self.target_mapper = target_mapper
+        self.order_by = order_by
+        if not query_class:
+            self.query_class = AppenderQuery
+        elif AppenderMixin in query_class.mro():
+            self.query_class = query_class
+        else:
+            self.query_class = mixin_user_query(query_class)
+
+    def get(self, state, dict_, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        if not passive & attributes.SQL_OK:
+            return self._get_collection_history(
+                state, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE).added_items
+        else:
+            return self.query_class(self, state)
+
+    def get_collection(self, state, dict_, user_data=None,
+                       passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
+        if not passive & attributes.SQL_OK:
+            return self._get_collection_history(state,
+                                                passive).added_items
+        else:
+            history = self._get_collection_history(state, passive)
+            return history.added_plus_unchanged
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _append_token(self):
+        return attributes.Event(self, attributes.OP_APPEND)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _remove_token(self):
+        return attributes.Event(self, attributes.OP_REMOVE)
+
+    def fire_append_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+                          collection_history=None):
+        if collection_history is None:
+            collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+
+        collection_history.add_added(value)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.append:
+            value = fn(state, value, initiator or self._append_token)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(attributes.instance_state(value), state, True)
+
+    def fire_remove_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+                          collection_history=None):
+        if collection_history is None:
+            collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+
+        collection_history.add_removed(value)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(attributes.instance_state(value), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)
+
+    def _modified_event(self, state, dict_):
+
+        if self.key not in state.committed_state:
+            state.committed_state[self.key] = CollectionHistory(self, state)
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_,
+                              self,
+                              attributes.NEVER_SET)
+
+        # this is a hack to allow the fixtures.ComparableEntity fixture
+        # to work
+        dict_[self.key] = True
+        return state.committed_state[self.key]
+
+    def set(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+            passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF,
+            check_old=None, pop=False):
+        if initiator and initiator.parent_token is self.parent_token:
+            return
+
+        if pop and value is None:
+            return
+        self._set_iterable(state, dict_, value)
+
+    def _set_iterable(self, state, dict_, iterable, adapter=None):
+        new_values = list(iterable)
+        if state.has_identity:
+            old_collection = util.IdentitySet(self.get(state, dict_))
+
+        collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+        if not state.has_identity:
+            old_collection = collection_history.added_items
+        else:
+            old_collection = old_collection.union(
+                collection_history.added_items)
+
+        idset = util.IdentitySet
+        constants = old_collection.intersection(new_values)
+        additions = idset(new_values).difference(constants)
+        removals = old_collection.difference(constants)
+
+        for member in new_values:
+            if member in additions:
+                self.fire_append_event(state, dict_, member, None,
+                                       collection_history=collection_history)
+
+        for member in removals:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, member, None,
+                                   collection_history=collection_history)
+
+    def delete(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_committed_value(self, state, dict_, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Dynamic attributes don't support "
+                                  "collection population.")
+
+    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        c = self._get_collection_history(state, passive)
+        return c.as_history()
+
+    def get_all_pending(self, state, dict_,
+                        passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
+        c = self._get_collection_history(
+            state, passive)
+        return [
+            (attributes.instance_state(x), x)
+            for x in
+            c.all_items
+        ]
+
+    def _get_collection_history(self, state, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            c = state.committed_state[self.key]
+        else:
+            c = CollectionHistory(self, state)
+
+        if state.has_identity and (passive & attributes.INIT_OK):
+            return CollectionHistory(self, state, apply_to=c)
+        else:
+            return c
+
+    def append(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+               passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        if initiator is not self:
+            self.fire_append_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+
+    def remove(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+               passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        if initiator is not self:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+
+    def pop(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+            passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        self.remove(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
+
+
+class AppenderMixin(object):
+    query_class = None
+
+    def __init__(self, attr, state):
+        super(AppenderMixin, self).__init__(attr.target_mapper, None)
+        self.instance = instance = state.obj()
+        self.attr = attr
+
+        mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+        prop = mapper._props[self.attr.key]
+        self._criterion = prop.compare(
+            operators.eq,
+            instance,
+            value_is_parent=True,
+            alias_secondary=False)
+
+        if self.attr.order_by:
+            self._order_by = self.attr.order_by
+
+    def session(self):
+        sess = object_session(self.instance)
+        if sess is not None and self.autoflush and sess.autoflush \
+                and self.instance in sess:
+            sess.flush()
+        if not orm_util.has_identity(self.instance):
+            return None
+        else:
+            return sess
+    session = property(session, lambda s, x: None)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is None:
+            return iter(self.attr._get_collection_history(
+                attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE).added_items)
+        else:
+            return iter(self._clone(sess))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is None:
+            return self.attr._get_collection_history(
+                attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE).indexed(index)
+        else:
+            return self._clone(sess).__getitem__(index)
+
+    def count(self):
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is None:
+            return len(self.attr._get_collection_history(
+                attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE).added_items)
+        else:
+            return self._clone(sess).count()
+
+    def _clone(self, sess=None):
+        # note we're returning an entirely new Query class instance
+        # here without any assignment capabilities; the class of this
+        # query is determined by the session.
+        instance = self.instance
+        if sess is None:
+            sess = object_session(instance)
+            if sess is None:
+                raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+                    "Parent instance %s is not bound to a Session, and no "
+                    "contextual session is established; lazy load operation "
+                    "of attribute '%s' cannot proceed" % (
+                        orm_util.instance_str(instance), self.attr.key))
+
+        if self.query_class:
+            query = self.query_class(self.attr.target_mapper, session=sess)
+        else:
+            query = sess.query(self.attr.target_mapper)
+
+        query._criterion = self._criterion
+        query._order_by = self._order_by
+
+        return query
+
+    def extend(self, iterator):
+        for item in iterator:
+            self.attr.append(
+                attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                attributes.instance_dict(self.instance), item, None)
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        self.attr.append(
+            attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+            attributes.instance_dict(self.instance), item, None)
+
+    def remove(self, item):
+        self.attr.remove(
+            attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+            attributes.instance_dict(self.instance), item, None)
+
+
+class AppenderQuery(AppenderMixin, Query):
+    """A dynamic query that supports basic collection storage operations."""
+
+
+def mixin_user_query(cls):
+    """Return a new class with AppenderQuery functionality layered over."""
+    name = 'Appender' + cls.__name__
+    return type(name, (AppenderMixin, cls), {'query_class': cls})
+
+
+class CollectionHistory(object):
+    """Overrides AttributeHistory to receive append/remove events directly."""
+
+    def __init__(self, attr, state, apply_to=None):
+        if apply_to:
+            coll = AppenderQuery(attr, state).autoflush(False)
+            self.unchanged_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet(coll)
+            self.added_items = apply_to.added_items
+            self.deleted_items = apply_to.deleted_items
+            self._reconcile_collection = True
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.added_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.unchanged_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self._reconcile_collection = False
+
+    @property
+    def added_plus_unchanged(self):
+        return list(self.added_items.union(self.unchanged_items))
+
+    @property
+    def all_items(self):
+        return list(self.added_items.union(
+            self.unchanged_items).union(self.deleted_items))
+
+    def as_history(self):
+        if self._reconcile_collection:
+            added = self.added_items.difference(self.unchanged_items)
+            deleted = self.deleted_items.intersection(self.unchanged_items)
+            unchanged = self.unchanged_items.difference(deleted)
+        else:
+            added, unchanged, deleted = self.added_items,\
+                self.unchanged_items,\
+                self.deleted_items
+        return attributes.History(
+            list(added),
+            list(unchanged),
+            list(deleted),
+        )
+
+    def indexed(self, index):
+        return list(self.added_items)[index]
+
+    def add_added(self, value):
+        self.added_items.add(value)
+
+    def add_removed(self, value):
+        if value in self.added_items:
+            self.added_items.remove(value)
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items.add(value)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/evaluator.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/evaluator.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efd2bfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/evaluator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# orm/evaluator.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+import operator
+from ..sql import operators
+from .. import util
+
+
+class UnevaluatableError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+_straight_ops = set(getattr(operators, op)
+                    for op in ('add', 'mul', 'sub',
+                               'div',
+                               'mod', 'truediv',
+                               'lt', 'le', 'ne', 'gt', 'ge', 'eq'))
+
+
+_notimplemented_ops = set(getattr(operators, op)
+                          for op in ('like_op', 'notlike_op', 'ilike_op',
+                                     'notilike_op', 'between_op', 'in_op',
+                                     'notin_op', 'endswith_op', 'concat_op'))
+
+
+class EvaluatorCompiler(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, target_cls=None):
+        self.target_cls = target_cls
+
+    def process(self, clause):
+        meth = getattr(self, "visit_%s" % clause.__visit_name__, None)
+        if not meth:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                "Cannot evaluate %s" % type(clause).__name__)
+        return meth(clause)
+
+    def visit_grouping(self, clause):
+        return self.process(clause.element)
+
+    def visit_null(self, clause):
+        return lambda obj: None
+
+    def visit_false(self, clause):
+        return lambda obj: False
+
+    def visit_true(self, clause):
+        return lambda obj: True
+
+    def visit_column(self, clause):
+        if 'parentmapper' in clause._annotations:
+            parentmapper = clause._annotations['parentmapper']
+            if self.target_cls and not issubclass(
+                    self.target_cls, parentmapper.class_):
+                util.warn(
+                    "Can't do in-Python evaluation of criteria against "
+                    "alternate class %s; "
+                    "expiration of objects will not be accurate "
+                    "and/or may fail.  synchronize_session should be set to "
+                    "False or 'fetch'. "
+                    "This warning will be an exception "
+                    "in 1.0." % parentmapper.class_
+                )
+            key = parentmapper._columntoproperty[clause].key
+        else:
+            key = clause.key
+
+        get_corresponding_attr = operator.attrgetter(key)
+        return lambda obj: get_corresponding_attr(obj)
+
+    def visit_clauselist(self, clause):
+        evaluators = list(map(self.process, clause.clauses))
+        if clause.operator is operators.or_:
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                has_null = False
+                for sub_evaluate in evaluators:
+                    value = sub_evaluate(obj)
+                    if value:
+                        return True
+                    has_null = has_null or value is None
+                if has_null:
+                    return None
+                return False
+        elif clause.operator is operators.and_:
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                for sub_evaluate in evaluators:
+                    value = sub_evaluate(obj)
+                    if not value:
+                        if value is None:
+                            return None
+                        return False
+                return True
+        else:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                "Cannot evaluate clauselist with operator %s" %
+                clause.operator)
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def visit_binary(self, clause):
+        eval_left, eval_right = list(map(self.process,
+                                         [clause.left, clause.right]))
+        operator = clause.operator
+        if operator is operators.is_:
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                return eval_left(obj) == eval_right(obj)
+        elif operator is operators.isnot:
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                return eval_left(obj) != eval_right(obj)
+        elif operator in _straight_ops:
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                left_val = eval_left(obj)
+                right_val = eval_right(obj)
+                if left_val is None or right_val is None:
+                    return None
+                return operator(eval_left(obj), eval_right(obj))
+        else:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                "Cannot evaluate %s with operator %s" %
+                (type(clause).__name__, clause.operator))
+        return evaluate
+
+    def visit_unary(self, clause):
+        eval_inner = self.process(clause.element)
+        if clause.operator is operators.inv:
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                value = eval_inner(obj)
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return not value
+            return evaluate
+        raise UnevaluatableError(
+            "Cannot evaluate %s with operator %s" %
+            (type(clause).__name__, clause.operator))
+
+    def visit_bindparam(self, clause):
+        val = clause.value
+        return lambda obj: val
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/events.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa99673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1746 @@
+# orm/events.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""ORM event interfaces.
+
+"""
+from .. import event, exc, util
+from .base import _mapper_or_none
+import inspect
+import weakref
+from . import interfaces
+from . import mapperlib, instrumentation
+from .session import Session, sessionmaker
+from .scoping import scoped_session
+from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+
+
+class InstrumentationEvents(event.Events):
+    """Events related to class instrumentation events.
+
+    The listeners here support being established against
+    any new style class, that is any object that is a subclass
+    of 'type'.  Events will then be fired off for events
+    against that class.  If the "propagate=True" flag is passed
+    to event.listen(), the event will fire off for subclasses
+    of that class as well.
+
+    The Python ``type`` builtin is also accepted as a target,
+    which when used has the effect of events being emitted
+    for all classes.
+
+    Note the "propagate" flag here is defaulted to ``True``,
+    unlike the other class level events where it defaults
+    to ``False``.  This means that new subclasses will also
+    be the subject of these events, when a listener
+    is established on a superclass.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8 - events here will emit based
+       on comparing the incoming class to the type of class
+       passed to :func:`.event.listen`.  Previously, the
+       event would fire for any class unconditionally regardless
+       of what class was sent for listening, despite
+       documentation which stated the contrary.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeBaseClass"
+    _dispatch_target = instrumentation.InstrumentationFactory
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(cls, target):
+        if isinstance(target, type):
+            return _InstrumentationEventsHold(target)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(cls, event_key, propagate=True, **kw):
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn
+
+        def listen(target_cls, *arg):
+            listen_cls = target()
+            if propagate and issubclass(target_cls, listen_cls):
+                return fn(target_cls, *arg)
+            elif not propagate and target_cls is listen_cls:
+                return fn(target_cls, *arg)
+
+        def remove(ref):
+            key = event.registry._EventKey(
+                None, identifier, listen,
+                instrumentation._instrumentation_factory)
+            getattr(instrumentation._instrumentation_factory.dispatch,
+                    identifier).remove(key)
+
+        target = weakref.ref(target.class_, remove)
+
+        event_key.\
+            with_dispatch_target(instrumentation._instrumentation_factory).\
+            with_wrapper(listen).base_listen(**kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls):
+        super(InstrumentationEvents, cls)._clear()
+        instrumentation._instrumentation_factory.dispatch._clear()
+
+    def class_instrument(self, cls):
+        """Called after the given class is instrumented.
+
+        To get at the :class:`.ClassManager`, use
+        :func:`.manager_of_class`.
+
+        """
+
+    def class_uninstrument(self, cls):
+        """Called before the given class is uninstrumented.
+
+        To get at the :class:`.ClassManager`, use
+        :func:`.manager_of_class`.
+
+        """
+
+    def attribute_instrument(self, cls, key, inst):
+        """Called when an attribute is instrumented."""
+
+
+class _InstrumentationEventsHold(object):
+    """temporary marker object used to transfer from _accept_with() to
+    _listen() on the InstrumentationEvents class.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, class_):
+        self.class_ = class_
+
+    dispatch = event.dispatcher(InstrumentationEvents)
+
+
+class InstanceEvents(event.Events):
+    """Define events specific to object lifecycle.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        def my_load_listener(target, context):
+            print "on load!"
+
+        event.listen(SomeClass, 'load', my_load_listener)
+
+    Available targets include:
+
+    * mapped classes
+    * unmapped superclasses of mapped or to-be-mapped classes
+      (using the ``propagate=True`` flag)
+    * :class:`.Mapper` objects
+    * the :class:`.Mapper` class itself and the :func:`.mapper`
+      function indicate listening for all mappers.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8.0 instance events can be associated with
+       unmapped superclasses of mapped classes.
+
+    Instance events are closely related to mapper events, but
+    are more specific to the instance and its instrumentation,
+    rather than its system of persistence.
+
+    When using :class:`.InstanceEvents`, several modifiers are
+    available to the :func:`.event.listen` function.
+
+    :param propagate=False: When True, the event listener should
+       be applied to all inheriting classes as well as the
+       class which is the target of this listener.
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument passed
+       to applicable event listener functions will be the
+       instance's :class:`.InstanceState` management
+       object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeClass"
+
+    _dispatch_target = instrumentation.ClassManager
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _new_classmanager_instance(cls, class_, classmanager):
+        _InstanceEventsHold.populate(class_, classmanager)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm")
+    def _accept_with(cls, orm, target):
+        if isinstance(target, instrumentation.ClassManager):
+            return target
+        elif isinstance(target, mapperlib.Mapper):
+            return target.class_manager
+        elif target is orm.mapper:
+            return instrumentation.ClassManager
+        elif isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, mapperlib.Mapper):
+                return instrumentation.ClassManager
+            else:
+                manager = instrumentation.manager_of_class(target)
+                if manager:
+                    return manager
+                else:
+                    return _InstanceEventsHold(target)
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(cls, event_key, raw=False, propagate=False, **kw):
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn
+
+        if not raw:
+            def wrap(state, *arg, **kw):
+                return fn(state.obj(), *arg, **kw)
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        event_key.base_listen(propagate=propagate, **kw)
+
+        if propagate:
+            for mgr in target.subclass_managers(True):
+                event_key.with_dispatch_target(mgr).base_listen(
+                    propagate=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls):
+        super(InstanceEvents, cls)._clear()
+        _InstanceEventsHold._clear()
+
+    def first_init(self, manager, cls):
+        """Called when the first instance of a particular mapping is called.
+
+        """
+
+    def init(self, target, args, kwargs):
+        """Receive an instance when its constructor is called.
+
+        This method is only called during a userland construction of
+        an object.  It is not called when an object is loaded from the
+        database.
+
+        """
+
+    def init_failure(self, target, args, kwargs):
+        """Receive an instance when its constructor has been called,
+        and raised an exception.
+
+        This method is only called during a userland construction of
+        an object.  It is not called when an object is loaded from the
+        database.
+
+        """
+
+    def load(self, target, context):
+        """Receive an object instance after it has been created via
+        ``__new__``, and after initial attribute population has
+        occurred.
+
+        This typically occurs when the instance is created based on
+        incoming result rows, and is only called once for that
+        instance's lifetime.
+
+        Note that during a result-row load, this method is called upon
+        the first row received for this instance.  Note that some
+        attributes and collections may or may not be loaded or even
+        initialized, depending on what's present in the result rows.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext` corresponding to the
+         current :class:`.Query` in progress.  This argument may be
+         ``None`` if the load does not correspond to a :class:`.Query`,
+         such as during :meth:`.Session.merge`.
+
+        """
+
+    def refresh(self, target, context, attrs):
+        """Receive an object instance after one or more attributes have
+        been refreshed from a query.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext` corresponding to the
+         current :class:`.Query` in progress.
+        :param attrs: iterable collection of attribute names which
+         were populated, or None if all column-mapped, non-deferred
+         attributes were populated.
+
+        """
+
+    def expire(self, target, attrs):
+        """Receive an object instance after its attributes or some subset
+        have been expired.
+
+        'keys' is a list of attribute names.  If None, the entire
+        state was expired.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param attrs: iterable collection of attribute
+         names which were expired, or None if all attributes were
+         expired.
+
+        """
+
+    def resurrect(self, target):
+        """Receive an object instance as it is 'resurrected' from
+        garbage collection, which occurs when a "dirty" state falls
+        out of scope.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+
+        """
+
+    def pickle(self, target, state_dict):
+        """Receive an object instance when its associated state is
+        being pickled.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param state_dict: the dictionary returned by
+         :class:`.InstanceState.__getstate__`, containing the state
+         to be pickled.
+
+        """
+
+    def unpickle(self, target, state_dict):
+        """Receive an object instance after its associated state has
+        been unpickled.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param state_dict: the dictionary sent to
+         :class:`.InstanceState.__setstate__`, containing the state
+         dictionary which was pickled.
+
+        """
+
+
+class _EventsHold(event.RefCollection):
+    """Hold onto listeners against unmapped, uninstrumented classes.
+
+    Establish _listen() for that class' mapper/instrumentation when
+    those objects are created for that class.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, class_):
+        self.class_ = class_
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls):
+        cls.all_holds.clear()
+
+    class HoldEvents(object):
+        _dispatch_target = None
+
+        @classmethod
+        def _listen(cls, event_key, raw=False, propagate=False, **kw):
+            target, identifier, fn = \
+                event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn
+
+            if target.class_ in target.all_holds:
+                collection = target.all_holds[target.class_]
+            else:
+                collection = target.all_holds[target.class_] = {}
+
+            event.registry._stored_in_collection(event_key, target)
+            collection[event_key._key] = (event_key, raw, propagate)
+
+            if propagate:
+                stack = list(target.class_.__subclasses__())
+                while stack:
+                    subclass = stack.pop(0)
+                    stack.extend(subclass.__subclasses__())
+                    subject = target.resolve(subclass)
+                    if subject is not None:
+                        # we are already going through __subclasses__()
+                        # so leave generic propagate flag False
+                        event_key.with_dispatch_target(subject).\
+                            listen(raw=raw, propagate=False, **kw)
+
+    def remove(self, event_key):
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn
+
+        if isinstance(target, _EventsHold):
+            collection = target.all_holds[target.class_]
+            del collection[event_key._key]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def populate(cls, class_, subject):
+        for subclass in class_.__mro__:
+            if subclass in cls.all_holds:
+                collection = cls.all_holds[subclass]
+                for event_key, raw, propagate in collection.values():
+                    if propagate or subclass is class_:
+                        # since we can't be sure in what order different
+                        # classes in a hierarchy are triggered with
+                        # populate(), we rely upon _EventsHold for all event
+                        # assignment, instead of using the generic propagate
+                        # flag.
+                        event_key.with_dispatch_target(subject).\
+                            listen(raw=raw, propagate=False)
+
+
+class _InstanceEventsHold(_EventsHold):
+    all_holds = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def resolve(self, class_):
+        return instrumentation.manager_of_class(class_)
+
+    class HoldInstanceEvents(_EventsHold.HoldEvents, InstanceEvents):
+        pass
+
+    dispatch = event.dispatcher(HoldInstanceEvents)
+
+
+class MapperEvents(event.Events):
+    """Define events specific to mappings.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        def my_before_insert_listener(mapper, connection, target):
+            # execute a stored procedure upon INSERT,
+            # apply the value to the row to be inserted
+            target.calculated_value = connection.scalar(
+                                        "select my_special_function(%d)"
+                                        % target.special_number)
+
+        # associate the listener function with SomeClass,
+        # to execute during the "before_insert" hook
+        event.listen(
+            SomeClass, 'before_insert', my_before_insert_listener)
+
+    Available targets include:
+
+    * mapped classes
+    * unmapped superclasses of mapped or to-be-mapped classes
+      (using the ``propagate=True`` flag)
+    * :class:`.Mapper` objects
+    * the :class:`.Mapper` class itself and the :func:`.mapper`
+      function indicate listening for all mappers.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8.0 mapper events can be associated with
+       unmapped superclasses of mapped classes.
+
+    Mapper events provide hooks into critical sections of the
+    mapper, including those related to object instrumentation,
+    object loading, and object persistence. In particular, the
+    persistence methods :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_insert`,
+    and :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_update` are popular
+    places to augment the state being persisted - however, these
+    methods operate with several significant restrictions. The
+    user is encouraged to evaluate the
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` and
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_flush` methods as more
+    flexible and user-friendly hooks in which to apply
+    additional database state during a flush.
+
+    When using :class:`.MapperEvents`, several modifiers are
+    available to the :func:`.event.listen` function.
+
+    :param propagate=False: When True, the event listener should
+       be applied to all inheriting mappers and/or the mappers of
+       inheriting classes, as well as any
+       mapper which is the target of this listener.
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument passed
+       to applicable event listener functions will be the
+       instance's :class:`.InstanceState` management
+       object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+    :param retval=False: when True, the user-defined event function
+       must have a return value, the purpose of which is either to
+       control subsequent event propagation, or to otherwise alter
+       the operation in progress by the mapper.   Possible return
+       values are:
+
+       * ``sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.EXT_CONTINUE`` - continue event
+         processing normally.
+       * ``sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.EXT_STOP`` - cancel all subsequent
+         event handlers in the chain.
+       * other values - the return value specified by specific listeners.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeClass"
+    _dispatch_target = mapperlib.Mapper
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _new_mapper_instance(cls, class_, mapper):
+        _MapperEventsHold.populate(class_, mapper)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm")
+    def _accept_with(cls, orm, target):
+        if target is orm.mapper:
+            return mapperlib.Mapper
+        elif isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, mapperlib.Mapper):
+                return target
+            else:
+                mapper = _mapper_or_none(target)
+                if mapper is not None:
+                    return mapper
+                else:
+                    return _MapperEventsHold(target)
+        else:
+            return target
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+            cls, event_key, raw=False, retval=False, propagate=False, **kw):
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn
+
+        if identifier in ("before_configured", "after_configured") and \
+                target is not mapperlib.Mapper:
+            util.warn(
+                "'before_configured' and 'after_configured' ORM events "
+                "only invoke with the mapper() function or Mapper class "
+                "as the target.")
+
+        if not raw or not retval:
+            if not raw:
+                meth = getattr(cls, identifier)
+                try:
+                    target_index = \
+                        inspect.getargspec(meth)[0].index('target') - 1
+                except ValueError:
+                    target_index = None
+
+            def wrap(*arg, **kw):
+                if not raw and target_index is not None:
+                    arg = list(arg)
+                    arg[target_index] = arg[target_index].obj()
+                if not retval:
+                    fn(*arg, **kw)
+                    return interfaces.EXT_CONTINUE
+                else:
+                    return fn(*arg, **kw)
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        if propagate:
+            for mapper in target.self_and_descendants:
+                event_key.with_dispatch_target(mapper).base_listen(
+                    propagate=True, **kw)
+        else:
+            event_key.base_listen(**kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls):
+        super(MapperEvents, cls)._clear()
+        _MapperEventsHold._clear()
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper, class_):
+        """Receive a class when the mapper is first constructed,
+        before instrumentation is applied to the mapped class.
+
+        This event is the earliest phase of mapper construction.
+        Most attributes of the mapper are not yet initialized.
+
+        This listener can either be applied to the :class:`.Mapper`
+        class overall, or to any un-mapped class which serves as a base
+        for classes that will be mapped (using the ``propagate=True`` flag)::
+
+            Base = declarative_base()
+
+            @event.listens_for(Base, "instrument_class", propagate=True)
+            def on_new_class(mapper, cls_):
+                " ... "
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param class\_: the mapped class.
+
+        """
+
+    def mapper_configured(self, mapper, class_):
+        """Called when the mapper for the class is fully configured.
+
+        This event is the latest phase of mapper construction, and
+        is invoked when the mapped classes are first used, so that
+        relationships between mappers can be resolved.   When the event is
+        called, the mapper should be in its final state.
+
+        While the configuration event normally occurs automatically,
+        it can be forced to occur ahead of time, in the case where the event
+        is needed before any actual mapper usage,  by using the
+        :func:`.configure_mappers` function.
+
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param class\_: the mapped class.
+
+        """
+        # TODO: need coverage for this event
+
+    def before_configured(self):
+        """Called before a series of mappers have been configured.
+
+        This corresponds to the :func:`.orm.configure_mappers` call, which
+        note is usually called automatically as mappings are first
+        used.
+
+        This event can **only** be applied to the :class:`.Mapper` class
+        or :func:`.mapper` function, and not to individual mappings or
+        mapped classes.  It is only invoked for all mappings as a whole::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper
+
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "before_configured")
+            def go():
+                # ...
+
+        Theoretically this event is called once per
+        application, but is actually called any time new mappers
+        are to be affected by a :func:`.orm.configure_mappers`
+        call.   If new mappings are constructed after existing ones have
+        already been used, this event can be called again.  To ensure
+        that a particular event is only called once and no further, the
+        ``once=True`` argument (new in 0.9.4) can be applied::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper
+
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "before_configured", once=True)
+            def go():
+                # ...
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.3
+
+        """
+
+    def after_configured(self):
+        """Called after a series of mappers have been configured.
+
+        This corresponds to the :func:`.orm.configure_mappers` call, which
+        note is usually called automatically as mappings are first
+        used.
+
+        This event can **only** be applied to the :class:`.Mapper` class
+        or :func:`.mapper` function, and not to individual mappings or
+        mapped classes.  It is only invoked for all mappings as a whole::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper
+
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "after_configured")
+            def go():
+                # ...
+
+        Theoretically this event is called once per
+        application, but is actually called any time new mappers
+        have been affected by a :func:`.orm.configure_mappers`
+        call.   If new mappings are constructed after existing ones have
+        already been used, this event can be called again.  To ensure
+        that a particular event is only called once and no further, the
+        ``once=True`` argument (new in 0.9.4) can be applied::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper
+
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "after_configured", once=True)
+            def go():
+                # ...
+
+        """
+
+    def translate_row(self, mapper, context, row):
+        """Perform pre-processing on the given result row and return a
+        new row instance.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.9 the :meth:`.translate_row` event should
+           be considered as legacy.  The row as delivered in a mapper
+           load operation typically requires that highly technical
+           details be accommodated in order to identity the correct
+           column keys are present in the row, rendering this particular
+           event hook as difficult to use and unreliable.
+
+        This listener is typically registered with ``retval=True``.
+        It is called when the mapper first receives a row, before
+        the object identity or the instance itself has been derived
+        from that row.   The given row may or may not be a
+        :class:`.RowProxy` object - it will always be a dictionary-like
+        object which contains mapped columns as keys.  The
+        returned object should also be a dictionary-like object
+        which recognizes mapped columns as keys.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext`, which includes
+         a handle to the current :class:`.Query` in progress as well
+         as additional state information.
+        :param row: the result row being handled.  This may be
+         an actual :class:`.RowProxy` or may be a dictionary containing
+         :class:`.Column` objects as keys.
+        :return: When configured with ``retval=True``, the function
+         should return a dictionary-like row object, or ``EXT_CONTINUE``,
+         indicating the original row should be used.
+
+
+        """
+
+    def create_instance(self, mapper, context, row, class_):
+        """Receive a row when a new object instance is about to be
+        created from that row.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.9 the :meth:`.create_instance` event should
+           be considered as legacy.  Manipulation of the object construction
+           mechanics during a load should not be necessary.
+
+        The method can choose to create the instance itself, or it can return
+        EXT_CONTINUE to indicate normal object creation should take place.
+        This listener is typically registered with ``retval=True``.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext`, which includes
+         a handle to the current :class:`.Query` in progress as well
+         as additional state information.
+        :param row: the result row being handled.  This may be
+         an actual :class:`.RowProxy` or may be a dictionary containing
+         :class:`.Column` objects as keys.
+        :param class\_: the mapped class.
+        :return: When configured with ``retval=True``, the return value
+         should be a newly created instance of the mapped class,
+         or ``EXT_CONTINUE`` indicating that default object construction
+         should take place.
+
+        """
+
+    def append_result(self, mapper, context, row, target,
+                      result, **flags):
+        """Receive an object instance before that instance is appended
+        to a result list.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.9 the :meth:`.append_result` event should
+           be considered as legacy.  It is a difficult to use method
+           whose original purpose is better suited by custom collection
+           classes.
+
+        This is a rarely used hook which can be used to alter
+        the construction of a result list returned by :class:`.Query`.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext`, which includes
+         a handle to the current :class:`.Query` in progress as well
+         as additional state information.
+        :param row: the result row being handled.  This may be
+         an actual :class:`.RowProxy` or may be a dictionary containing
+         :class:`.Column` objects as keys.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being populated.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param result: a list-like object where results are being
+         appended.
+        :param \**flags: Additional state information about the
+         current handling of the row.
+        :return: If this method is registered with ``retval=True``,
+         a return value of ``EXT_STOP`` will prevent the instance
+         from being appended to the given result list, whereas a
+         return value of ``EXT_CONTINUE`` will result in the default
+         behavior of appending the value to the result list.
+
+        """
+
+    def populate_instance(self, mapper, context, row,
+                          target, **flags):
+        """Receive an instance before that instance has
+        its attributes populated.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.9 the :meth:`.populate_instance` event should
+           be considered as legacy.  The mechanics of instance population
+           should not need modification; special "on load" rules can as always
+           be accommodated by the :class:`.InstanceEvents.load` event.
+
+        This usually corresponds to a newly loaded instance but may
+        also correspond to an already-loaded instance which has
+        unloaded attributes to be populated.  The method may be called
+        many times for a single instance, as multiple result rows are
+        used to populate eagerly loaded collections.
+
+        Most usages of this hook are obsolete.  For a
+        generic "object has been newly created from a row" hook, use
+        :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext`, which includes
+         a handle to the current :class:`.Query` in progress as well
+         as additional state information.
+        :param row: the result row being handled.  This may be
+         an actual :class:`.RowProxy` or may be a dictionary containing
+         :class:`.Column` objects as keys.
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: When configured with ``retval=True``, a return
+         value of ``EXT_STOP`` will bypass instance population by
+         the mapper. A value of ``EXT_CONTINUE`` indicates that
+         default instance population should take place.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_insert(self, mapper, connection, target):
+        """Receive an object instance before an INSERT statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        This event is used to modify local, non-object related
+        attributes on the instance before an INSERT occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class before their INSERT statements are emitted at
+        once in a later step. In the extremely rare case that
+        this is not desirable, the :func:`.mapper` can be
+        configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause
+        batches of instances to be broken up into individual
+        (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event
+        steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+            Mapper-level flush events are designed to operate **on attributes
+            local to the immediate object being handled
+            and via SQL operations with the given**
+            :class:`.Connection` **only.** Handlers here should **not** make
+            alterations to the state of the :class:`.Session` overall, and
+            in general should not affect any :func:`.relationship` -mapped
+            attributes, as session cascade rules will not function properly,
+            nor is it always known if the related class has already been
+            handled. Operations that **are not supported in mapper
+            events** include:
+
+            * :meth:`.Session.add`
+            * :meth:`.Session.delete`
+            * Mapped collection append, add, remove, delete, discard, etc.
+            * Mapped relationship attribute set/del events,
+              i.e. ``someobject.related = someotherobject``
+
+            Operations which manipulate the state of the object
+            relative to other objects are better handled:
+
+            * In the ``__init__()`` method of the mapped object itself, or
+              another method designed to establish some particular state.
+            * In a ``@validates`` handler, see :ref:`simple_validators`
+            * Within the  :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to
+         emit INSERT statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_insert(self, mapper, connection, target):
+        """Receive an object instance after an INSERT statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        This event is used to modify in-Python-only
+        state on the instance after an INSERT occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class after their INSERT statements have been
+        emitted at once in a previous step. In the extremely
+        rare case that this is not desirable, the
+        :func:`.mapper` can be configured with ``batch=False``,
+        which will cause batches of instances to be broken up
+        into individual (and more poorly performing)
+        event->persist->event steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+            Mapper-level flush events are designed to operate **on attributes
+            local to the immediate object being handled
+            and via SQL operations with the given**
+            :class:`.Connection` **only.** Handlers here should **not** make
+            alterations to the state of the :class:`.Session` overall, and in
+            general should not affect any :func:`.relationship` -mapped
+            attributes, as session cascade rules will not function properly,
+            nor is it always known if the related class has already been
+            handled. Operations that **are not supported in mapper
+            events** include:
+
+            * :meth:`.Session.add`
+            * :meth:`.Session.delete`
+            * Mapped collection append, add, remove, delete, discard, etc.
+            * Mapped relationship attribute set/del events,
+              i.e. ``someobject.related = someotherobject``
+
+            Operations which manipulate the state of the object
+            relative to other objects are better handled:
+
+            * In the ``__init__()`` method of the mapped object itself,
+              or another method designed to establish some particular state.
+            * In a ``@validates`` handler, see :ref:`simple_validators`
+            * Within the  :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to
+         emit INSERT statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_update(self, mapper, connection, target):
+        """Receive an object instance before an UPDATE statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        This event is used to modify local, non-object related
+        attributes on the instance before an UPDATE occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        This method is called for all instances that are
+        marked as "dirty", *even those which have no net changes
+        to their column-based attributes*. An object is marked
+        as dirty when any of its column-based attributes have a
+        "set attribute" operation called or when any of its
+        collections are modified. If, at update time, no
+        column-based attributes have any net changes, no UPDATE
+        statement will be issued. This means that an instance
+        being sent to :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_update` is
+        *not* a guarantee that an UPDATE statement will be
+        issued, although you can affect the outcome here by
+        modifying attributes so that a net change in value does
+        exist.
+
+        To detect if the column-based attributes on the object have net
+        changes, and will therefore generate an UPDATE statement, use
+        ``object_session(instance).is_modified(instance,
+        include_collections=False)``.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class before their UPDATE statements are emitted at
+        once in a later step. In the extremely rare case that
+        this is not desirable, the :func:`.mapper` can be
+        configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause
+        batches of instances to be broken up into individual
+        (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event
+        steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+            Mapper-level flush events are designed to operate **on attributes
+            local to the immediate object being handled
+            and via SQL operations with the given** :class:`.Connection`
+            **only.** Handlers here should **not** make alterations to the
+            state of the :class:`.Session` overall, and in general should not
+            affect any :func:`.relationship` -mapped attributes, as
+            session cascade rules will not function properly, nor is it
+            always known if the related class has already been handled.
+            Operations that **are not supported in mapper events** include:
+
+            * :meth:`.Session.add`
+            * :meth:`.Session.delete`
+            * Mapped collection append, add, remove, delete, discard, etc.
+            * Mapped relationship attribute set/del events,
+              i.e. ``someobject.related = someotherobject``
+
+            Operations which manipulate the state of the object
+            relative to other objects are better handled:
+
+            * In the ``__init__()`` method of the mapped object itself,
+              or another method designed to establish some particular state.
+            * In a ``@validates`` handler, see :ref:`simple_validators`
+            * Within the  :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to
+         emit UPDATE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+        """
+
+    def after_update(self, mapper, connection, target):
+        """Receive an object instance after an UPDATE statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        This event is used to modify in-Python-only
+        state on the instance after an UPDATE occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        This method is called for all instances that are
+        marked as "dirty", *even those which have no net changes
+        to their column-based attributes*, and for which
+        no UPDATE statement has proceeded. An object is marked
+        as dirty when any of its column-based attributes have a
+        "set attribute" operation called or when any of its
+        collections are modified. If, at update time, no
+        column-based attributes have any net changes, no UPDATE
+        statement will be issued. This means that an instance
+        being sent to :meth:`~.MapperEvents.after_update` is
+        *not* a guarantee that an UPDATE statement has been
+        issued.
+
+        To detect if the column-based attributes on the object have net
+        changes, and therefore resulted in an UPDATE statement, use
+        ``object_session(instance).is_modified(instance,
+        include_collections=False)``.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class after their UPDATE statements have been emitted at
+        once in a previous step. In the extremely rare case that
+        this is not desirable, the :func:`.mapper` can be
+        configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause
+        batches of instances to be broken up into individual
+        (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event
+        steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+            Mapper-level flush events are designed to operate **on attributes
+            local to the immediate object being handled
+            and via SQL operations with the given** :class:`.Connection`
+            **only.** Handlers here should **not** make alterations to the
+            state of the :class:`.Session` overall, and in general should not
+            affect any :func:`.relationship` -mapped attributes, as
+            session cascade rules will not function properly, nor is it
+            always known if the related class has already been handled.
+            Operations that **are not supported in mapper events** include:
+
+            * :meth:`.Session.add`
+            * :meth:`.Session.delete`
+            * Mapped collection append, add, remove, delete, discard, etc.
+            * Mapped relationship attribute set/del events,
+              i.e. ``someobject.related = someotherobject``
+
+            Operations which manipulate the state of the object
+            relative to other objects are better handled:
+
+            * In the ``__init__()`` method of the mapped object itself,
+              or another method designed to establish some particular state.
+            * In a ``@validates`` handler, see :ref:`simple_validators`
+            * Within the  :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to
+         emit UPDATE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_delete(self, mapper, connection, target):
+        """Receive an object instance before a DELETE statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        This event is used to emit additional SQL statements on
+        the given connection as well as to perform application
+        specific bookkeeping related to a deletion event.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class before their DELETE statements are emitted at
+        once in a later step.
+
+        .. warning::
+            Mapper-level flush events are designed to operate **on attributes
+            local to the immediate object being handled
+            and via SQL operations with the given** :class:`.Connection`
+            **only.** Handlers here should **not** make alterations to the
+            state of the :class:`.Session` overall, and in general should not
+            affect any :func:`.relationship` -mapped attributes, as
+            session cascade rules will not function properly, nor is it
+            always known if the related class has already been handled.
+            Operations that **are not supported in mapper events** include:
+
+            * :meth:`.Session.add`
+            * :meth:`.Session.delete`
+            * Mapped collection append, add, remove, delete, discard, etc.
+            * Mapped relationship attribute set/del events,
+              i.e. ``someobject.related = someotherobject``
+
+            Operations which manipulate the state of the object
+            relative to other objects are better handled:
+
+            * In the ``__init__()`` method of the mapped object itself,
+              or another method designed to establish some particular state.
+            * In a ``@validates`` handler, see :ref:`simple_validators`
+            * Within the  :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to
+         emit DELETE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being deleted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_delete(self, mapper, connection, target):
+        """Receive an object instance after a DELETE statement
+        has been emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        This event is used to emit additional SQL statements on
+        the given connection as well as to perform application
+        specific bookkeeping related to a deletion event.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class after their DELETE statements have been emitted at
+        once in a previous step.
+
+        .. warning::
+            Mapper-level flush events are designed to operate **on attributes
+            local to the immediate object being handled
+            and via SQL operations with the given** :class:`.Connection`
+            **only.** Handlers here should **not** make alterations to the
+            state of the :class:`.Session` overall, and in general should not
+            affect any :func:`.relationship` -mapped attributes, as
+            session cascade rules will not function properly, nor is it
+            always known if the related class has already been handled.
+            Operations that **are not supported in mapper events** include:
+
+            * :meth:`.Session.add`
+            * :meth:`.Session.delete`
+            * Mapped collection append, add, remove, delete, discard, etc.
+            * Mapped relationship attribute set/del events,
+              i.e. ``someobject.related = someotherobject``
+
+            Operations which manipulate the state of the object
+            relative to other objects are better handled:
+
+            * In the ``__init__()`` method of the mapped object itself,
+              or another method designed to establish some particular state.
+            * In a ``@validates`` handler, see :ref:`simple_validators`
+            * Within the  :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to
+         emit DELETE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being deleted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        """
+
+
+class _MapperEventsHold(_EventsHold):
+    all_holds = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def resolve(self, class_):
+        return _mapper_or_none(class_)
+
+    class HoldMapperEvents(_EventsHold.HoldEvents, MapperEvents):
+        pass
+
+    dispatch = event.dispatcher(HoldMapperEvents)
+
+
+class SessionEvents(event.Events):
+    """Define events specific to :class:`.Session` lifecycle.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+
+        def my_before_commit(session):
+            print "before commit!"
+
+        Session = sessionmaker()
+
+        event.listen(Session, "before_commit", my_before_commit)
+
+    The :func:`~.event.listen` function will accept
+    :class:`.Session` objects as well as the return result
+    of :class:`~.sessionmaker()` and :class:`~.scoped_session()`.
+
+    Additionally, it accepts the :class:`.Session` class which
+    will apply listeners to all :class:`.Session` instances
+    globally.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeSessionOrFactory"
+
+    _dispatch_target = Session
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(cls, target):
+        if isinstance(target, scoped_session):
+
+            target = target.session_factory
+            if not isinstance(target, sessionmaker) and \
+                (
+                    not isinstance(target, type) or
+                    not issubclass(target, Session)
+            ):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Session event listen on a scoped_session "
+                    "requires that its creation callable "
+                    "is associated with the Session class.")
+
+        if isinstance(target, sessionmaker):
+            return target.class_
+        elif isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, scoped_session):
+                return Session
+            elif issubclass(target, Session):
+                return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Session):
+            return target
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def after_transaction_create(self, session, transaction):
+        """Execute when a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` is created.
+
+        This event differs from :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+        in that it occurs for each :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+        overall, as opposed to when transactions are begun
+        on individual database connections.  It is also invoked
+        for nested transactions and subtransactions, and is always
+        matched by a corresponding
+        :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end` event
+        (assuming normal operation of the :class:`.Session`).
+
+        :param session: the target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param transaction: the target :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_transaction_end(self, session, transaction):
+        """Execute when the span of a :class:`.SessionTransaction` ends.
+
+        This event differs from :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+        in that it corresponds to all :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+        objects in use, including those for nested transactions
+        and subtransactions, and is always matched by a corresponding
+        :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create` event.
+
+        :param session: the target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param transaction: the target :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_commit(self, session):
+        """Execute before commit is called.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit` hook is *not* per-flush,
+            that is, the :class:`.Session` can emit SQL to the database
+            many times within the scope of a transaction.
+            For interception of these events, use the
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`,
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`, or
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+            events.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_commit(self, session):
+        """Execute after a commit has occurred.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit` hook is *not* per-flush,
+            that is, the :class:`.Session` can emit SQL to the database
+            many times within the scope of a transaction.
+            For interception of these events, use the
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`,
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`, or
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+            events.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :class:`.Session` is not in an active transaction
+            when the :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit` event is invoked,
+            and therefore can not emit SQL.  To emit SQL corresponding to
+            every transaction, use the :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit`
+            event.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_rollback(self, session):
+        """Execute after a real DBAPI rollback has occurred.
+
+        Note that this event only fires when the *actual* rollback against
+        the database occurs - it does *not* fire each time the
+        :meth:`.Session.rollback` method is called, if the underlying
+        DBAPI transaction has already been rolled back.  In many
+        cases, the :class:`.Session` will not be in
+        an "active" state during this event, as the current
+        transaction is not valid.   To acquire a :class:`.Session`
+        which is active after the outermost rollback has proceeded,
+        use the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_soft_rollback` event, checking the
+        :attr:`.Session.is_active` flag.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_soft_rollback(self, session, previous_transaction):
+        """Execute after any rollback has occurred, including "soft"
+        rollbacks that don't actually emit at the DBAPI level.
+
+        This corresponds to both nested and outer rollbacks, i.e.
+        the innermost rollback that calls the DBAPI's
+        rollback() method, as well as the enclosing rollback
+        calls that only pop themselves from the transaction stack.
+
+        The given :class:`.Session` can be used to invoke SQL and
+        :meth:`.Session.query` operations after an outermost rollback
+        by first checking the :attr:`.Session.is_active` flag::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Session, "after_soft_rollback")
+            def do_something(session, previous_transaction):
+                if session.is_active:
+                    session.execute("select * from some_table")
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param previous_transaction: The :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+         transactional marker object which was just closed.   The current
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction` for the given :class:`.Session` is
+         available via the :attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+        """
+
+    def before_flush(self, session, flush_context, instances):
+        """Execute before flush process has started.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+        :param instances: Usually ``None``, this is the collection of
+         objects which can be passed to the :meth:`.Session.flush` method
+         (note this usage is deprecated).
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_flush(self, session, flush_context):
+        """Execute after flush has completed, but before commit has been
+        called.
+
+        Note that the session's state is still in pre-flush, i.e. 'new',
+        'dirty', and 'deleted' lists still show pre-flush state as well
+        as the history settings on instance attributes.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_flush_postexec(self, session, flush_context):
+        """Execute after flush has completed, and after the post-exec
+        state occurs.
+
+        This will be when the 'new', 'dirty', and 'deleted' lists are in
+        their final state.  An actual commit() may or may not have
+        occurred, depending on whether or not the flush started its own
+        transaction or participated in a larger transaction.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_begin(self, session, transaction, connection):
+        """Execute after a transaction is begun on a connection
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param transaction: The :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+        :param connection: The :class:`~.engine.Connection` object
+         which will be used for SQL statements.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_attach(self, session, instance):
+        """Execute before an instance is attached to a session.
+
+        This is called before an add, delete or merge causes
+        the object to be part of the session.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.  Note that :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_attach`
+           now fires off after the item is part of the session.
+           :meth:`.before_attach` is provided for those cases where
+           the item should not yet be part of the session state.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_attach`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_attach(self, session, instance):
+        """Execute after an instance is attached to a session.
+
+        This is called after an add, delete or merge.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           As of 0.8, this event fires off *after* the item
+           has been fully associated with the session, which is
+           different than previous releases.  For event
+           handlers that require the object not yet
+           be part of session state (such as handlers which
+           may autoflush while the target object is not
+           yet complete) consider the
+           new :meth:`.before_attach` event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_attach`
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature("0.9",
+                             ["session", "query", "query_context", "result"],
+                             lambda update_context: (
+                                 update_context.session,
+                                 update_context.query,
+                                 update_context.context,
+                                 update_context.result))
+    def after_bulk_update(self, update_context):
+        """Execute after a bulk update operation to the session.
+
+        This is called as a result of the :meth:`.Query.update` method.
+
+        :param update_context: an "update context" object which contains
+         details about the update, including these attributes:
+
+            * ``session`` - the :class:`.Session` involved
+            * ``query`` -the :class:`.Query` object that this update operation
+              was called upon.
+            * ``context`` The :class:`.QueryContext` object, corresponding
+              to the invocation of an ORM query.
+            * ``result`` the :class:`.ResultProxy` returned as a result of the
+              bulk UPDATE operation.
+
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature("0.9",
+                             ["session", "query", "query_context", "result"],
+                             lambda delete_context: (
+                                 delete_context.session,
+                                 delete_context.query,
+                                 delete_context.context,
+                                 delete_context.result))
+    def after_bulk_delete(self, delete_context):
+        """Execute after a bulk delete operation to the session.
+
+        This is called as a result of the :meth:`.Query.delete` method.
+
+        :param delete_context: a "delete context" object which contains
+         details about the update, including these attributes:
+
+            * ``session`` - the :class:`.Session` involved
+            * ``query`` -the :class:`.Query` object that this update operation
+              was called upon.
+            * ``context`` The :class:`.QueryContext` object, corresponding
+              to the invocation of an ORM query.
+            * ``result`` the :class:`.ResultProxy` returned as a result of the
+              bulk DELETE operation.
+
+
+        """
+
+
+class AttributeEvents(event.Events):
+    """Define events for object attributes.
+
+    These are typically defined on the class-bound descriptor for the
+    target class.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        def my_append_listener(target, value, initiator):
+            print "received append event for target: %s" % target
+
+        event.listen(MyClass.collection, 'append', my_append_listener)
+
+    Listeners have the option to return a possibly modified version
+    of the value, when the ``retval=True`` flag is passed
+    to :func:`~.event.listen`::
+
+        def validate_phone(target, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            "Strip non-numeric characters from a phone number"
+
+            return re.sub(r'(?![0-9])', '', value)
+
+        # setup listener on UserContact.phone attribute, instructing
+        # it to use the return value
+        listen(UserContact.phone, 'set', validate_phone, retval=True)
+
+    A validation function like the above can also raise an exception
+    such as :exc:`ValueError` to halt the operation.
+
+    Several modifiers are available to the :func:`~.event.listen` function.
+
+    :param active_history=False: When True, indicates that the
+      "set" event would like to receive the "old" value being
+      replaced unconditionally, even if this requires firing off
+      database loads. Note that ``active_history`` can also be
+      set directly via :func:`.column_property` and
+      :func:`.relationship`.
+
+    :param propagate=False: When True, the listener function will
+      be established not just for the class attribute given, but
+      for attributes of the same name on all current subclasses
+      of that class, as well as all future subclasses of that
+      class, using an additional listener that listens for
+      instrumentation events.
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument to the
+      event will be the :class:`.InstanceState` management
+      object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+    :param retval=False: when True, the user-defined event
+      listening must return the "value" argument from the
+      function.  This gives the listening function the opportunity
+      to change the value that is ultimately used for a "set"
+      or "append" event.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeClass.some_attribute"
+    _dispatch_target = QueryableAttribute
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls):
+        event.Events._set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls)
+        dispatch_cls._active_history = False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(cls, target):
+        # TODO: coverage
+        if isinstance(target, interfaces.MapperProperty):
+            return getattr(target.parent.class_, target.key)
+        else:
+            return target
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(cls, event_key, active_history=False,
+                raw=False, retval=False,
+                propagate=False):
+
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn
+
+        if active_history:
+            target.dispatch._active_history = True
+
+        if not raw or not retval:
+            def wrap(target, value, *arg):
+                if not raw:
+                    target = target.obj()
+                if not retval:
+                    fn(target, value, *arg)
+                    return value
+                else:
+                    return fn(target, value, *arg)
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        event_key.base_listen(propagate=propagate)
+
+        if propagate:
+            manager = instrumentation.manager_of_class(target.class_)
+
+            for mgr in manager.subclass_managers(True):
+                event_key.with_dispatch_target(
+                    mgr[target.key]).base_listen(propagate=True)
+
+    def append(self, target, value, initiator):
+        """Receive a collection append event.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value being appended.  If this listener
+          is registered with ``retval=True``, the listener
+          function must return this value, or a new value which
+          replaces it.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 the ``initiator`` argument is now
+             passed as a :class:`.attributes.Event` object, and may be
+             modified by backref handlers within a chain of backref-linked
+             events.
+
+        :return: if the event was registered with ``retval=True``,
+         the given value, or a new effective value, should be returned.
+
+        """
+
+    def remove(self, target, value, initiator):
+        """Receive a collection remove event.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value being removed.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 the ``initiator`` argument is now
+             passed as a :class:`.attributes.Event` object, and may be
+             modified by backref handlers within a chain of backref-linked
+             events.
+
+        :return: No return value is defined for this event.
+        """
+
+    def set(self, target, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+        """Receive a scalar set event.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value being set.  If this listener
+          is registered with ``retval=True``, the listener
+          function must return this value, or a new value which
+          replaces it.
+        :param oldvalue: the previous value being replaced.  This
+          may also be the symbol ``NEVER_SET`` or ``NO_VALUE``.
+          If the listener is registered with ``active_history=True``,
+          the previous value of the attribute will be loaded from
+          the database if the existing value is currently unloaded
+          or expired.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 the ``initiator`` argument is now
+             passed as a :class:`.attributes.Event` object, and may be
+             modified by backref handlers within a chain of backref-linked
+             events.
+
+        :return: if the event was registered with ``retval=True``,
+         the given value, or a new effective value, should be returned.
+
+        """
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/exc.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/exc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff0ece4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/exc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# orm/exc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""SQLAlchemy ORM exceptions."""
+from .. import exc as sa_exc, util
+
+NO_STATE = (AttributeError, KeyError)
+"""Exception types that may be raised by instrumentation implementations."""
+
+
+class StaleDataError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An operation encountered database state that is unaccounted for.
+
+    Conditions which cause this to happen include:
+
+    * A flush may have attempted to update or delete rows
+      and an unexpected number of rows were matched during
+      the UPDATE or DELETE statement.   Note that when
+      version_id_col is used, rows in UPDATE or DELETE statements
+      are also matched against the current known version
+      identifier.
+
+    * A mapped object with version_id_col was refreshed,
+      and the version number coming back from the database does
+      not match that of the object itself.
+
+    * A object is detached from its parent object, however
+      the object was previously attached to a different parent
+      identity which was garbage collected, and a decision
+      cannot be made if the new parent was really the most
+      recent "parent".
+
+      .. versionadded:: 0.7.4
+
+    """
+
+ConcurrentModificationError = StaleDataError
+
+
+class FlushError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """A invalid condition was detected during flush()."""
+
+
+class UnmappedError(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """Base for exceptions that involve expected mappings not present."""
+
+
+class ObjectDereferencedError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An operation cannot complete due to an object being garbage
+    collected.
+
+    """
+
+
+class DetachedInstanceError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An attempt to access unloaded attributes on a
+    mapped instance that is detached."""
+
+
+class UnmappedInstanceError(UnmappedError):
+    """An mapping operation was requested for an unknown instance."""
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.base")
+    def __init__(self, base, obj, msg=None):
+        if not msg:
+            try:
+                base.class_mapper(type(obj))
+                name = _safe_cls_name(type(obj))
+                msg = ("Class %r is mapped, but this instance lacks "
+                       "instrumentation.  This occurs when the instance"
+                       "is created before sqlalchemy.orm.mapper(%s) "
+                       "was called." % (name, name))
+            except UnmappedClassError:
+                msg = _default_unmapped(type(obj))
+                if isinstance(obj, type):
+                    msg += (
+                        '; was a class (%s) supplied where an instance was '
+                        'required?' % _safe_cls_name(obj))
+        UnmappedError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.args[0])
+
+
+class UnmappedClassError(UnmappedError):
+    """An mapping operation was requested for an unknown class."""
+
+    def __init__(self, cls, msg=None):
+        if not msg:
+            msg = _default_unmapped(cls)
+        UnmappedError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.args[0])
+
+
+class ObjectDeletedError(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """A refresh operation failed to retrieve the database
+    row corresponding to an object's known primary key identity.
+
+    A refresh operation proceeds when an expired attribute is
+    accessed on an object, or when :meth:`.Query.get` is
+    used to retrieve an object which is, upon retrieval, detected
+    as expired.   A SELECT is emitted for the target row
+    based on primary key; if no row is returned, this
+    exception is raised.
+
+    The true meaning of this exception is simply that
+    no row exists for the primary key identifier associated
+    with a persistent object.   The row may have been
+    deleted, or in some cases the primary key updated
+    to a new value, outside of the ORM's management of the target
+    object.
+
+    """
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.base")
+    def __init__(self, base, state, msg=None):
+        if not msg:
+            msg = "Instance '%s' has been deleted, or its "\
+                "row is otherwise not present." % base.state_str(state)
+
+        sa_exc.InvalidRequestError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.args[0])
+
+
+class UnmappedColumnError(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """Mapping operation was requested on an unknown column."""
+
+
+class NoResultFound(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """A database result was required but none was found."""
+
+
+class MultipleResultsFound(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """A single database result was required but more than one were found."""
+
+
+def _safe_cls_name(cls):
+    try:
+        cls_name = '.'.join((cls.__module__, cls.__name__))
+    except AttributeError:
+        cls_name = getattr(cls, '__name__', None)
+        if cls_name is None:
+            cls_name = repr(cls)
+    return cls_name
+
+
+@util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.base")
+def _default_unmapped(base, cls):
+    try:
+        mappers = base.manager_of_class(cls).mappers
+    except NO_STATE:
+        mappers = {}
+    except TypeError:
+        mappers = {}
+    name = _safe_cls_name(cls)
+
+    if not mappers:
+        return "Class '%s' is not mapped" % name
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/identity.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/identity.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e48203d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/identity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+# orm/identity.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+import weakref
+from . import attributes
+from .. import util
+
+
+class IdentityMap(dict):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._modified = set()
+        self._wr = weakref.ref(self)
+
+    def replace(self, state):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def add(self, state):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def update(self, dict):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses add() to insert data")
+
+    def clear(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses remove() to remove data")
+
+    def _manage_incoming_state(self, state):
+        state._instance_dict = self._wr
+
+        if state.modified:
+            self._modified.add(state)
+
+    def _manage_removed_state(self, state):
+        del state._instance_dict
+        self._modified.discard(state)
+
+    def _dirty_states(self):
+        return self._modified
+
+    def check_modified(self):
+        """return True if any InstanceStates present have been marked
+        as 'modified'.
+
+        """
+        return bool(self._modified)
+
+    def has_key(self, key):
+        return key in self
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses remove() to remove data")
+
+    def pop(self, key, *args):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses remove() to remove data")
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses add() to insert data")
+
+    def copy(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses add() to insert data")
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses remove() to remove data")
+
+
+class WeakInstanceDict(IdentityMap):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        IdentityMap.__init__(self)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        state = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+        o = state.obj()
+        if o is None:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        return o
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        try:
+            if dict.__contains__(self, key):
+                state = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+                o = state.obj()
+            else:
+                return False
+        except KeyError:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return o is not None
+
+    def contains_state(self, state):
+        return dict.get(self, state.key) is state
+
+    def replace(self, state):
+        if dict.__contains__(self, state.key):
+            existing = dict.__getitem__(self, state.key)
+            if existing is not state:
+                self._manage_removed_state(existing)
+            else:
+                return
+
+        dict.__setitem__(self, state.key, state)
+        self._manage_incoming_state(state)
+
+    def add(self, state):
+        key = state.key
+        # inline of self.__contains__
+        if dict.__contains__(self, key):
+            try:
+                existing_state = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+                if existing_state is not state:
+                    o = existing_state.obj()
+                    if o is not None:
+                        raise AssertionError(
+                            "A conflicting state is already "
+                            "present in the identity map for key %r"
+                            % (key, ))
+                else:
+                    return
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, state)
+        self._manage_incoming_state(state)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        state = dict.get(self, key, default)
+        if state is default:
+            return default
+        o = state.obj()
+        if o is None:
+            return default
+        return o
+
+    def _items(self):
+        values = self.all_states()
+        result = []
+        for state in values:
+            value = state.obj()
+            if value is not None:
+                result.append((state.key, value))
+        return result
+
+    def _values(self):
+        values = self.all_states()
+        result = []
+        for state in values:
+            value = state.obj()
+            if value is not None:
+                result.append(value)
+
+        return result
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        items = _items
+        values = _values
+
+        def iteritems(self):
+            return iter(self.items())
+
+        def itervalues(self):
+            return iter(self.values())
+    else:
+        def items(self):
+            return iter(self._items())
+
+        def values(self):
+            return iter(self._values())
+
+    def all_states(self):
+        if util.py2k:
+            return dict.values(self)
+        else:
+            return list(dict.values(self))
+
+    def discard(self, state):
+        st = dict.get(self, state.key, None)
+        if st is state:
+            dict.pop(self, state.key, None)
+            self._manage_removed_state(state)
+
+    def prune(self):
+        return 0
+
+
+class StrongInstanceDict(IdentityMap):
+
+    def all_states(self):
+        return [attributes.instance_state(o) for o in self.values()]
+
+    def contains_state(self, state):
+        return (
+            state.key in self and
+            attributes.instance_state(self[state.key]) is state)
+
+    def replace(self, state):
+        if dict.__contains__(self, state.key):
+            existing = dict.__getitem__(self, state.key)
+            existing = attributes.instance_state(existing)
+            if existing is not state:
+                self._manage_removed_state(existing)
+            else:
+                return
+
+        dict.__setitem__(self, state.key, state.obj())
+        self._manage_incoming_state(state)
+
+    def add(self, state):
+        if state.key in self:
+            if attributes.instance_state(
+                dict.__getitem__(
+                    self,
+                    state.key)) is not state:
+                raise AssertionError('A conflicting state is already '
+                                     'present in the identity map for key %r'
+                                     % (state.key, ))
+        else:
+            dict.__setitem__(self, state.key, state.obj())
+            self._manage_incoming_state(state)
+
+    def discard(self, state):
+        obj = dict.get(self, state.key, None)
+        if obj is not None:
+            st = attributes.instance_state(obj)
+            if st is state:
+                dict.pop(self, state.key, None)
+                self._manage_removed_state(state)
+
+    def prune(self):
+        """prune unreferenced, non-dirty states."""
+
+        ref_count = len(self)
+        dirty = [s.obj() for s in self.all_states() if s.modified]
+
+        # work around http://bugs.python.org/issue6149
+        keepers = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+        keepers.update(self)
+
+        dict.clear(self)
+        dict.update(self, keepers)
+        self.modified = bool(dirty)
+        return ref_count - len(self)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/instrumentation.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/instrumentation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc390a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/instrumentation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+# orm/instrumentation.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines SQLAlchemy's system of class instrumentation.
+
+This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
+defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.
+
+instrumentation.py deals with registration of end-user classes
+for state tracking.   It interacts closely with state.py
+and attributes.py which establish per-instance and per-class-attribute
+instrumentation, respectively.
+
+The class instrumentation system can be customized on a per-class
+or global basis using the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`
+module, which provides the means to build and specify
+alternate instrumentation forms.
+
+.. versionchanged: 0.8
+   The instrumentation extension system was moved out of the
+   ORM and into the external :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`
+   package.  When that package is imported, it installs
+   itself within sqlalchemy.orm so that its more comprehensive
+   resolution mechanics take effect.
+
+"""
+
+
+from . import exc, collections, interfaces, state
+from .. import util
+from . import base
+
+
+class ClassManager(dict):
+
+    """tracks state information at the class level."""
+
+    MANAGER_ATTR = base.DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR
+    STATE_ATTR = base.DEFAULT_STATE_ATTR
+
+    deferred_scalar_loader = None
+
+    original_init = object.__init__
+
+    factory = None
+
+    def __init__(self, class_):
+        self.class_ = class_
+        self.info = {}
+        self.new_init = None
+        self.local_attrs = {}
+        self.originals = {}
+
+        self._bases = [mgr for mgr in [
+            manager_of_class(base)
+            for base in self.class_.__bases__
+            if isinstance(base, type)
+        ] if mgr is not None]
+
+        for base in self._bases:
+            self.update(base)
+
+        self.dispatch._events._new_classmanager_instance(class_, self)
+        # events._InstanceEventsHold.populate(class_, self)
+
+        for basecls in class_.__mro__:
+            mgr = manager_of_class(basecls)
+            if mgr is not None:
+                self.dispatch._update(mgr.dispatch)
+        self.manage()
+        self._instrument_init()
+
+        if '__del__' in class_.__dict__:
+            util.warn("__del__() method on class %s will "
+                      "cause unreachable cycles and memory leaks, "
+                      "as SQLAlchemy instrumentation often creates "
+                      "reference cycles.  Please remove this method." %
+                      class_)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return other is self
+
+    @property
+    def is_mapped(self):
+        return 'mapper' in self.__dict__
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def mapper(self):
+        # raises unless self.mapper has been assigned
+        raise exc.UnmappedClassError(self.class_)
+
+    def _all_sqla_attributes(self, exclude=None):
+        """return an iterator of all classbound attributes that are
+        implement :class:`._InspectionAttr`.
+
+        This includes :class:`.QueryableAttribute` as well as extension
+        types such as :class:`.hybrid_property` and
+        :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        """
+        if exclude is None:
+            exclude = set()
+        for supercls in self.class_.__mro__:
+            for key in set(supercls.__dict__).difference(exclude):
+                exclude.add(key)
+                val = supercls.__dict__[key]
+                if isinstance(val, interfaces._InspectionAttr):
+                    yield key, val
+
+    def _attr_has_impl(self, key):
+        """Return True if the given attribute is fully initialized.
+
+        i.e. has an impl.
+        """
+
+        return key in self and self[key].impl is not None
+
+    def _subclass_manager(self, cls):
+        """Create a new ClassManager for a subclass of this ClassManager's
+        class.
+
+        This is called automatically when attributes are instrumented so that
+        the attributes can be propagated to subclasses against their own
+        class-local manager, without the need for mappers etc. to have already
+        pre-configured managers for the full class hierarchy.   Mappers
+        can post-configure the auto-generated ClassManager when needed.
+
+        """
+        manager = manager_of_class(cls)
+        if manager is None:
+            manager = _instrumentation_factory.create_manager_for_cls(cls)
+        return manager
+
+    def _instrument_init(self):
+        # TODO: self.class_.__init__ is often the already-instrumented
+        # __init__ from an instrumented superclass.  We still need to make
+        # our own wrapper, but it would
+        # be nice to wrap the original __init__ and not our existing wrapper
+        # of such, since this adds method overhead.
+        self.original_init = self.class_.__init__
+        self.new_init = _generate_init(self.class_, self)
+        self.install_member('__init__', self.new_init)
+
+    def _uninstrument_init(self):
+        if self.new_init:
+            self.uninstall_member('__init__')
+            self.new_init = None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _state_constructor(self):
+        self.dispatch.first_init(self, self.class_)
+        return state.InstanceState
+
+    def manage(self):
+        """Mark this instance as the manager for its class."""
+
+        setattr(self.class_, self.MANAGER_ATTR, self)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        """Dissasociate this manager from its class."""
+
+        delattr(self.class_, self.MANAGER_ATTR)
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def manager_getter(self):
+        return _default_manager_getter
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def state_getter(self):
+        """Return a (instance) -> InstanceState callable.
+
+        "state getter" callables should raise either KeyError or
+        AttributeError if no InstanceState could be found for the
+        instance.
+        """
+
+        return _default_state_getter
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def dict_getter(self):
+        return _default_dict_getter
+
+    def instrument_attribute(self, key, inst, propagated=False):
+        if propagated:
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                return  # don't override local attr with inherited attr
+        else:
+            self.local_attrs[key] = inst
+            self.install_descriptor(key, inst)
+        self[key] = inst
+
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            manager = self._subclass_manager(cls)
+            manager.instrument_attribute(key, inst, True)
+
+    def subclass_managers(self, recursive):
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            mgr = manager_of_class(cls)
+            if mgr is not None and mgr is not self:
+                yield mgr
+                if recursive:
+                    for m in mgr.subclass_managers(True):
+                        yield m
+
+    def post_configure_attribute(self, key):
+        _instrumentation_factory.dispatch.\
+            attribute_instrument(self.class_, key, self[key])
+
+    def uninstrument_attribute(self, key, propagated=False):
+        if key not in self:
+            return
+        if propagated:
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                return  # don't get rid of local attr
+        else:
+            del self.local_attrs[key]
+            self.uninstall_descriptor(key)
+        del self[key]
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            manager = manager_of_class(cls)
+            if manager:
+                manager.uninstrument_attribute(key, True)
+
+    def unregister(self):
+        """remove all instrumentation established by this ClassManager."""
+
+        self._uninstrument_init()
+
+        self.mapper = self.dispatch = None
+        self.info.clear()
+
+        for key in list(self):
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                self.uninstrument_attribute(key)
+
+    def install_descriptor(self, key, inst):
+        if key in (self.STATE_ATTR, self.MANAGER_ATTR):
+            raise KeyError("%r: requested attribute name conflicts with "
+                           "instrumentation attribute of the same name." %
+                           key)
+        setattr(self.class_, key, inst)
+
+    def uninstall_descriptor(self, key):
+        delattr(self.class_, key)
+
+    def install_member(self, key, implementation):
+        if key in (self.STATE_ATTR, self.MANAGER_ATTR):
+            raise KeyError("%r: requested attribute name conflicts with "
+                           "instrumentation attribute of the same name." %
+                           key)
+        self.originals.setdefault(key, getattr(self.class_, key, None))
+        setattr(self.class_, key, implementation)
+
+    def uninstall_member(self, key):
+        original = self.originals.pop(key, None)
+        if original is not None:
+            setattr(self.class_, key, original)
+
+    def instrument_collection_class(self, key, collection_class):
+        return collections.prepare_instrumentation(collection_class)
+
+    def initialize_collection(self, key, state, factory):
+        user_data = factory()
+        adapter = collections.CollectionAdapter(
+            self.get_impl(key), state, user_data)
+        return adapter, user_data
+
+    def is_instrumented(self, key, search=False):
+        if search:
+            return key in self
+        else:
+            return key in self.local_attrs
+
+    def get_impl(self, key):
+        return self[key].impl
+
+    @property
+    def attributes(self):
+        return iter(self.values())
+
+    # InstanceState management
+
+    def new_instance(self, state=None):
+        instance = self.class_.__new__(self.class_)
+        setattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR,
+                state or self._state_constructor(instance, self))
+        return instance
+
+    def setup_instance(self, instance, state=None):
+        setattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR,
+                state or self._state_constructor(instance, self))
+
+    def teardown_instance(self, instance):
+        delattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR)
+
+    def _serialize(self, state, state_dict):
+        return _SerializeManager(state, state_dict)
+
+    def _new_state_if_none(self, instance):
+        """Install a default InstanceState if none is present.
+
+        A private convenience method used by the __init__ decorator.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR):
+            return False
+        elif self.class_ is not instance.__class__ and \
+                self.is_mapped:
+            # this will create a new ClassManager for the
+            # subclass, without a mapper.  This is likely a
+            # user error situation but allow the object
+            # to be constructed, so that it is usable
+            # in a non-ORM context at least.
+            return self._subclass_manager(instance.__class__).\
+                _new_state_if_none(instance)
+        else:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+            setattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR, state)
+            return state
+
+    def has_state(self, instance):
+        return hasattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR)
+
+    def has_parent(self, state, key, optimistic=False):
+        """TODO"""
+        return self.get_impl(key).hasparent(state, optimistic=optimistic)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """All ClassManagers are non-zero regardless of attribute state."""
+        return True
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s of %r at %x>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__, self.class_, id(self))
+
+
+class _SerializeManager(object):
+
+    """Provide serialization of a :class:`.ClassManager`.
+
+    The :class:`.InstanceState` uses ``__init__()`` on serialize
+    and ``__call__()`` on deserialize.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, state, d):
+        self.class_ = state.class_
+        manager = state.manager
+        manager.dispatch.pickle(state, d)
+
+    def __call__(self, state, inst, state_dict):
+        state.manager = manager = manager_of_class(self.class_)
+        if manager is None:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(
+                inst,
+                "Cannot deserialize object of type %r - "
+                "no mapper() has "
+                "been configured for this class within the current "
+                "Python process!" %
+                self.class_)
+        elif manager.is_mapped and not manager.mapper.configured:
+            manager.mapper._configure_all()
+
+        # setup _sa_instance_state ahead of time so that
+        # unpickle events can access the object normally.
+        # see [ticket:2362]
+        if inst is not None:
+            manager.setup_instance(inst, state)
+        manager.dispatch.unpickle(state, state_dict)
+
+
+class InstrumentationFactory(object):
+
+    """Factory for new ClassManager instances."""
+
+    def create_manager_for_cls(self, class_):
+        assert class_ is not None
+        assert manager_of_class(class_) is None
+
+        # give a more complicated subclass
+        # a chance to do what it wants here
+        manager, factory = self._locate_extended_factory(class_)
+
+        if factory is None:
+            factory = ClassManager
+            manager = factory(class_)
+
+        self._check_conflicts(class_, factory)
+
+        manager.factory = factory
+
+        self.dispatch.class_instrument(class_)
+        return manager
+
+    def _locate_extended_factory(self, class_):
+        """Overridden by a subclass to do an extended lookup."""
+        return None, None
+
+    def _check_conflicts(self, class_, factory):
+        """Overridden by a subclass to test for conflicting factories."""
+        return
+
+    def unregister(self, class_):
+        manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+        manager.unregister()
+        manager.dispose()
+        self.dispatch.class_uninstrument(class_)
+        if ClassManager.MANAGER_ATTR in class_.__dict__:
+            delattr(class_, ClassManager.MANAGER_ATTR)
+
+# this attribute is replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+# when importred.
+_instrumentation_factory = InstrumentationFactory()
+
+# these attributes are replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+# when a non-standard InstrumentationManager class is first
+# used to instrument a class.
+instance_state = _default_state_getter = base.instance_state
+
+instance_dict = _default_dict_getter = base.instance_dict
+
+manager_of_class = _default_manager_getter = base.manager_of_class
+
+
+def register_class(class_):
+    """Register class instrumentation.
+
+    Returns the existing or newly created class manager.
+
+    """
+
+    manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+    if manager is None:
+        manager = _instrumentation_factory.create_manager_for_cls(class_)
+    return manager
+
+
+def unregister_class(class_):
+    """Unregister class instrumentation."""
+
+    _instrumentation_factory.unregister(class_)
+
+
+def is_instrumented(instance, key):
+    """Return True if the given attribute on the given instance is
+    instrumented by the attributes package.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+
+    """
+    return manager_of_class(instance.__class__).\
+        is_instrumented(key, search=True)
+
+
+def _generate_init(class_, class_manager):
+    """Build an __init__ decorator that triggers ClassManager events."""
+
+    # TODO: we should use the ClassManager's notion of the
+    # original '__init__' method, once ClassManager is fixed
+    # to always reference that.
+    original__init__ = class_.__init__
+    assert original__init__
+
+    # Go through some effort here and don't change the user's __init__
+    # calling signature, including the unlikely case that it has
+    # a return value.
+    # FIXME: need to juggle local names to avoid constructor argument
+    # clashes.
+    func_body = """\
+def __init__(%(apply_pos)s):
+    new_state = class_manager._new_state_if_none(%(self_arg)s)
+    if new_state:
+        return new_state._initialize_instance(%(apply_kw)s)
+    else:
+        return original__init__(%(apply_kw)s)
+"""
+    func_vars = util.format_argspec_init(original__init__, grouped=False)
+    func_text = func_body % func_vars
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        func = getattr(original__init__, 'im_func', original__init__)
+        func_defaults = getattr(func, 'func_defaults', None)
+    else:
+        func_defaults = getattr(original__init__, '__defaults__', None)
+        func_kw_defaults = getattr(original__init__, '__kwdefaults__', None)
+
+    env = locals().copy()
+    exec(func_text, env)
+    __init__ = env['__init__']
+    __init__.__doc__ = original__init__.__doc__
+
+    if func_defaults:
+        __init__.__defaults__ = func_defaults
+    if not util.py2k and func_kw_defaults:
+        __init__.__kwdefaults__ = func_kw_defaults
+
+    return __init__
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bc1c3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,578 @@
+# orm/interfaces.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+Contains various base classes used throughout the ORM.
+
+Defines the now deprecated ORM extension classes as well
+as ORM internals.
+
+Other than the deprecated extensions, this module and the
+classes within should be considered mostly private.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .. import exc as sa_exc, util, inspect
+from ..sql import operators
+from collections import deque
+from .base import (ONETOMANY, MANYTOONE, MANYTOMANY,
+                   EXT_CONTINUE, EXT_STOP, NOT_EXTENSION)
+from .base import _InspectionAttr, _MappedAttribute
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+import collections
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'AttributeExtension',
+    'EXT_CONTINUE',
+    'EXT_STOP',
+    'ONETOMANY',
+    'MANYTOMANY',
+    'MANYTOONE',
+    'NOT_EXTENSION',
+    'LoaderStrategy',
+    'MapperExtension',
+    'MapperOption',
+    'MapperProperty',
+    'PropComparator',
+    'SessionExtension',
+    'StrategizedProperty',
+)
+
+
+class MapperProperty(_MappedAttribute, _InspectionAttr):
+    """Manage the relationship of a ``Mapper`` to a single class
+    attribute, as well as that attribute as it appears on individual
+    instances of the class, including attribute instrumentation,
+    attribute access, loading behavior, and dependency calculations.
+
+    The most common occurrences of :class:`.MapperProperty` are the
+    mapped :class:`.Column`, which is represented in a mapping as
+    an instance of :class:`.ColumnProperty`,
+    and a reference to another class produced by :func:`.relationship`,
+    represented in the mapping as an instance of
+    :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+    """
+
+    cascade = frozenset()
+    """The set of 'cascade' attribute names.
+
+    This collection is checked before the 'cascade_iterator' method is called.
+
+    """
+
+    is_property = True
+
+    def setup(self, context, entity, path, adapter, **kwargs):
+        """Called by Query for the purposes of constructing a SQL statement.
+
+        Each MapperProperty associated with the target mapper processes the
+        statement referenced by the query context, adding columns and/or
+        criterion as appropriate.
+        """
+
+        pass
+
+    def create_row_processor(self, context, path,
+                             mapper, row, adapter):
+        """Return a 3-tuple consisting of three row processing functions.
+
+        """
+        return None, None, None
+
+    def cascade_iterator(self, type_, state, visited_instances=None,
+                         halt_on=None):
+        """Iterate through instances related to the given instance for
+        a particular 'cascade', starting with this MapperProperty.
+
+        Return an iterator3-tuples (instance, mapper, state).
+
+        Note that the 'cascade' collection on this MapperProperty is
+        checked first for the given type before cascade_iterator is called.
+
+        See PropertyLoader for the related instance implementation.
+        """
+
+        return iter(())
+
+    def set_parent(self, parent, init):
+        self.parent = parent
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper):  # pragma: no-coverage
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        """Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with this :class:`.MapperProperty`.
+
+        The dictionary is generated when first accessed.  Alternatively,
+        it can be specified as a constructor argument to the
+        :func:`.column_property`, :func:`.relationship`, or :func:`.composite`
+        functions.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8  Added support for .info to all
+           :class:`.MapperProperty` subclasses.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.info`
+
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    _configure_started = False
+    _configure_finished = False
+
+    def init(self):
+        """Called after all mappers are created to assemble
+        relationships between mappers and perform other post-mapper-creation
+        initialization steps.
+
+        """
+        self._configure_started = True
+        self.do_init()
+        self._configure_finished = True
+
+    @property
+    def class_attribute(self):
+        """Return the class-bound descriptor corresponding to this
+        :class:`.MapperProperty`.
+
+        This is basically a ``getattr()`` call::
+
+            return getattr(self.parent.class_, self.key)
+
+        I.e. if this :class:`.MapperProperty` were named ``addresses``,
+        and the class to which it is mapped is ``User``, this sequence
+        is possible::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import inspect
+            >>> mapper = inspect(User)
+            >>> addresses_property = mapper.attrs.addresses
+            >>> addresses_property.class_attribute is User.addresses
+            True
+            >>> User.addresses.property is addresses_property
+            True
+
+
+        """
+
+        return getattr(self.parent.class_, self.key)
+
+    def do_init(self):
+        """Perform subclass-specific initialization post-mapper-creation
+        steps.
+
+        This is a template method called by the ``MapperProperty``
+        object's init() method.
+
+        """
+
+        pass
+
+    def post_instrument_class(self, mapper):
+        """Perform instrumentation adjustments that need to occur
+        after init() has completed.
+
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def is_primary(self):
+        """Return True if this ``MapperProperty``'s mapper is the
+        primary mapper for its class.
+
+        This flag is used to indicate that the ``MapperProperty`` can
+        define attribute instrumentation for the class at the class
+        level (as opposed to the individual instance level).
+        """
+
+        return not self.parent.non_primary
+
+    def merge(self, session, source_state, source_dict, dest_state,
+              dest_dict, load, _recursive):
+        """Merge the attribute represented by this ``MapperProperty``
+        from source to destination object"""
+
+        pass
+
+    def compare(self, operator, value, **kw):
+        """Return a compare operation for the columns represented by
+        this ``MapperProperty`` to the given value, which may be a
+        column value or an instance.  'operator' is an operator from
+        the operators module, or from sql.Comparator.
+
+        By default uses the PropComparator attached to this MapperProperty
+        under the attribute name "comparator".
+        """
+
+        return operator(self.comparator, value)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s at 0x%x; %s>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            id(self), getattr(self, 'key', 'no key'))
+
+
+class PropComparator(operators.ColumnOperators):
+    """Defines boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+    :class:`.MapperProperty` objects.
+
+    SQLAlchemy allows for operators to
+    be redefined at both the Core and ORM level.  :class:`.PropComparator`
+    is the base class of operator redefinition for ORM-level operations,
+    including those of :class:`.ColumnProperty`,
+    :class:`.RelationshipProperty`, and :class:`.CompositeProperty`.
+
+    .. note:: With the advent of Hybrid properties introduced in SQLAlchemy
+       0.7, as well as Core-level operator redefinition in
+       SQLAlchemy 0.8, the use case for user-defined :class:`.PropComparator`
+       instances is extremely rare.  See :ref:`hybrids_toplevel` as well
+       as :ref:`types_operators`.
+
+    User-defined subclasses of :class:`.PropComparator` may be created. The
+    built-in Python comparison and math operator methods, such as
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__eq__`,
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__lt__`, and
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__add__`, can be overridden to provide
+    new operator behavior. The custom :class:`.PropComparator` is passed to
+    the :class:`.MapperProperty` instance via the ``comparator_factory``
+    argument. In each case,
+    the appropriate subclass of :class:`.PropComparator` should be used::
+
+        # definition of custom PropComparator subclasses
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm.properties import \\
+                                ColumnProperty,\\
+                                CompositeProperty,\\
+                                RelationshipProperty
+
+        class MyColumnComparator(ColumnProperty.Comparator):
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                return self.__clause_element__() == other
+
+        class MyRelationshipComparator(RelationshipProperty.Comparator):
+            def any(self, expression):
+                "define the 'any' operation"
+                # ...
+
+        class MyCompositeComparator(CompositeProperty.Comparator):
+            def __gt__(self, other):
+                "redefine the 'greater than' operation"
+
+                return sql.and_(*[a>b for a, b in
+                                  zip(self.__clause_element__().clauses,
+                                      other.__composite_values__())])
+
+
+        # application of custom PropComparator subclasses
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import column_property, relationship, composite
+        from sqlalchemy import Column, String
+
+        class SomeMappedClass(Base):
+            some_column = column_property(Column("some_column", String),
+                                comparator_factory=MyColumnComparator)
+
+            some_relationship = relationship(SomeOtherClass,
+                                comparator_factory=MyRelationshipComparator)
+
+            some_composite = composite(
+                    Column("a", String), Column("b", String),
+                    comparator_factory=MyCompositeComparator
+                )
+
+    Note that for column-level operator redefinition, it's usually
+    simpler to define the operators at the Core level, using the
+    :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory` attribute.  See
+    :ref:`types_operators` for more detail.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator`
+
+    :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`
+
+    :class:`.CompositeProperty.Comparator`
+
+    :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+    :ref:`types_operators`
+
+    :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, prop, parentmapper, adapt_to_entity=None):
+        self.prop = self.property = prop
+        self._parentmapper = parentmapper
+        self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
+
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError("%r" % self)
+
+    def _query_clause_element(self):
+        return self.__clause_element__()
+
+    def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
+        """Return a copy of this PropComparator which will use the given
+        :class:`.AliasedInsp` to produce corresponding expressions.
+        """
+        return self.__class__(self.prop, self._parentmapper, adapt_to_entity)
+
+    @property
+    def adapter(self):
+        """Produce a callable that adapts column expressions
+        to suit an aliased version of this comparator.
+
+        """
+        if self._adapt_to_entity is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._adapt_to_entity._adapt_element
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        return self.property.info
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def any_op(a, b, **kwargs):
+        return a.any(b, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def has_op(a, b, **kwargs):
+        return a.has(b, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def of_type_op(a, class_):
+        return a.of_type(class_)
+
+    def of_type(self, class_):
+        """Redefine this object in terms of a polymorphic subclass.
+
+        Returns a new PropComparator from which further criterion can be
+        evaluated.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            query.join(Company.employees.of_type(Engineer)).\\
+               filter(Engineer.name=='foo')
+
+        :param \class_: a class or mapper indicating that criterion will be
+            against this specific subclass.
+
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(PropComparator.of_type_op, class_)
+
+    def any(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+        """Return true if this collection contains any member that meets the
+        given criterion.
+
+        The usual implementation of ``any()`` is
+        :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any`.
+
+        :param criterion: an optional ClauseElement formulated against the
+          member class' table or attributes.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: key/value pairs corresponding to member class
+          attribute names which will be compared via equality to the
+          corresponding values.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(PropComparator.any_op, criterion, **kwargs)
+
+    def has(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+        """Return true if this element references a member which meets the
+        given criterion.
+
+        The usual implementation of ``has()`` is
+        :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has`.
+
+        :param criterion: an optional ClauseElement formulated against the
+          member class' table or attributes.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: key/value pairs corresponding to member class
+          attribute names which will be compared via equality to the
+          corresponding values.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(PropComparator.has_op, criterion, **kwargs)
+
+
+class StrategizedProperty(MapperProperty):
+    """A MapperProperty which uses selectable strategies to affect
+    loading behavior.
+
+    There is a single strategy selected by default.  Alternate
+    strategies can be selected at Query time through the usage of
+    ``StrategizedOption`` objects via the Query.options() method.
+
+    """
+
+    strategy_wildcard_key = None
+
+    def _get_context_loader(self, context, path):
+        load = None
+
+        # use EntityRegistry.__getitem__()->PropRegistry here so
+        # that the path is stated in terms of our base
+        search_path = dict.__getitem__(path, self)
+
+        # search among: exact match, "attr.*", "default" strategy
+        # if any.
+        for path_key in (
+            search_path._loader_key,
+            search_path._wildcard_path_loader_key,
+            search_path._default_path_loader_key
+        ):
+            if path_key in context.attributes:
+                load = context.attributes[path_key]
+                break
+
+        return load
+
+    def _get_strategy(self, key):
+        try:
+            return self._strategies[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            cls = self._strategy_lookup(*key)
+            self._strategies[key] = self._strategies[
+                cls] = strategy = cls(self)
+            return strategy
+
+    def _get_strategy_by_cls(self, cls):
+        return self._get_strategy(cls._strategy_keys[0])
+
+    def setup(self, context, entity, path, adapter, **kwargs):
+        loader = self._get_context_loader(context, path)
+        if loader and loader.strategy:
+            strat = self._get_strategy(loader.strategy)
+        else:
+            strat = self.strategy
+        strat.setup_query(context, entity, path, loader, adapter, **kwargs)
+
+    def create_row_processor(self, context, path, mapper, row, adapter):
+        loader = self._get_context_loader(context, path)
+        if loader and loader.strategy:
+            strat = self._get_strategy(loader.strategy)
+        else:
+            strat = self.strategy
+        return strat.create_row_processor(context, path, loader,
+                                          mapper, row, adapter)
+
+    def do_init(self):
+        self._strategies = {}
+        self.strategy = self._get_strategy_by_cls(self.strategy_class)
+
+    def post_instrument_class(self, mapper):
+        if self.is_primary() and \
+                not mapper.class_manager._attr_has_impl(self.key):
+            self.strategy.init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    _strategies = collections.defaultdict(dict)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def strategy_for(cls, **kw):
+        def decorate(dec_cls):
+            dec_cls._strategy_keys = []
+            key = tuple(sorted(kw.items()))
+            cls._strategies[cls][key] = dec_cls
+            dec_cls._strategy_keys.append(key)
+            return dec_cls
+        return decorate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _strategy_lookup(cls, *key):
+        for prop_cls in cls.__mro__:
+            if prop_cls in cls._strategies:
+                strategies = cls._strategies[prop_cls]
+                try:
+                    return strategies[key]
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+        raise Exception("can't locate strategy for %s %s" % (cls, key))
+
+
+class MapperOption(object):
+    """Describe a modification to a Query."""
+
+    propagate_to_loaders = False
+    """if True, indicate this option should be carried along
+    Query object generated by scalar or object lazy loaders.
+    """
+
+    def process_query(self, query):
+        pass
+
+    def process_query_conditionally(self, query):
+        """same as process_query(), except that this option may not
+        apply to the given query.
+
+        Used when secondary loaders resend existing options to a new
+        Query."""
+
+        self.process_query(query)
+
+
+class LoaderStrategy(object):
+    """Describe the loading behavior of a StrategizedProperty object.
+
+    The ``LoaderStrategy`` interacts with the querying process in three
+    ways:
+
+    * it controls the configuration of the ``InstrumentedAttribute``
+      placed on a class to handle the behavior of the attribute.  this
+      may involve setting up class-level callable functions to fire
+      off a select operation when the attribute is first accessed
+      (i.e. a lazy load)
+
+    * it processes the ``QueryContext`` at statement construction time,
+      where it can modify the SQL statement that is being produced.
+      Simple column attributes may add their represented column to the
+      list of selected columns, *eager loading* properties may add
+      ``LEFT OUTER JOIN`` clauses to the statement.
+
+    * It produces "row processor" functions at result fetching time.
+      These "row processor" functions populate a particular attribute
+      on a particular mapped instance.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        self.parent_property = parent
+        self.is_class_level = False
+        self.parent = self.parent_property.parent
+        self.key = self.parent_property.key
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        pass
+
+    def setup_query(self, context, entity, path, loadopt, adapter, **kwargs):
+        pass
+
+    def create_row_processor(self, context, path, loadopt, mapper,
+                             row, adapter):
+        """Return row processing functions which fulfill the contract
+        specified by MapperProperty.create_row_processor.
+
+        StrategizedProperty delegates its create_row_processor method
+        directly to this method. """
+
+        return None, None, None
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.parent_property)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/loading.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..923ab22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,614 @@
+# orm/loading.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""private module containing functions used to convert database
+rows into object instances and associated state.
+
+the functions here are called primarily by Query, Mapper,
+as well as some of the attribute loading strategies.
+
+"""
+
+
+from .. import util
+from . import attributes, exc as orm_exc, state as statelib
+from .interfaces import EXT_CONTINUE
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from .util import _none_set, state_str
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+
+_new_runid = util.counter()
+
+
+def instances(query, cursor, context):
+    """Return an ORM result as an iterator."""
+    session = query.session
+
+    context.runid = _new_runid()
+
+    filter_fns = [ent.filter_fn
+                  for ent in query._entities]
+    filtered = id in filter_fns
+
+    single_entity = len(query._entities) == 1 and \
+        query._entities[0].supports_single_entity
+
+    if filtered:
+        if single_entity:
+            filter_fn = id
+        else:
+            def filter_fn(row):
+                return tuple(fn(x) for x, fn in zip(row, filter_fns))
+
+    custom_rows = single_entity and \
+        query._entities[0].custom_rows
+
+    (process, labels) = \
+        list(zip(*[
+            query_entity.row_processor(query,
+                                       context, custom_rows)
+            for query_entity in query._entities
+        ]))
+
+    while True:
+        context.progress = {}
+        context.partials = {}
+
+        if query._yield_per:
+            fetch = cursor.fetchmany(query._yield_per)
+            if not fetch:
+                break
+        else:
+            fetch = cursor.fetchall()
+
+        if custom_rows:
+            rows = []
+            for row in fetch:
+                process[0](row, rows)
+        elif single_entity:
+            rows = [process[0](row, None) for row in fetch]
+        else:
+            rows = [util.KeyedTuple([proc(row, None) for proc in process],
+                                    labels) for row in fetch]
+
+        if filtered:
+            rows = util.unique_list(rows, filter_fn)
+
+        if context.refresh_state and query._only_load_props \
+                and context.refresh_state in context.progress:
+            context.refresh_state._commit(
+                context.refresh_state.dict, query._only_load_props)
+            context.progress.pop(context.refresh_state)
+
+        statelib.InstanceState._commit_all_states(
+            list(context.progress.items()),
+            session.identity_map
+        )
+
+        for state, (dict_, attrs) in context.partials.items():
+            state._commit(dict_, attrs)
+
+        for row in rows:
+            yield row
+
+        if not query._yield_per:
+            break
+
+
+@util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.query")
+def merge_result(querylib, query, iterator, load=True):
+    """Merge a result into this :class:`.Query` object's Session."""
+
+    session = query.session
+    if load:
+        # flush current contents if we expect to load data
+        session._autoflush()
+
+    autoflush = session.autoflush
+    try:
+        session.autoflush = False
+        single_entity = len(query._entities) == 1
+        if single_entity:
+            if isinstance(query._entities[0], querylib._MapperEntity):
+                result = [session._merge(
+                    attributes.instance_state(instance),
+                    attributes.instance_dict(instance),
+                    load=load, _recursive={})
+                    for instance in iterator]
+            else:
+                result = list(iterator)
+        else:
+            mapped_entities = [i for i, e in enumerate(query._entities)
+                               if isinstance(e, querylib._MapperEntity)]
+            result = []
+            keys = [ent._label_name for ent in query._entities]
+            for row in iterator:
+                newrow = list(row)
+                for i in mapped_entities:
+                    if newrow[i] is not None:
+                        newrow[i] = session._merge(
+                            attributes.instance_state(newrow[i]),
+                            attributes.instance_dict(newrow[i]),
+                            load=load, _recursive={})
+                result.append(util.KeyedTuple(newrow, keys))
+
+        return iter(result)
+    finally:
+        session.autoflush = autoflush
+
+
+def get_from_identity(session, key, passive):
+    """Look up the given key in the given session's identity map,
+    check the object for expired state if found.
+
+    """
+    instance = session.identity_map.get(key)
+    if instance is not None:
+
+        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+
+        # expired - ensure it still exists
+        if state.expired:
+            if not passive & attributes.SQL_OK:
+                # TODO: no coverage here
+                return attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            elif not passive & attributes.RELATED_OBJECT_OK:
+                # this mode is used within a flush and the instance's
+                # expired state will be checked soon enough, if necessary
+                return instance
+            try:
+                state(state, passive)
+            except orm_exc.ObjectDeletedError:
+                session._remove_newly_deleted([state])
+                return None
+        return instance
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def load_on_ident(query, key,
+                  refresh_state=None, lockmode=None,
+                  only_load_props=None):
+    """Load the given identity key from the database."""
+
+    if key is not None:
+        ident = key[1]
+    else:
+        ident = None
+
+    if refresh_state is None:
+        q = query._clone()
+        q._get_condition()
+    else:
+        q = query._clone()
+
+    if ident is not None:
+        mapper = query._mapper_zero()
+
+        (_get_clause, _get_params) = mapper._get_clause
+
+        # None present in ident - turn those comparisons
+        # into "IS NULL"
+        if None in ident:
+            nones = set([
+                        _get_params[col].key for col, value in
+                        zip(mapper.primary_key, ident) if value is None
+                        ])
+            _get_clause = sql_util.adapt_criterion_to_null(
+                _get_clause, nones)
+
+        _get_clause = q._adapt_clause(_get_clause, True, False)
+        q._criterion = _get_clause
+
+        params = dict([
+            (_get_params[primary_key].key, id_val)
+            for id_val, primary_key in zip(ident, mapper.primary_key)
+        ])
+
+        q._params = params
+
+    if lockmode is not None:
+        version_check = True
+        q = q.with_lockmode(lockmode)
+    elif query._for_update_arg is not None:
+        version_check = True
+        q._for_update_arg = query._for_update_arg
+    else:
+        version_check = False
+
+    q._get_options(
+        populate_existing=bool(refresh_state),
+        version_check=version_check,
+        only_load_props=only_load_props,
+        refresh_state=refresh_state)
+    q._order_by = None
+
+    try:
+        return q.one()
+    except orm_exc.NoResultFound:
+        return None
+
+
+def instance_processor(mapper, context, path, adapter,
+                       polymorphic_from=None,
+                       only_load_props=None,
+                       refresh_state=None,
+                       polymorphic_discriminator=None):
+    """Produce a mapper level row processor callable
+       which processes rows into mapped instances."""
+
+    # note that this method, most of which exists in a closure
+    # called _instance(), resists being broken out, as
+    # attempts to do so tend to add significant function
+    # call overhead.  _instance() is the most
+    # performance-critical section in the whole ORM.
+
+    pk_cols = mapper.primary_key
+
+    if polymorphic_from or refresh_state:
+        polymorphic_on = None
+    else:
+        if polymorphic_discriminator is not None:
+            polymorphic_on = polymorphic_discriminator
+        else:
+            polymorphic_on = mapper.polymorphic_on
+        polymorphic_instances = util.PopulateDict(
+            _configure_subclass_mapper(
+                mapper,
+                context, path, adapter)
+        )
+
+    version_id_col = mapper.version_id_col
+
+    if adapter:
+        pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
+        if polymorphic_on is not None:
+            polymorphic_on = adapter.columns[polymorphic_on]
+        if version_id_col is not None:
+            version_id_col = adapter.columns[version_id_col]
+
+    identity_class = mapper._identity_class
+
+    new_populators = []
+    existing_populators = []
+    eager_populators = []
+
+    load_path = context.query._current_path + path \
+        if context.query._current_path.path \
+        else path
+
+    def populate_state(state, dict_, row, isnew, only_load_props):
+        if isnew:
+            if context.propagate_options:
+                state.load_options = context.propagate_options
+            if state.load_options:
+                state.load_path = load_path
+
+        if not new_populators:
+            _populators(mapper, context, path, row, adapter,
+                        new_populators,
+                        existing_populators,
+                        eager_populators
+                        )
+
+        if isnew:
+            populators = new_populators
+        else:
+            populators = existing_populators
+
+        if only_load_props is None:
+            for key, populator in populators:
+                populator(state, dict_, row)
+        elif only_load_props:
+            for key, populator in populators:
+                if key in only_load_props:
+                    populator(state, dict_, row)
+
+    session_identity_map = context.session.identity_map
+
+    listeners = mapper.dispatch
+
+    # legacy events - I'd very much like to yank these totally
+    translate_row = listeners.translate_row or None
+    create_instance = listeners.create_instance or None
+    populate_instance = listeners.populate_instance or None
+    append_result = listeners.append_result or None
+    ####
+
+    populate_existing = context.populate_existing or mapper.always_refresh
+    invoke_all_eagers = context.invoke_all_eagers
+
+    if mapper.allow_partial_pks:
+        is_not_primary_key = _none_set.issuperset
+    else:
+        is_not_primary_key = _none_set.issubset
+
+    def _instance(row, result):
+        if not new_populators and invoke_all_eagers:
+            _populators(mapper, context, path, row, adapter,
+                        new_populators,
+                        existing_populators,
+                        eager_populators
+                        )
+
+        if translate_row:
+            for fn in translate_row:
+                ret = fn(mapper, context, row)
+                if ret is not EXT_CONTINUE:
+                    row = ret
+                    break
+
+        if polymorphic_on is not None:
+            discriminator = row[polymorphic_on]
+            if discriminator is not None:
+                _instance = polymorphic_instances[discriminator]
+                if _instance:
+                    return _instance(row, result)
+
+        # determine identity key
+        if refresh_state:
+            identitykey = refresh_state.key
+            if identitykey is None:
+                # super-rare condition; a refresh is being called
+                # on a non-instance-key instance; this is meant to only
+                # occur within a flush()
+                identitykey = mapper._identity_key_from_state(refresh_state)
+        else:
+            identitykey = (
+                identity_class,
+                tuple([row[column] for column in pk_cols])
+            )
+
+        instance = session_identity_map.get(identitykey)
+
+        if instance is not None:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+
+            isnew = state.runid != context.runid
+            currentload = not isnew
+            loaded_instance = False
+
+            if not currentload and \
+                    version_id_col is not None and \
+                    context.version_check and \
+                    mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                        state,
+                        dict_,
+                        mapper.version_id_col) != \
+                    row[version_id_col]:
+
+                raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "Instance '%s' has version id '%s' which "
+                    "does not match database-loaded version id '%s'."
+                    % (state_str(state),
+                       mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                        state, dict_,
+                        mapper.version_id_col),
+                       row[version_id_col]))
+        elif refresh_state:
+            # out of band refresh_state detected (i.e. its not in the
+            # session.identity_map) honor it anyway.  this can happen
+            # if a _get() occurs within save_obj(), such as
+            # when eager_defaults is True.
+            state = refresh_state
+            instance = state.obj()
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            isnew = state.runid != context.runid
+            currentload = True
+            loaded_instance = False
+        else:
+            # check for non-NULL values in the primary key columns,
+            # else no entity is returned for the row
+            if is_not_primary_key(identitykey[1]):
+                return None
+
+            isnew = True
+            currentload = True
+            loaded_instance = True
+
+            if create_instance:
+                for fn in create_instance:
+                    instance = fn(mapper, context,
+                                  row, mapper.class_)
+                    if instance is not EXT_CONTINUE:
+                        manager = attributes.manager_of_class(
+                            instance.__class__)
+                        # TODO: if manager is None, raise a friendly error
+                        # about returning instances of unmapped types
+                        manager.setup_instance(instance)
+                        break
+                else:
+                    instance = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
+            else:
+                instance = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
+
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+            state.key = identitykey
+
+            # attach instance to session.
+            state.session_id = context.session.hash_key
+            session_identity_map.add(state)
+
+        if currentload or populate_existing:
+            # state is being fully loaded, so populate.
+            # add to the "context.progress" collection.
+            if isnew:
+                state.runid = context.runid
+                context.progress[state] = dict_
+
+            if populate_instance:
+                for fn in populate_instance:
+                    ret = fn(mapper, context, row, state,
+                             only_load_props=only_load_props,
+                             instancekey=identitykey, isnew=isnew)
+                    if ret is not EXT_CONTINUE:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    populate_state(state, dict_, row, isnew, only_load_props)
+            else:
+                populate_state(state, dict_, row, isnew, only_load_props)
+
+            if loaded_instance:
+                state.manager.dispatch.load(state, context)
+            elif isnew:
+                state.manager.dispatch.refresh(state, context, only_load_props)
+
+        elif state in context.partials or state.unloaded or eager_populators:
+            # state is having a partial set of its attributes
+            # refreshed.  Populate those attributes,
+            # and add to the "context.partials" collection.
+            if state in context.partials:
+                isnew = False
+                (d_, attrs) = context.partials[state]
+            else:
+                isnew = True
+                attrs = state.unloaded
+                context.partials[state] = (dict_, attrs)
+
+            if populate_instance:
+                for fn in populate_instance:
+                    ret = fn(mapper, context, row, state,
+                             only_load_props=attrs,
+                             instancekey=identitykey, isnew=isnew)
+                    if ret is not EXT_CONTINUE:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    populate_state(state, dict_, row, isnew, attrs)
+            else:
+                populate_state(state, dict_, row, isnew, attrs)
+
+            for key, pop in eager_populators:
+                if key not in state.unloaded:
+                    pop(state, dict_, row)
+
+            if isnew:
+                state.manager.dispatch.refresh(state, context, attrs)
+
+        if result is not None:
+            if append_result:
+                for fn in append_result:
+                    if fn(mapper, context, row, state,
+                          result, instancekey=identitykey,
+                          isnew=isnew) is not EXT_CONTINUE:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    result.append(instance)
+            else:
+                result.append(instance)
+
+        return instance
+    return _instance
+
+
+def _populators(mapper, context, path, row, adapter,
+                new_populators, existing_populators, eager_populators):
+    """Produce a collection of attribute level row processor
+    callables."""
+
+    delayed_populators = []
+    pops = (new_populators, existing_populators, delayed_populators,
+            eager_populators)
+
+    for prop in mapper._props.values():
+
+        for i, pop in enumerate(prop.create_row_processor(
+                context,
+                path,
+                mapper, row, adapter)):
+            if pop is not None:
+                pops[i].append((prop.key, pop))
+
+    if delayed_populators:
+        new_populators.extend(delayed_populators)
+
+
+def _configure_subclass_mapper(mapper, context, path, adapter):
+    """Produce a mapper level row processor callable factory for mappers
+    inheriting this one."""
+
+    def configure_subclass_mapper(discriminator):
+        try:
+            sub_mapper = mapper.polymorphic_map[discriminator]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "No such polymorphic_identity %r is defined" %
+                discriminator)
+        if sub_mapper is mapper:
+            return None
+
+        return instance_processor(
+            sub_mapper,
+            context,
+            path,
+            adapter,
+            polymorphic_from=mapper)
+    return configure_subclass_mapper
+
+
+def load_scalar_attributes(mapper, state, attribute_names):
+    """initiate a column-based attribute refresh operation."""
+
+    # assert mapper is _state_mapper(state)
+    session = state.session
+    if not session:
+        raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+            "Instance %s is not bound to a Session; "
+            "attribute refresh operation cannot proceed" %
+            (state_str(state)))
+
+    has_key = bool(state.key)
+
+    result = False
+
+    if mapper.inherits and not mapper.concrete:
+        statement = mapper._optimized_get_statement(state, attribute_names)
+        if statement is not None:
+            result = load_on_ident(
+                session.query(mapper).from_statement(statement),
+                None,
+                only_load_props=attribute_names,
+                refresh_state=state
+            )
+
+    if result is False:
+        if has_key:
+            identity_key = state.key
+        else:
+            # this codepath is rare - only valid when inside a flush, and the
+            # object is becoming persistent but hasn't yet been assigned
+            # an identity_key.
+            # check here to ensure we have the attrs we need.
+            pk_attrs = [mapper._columntoproperty[col].key
+                        for col in mapper.primary_key]
+            if state.expired_attributes.intersection(pk_attrs):
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Instance %s cannot be refreshed - it's not "
+                    " persistent and does not "
+                    "contain a full primary key." % state_str(state))
+            identity_key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+
+        if (_none_set.issubset(identity_key) and
+                not mapper.allow_partial_pks) or \
+                _none_set.issuperset(identity_key):
+            util.warn("Instance %s to be refreshed doesn't "
+                      "contain a full primary key - can't be refreshed "
+                      "(and shouldn't be expired, either)."
+                      % state_str(state))
+            return
+
+        result = load_on_ident(
+            session.query(mapper),
+            identity_key,
+            refresh_state=state,
+            only_load_props=attribute_names)
+
+    # if instance is pending, a refresh operation
+    # may not complete (even if PK attributes are assigned)
+    if has_key and result is None:
+        raise orm_exc.ObjectDeletedError(state)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fa2443
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2733 @@
+# orm/mapper.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Logic to map Python classes to and from selectables.
+
+Defines the :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper.Mapper` class, the central
+configurational unit which associates a class with a database table.
+
+This is a semi-private module; the main configurational API of the ORM is
+available in :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import types
+import weakref
+from itertools import chain
+from collections import deque
+
+from .. import sql, util, log, exc as sa_exc, event, schema, inspection
+from ..sql import expression, visitors, operators, util as sql_util
+from . import instrumentation, attributes, exc as orm_exc, loading
+from . import properties
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty, _InspectionAttr, _MappedAttribute
+
+from .base import _class_to_mapper, _state_mapper, class_mapper, \
+    state_str, _INSTRUMENTOR
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+
+import sys
+
+
+_mapper_registry = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+_already_compiling = False
+
+_memoized_configured_property = util.group_expirable_memoized_property()
+
+
+# a constant returned by _get_attr_by_column to indicate
+# this mapper is not handling an attribute for a particular
+# column
+NO_ATTRIBUTE = util.symbol('NO_ATTRIBUTE')
+
+# lock used to synchronize the "mapper configure" step
+_CONFIGURE_MUTEX = util.threading.RLock()
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+@log.class_logger
+class Mapper(_InspectionAttr):
+
+    """Define the correlation of class attributes to database table
+    columns.
+
+    The :class:`.Mapper` object is instantiated using the
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper` function.    For information
+    about instantiating new :class:`.Mapper` objects, see
+    that function's documentation.
+
+
+    When :func:`.mapper` is used
+    explicitly to link a user defined class with table
+    metadata, this is referred to as *classical mapping*.
+    Modern SQLAlchemy usage tends to favor the
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` extension for class
+    configuration, which
+    makes usage of :func:`.mapper` behind the scenes.
+
+    Given a particular class known to be mapped by the ORM,
+    the :class:`.Mapper` which maintains it can be acquired
+    using the :func:`.inspect` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+        mapper = inspect(MyClass)
+
+    A class which was mapped by the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.declarative`
+    extension will also have its mapper available via the ``__mapper__``
+    attribute.
+
+
+    """
+
+    _new_mappers = False
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 class_,
+                 local_table=None,
+                 properties=None,
+                 primary_key=None,
+                 non_primary=False,
+                 inherits=None,
+                 inherit_condition=None,
+                 inherit_foreign_keys=None,
+                 extension=None,
+                 order_by=False,
+                 always_refresh=False,
+                 version_id_col=None,
+                 version_id_generator=None,
+                 polymorphic_on=None,
+                 _polymorphic_map=None,
+                 polymorphic_identity=None,
+                 concrete=False,
+                 with_polymorphic=None,
+                 allow_partial_pks=True,
+                 batch=True,
+                 column_prefix=None,
+                 include_properties=None,
+                 exclude_properties=None,
+                 passive_updates=True,
+                 confirm_deleted_rows=True,
+                 eager_defaults=False,
+                 legacy_is_orphan=False,
+                 _compiled_cache_size=100,
+                 ):
+        """Return a new :class:`~.Mapper` object.
+
+        This function is typically used behind the scenes
+        via the Declarative extension.   When using Declarative,
+        many of the usual :func:`.mapper` arguments are handled
+        by the Declarative extension itself, including ``class_``,
+        ``local_table``, ``properties``, and  ``inherits``.
+        Other options are passed to :func:`.mapper` using
+        the ``__mapper_args__`` class variable::
+
+           class MyClass(Base):
+               __tablename__ = 'my_table'
+               id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+               type = Column(String(50))
+               alt = Column("some_alt", Integer)
+
+               __mapper_args__ = {
+                   'polymorphic_on' : type
+               }
+
+
+        Explicit use of :func:`.mapper`
+        is often referred to as *classical mapping*.  The above
+        declarative example is equivalent in classical form to::
+
+            my_table = Table("my_table", metadata,
+                Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column('type', String(50)),
+                Column("some_alt", Integer)
+            )
+
+            class MyClass(object):
+                pass
+
+            mapper(MyClass, my_table,
+                polymorphic_on=my_table.c.type,
+                properties={
+                    'alt':my_table.c.some_alt
+                })
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`classical_mapping` - discussion of direct usage of
+            :func:`.mapper`
+
+        :param class\_: The class to be mapped.  When using Declarative,
+          this argument is automatically passed as the declared class
+          itself.
+
+        :param local_table: The :class:`.Table` or other selectable
+           to which the class is mapped.  May be ``None`` if
+           this mapper inherits from another mapper using single-table
+           inheritance.   When using Declarative, this argument is
+           automatically passed by the extension, based on what
+           is configured via the ``__table__`` argument or via the
+           :class:`.Table` produced as a result of the ``__tablename__``
+           and :class:`.Column` arguments present.
+
+        :param always_refresh: If True, all query operations for this mapped
+           class will overwrite all data within object instances that already
+           exist within the session, erasing any in-memory changes with
+           whatever information was loaded from the database. Usage of this
+           flag is highly discouraged; as an alternative, see the method
+           :meth:`.Query.populate_existing`.
+
+        :param allow_partial_pks: Defaults to True.  Indicates that a
+           composite primary key with some NULL values should be considered as
+           possibly existing within the database. This affects whether a
+           mapper will assign an incoming row to an existing identity, as well
+           as if :meth:`.Session.merge` will check the database first for a
+           particular primary key value. A "partial primary key" can occur if
+           one has mapped to an OUTER JOIN, for example.
+
+        :param batch: Defaults to ``True``, indicating that save operations
+           of multiple entities can be batched together for efficiency.
+           Setting to False indicates
+           that an instance will be fully saved before saving the next
+           instance.  This is used in the extremely rare case that a
+           :class:`.MapperEvents` listener requires being called
+           in between individual row persistence operations.
+
+        :param column_prefix: A string which will be prepended
+           to the mapped attribute name when :class:`.Column`
+           objects are automatically assigned as attributes to the
+           mapped class.  Does not affect explicitly specified
+           column-based properties.
+
+           See the section :ref:`column_prefix` for an example.
+
+        :param concrete: If True, indicates this mapper should use concrete
+           table inheritance with its parent mapper.
+
+           See the section :ref:`concrete_inheritance` for an example.
+
+        :param confirm_deleted_rows: defaults to True; when a DELETE occurs
+          of one more rows based on specific primary keys, a warning is
+          emitted when the number of rows matched does not equal the number
+          of rows expected.  This parameter may be set to False to handle the
+          case where database ON DELETE CASCADE rules may be deleting some of
+          those rows automatically.  The warning may be changed to an
+          exception in a future release.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.4 - added
+             :paramref:`.mapper.confirm_deleted_rows` as well as conditional
+             matched row checking on delete.
+
+        :param eager_defaults: if True, the ORM will immediately fetch the
+          value of server-generated default values after an INSERT or UPDATE,
+          rather than leaving them as expired to be fetched on next access.
+          This can be used for event schemes where the server-generated values
+          are needed immediately before the flush completes.   By default,
+          this scheme will emit an individual ``SELECT`` statement per row
+          inserted or updated, which note can add significant performance
+          overhead.  However, if the
+          target database supports :term:`RETURNING`, the default values will
+          be returned inline with the INSERT or UPDATE statement, which can
+          greatly enhance performance for an application that needs frequent
+          access to just-generated server defaults.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 The ``eager_defaults`` option can now
+             make use of :term:`RETURNING` for backends which support it.
+
+        :param exclude_properties: A list or set of string column names to
+          be excluded from mapping.
+
+          See :ref:`include_exclude_cols` for an example.
+
+        :param extension: A :class:`.MapperExtension` instance or
+           list of :class:`.MapperExtension` instances which will be applied
+           to all operations by this :class:`.Mapper`.  **Deprecated.**
+           Please see :class:`.MapperEvents`.
+
+        :param include_properties: An inclusive list or set of string column
+          names to map.
+
+          See :ref:`include_exclude_cols` for an example.
+
+        :param inherits: A mapped class or the corresponding :class:`.Mapper`
+          of one indicating a superclass to which this :class:`.Mapper`
+          should *inherit* from.   The mapped class here must be a subclass
+          of the other mapper's class.   When using Declarative, this argument
+          is passed automatically as a result of the natural class
+          hierarchy of the declared classes.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
+
+        :param inherit_condition: For joined table inheritance, a SQL
+           expression which will
+           define how the two tables are joined; defaults to a natural join
+           between the two tables.
+
+        :param inherit_foreign_keys: When ``inherit_condition`` is used and
+           the columns present are missing a :class:`.ForeignKey`
+           configuration, this parameter can be used to specify which columns
+           are "foreign".  In most cases can be left as ``None``.
+
+        :param legacy_is_orphan: Boolean, defaults to ``False``.
+          When ``True``, specifies that "legacy" orphan consideration
+          is to be applied to objects mapped by this mapper, which means
+          that a pending (that is, not persistent) object is auto-expunged
+          from an owning :class:`.Session` only when it is de-associated
+          from *all* parents that specify a ``delete-orphan`` cascade towards
+          this mapper.  The new default behavior is that the object is
+          auto-expunged when it is de-associated with *any* of its parents
+          that specify ``delete-orphan`` cascade.  This behavior is more
+          consistent with that of a persistent object, and allows behavior to
+          be consistent in more scenarios independently of whether or not an
+          orphanable object has been flushed yet or not.
+
+          See the change note and example at :ref:`legacy_is_orphan_addition`
+          for more detail on this change.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.8 - the consideration of a pending object as
+            an "orphan" has been modified to more closely match the
+            behavior as that of persistent objects, which is that the object
+            is expunged from the :class:`.Session` as soon as it is
+            de-associated from any of its orphan-enabled parents.  Previously,
+            the pending object would be expunged only if de-associated
+            from all of its orphan-enabled parents. The new flag
+            ``legacy_is_orphan`` is added to :func:`.orm.mapper` which
+            re-establishes the legacy behavior.
+
+        :param non_primary: Specify that this :class:`.Mapper` is in addition
+          to the "primary" mapper, that is, the one used for persistence.
+          The :class:`.Mapper` created here may be used for ad-hoc
+          mapping of the class to an alternate selectable, for loading
+          only.
+
+          :paramref:`.Mapper.non_primary` is not an often used option, but
+          is useful in some specific :func:`.relationship` cases.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`relationship_non_primary_mapper`
+
+        :param order_by: A single :class:`.Column` or list of :class:`.Column`
+           objects for which selection operations should use as the default
+           ordering for entities.  By default mappers have no pre-defined
+           ordering.
+
+        :param passive_updates: Indicates UPDATE behavior of foreign key
+           columns when a primary key column changes on a joined-table
+           inheritance mapping.   Defaults to ``True``.
+
+           When True, it is assumed that ON UPDATE CASCADE is configured on
+           the foreign key in the database, and that the database will handle
+           propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to dependent columns
+           on joined-table rows.
+
+           When False, it is assumed that the database does not enforce
+           referential integrity and will not be issuing its own CASCADE
+           operation for an update.  The unit of work process will
+           emit an UPDATE statement for the dependent columns during a
+           primary key change.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+               :ref:`passive_updates` - description of a similar feature as
+               used with :func:`.relationship`
+
+        :param polymorphic_on: Specifies the column, attribute, or
+          SQL expression used to determine the target class for an
+          incoming row, when inheriting classes are present.
+
+          This value is commonly a :class:`.Column` object that's
+          present in the mapped :class:`.Table`::
+
+            class Employee(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'employee'
+
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                discriminator = Column(String(50))
+
+                __mapper_args__ = {
+                    "polymorphic_on":discriminator,
+                    "polymorphic_identity":"employee"
+                }
+
+          It may also be specified
+          as a SQL expression, as in this example where we
+          use the :func:`.case` construct to provide a conditional
+          approach::
+
+            class Employee(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'employee'
+
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                discriminator = Column(String(50))
+
+                __mapper_args__ = {
+                    "polymorphic_on":case([
+                        (discriminator == "EN", "engineer"),
+                        (discriminator == "MA", "manager"),
+                    ], else_="employee"),
+                    "polymorphic_identity":"employee"
+                }
+
+          It may also refer to any attribute
+          configured with :func:`.column_property`, or to the
+          string name of one::
+
+                class Employee(Base):
+                    __tablename__ = 'employee'
+
+                    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                    discriminator = Column(String(50))
+                    employee_type = column_property(
+                        case([
+                            (discriminator == "EN", "engineer"),
+                            (discriminator == "MA", "manager"),
+                        ], else_="employee")
+                    )
+
+                    __mapper_args__ = {
+                        "polymorphic_on":employee_type,
+                        "polymorphic_identity":"employee"
+                    }
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.7.4
+              ``polymorphic_on`` may be specified as a SQL expression,
+              or refer to any attribute configured with
+              :func:`.column_property`, or to the string name of one.
+
+          When setting ``polymorphic_on`` to reference an
+          attribute or expression that's not present in the
+          locally mapped :class:`.Table`, yet the value
+          of the discriminator should be persisted to the database,
+          the value of the
+          discriminator is not automatically set on new
+          instances; this must be handled by the user,
+          either through manual means or via event listeners.
+          A typical approach to establishing such a listener
+          looks like::
+
+                from sqlalchemy import event
+                from sqlalchemy.orm import object_mapper
+
+                @event.listens_for(Employee, "init", propagate=True)
+                def set_identity(instance, *arg, **kw):
+                    mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+                    instance.discriminator = mapper.polymorphic_identity
+
+          Where above, we assign the value of ``polymorphic_identity``
+          for the mapped class to the ``discriminator`` attribute,
+          thus persisting the value to the ``discriminator`` column
+          in the database.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
+
+        :param polymorphic_identity: Specifies the value which
+          identifies this particular class as returned by the
+          column expression referred to by the ``polymorphic_on``
+          setting.  As rows are received, the value corresponding
+          to the ``polymorphic_on`` column expression is compared
+          to this value, indicating which subclass should
+          be used for the newly reconstructed object.
+
+        :param properties: A dictionary mapping the string names of object
+           attributes to :class:`.MapperProperty` instances, which define the
+           persistence behavior of that attribute.  Note that :class:`.Column`
+           objects present in
+           the mapped :class:`.Table` are automatically placed into
+           ``ColumnProperty`` instances upon mapping, unless overridden.
+           When using Declarative, this argument is passed automatically,
+           based on all those :class:`.MapperProperty` instances declared
+           in the declared class body.
+
+        :param primary_key: A list of :class:`.Column` objects which define
+           the primary key to be used against this mapper's selectable unit.
+           This is normally simply the primary key of the ``local_table``, but
+           can be overridden here.
+
+        :param version_id_col: A :class:`.Column`
+           that will be used to keep a running version id of rows
+           in the table.  This is used to detect concurrent updates or
+           the presence of stale data in a flush.  The methodology is to
+           detect if an UPDATE statement does not match the last known
+           version id, a
+           :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.StaleDataError` exception is
+           thrown.
+           By default, the column must be of :class:`.Integer` type,
+           unless ``version_id_generator`` specifies an alternative version
+           generator.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`mapper_version_counter` - discussion of version counting
+              and rationale.
+
+        :param version_id_generator: Define how new version ids should
+          be generated.  Defaults to ``None``, which indicates that
+          a simple integer counting scheme be employed.  To provide a custom
+          versioning scheme, provide a callable function of the form::
+
+              def generate_version(version):
+                  return next_version
+
+          Alternatively, server-side versioning functions such as triggers,
+          or programmatic versioning schemes outside of the version id
+          generator may be used, by specifying the value ``False``.
+          Please see :ref:`server_side_version_counter` for a discussion
+          of important points when using this option.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 ``version_id_generator`` supports
+             server-side version number generation.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+             :ref:`custom_version_counter`
+
+             :ref:`server_side_version_counter`
+
+
+        :param with_polymorphic: A tuple in the form ``(,
+            )`` indicating the default style of "polymorphic"
+            loading, that is, which tables are queried at once.  is
+            any single or list of mappers and/or classes indicating the
+            inherited classes that should be loaded at once. The special value
+            ``'*'`` may be used to indicate all descending classes should be
+            loaded immediately. The second tuple argument 
+            indicates a selectable that will be used to query for multiple
+            classes.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`with_polymorphic` - discussion of polymorphic querying
+              techniques.
+
+        """
+
+        self.class_ = util.assert_arg_type(class_, type, 'class_')
+
+        self.class_manager = None
+
+        self._primary_key_argument = util.to_list(primary_key)
+        self.non_primary = non_primary
+
+        if order_by is not False:
+            self.order_by = util.to_list(order_by)
+        else:
+            self.order_by = order_by
+
+        self.always_refresh = always_refresh
+
+        if isinstance(version_id_col, MapperProperty):
+            self.version_id_prop = version_id_col
+            self.version_id_col = None
+        else:
+            self.version_id_col = version_id_col
+        if version_id_generator is False:
+            self.version_id_generator = False
+        elif version_id_generator is None:
+            self.version_id_generator = lambda x: (x or 0) + 1
+        else:
+            self.version_id_generator = version_id_generator
+
+        self.concrete = concrete
+        self.single = False
+        self.inherits = inherits
+        self.local_table = local_table
+        self.inherit_condition = inherit_condition
+        self.inherit_foreign_keys = inherit_foreign_keys
+        self._init_properties = properties or {}
+        self._delete_orphans = []
+        self.batch = batch
+        self.eager_defaults = eager_defaults
+        self.column_prefix = column_prefix
+        self.polymorphic_on = expression._clause_element_as_expr(
+            polymorphic_on)
+        self._dependency_processors = []
+        self.validators = util.immutabledict()
+        self.passive_updates = passive_updates
+        self.legacy_is_orphan = legacy_is_orphan
+        self._clause_adapter = None
+        self._requires_row_aliasing = False
+        self._inherits_equated_pairs = None
+        self._memoized_values = {}
+        self._compiled_cache_size = _compiled_cache_size
+        self._reconstructor = None
+        self._deprecated_extensions = util.to_list(extension or [])
+        self.allow_partial_pks = allow_partial_pks
+
+        if self.inherits and not self.concrete:
+            self.confirm_deleted_rows = False
+        else:
+            self.confirm_deleted_rows = confirm_deleted_rows
+
+        self._set_with_polymorphic(with_polymorphic)
+
+        if isinstance(self.local_table, expression.SelectBase):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "When mapping against a select() construct, map against "
+                "an alias() of the construct instead."
+                "This because several databases don't allow a "
+                "SELECT from a subquery that does not have an alias."
+            )
+
+        if self.with_polymorphic and \
+            isinstance(self.with_polymorphic[1],
+                       expression.SelectBase):
+            self.with_polymorphic = (self.with_polymorphic[0],
+                                     self.with_polymorphic[1].alias())
+
+        # our 'polymorphic identity', a string name that when located in a
+        #  result set row indicates this Mapper should be used to construct
+        # the object instance for that row.
+        self.polymorphic_identity = polymorphic_identity
+
+        # a dictionary of 'polymorphic identity' names, associating those
+        # names with Mappers that will be used to construct object instances
+        # upon a select operation.
+        if _polymorphic_map is None:
+            self.polymorphic_map = {}
+        else:
+            self.polymorphic_map = _polymorphic_map
+
+        if include_properties is not None:
+            self.include_properties = util.to_set(include_properties)
+        else:
+            self.include_properties = None
+        if exclude_properties:
+            self.exclude_properties = util.to_set(exclude_properties)
+        else:
+            self.exclude_properties = None
+
+        self.configured = False
+
+        # prevent this mapper from being constructed
+        # while a configure_mappers() is occurring (and defer a
+        # configure_mappers() until construction succeeds)
+        _CONFIGURE_MUTEX.acquire()
+        try:
+            self.dispatch._events._new_mapper_instance(class_, self)
+            self._configure_inheritance()
+            self._configure_legacy_instrument_class()
+            self._configure_class_instrumentation()
+            self._configure_listeners()
+            self._configure_properties()
+            self._configure_polymorphic_setter()
+            self._configure_pks()
+            Mapper._new_mappers = True
+            self._log("constructed")
+            self._expire_memoizations()
+        finally:
+            _CONFIGURE_MUTEX.release()
+
+    # major attributes initialized at the classlevel so that
+    # they can be Sphinx-documented.
+
+    is_mapper = True
+    """Part of the inspection API."""
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self):
+        """Part of the inspection API.
+
+        Returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def entity(self):
+        """Part of the inspection API.
+
+        Returns self.class\_.
+
+        """
+        return self.class_
+
+    local_table = None
+    """The :class:`.Selectable` which this :class:`.Mapper` manages.
+
+    Typically is an instance of :class:`.Table` or :class:`.Alias`.
+    May also be ``None``.
+
+    The "local" table is the
+    selectable that the :class:`.Mapper` is directly responsible for
+    managing from an attribute access and flush perspective.   For
+    non-inheriting mappers, the local table is the same as the
+    "mapped" table.   For joined-table inheritance mappers, local_table
+    will be the particular sub-table of the overall "join" which
+    this :class:`.Mapper` represents.  If this mapper is a
+    single-table inheriting mapper, local_table will be ``None``.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`~.Mapper.mapped_table`.
+
+    """
+
+    mapped_table = None
+    """The :class:`.Selectable` to which this :class:`.Mapper` is mapped.
+
+    Typically an instance of :class:`.Table`, :class:`.Join`, or
+    :class:`.Alias`.
+
+    The "mapped" table is the selectable that
+    the mapper selects from during queries.   For non-inheriting
+    mappers, the mapped table is the same as the "local" table.
+    For joined-table inheritance mappers, mapped_table references the
+    full :class:`.Join` representing full rows for this particular
+    subclass.  For single-table inheritance mappers, mapped_table
+    references the base table.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`~.Mapper.local_table`.
+
+    """
+
+    inherits = None
+    """References the :class:`.Mapper` which this :class:`.Mapper`
+    inherits from, if any.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    configured = None
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`.Mapper` has been configured.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.configure_mappers`.
+
+    """
+
+    concrete = None
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`.Mapper` is a concrete
+    inheritance mapper.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    tables = None
+    """An iterable containing the collection of :class:`.Table` objects
+    which this :class:`.Mapper` is aware of.
+
+    If the mapper is mapped to a :class:`.Join`, or an :class:`.Alias`
+    representing a :class:`.Select`, the individual :class:`.Table`
+    objects that comprise the full construct will be represented here.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    primary_key = None
+    """An iterable containing the collection of :class:`.Column` objects
+    which comprise the 'primary key' of the mapped table, from the
+    perspective of this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+    This list is against the selectable in :attr:`~.Mapper.mapped_table`. In
+    the case of inheriting mappers, some columns may be managed by a
+    superclass mapper.  For example, in the case of a :class:`.Join`, the
+    primary key is determined by all of the primary key columns across all
+    tables referenced by the :class:`.Join`.
+
+    The list is also not necessarily the same as the primary key column
+    collection associated with the underlying tables; the :class:`.Mapper`
+    features a ``primary_key`` argument that can override what the
+    :class:`.Mapper` considers as primary key columns.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    class_ = None
+    """The Python class which this :class:`.Mapper` maps.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    class_manager = None
+    """The :class:`.ClassManager` which maintains event listeners
+    and class-bound descriptors for this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    single = None
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`.Mapper` is a single table
+    inheritance mapper.
+
+    :attr:`~.Mapper.local_table` will be ``None`` if this flag is set.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    non_primary = None
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`.Mapper` is a "non-primary"
+    mapper, e.g. a mapper that is used only to selet rows but not for
+    persistence management.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    polymorphic_on = None
+    """The :class:`.Column` or SQL expression specified as the
+    ``polymorphic_on`` argument
+    for this :class:`.Mapper`, within an inheritance scenario.
+
+    This attribute is normally a :class:`.Column` instance but
+    may also be an expression, such as one derived from
+    :func:`.cast`.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    polymorphic_map = None
+    """A mapping of "polymorphic identity" identifiers mapped to
+    :class:`.Mapper` instances, within an inheritance scenario.
+
+    The identifiers can be of any type which is comparable to the
+    type of column represented by :attr:`~.Mapper.polymorphic_on`.
+
+    An inheritance chain of mappers will all reference the same
+    polymorphic map object.  The object is used to correlate incoming
+    result rows to target mappers.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    polymorphic_identity = None
+    """Represent an identifier which is matched against the
+    :attr:`~.Mapper.polymorphic_on` column during result row loading.
+
+    Used only with inheritance, this object can be of any type which is
+    comparable to the type of column represented by
+    :attr:`~.Mapper.polymorphic_on`.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    base_mapper = None
+    """The base-most :class:`.Mapper` in an inheritance chain.
+
+    In a non-inheriting scenario, this attribute will always be this
+    :class:`.Mapper`.   In an inheritance scenario, it references
+    the :class:`.Mapper` which is parent to all other :class:`.Mapper`
+    objects in the inheritance chain.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    columns = None
+    """A collection of :class:`.Column` or other scalar expression
+    objects maintained by this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+    The collection behaves the same as that of the ``c`` attribute on
+    any :class:`.Table` object, except that only those columns included in
+    this mapping are present, and are keyed based on the attribute name
+    defined in the mapping, not necessarily the ``key`` attribute of the
+    :class:`.Column` itself.   Additionally, scalar expressions mapped
+    by :func:`.column_property` are also present here.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    validators = None
+    """An immutable dictionary of attributes which have been decorated
+    using the :func:`~.orm.validates` decorator.
+
+    The dictionary contains string attribute names as keys
+    mapped to the actual validation method.
+
+    """
+
+    c = None
+    """A synonym for :attr:`~.Mapper.columns`."""
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _path_registry(self):
+        return PathRegistry.per_mapper(self)
+
+    def _configure_inheritance(self):
+        """Configure settings related to inherting and/or inherited mappers
+        being present."""
+
+        # a set of all mappers which inherit from this one.
+        self._inheriting_mappers = util.WeakSequence()
+
+        if self.inherits:
+            if isinstance(self.inherits, type):
+                self.inherits = class_mapper(self.inherits, configure=False)
+            if not issubclass(self.class_, self.inherits.class_):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Class '%s' does not inherit from '%s'" %
+                    (self.class_.__name__, self.inherits.class_.__name__))
+            if self.non_primary != self.inherits.non_primary:
+                np = not self.non_primary and "primary" or "non-primary"
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Inheritance of %s mapper for class '%s' is "
+                    "only allowed from a %s mapper" %
+                    (np, self.class_.__name__, np))
+            # inherit_condition is optional.
+            if self.local_table is None:
+                self.local_table = self.inherits.local_table
+                self.mapped_table = self.inherits.mapped_table
+                self.single = True
+            elif self.local_table is not self.inherits.local_table:
+                if self.concrete:
+                    self.mapped_table = self.local_table
+                    for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+                        if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                            mapper._requires_row_aliasing = True
+                else:
+                    if self.inherit_condition is None:
+                        # figure out inherit condition from our table to the
+                        # immediate table of the inherited mapper, not its
+                        # full table which could pull in other stuff we don't
+                        # want (allows test/inheritance.InheritTest4 to pass)
+                        self.inherit_condition = sql_util.join_condition(
+                            self.inherits.local_table,
+                            self.local_table)
+                    self.mapped_table = sql.join(
+                        self.inherits.mapped_table,
+                        self.local_table,
+                        self.inherit_condition)
+
+                    fks = util.to_set(self.inherit_foreign_keys)
+                    self._inherits_equated_pairs = \
+                        sql_util.criterion_as_pairs(
+                            self.mapped_table.onclause,
+                            consider_as_foreign_keys=fks)
+            else:
+                self.mapped_table = self.local_table
+
+            if self.polymorphic_identity is not None and not self.concrete:
+                self._identity_class = self.inherits._identity_class
+            else:
+                self._identity_class = self.class_
+
+            if self.version_id_col is None:
+                self.version_id_col = self.inherits.version_id_col
+                self.version_id_generator = self.inherits.version_id_generator
+            elif self.inherits.version_id_col is not None and \
+                    self.version_id_col is not self.inherits.version_id_col:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Inheriting version_id_col '%s' does not match inherited "
+                    "version_id_col '%s' and will not automatically populate "
+                    "the inherited versioning column. "
+                    "version_id_col should only be specified on "
+                    "the base-most mapper that includes versioning." %
+                    (self.version_id_col.description,
+                     self.inherits.version_id_col.description)
+                )
+
+            if self.order_by is False and \
+                    not self.concrete and \
+                    self.inherits.order_by is not False:
+                self.order_by = self.inherits.order_by
+
+            self.polymorphic_map = self.inherits.polymorphic_map
+            self.batch = self.inherits.batch
+            self.inherits._inheriting_mappers.append(self)
+            self.base_mapper = self.inherits.base_mapper
+            self.passive_updates = self.inherits.passive_updates
+            self._all_tables = self.inherits._all_tables
+
+            if self.polymorphic_identity is not None:
+                self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity] = self
+
+        else:
+            self._all_tables = set()
+            self.base_mapper = self
+            self.mapped_table = self.local_table
+            if self.polymorphic_identity is not None:
+                self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity] = self
+            self._identity_class = self.class_
+
+        if self.mapped_table is None:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Mapper '%s' does not have a mapped_table specified."
+                % self)
+
+    def _set_with_polymorphic(self, with_polymorphic):
+        if with_polymorphic == '*':
+            self.with_polymorphic = ('*', None)
+        elif isinstance(with_polymorphic, (tuple, list)):
+            if isinstance(
+                    with_polymorphic[0], util.string_types + (tuple, list)):
+                self.with_polymorphic = with_polymorphic
+            else:
+                self.with_polymorphic = (with_polymorphic, None)
+        elif with_polymorphic is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("Invalid setting for with_polymorphic")
+        else:
+            self.with_polymorphic = None
+
+        if isinstance(self.local_table, expression.SelectBase):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "When mapping against a select() construct, map against "
+                "an alias() of the construct instead."
+                "This because several databases don't allow a "
+                "SELECT from a subquery that does not have an alias."
+            )
+
+        if self.with_polymorphic and \
+            isinstance(self.with_polymorphic[1],
+                       expression.SelectBase):
+            self.with_polymorphic = (self.with_polymorphic[0],
+                                     self.with_polymorphic[1].alias())
+        if self.configured:
+            self._expire_memoizations()
+
+    def _set_concrete_base(self, mapper):
+        """Set the given :class:`.Mapper` as the 'inherits' for this
+        :class:`.Mapper`, assuming this :class:`.Mapper` is concrete
+        and does not already have an inherits."""
+
+        assert self.concrete
+        assert not self.inherits
+        assert isinstance(mapper, Mapper)
+        self.inherits = mapper
+        self.inherits.polymorphic_map.update(self.polymorphic_map)
+        self.polymorphic_map = self.inherits.polymorphic_map
+        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+            if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                mapper._requires_row_aliasing = True
+        self.batch = self.inherits.batch
+        for mp in self.self_and_descendants:
+            mp.base_mapper = self.inherits.base_mapper
+        self.inherits._inheriting_mappers.append(self)
+        self.passive_updates = self.inherits.passive_updates
+        self._all_tables = self.inherits._all_tables
+        for key, prop in mapper._props.items():
+            if key not in self._props and \
+                not self._should_exclude(key, key, local=False,
+                                         column=None):
+                self._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, False)
+
+    def _set_polymorphic_on(self, polymorphic_on):
+        self.polymorphic_on = polymorphic_on
+        self._configure_polymorphic_setter(True)
+
+    def _configure_legacy_instrument_class(self):
+
+        if self.inherits:
+            self.dispatch._update(self.inherits.dispatch)
+            super_extensions = set(
+                chain(*[m._deprecated_extensions
+                        for m in self.inherits.iterate_to_root()]))
+        else:
+            super_extensions = set()
+
+        for ext in self._deprecated_extensions:
+            if ext not in super_extensions:
+                ext._adapt_instrument_class(self, ext)
+
+    def _configure_listeners(self):
+        if self.inherits:
+            super_extensions = set(
+                chain(*[m._deprecated_extensions
+                        for m in self.inherits.iterate_to_root()]))
+        else:
+            super_extensions = set()
+
+        for ext in self._deprecated_extensions:
+            if ext not in super_extensions:
+                ext._adapt_listener(self, ext)
+
+    def _configure_class_instrumentation(self):
+        """If this mapper is to be a primary mapper (i.e. the
+        non_primary flag is not set), associate this Mapper with the
+        given class_ and entity name.
+
+        Subsequent calls to ``class_mapper()`` for the class_/entity
+        name combination will return this mapper.  Also decorate the
+        `__init__` method on the mapped class to include optional
+        auto-session attachment logic.
+
+        """
+        manager = attributes.manager_of_class(self.class_)
+
+        if self.non_primary:
+            if not manager or not manager.is_mapped:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Class %s has no primary mapper configured.  Configure "
+                    "a primary mapper first before setting up a non primary "
+                    "Mapper." % self.class_)
+            self.class_manager = manager
+            self._identity_class = manager.mapper._identity_class
+            _mapper_registry[self] = True
+            return
+
+        if manager is not None:
+            assert manager.class_ is self.class_
+            if manager.is_mapped:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Class '%s' already has a primary mapper defined. "
+                    "Use non_primary=True to "
+                    "create a non primary Mapper.  clear_mappers() will "
+                    "remove *all* current mappers from all classes." %
+                    self.class_)
+            # else:
+                # a ClassManager may already exist as
+                # ClassManager.instrument_attribute() creates
+                # new managers for each subclass if they don't yet exist.
+
+        _mapper_registry[self] = True
+
+        self.dispatch.instrument_class(self, self.class_)
+
+        if manager is None:
+            manager = instrumentation.register_class(self.class_)
+
+        self.class_manager = manager
+
+        manager.mapper = self
+        manager.deferred_scalar_loader = util.partial(
+            loading.load_scalar_attributes, self)
+
+        # The remaining members can be added by any mapper,
+        # e_name None or not.
+        if manager.info.get(_INSTRUMENTOR, False):
+            return
+
+        event.listen(manager, 'first_init', _event_on_first_init, raw=True)
+        event.listen(manager, 'init', _event_on_init, raw=True)
+        event.listen(manager, 'resurrect', _event_on_resurrect, raw=True)
+
+        for key, method in util.iterate_attributes(self.class_):
+            if isinstance(method, types.FunctionType):
+                if hasattr(method, '__sa_reconstructor__'):
+                    self._reconstructor = method
+                    event.listen(manager, 'load', _event_on_load, raw=True)
+                elif hasattr(method, '__sa_validators__'):
+                    validation_opts = method.__sa_validation_opts__
+                    for name in method.__sa_validators__:
+                        self.validators = self.validators.union(
+                            {name: (method, validation_opts)}
+                        )
+
+        manager.info[_INSTRUMENTOR] = self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _configure_all(cls):
+        """Class-level path to the :func:`.configure_mappers` call.
+        """
+        configure_mappers()
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        # Disable any attribute-based compilation.
+        self.configured = True
+
+        if hasattr(self, '_configure_failed'):
+            del self._configure_failed
+
+        if not self.non_primary and \
+            self.class_manager is not None and \
+            self.class_manager.is_mapped and \
+                self.class_manager.mapper is self:
+            instrumentation.unregister_class(self.class_)
+
+    def _configure_pks(self):
+
+        self.tables = sql_util.find_tables(self.mapped_table)
+
+        self._pks_by_table = {}
+        self._cols_by_table = {}
+
+        all_cols = util.column_set(chain(*[
+            col.proxy_set for col in
+            self._columntoproperty]))
+
+        pk_cols = util.column_set(c for c in all_cols if c.primary_key)
+
+        # identify primary key columns which are also mapped by this mapper.
+        tables = set(self.tables + [self.mapped_table])
+        self._all_tables.update(tables)
+        for t in tables:
+            if t.primary_key and pk_cols.issuperset(t.primary_key):
+                # ordering is important since it determines the ordering of
+                # mapper.primary_key (and therefore query.get())
+                self._pks_by_table[t] = \
+                    util.ordered_column_set(t.primary_key).\
+                    intersection(pk_cols)
+            self._cols_by_table[t] = \
+                util.ordered_column_set(t.c).\
+                intersection(all_cols)
+
+        # determine cols that aren't expressed within our tables; mark these
+        # as "read only" properties which are refreshed upon INSERT/UPDATE
+        self._readonly_props = set(
+            self._columntoproperty[col]
+            for col in self._columntoproperty
+            if not hasattr(col, 'table') or
+            col.table not in self._cols_by_table)
+
+        # if explicit PK argument sent, add those columns to the
+        # primary key mappings
+        if self._primary_key_argument:
+            for k in self._primary_key_argument:
+                if k.table not in self._pks_by_table:
+                    self._pks_by_table[k.table] = util.OrderedSet()
+                self._pks_by_table[k.table].add(k)
+
+        # otherwise, see that we got a full PK for the mapped table
+        elif self.mapped_table not in self._pks_by_table or \
+                len(self._pks_by_table[self.mapped_table]) == 0:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Mapper %s could not assemble any primary "
+                "key columns for mapped table '%s'" %
+                (self, self.mapped_table.description))
+        elif self.local_table not in self._pks_by_table and \
+                isinstance(self.local_table, schema.Table):
+            util.warn("Could not assemble any primary "
+                      "keys for locally mapped table '%s' - "
+                      "no rows will be persisted in this Table."
+                      % self.local_table.description)
+
+        if self.inherits and \
+                not self.concrete and \
+                not self._primary_key_argument:
+            # if inheriting, the "primary key" for this mapper is
+            # that of the inheriting (unless concrete or explicit)
+            self.primary_key = self.inherits.primary_key
+        else:
+            # determine primary key from argument or mapped_table pks -
+            # reduce to the minimal set of columns
+            if self._primary_key_argument:
+                primary_key = sql_util.reduce_columns(
+                    [self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(c) for c in
+                     self._primary_key_argument],
+                    ignore_nonexistent_tables=True)
+            else:
+                primary_key = sql_util.reduce_columns(
+                    self._pks_by_table[self.mapped_table],
+                    ignore_nonexistent_tables=True)
+
+            if len(primary_key) == 0:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Mapper %s could not assemble any primary "
+                    "key columns for mapped table '%s'" %
+                    (self, self.mapped_table.description))
+
+            self.primary_key = tuple(primary_key)
+            self._log("Identified primary key columns: %s", primary_key)
+
+    def _configure_properties(self):
+
+        # Column and other ClauseElement objects which are mapped
+        self.columns = self.c = util.OrderedProperties()
+
+        # object attribute names mapped to MapperProperty objects
+        self._props = util.OrderedDict()
+
+        # table columns mapped to lists of MapperProperty objects
+        # using a list allows a single column to be defined as
+        # populating multiple object attributes
+        self._columntoproperty = _ColumnMapping(self)
+
+        # load custom properties
+        if self._init_properties:
+            for key, prop in self._init_properties.items():
+                self._configure_property(key, prop, False)
+
+        # pull properties from the inherited mapper if any.
+        if self.inherits:
+            for key, prop in self.inherits._props.items():
+                if key not in self._props and \
+                    not self._should_exclude(key, key, local=False,
+                                             column=None):
+                    self._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, False)
+
+        # create properties for each column in the mapped table,
+        # for those columns which don't already map to a property
+        for column in self.mapped_table.columns:
+            if column in self._columntoproperty:
+                continue
+
+            column_key = (self.column_prefix or '') + column.key
+
+            if self._should_exclude(
+                column.key, column_key,
+                local=self.local_table.c.contains_column(column),
+                column=column
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            # adjust the "key" used for this column to that
+            # of the inheriting mapper
+            for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+                if column in mapper._columntoproperty:
+                    column_key = mapper._columntoproperty[column].key
+
+            self._configure_property(column_key,
+                                     column,
+                                     init=False,
+                                     setparent=True)
+
+    def _configure_polymorphic_setter(self, init=False):
+        """Configure an attribute on the mapper representing the
+        'polymorphic_on' column, if applicable, and not
+        already generated by _configure_properties (which is typical).
+
+        Also create a setter function which will assign this
+        attribute to the value of the 'polymorphic_identity'
+        upon instance construction, also if applicable.  This
+        routine will run when an instance is created.
+
+        """
+        setter = False
+
+        if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+            setter = True
+
+            if isinstance(self.polymorphic_on, util.string_types):
+                # polymorphic_on specified as a string - link
+                # it to mapped ColumnProperty
+                try:
+                    self.polymorphic_on = self._props[self.polymorphic_on]
+                except KeyError:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't determine polymorphic_on "
+                        "value '%s' - no attribute is "
+                        "mapped to this name." % self.polymorphic_on)
+
+            if self.polymorphic_on in self._columntoproperty:
+                # polymorphic_on is a column that is already mapped
+                # to a ColumnProperty
+                prop = self._columntoproperty[self.polymorphic_on]
+                polymorphic_key = prop.key
+                self.polymorphic_on = prop.columns[0]
+                polymorphic_key = prop.key
+            elif isinstance(self.polymorphic_on, MapperProperty):
+                # polymorphic_on is directly a MapperProperty,
+                # ensure it's a ColumnProperty
+                if not isinstance(self.polymorphic_on,
+                                  properties.ColumnProperty):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Only direct column-mapped "
+                        "property or SQL expression "
+                        "can be passed for polymorphic_on")
+                prop = self.polymorphic_on
+                self.polymorphic_on = prop.columns[0]
+                polymorphic_key = prop.key
+            elif not expression._is_column(self.polymorphic_on):
+                # polymorphic_on is not a Column and not a ColumnProperty;
+                # not supported right now.
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Only direct column-mapped "
+                    "property or SQL expression "
+                    "can be passed for polymorphic_on"
+                )
+            else:
+                # polymorphic_on is a Column or SQL expression and
+                # doesn't appear to be mapped. this means it can be 1.
+                # only present in the with_polymorphic selectable or
+                # 2. a totally standalone SQL expression which we'd
+                # hope is compatible with this mapper's mapped_table
+                col = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(
+                    self.polymorphic_on)
+                if col is None:
+                    # polymorphic_on doesn't derive from any
+                    # column/expression isn't present in the mapped
+                    # table. we will make a "hidden" ColumnProperty
+                    # for it. Just check that if it's directly a
+                    # schema.Column and we have with_polymorphic, it's
+                    # likely a user error if the schema.Column isn't
+                    # represented somehow in either mapped_table or
+                    # with_polymorphic.   Otherwise as of 0.7.4 we
+                    # just go with it and assume the user wants it
+                    # that way (i.e. a CASE statement)
+                    setter = False
+                    instrument = False
+                    col = self.polymorphic_on
+                    if isinstance(col, schema.Column) and (
+                            self.with_polymorphic is None or
+                            self.with_polymorphic[1].
+                            corresponding_column(col) is None):
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Could not map polymorphic_on column "
+                            "'%s' to the mapped table - polymorphic "
+                            "loads will not function properly"
+                            % col.description)
+                else:
+                    # column/expression that polymorphic_on derives from
+                    # is present in our mapped table
+                    # and is probably mapped, but polymorphic_on itself
+                    # is not.  This happens when
+                    # the polymorphic_on is only directly present in the
+                    # with_polymorphic selectable, as when use
+                    # polymorphic_union.
+                    # we'll make a separate ColumnProperty for it.
+                    instrument = True
+                key = getattr(col, 'key', None)
+                if key:
+                    if self._should_exclude(col.key, col.key, False, col):
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Cannot exclude or override the "
+                            "discriminator column %r" %
+                            col.key)
+                else:
+                    self.polymorphic_on = col = \
+                        col.label("_sa_polymorphic_on")
+                    key = col.key
+
+                self._configure_property(
+                    key,
+                    properties.ColumnProperty(col,
+                                              _instrument=instrument),
+                    init=init, setparent=True)
+                polymorphic_key = key
+        else:
+            # no polymorphic_on was set.
+            # check inheriting mappers for one.
+            for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+                # determine if polymorphic_on of the parent
+                # should be propagated here.   If the col
+                # is present in our mapped table, or if our mapped
+                # table is the same as the parent (i.e. single table
+                # inheritance), we can use it
+                if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                    if self.mapped_table is mapper.mapped_table:
+                        self.polymorphic_on = mapper.polymorphic_on
+                    else:
+                        self.polymorphic_on = \
+                            self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(
+                                mapper.polymorphic_on)
+                    # we can use the parent mapper's _set_polymorphic_identity
+                    # directly; it ensures the polymorphic_identity of the
+                    # instance's mapper is used so is portable to subclasses.
+                    if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                        self._set_polymorphic_identity = \
+                            mapper._set_polymorphic_identity
+                        self._validate_polymorphic_identity = \
+                            mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity
+                    else:
+                        self._set_polymorphic_identity = None
+                    return
+
+        if setter:
+            def _set_polymorphic_identity(state):
+                dict_ = state.dict
+                state.get_impl(polymorphic_key).set(
+                    state, dict_,
+                    state.manager.mapper.polymorphic_identity,
+                    None)
+
+            def _validate_polymorphic_identity(mapper, state, dict_):
+                if polymorphic_key in dict_ and \
+                        dict_[polymorphic_key] not in \
+                        mapper._acceptable_polymorphic_identities:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Flushing object %s with "
+                        "incompatible polymorphic identity %r; the "
+                        "object may not refresh and/or load correctly" % (
+                            state_str(state),
+                            dict_[polymorphic_key]
+                        )
+                    )
+
+            self._set_polymorphic_identity = _set_polymorphic_identity
+            self._validate_polymorphic_identity = \
+                _validate_polymorphic_identity
+        else:
+            self._set_polymorphic_identity = None
+
+    _validate_polymorphic_identity = None
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _version_id_prop(self):
+        if self.version_id_col is not None:
+            return self._columntoproperty[self.version_id_col]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _acceptable_polymorphic_identities(self):
+        identities = set()
+
+        stack = deque([self])
+        while stack:
+            item = stack.popleft()
+            if item.mapped_table is self.mapped_table:
+                identities.add(item.polymorphic_identity)
+                stack.extend(item._inheriting_mappers)
+
+        return identities
+
+    def _adapt_inherited_property(self, key, prop, init):
+        if not self.concrete:
+            self._configure_property(key, prop, init=False, setparent=False)
+        elif key not in self._props:
+            self._configure_property(
+                key,
+                properties.ConcreteInheritedProperty(),
+                init=init, setparent=True)
+
+    def _configure_property(self, key, prop, init=True, setparent=True):
+        self._log("_configure_property(%s, %s)", key, prop.__class__.__name__)
+
+        if not isinstance(prop, MapperProperty):
+            prop = self._property_from_column(key, prop)
+
+        if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
+            col = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(prop.columns[0])
+
+            # if the column is not present in the mapped table,
+            # test if a column has been added after the fact to the
+            # parent table (or their parent, etc.) [ticket:1570]
+            if col is None and self.inherits:
+                path = [self]
+                for m in self.inherits.iterate_to_root():
+                    col = m.local_table.corresponding_column(prop.columns[0])
+                    if col is not None:
+                        for m2 in path:
+                            m2.mapped_table._reset_exported()
+                        col = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(
+                            prop.columns[0])
+                        break
+                    path.append(m)
+
+            # subquery expression, column not present in the mapped
+            # selectable.
+            if col is None:
+                col = prop.columns[0]
+
+                # column is coming in after _readonly_props was
+                # initialized; check for 'readonly'
+                if hasattr(self, '_readonly_props') and \
+                    (not hasattr(col, 'table') or
+                        col.table not in self._cols_by_table):
+                    self._readonly_props.add(prop)
+
+            else:
+                # if column is coming in after _cols_by_table was
+                # initialized, ensure the col is in the right set
+                if hasattr(self, '_cols_by_table') and \
+                        col.table in self._cols_by_table and \
+                        col not in self._cols_by_table[col.table]:
+                    self._cols_by_table[col.table].add(col)
+
+            # if this properties.ColumnProperty represents the "polymorphic
+            # discriminator" column, mark it.  We'll need this when rendering
+            # columns in SELECT statements.
+            if not hasattr(prop, '_is_polymorphic_discriminator'):
+                prop._is_polymorphic_discriminator = \
+                    (col is self.polymorphic_on or
+                     prop.columns[0] is self.polymorphic_on)
+
+            self.columns[key] = col
+            for col in prop.columns + prop._orig_columns:
+                for col in col.proxy_set:
+                    self._columntoproperty[col] = prop
+
+        prop.key = key
+
+        if setparent:
+            prop.set_parent(self, init)
+
+        if key in self._props and \
+                getattr(self._props[key], '_mapped_by_synonym', False):
+            syn = self._props[key]._mapped_by_synonym
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't call map_column=True for synonym %r=%r, "
+                "a ColumnProperty already exists keyed to the name "
+                "%r for column %r" % (syn, key, key, syn)
+            )
+
+        if key in self._props and \
+                not isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty) and \
+                not isinstance(self._props[key], properties.ColumnProperty):
+            util.warn("Property %s on %s being replaced with new "
+                      "property %s; the old property will be discarded" % (
+                          self._props[key],
+                          self,
+                          prop,
+                      ))
+
+        self._props[key] = prop
+
+        if not self.non_primary:
+            prop.instrument_class(self)
+
+        for mapper in self._inheriting_mappers:
+            mapper._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, init)
+
+        if init:
+            prop.init()
+            prop.post_instrument_class(self)
+
+        if self.configured:
+            self._expire_memoizations()
+
+    def _property_from_column(self, key, prop):
+        """generate/update a :class:`.ColumnProprerty` given a
+        :class:`.Column` object. """
+
+        # we were passed a Column or a list of Columns;
+        # generate a properties.ColumnProperty
+        columns = util.to_list(prop)
+        column = columns[0]
+        if not expression._is_column(column):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "%s=%r is not an instance of MapperProperty or Column"
+                % (key, prop))
+
+        prop = self._props.get(key, None)
+
+        if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
+            if (
+                not self._inherits_equated_pairs or
+                (prop.columns[0], column) not in self._inherits_equated_pairs
+            ) and \
+                    not prop.columns[0].shares_lineage(column) and \
+                    prop.columns[0] is not self.version_id_col and \
+                    column is not self.version_id_col:
+                warn_only = prop.parent is not self
+                msg = ("Implicitly combining column %s with column "
+                       "%s under attribute '%s'.  Please configure one "
+                       "or more attributes for these same-named columns "
+                       "explicitly." % (prop.columns[-1], column, key))
+                if warn_only:
+                    util.warn(msg)
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(msg)
+
+            # existing properties.ColumnProperty from an inheriting
+            # mapper. make a copy and append our column to it
+            prop = prop.copy()
+            prop.columns.insert(0, column)
+            self._log("inserting column to existing list "
+                      "in properties.ColumnProperty %s" % (key))
+            return prop
+        elif prop is None or isinstance(prop,
+                                        properties.ConcreteInheritedProperty):
+            mapped_column = []
+            for c in columns:
+                mc = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(c)
+                if mc is None:
+                    mc = self.local_table.corresponding_column(c)
+                    if mc is not None:
+                        # if the column is in the local table but not the
+                        # mapped table, this corresponds to adding a
+                        # column after the fact to the local table.
+                        # [ticket:1523]
+                        self.mapped_table._reset_exported()
+                    mc = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(c)
+                    if mc is None:
+                        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "When configuring property '%s' on %s, "
+                            "column '%s' is not represented in the mapper's "
+                            "table. Use the `column_property()` function to "
+                            "force this column to be mapped as a read-only "
+                            "attribute." % (key, self, c))
+                mapped_column.append(mc)
+            return properties.ColumnProperty(*mapped_column)
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "WARNING: when configuring property '%s' on %s, "
+                "column '%s' conflicts with property '%r'. "
+                "To resolve this, map the column to the class under a "
+                "different name in the 'properties' dictionary.  Or, "
+                "to remove all awareness of the column entirely "
+                "(including its availability as a foreign key), "
+                "use the 'include_properties' or 'exclude_properties' "
+                "mapper arguments to control specifically which table "
+                "columns get mapped." %
+                (key, self, column.key, prop))
+
+    def _post_configure_properties(self):
+        """Call the ``init()`` method on all ``MapperProperties``
+        attached to this mapper.
+
+        This is a deferred configuration step which is intended
+        to execute once all mappers have been constructed.
+
+        """
+
+        self._log("_post_configure_properties() started")
+        l = [(key, prop) for key, prop in self._props.items()]
+        for key, prop in l:
+            self._log("initialize prop %s", key)
+
+            if prop.parent is self and not prop._configure_started:
+                prop.init()
+
+            if prop._configure_finished:
+                prop.post_instrument_class(self)
+
+        self._log("_post_configure_properties() complete")
+        self.configured = True
+
+    def add_properties(self, dict_of_properties):
+        """Add the given dictionary of properties to this mapper,
+        using `add_property`.
+
+        """
+        for key, value in dict_of_properties.items():
+            self.add_property(key, value)
+
+    def add_property(self, key, prop):
+        """Add an individual MapperProperty to this mapper.
+
+        If the mapper has not been configured yet, just adds the
+        property to the initial properties dictionary sent to the
+        constructor.  If this Mapper has already been configured, then
+        the given MapperProperty is configured immediately.
+
+        """
+        self._init_properties[key] = prop
+        self._configure_property(key, prop, init=self.configured)
+
+    def _expire_memoizations(self):
+        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+            _memoized_configured_property.expire_instance(mapper)
+
+    @property
+    def _log_desc(self):
+        return "(" + self.class_.__name__ + \
+            "|" + \
+            (self.local_table is not None and
+                self.local_table.description or
+                str(self.local_table)) +\
+            (self.non_primary and
+             "|non-primary" or "") + ")"
+
+    def _log(self, msg, *args):
+        self.logger.info(
+            "%s " + msg, *((self._log_desc,) + args)
+        )
+
+    def _log_debug(self, msg, *args):
+        self.logger.debug(
+            "%s " + msg, *((self._log_desc,) + args)
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '' % (
+            id(self), self.class_.__name__)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Mapper|%s|%s%s" % (
+            self.class_.__name__,
+            self.local_table is not None and
+            self.local_table.description or None,
+            self.non_primary and "|non-primary" or ""
+        )
+
+    def _is_orphan(self, state):
+        orphan_possible = False
+        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+            for (key, cls) in mapper._delete_orphans:
+                orphan_possible = True
+
+                has_parent = attributes.manager_of_class(cls).has_parent(
+                    state, key, optimistic=state.has_identity)
+
+                if self.legacy_is_orphan and has_parent:
+                    return False
+                elif not self.legacy_is_orphan and not has_parent:
+                    return True
+
+        if self.legacy_is_orphan:
+            return orphan_possible
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def has_property(self, key):
+        return key in self._props
+
+    def get_property(self, key, _configure_mappers=True):
+        """return a MapperProperty associated with the given key.
+        """
+
+        if _configure_mappers and Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+
+        try:
+            return self._props[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Mapper '%s' has no property '%s'" % (self, key))
+
+    def get_property_by_column(self, column):
+        """Given a :class:`.Column` object, return the
+        :class:`.MapperProperty` which maps this column."""
+
+        return self._columntoproperty[column]
+
+    @property
+    def iterate_properties(self):
+        """return an iterator of all MapperProperty objects."""
+        if Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+        return iter(self._props.values())
+
+    def _mappers_from_spec(self, spec, selectable):
+        """given a with_polymorphic() argument, return the set of mappers it
+        represents.
+
+        Trims the list of mappers to just those represented within the given
+        selectable, if present. This helps some more legacy-ish mappings.
+
+        """
+        if spec == '*':
+            mappers = list(self.self_and_descendants)
+        elif spec:
+            mappers = set()
+            for m in util.to_list(spec):
+                m = _class_to_mapper(m)
+                if not m.isa(self):
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "%r does not inherit from %r" %
+                        (m, self))
+
+                if selectable is None:
+                    mappers.update(m.iterate_to_root())
+                else:
+                    mappers.add(m)
+            mappers = [m for m in self.self_and_descendants if m in mappers]
+        else:
+            mappers = []
+
+        if selectable is not None:
+            tables = set(sql_util.find_tables(selectable,
+                                              include_aliases=True))
+            mappers = [m for m in mappers if m.local_table in tables]
+        return mappers
+
+    def _selectable_from_mappers(self, mappers, innerjoin):
+        """given a list of mappers (assumed to be within this mapper's
+        inheritance hierarchy), construct an outerjoin amongst those mapper's
+        mapped tables.
+
+        """
+        from_obj = self.mapped_table
+        for m in mappers:
+            if m is self:
+                continue
+            if m.concrete:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'with_polymorphic()' requires 'selectable' argument "
+                    "when concrete-inheriting mappers are used.")
+            elif not m.single:
+                if innerjoin:
+                    from_obj = from_obj.join(m.local_table,
+                                             m.inherit_condition)
+                else:
+                    from_obj = from_obj.outerjoin(m.local_table,
+                                                  m.inherit_condition)
+
+        return from_obj
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _single_table_criterion(self):
+        if self.single and \
+                self.inherits and \
+                self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+            return self.polymorphic_on.in_(
+                m.polymorphic_identity
+                for m in self.self_and_descendants)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _with_polymorphic_mappers(self):
+        if Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+        if not self.with_polymorphic:
+            return []
+        return self._mappers_from_spec(*self.with_polymorphic)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _with_polymorphic_selectable(self):
+        if not self.with_polymorphic:
+            return self.mapped_table
+
+        spec, selectable = self.with_polymorphic
+        if selectable is not None:
+            return selectable
+        else:
+            return self._selectable_from_mappers(
+                self._mappers_from_spec(spec, selectable),
+                False)
+
+    with_polymorphic_mappers = _with_polymorphic_mappers
+    """The list of :class:`.Mapper` objects included in the
+    default "polymorphic" query.
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def selectable(self):
+        """The :func:`.select` construct this :class:`.Mapper` selects from
+        by default.
+
+        Normally, this is equivalent to :attr:`.mapped_table`, unless
+        the ``with_polymorphic`` feature is in use, in which case the
+        full "polymorphic" selectable is returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._with_polymorphic_selectable
+
+    def _with_polymorphic_args(self, spec=None, selectable=False,
+                               innerjoin=False):
+        if self.with_polymorphic:
+            if not spec:
+                spec = self.with_polymorphic[0]
+            if selectable is False:
+                selectable = self.with_polymorphic[1]
+        elif selectable is False:
+            selectable = None
+        mappers = self._mappers_from_spec(spec, selectable)
+        if selectable is not None:
+            return mappers, selectable
+        else:
+            return mappers, self._selectable_from_mappers(mappers,
+                                                          innerjoin)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _polymorphic_properties(self):
+        return list(self._iterate_polymorphic_properties(
+            self._with_polymorphic_mappers))
+
+    def _iterate_polymorphic_properties(self, mappers=None):
+        """Return an iterator of MapperProperty objects which will render into
+        a SELECT."""
+        if mappers is None:
+            mappers = self._with_polymorphic_mappers
+
+        if not mappers:
+            for c in self.iterate_properties:
+                yield c
+        else:
+            # in the polymorphic case, filter out discriminator columns
+            # from other mappers, as these are sometimes dependent on that
+            # mapper's polymorphic selectable (which we don't want rendered)
+            for c in util.unique_list(
+                chain(*[
+                    list(mapper.iterate_properties) for mapper in
+                    [self] + mappers
+                ])
+            ):
+                if getattr(c, '_is_polymorphic_discriminator', False) and \
+                        (self.polymorphic_on is None or
+                         c.columns[0] is not self.polymorphic_on):
+                    continue
+                yield c
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def attrs(self):
+        """A namespace of all :class:`.MapperProperty` objects
+        associated this mapper.
+
+        This is an object that provides each property based on
+        its key name.  For instance, the mapper for a
+        ``User`` class which has ``User.name`` attribute would
+        provide ``mapper.attrs.name``, which would be the
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty` representing the ``name``
+        column.   The namespace object can also be iterated,
+        which would yield each :class:`.MapperProperty`.
+
+        :class:`.Mapper` has several pre-filtered views
+        of this attribute which limit the types of properties
+        returned, inclding :attr:`.synonyms`, :attr:`.column_attrs`,
+        :attr:`.relationships`, and :attr:`.composites`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+
+        """
+        if Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+        return util.ImmutableProperties(self._props)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def all_orm_descriptors(self):
+        """A namespace of all :class:`._InspectionAttr` attributes associated
+        with the mapped class.
+
+        These attributes are in all cases Python :term:`descriptors`
+        associated with the mapped class or its superclasses.
+
+        This namespace includes attributes that are mapped to the class
+        as well as attributes declared by extension modules.
+        It includes any Python descriptor type that inherits from
+        :class:`._InspectionAttr`.  This includes
+        :class:`.QueryableAttribute`, as well as extension types such as
+        :class:`.hybrid_property`, :class:`.hybrid_method` and
+        :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        To distinguish between mapped attributes and extension attributes,
+        the attribute :attr:`._InspectionAttr.extension_type` will refer
+        to a constant that distinguishes between different extension types.
+
+        When dealing with a :class:`.QueryableAttribute`, the
+        :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property` attribute refers to the
+        :class:`.MapperProperty` property, which is what you get when
+        referring to the collection of mapped properties via
+        :attr:`.Mapper.attrs`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Mapper.attrs`
+
+        """
+        return util.ImmutableProperties(
+            dict(self.class_manager._all_sqla_attributes()))
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def synonyms(self):
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.SynonymProperty`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(properties.SynonymProperty)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def column_attrs(self):
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.ColumnProperty`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(properties.ColumnProperty)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def relationships(self):
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.RelationshipProperty`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(properties.RelationshipProperty)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def composites(self):
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.CompositeProperty`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(properties.CompositeProperty)
+
+    def _filter_properties(self, type_):
+        if Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+        return util.ImmutableProperties(util.OrderedDict(
+            (k, v) for k, v in self._props.items()
+            if isinstance(v, type_)
+        ))
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _get_clause(self):
+        """create a "get clause" based on the primary key.  this is used
+        by query.get() and many-to-one lazyloads to load this item
+        by primary key.
+
+        """
+        params = [(primary_key, sql.bindparam(None, type_=primary_key.type))
+                  for primary_key in self.primary_key]
+        return sql.and_(*[k == v for (k, v) in params]), \
+            util.column_dict(params)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _equivalent_columns(self):
+        """Create a map of all *equivalent* columns, based on
+        the determination of column pairs that are equated to
+        one another based on inherit condition.  This is designed
+        to work with the queries that util.polymorphic_union
+        comes up with, which often don't include the columns from
+        the base table directly (including the subclass table columns
+        only).
+
+        The resulting structure is a dictionary of columns mapped
+        to lists of equivalent columns, i.e.
+
+        {
+            tablea.col1:
+                set([tableb.col1, tablec.col1]),
+            tablea.col2:
+                set([tabled.col2])
+        }
+
+        """
+        result = util.column_dict()
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            if binary.operator == operators.eq:
+                if binary.left in result:
+                    result[binary.left].add(binary.right)
+                else:
+                    result[binary.left] = util.column_set((binary.right,))
+                if binary.right in result:
+                    result[binary.right].add(binary.left)
+                else:
+                    result[binary.right] = util.column_set((binary.left,))
+        for mapper in self.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            if mapper.inherit_condition is not None:
+                visitors.traverse(
+                    mapper.inherit_condition, {},
+                    {'binary': visit_binary})
+
+        return result
+
+    def _is_userland_descriptor(self, obj):
+        if isinstance(obj, (_MappedAttribute,
+                            instrumentation.ClassManager,
+                            expression.ColumnElement)):
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _should_exclude(self, name, assigned_name, local, column):
+        """determine whether a particular property should be implicitly
+        present on the class.
+
+        This occurs when properties are propagated from an inherited class, or
+        are applied from the columns present in the mapped table.
+
+        """
+
+        # check for class-bound attributes and/or descriptors,
+        # either local or from an inherited class
+        if local:
+            if self.class_.__dict__.get(assigned_name, None) is not None \
+                    and self._is_userland_descriptor(
+                    self.class_.__dict__[assigned_name]):
+                return True
+        else:
+            if getattr(self.class_, assigned_name, None) is not None \
+                    and self._is_userland_descriptor(
+                    getattr(self.class_, assigned_name)):
+                return True
+
+        if self.include_properties is not None and \
+                name not in self.include_properties and \
+                (column is None or column not in self.include_properties):
+            self._log("not including property %s" % (name))
+            return True
+
+        if self.exclude_properties is not None and \
+                (
+                    name in self.exclude_properties or
+                    (column is not None and column in self.exclude_properties)
+                ):
+            self._log("excluding property %s" % (name))
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def common_parent(self, other):
+        """Return true if the given mapper shares a
+        common inherited parent as this mapper."""
+
+        return self.base_mapper is other.base_mapper
+
+    def _canload(self, state, allow_subtypes):
+        s = self.primary_mapper()
+        if self.polymorphic_on is not None or allow_subtypes:
+            return _state_mapper(state).isa(s)
+        else:
+            return _state_mapper(state) is s
+
+    def isa(self, other):
+        """Return True if the this mapper inherits from the given mapper."""
+
+        m = self
+        while m and m is not other:
+            m = m.inherits
+        return bool(m)
+
+    def iterate_to_root(self):
+        m = self
+        while m:
+            yield m
+            m = m.inherits
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def self_and_descendants(self):
+        """The collection including this mapper and all descendant mappers.
+
+        This includes not just the immediately inheriting mappers but
+        all their inheriting mappers as well.
+
+        """
+        descendants = []
+        stack = deque([self])
+        while stack:
+            item = stack.popleft()
+            descendants.append(item)
+            stack.extend(item._inheriting_mappers)
+        return util.WeakSequence(descendants)
+
+    def polymorphic_iterator(self):
+        """Iterate through the collection including this mapper and
+        all descendant mappers.
+
+        This includes not just the immediately inheriting mappers but
+        all their inheriting mappers as well.
+
+        To iterate through an entire hierarchy, use
+        ``mapper.base_mapper.polymorphic_iterator()``.
+
+        """
+        return iter(self.self_and_descendants)
+
+    def primary_mapper(self):
+        """Return the primary mapper corresponding to this mapper's class key
+        (class)."""
+
+        return self.class_manager.mapper
+
+    @property
+    def primary_base_mapper(self):
+        return self.class_manager.mapper.base_mapper
+
+    def identity_key_from_row(self, row, adapter=None):
+        """Return an identity-map key for use in storing/retrieving an
+        item from the identity map.
+
+        :param row: A :class:`.RowProxy` instance.  The columns which are
+         mapped by this :class:`.Mapper` should be locatable in the row,
+         preferably via the :class:`.Column` object directly (as is the case
+         when a :func:`.select` construct is executed), or via string names of
+         the form ``_``.
+
+        """
+        pk_cols = self.primary_key
+        if adapter:
+            pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
+
+        return self._identity_class, \
+            tuple(row[column] for column in pk_cols)
+
+    def identity_key_from_primary_key(self, primary_key):
+        """Return an identity-map key for use in storing/retrieving an
+        item from an identity map.
+
+        :param primary_key: A list of values indicating the identifier.
+
+        """
+        return self._identity_class, tuple(primary_key)
+
+    def identity_key_from_instance(self, instance):
+        """Return the identity key for the given instance, based on
+        its primary key attributes.
+
+        If the instance's state is expired, calling this method
+        will result in a database check to see if the object has been deleted.
+        If the row no longer exists,
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        This value is typically also found on the instance state under the
+        attribute name `key`.
+
+        """
+        return self.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+            self.primary_key_from_instance(instance))
+
+    def _identity_key_from_state(self, state):
+        dict_ = state.dict
+        manager = state.manager
+        return self._identity_class, tuple([
+            manager[self._columntoproperty[col].key].
+            impl.get(state, dict_, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+            for col in self.primary_key
+        ])
+
+    def primary_key_from_instance(self, instance):
+        """Return the list of primary key values for the given
+        instance.
+
+        If the instance's state is expired, calling this method
+        will result in a database check to see if the object has been deleted.
+        If the row no longer exists,
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        return self._primary_key_from_state(state)
+
+    def _primary_key_from_state(self, state):
+        dict_ = state.dict
+        manager = state.manager
+        return [
+            manager[self._columntoproperty[col].key].
+            impl.get(state, dict_, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+            for col in self.primary_key
+        ]
+
+    def _get_state_attr_by_column(self, state, dict_, column,
+                                  passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        return state.manager[prop.key].impl.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    def _set_state_attr_by_column(self, state, dict_, column, value):
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        state.manager[prop.key].impl.set(state, dict_, value, None)
+
+    def _get_committed_attr_by_column(self, obj, column):
+        state = attributes.instance_state(obj)
+        dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(obj)
+        return self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(state, dict_, column)
+
+    def _get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+            self,
+            state,
+            dict_,
+            column,
+            passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        return state.manager[prop.key].impl.\
+            get_committed_value(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    def _optimized_get_statement(self, state, attribute_names):
+        """assemble a WHERE clause which retrieves a given state by primary
+        key, using a minimized set of tables.
+
+        Applies to a joined-table inheritance mapper where the
+        requested attribute names are only present on joined tables,
+        not the base table.  The WHERE clause attempts to include
+        only those tables to minimize joins.
+
+        """
+        props = self._props
+
+        tables = set(chain(
+            *[sql_util.find_tables(c, check_columns=True)
+              for key in attribute_names
+              for c in props[key].columns]
+        ))
+
+        if self.base_mapper.local_table in tables:
+            return None
+
+        class ColumnsNotAvailable(Exception):
+            pass
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            leftcol = binary.left
+            rightcol = binary.right
+            if leftcol is None or rightcol is None:
+                return
+
+            if leftcol.table not in tables:
+                leftval = self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state, state.dict,
+                    leftcol,
+                    passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+                if leftval is attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or leftval is None:
+                    raise ColumnsNotAvailable()
+                binary.left = sql.bindparam(None, leftval,
+                                            type_=binary.right.type)
+            elif rightcol.table not in tables:
+                rightval = self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state, state.dict,
+                    rightcol,
+                    passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+                if rightval is attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or \
+                        rightval is None:
+                    raise ColumnsNotAvailable()
+                binary.right = sql.bindparam(None, rightval,
+                                             type_=binary.right.type)
+
+        allconds = []
+
+        try:
+            start = False
+            for mapper in reversed(list(self.iterate_to_root())):
+                if mapper.local_table in tables:
+                    start = True
+                elif not isinstance(mapper.local_table,
+                                    expression.TableClause):
+                    return None
+                if start and not mapper.single:
+                    allconds.append(visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                        mapper.inherit_condition,
+                        {},
+                        {'binary': visit_binary}
+                    )
+                    )
+        except ColumnsNotAvailable:
+            return None
+
+        cond = sql.and_(*allconds)
+
+        cols = []
+        for key in attribute_names:
+            cols.extend(props[key].columns)
+        return sql.select(cols, cond, use_labels=True)
+
+    def cascade_iterator(self, type_, state, halt_on=None):
+        """Iterate each element and its mapper in an object graph,
+        for all relationships that meet the given cascade rule.
+
+        :param type_:
+          The name of the cascade rule (i.e. save-update, delete,
+          etc.)
+
+        :param state:
+          The lead InstanceState.  child items will be processed per
+          the relationships defined for this object's mapper.
+
+        the return value are object instances; this provides a strong
+        reference so that they don't fall out of scope immediately.
+
+        """
+        visited_states = set()
+        prp, mpp = object(), object()
+
+        visitables = deque([(deque(self._props.values()), prp,
+                             state, state.dict)])
+
+        while visitables:
+            iterator, item_type, parent_state, parent_dict = visitables[-1]
+            if not iterator:
+                visitables.pop()
+                continue
+
+            if item_type is prp:
+                prop = iterator.popleft()
+                if type_ not in prop.cascade:
+                    continue
+                queue = deque(prop.cascade_iterator(
+                    type_, parent_state, parent_dict,
+                    visited_states, halt_on))
+                if queue:
+                    visitables.append((queue, mpp, None, None))
+            elif item_type is mpp:
+                instance, instance_mapper, corresponding_state, \
+                    corresponding_dict = iterator.popleft()
+                yield instance, instance_mapper, \
+                    corresponding_state, corresponding_dict
+                visitables.append((deque(instance_mapper._props.values()),
+                                   prp, corresponding_state,
+                                   corresponding_dict))
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _compiled_cache(self):
+        return util.LRUCache(self._compiled_cache_size)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _sorted_tables(self):
+        table_to_mapper = {}
+
+        for mapper in self.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            for t in mapper.tables:
+                table_to_mapper.setdefault(t, mapper)
+
+        extra_dependencies = []
+        for table, mapper in table_to_mapper.items():
+            super_ = mapper.inherits
+            if super_:
+                extra_dependencies.extend([
+                    (super_table, table)
+                    for super_table in super_.tables
+                ])
+
+        def skip(fk):
+            # attempt to skip dependencies that are not
+            # significant to the inheritance chain
+            # for two tables that are related by inheritance.
+            # while that dependency may be important, it's technically
+            # not what we mean to sort on here.
+            parent = table_to_mapper.get(fk.parent.table)
+            dep = table_to_mapper.get(fk.column.table)
+            if parent is not None and \
+                dep is not None and \
+                dep is not parent and \
+                    dep.inherit_condition is not None:
+                cols = set(sql_util._find_columns(dep.inherit_condition))
+                if parent.inherit_condition is not None:
+                    cols = cols.union(sql_util._find_columns(
+                        parent.inherit_condition))
+                    return fk.parent not in cols and fk.column not in cols
+                else:
+                    return fk.parent not in cols
+            return False
+
+        sorted_ = sql_util.sort_tables(table_to_mapper,
+                                       skip_fn=skip,
+                                       extra_dependencies=extra_dependencies)
+
+        ret = util.OrderedDict()
+        for t in sorted_:
+            ret[t] = table_to_mapper[t]
+        return ret
+
+    def _memo(self, key, callable_):
+        if key in self._memoized_values:
+            return self._memoized_values[key]
+        else:
+            self._memoized_values[key] = value = callable_()
+            return value
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _table_to_equated(self):
+        """memoized map of tables to collections of columns to be
+        synchronized upwards to the base mapper."""
+
+        result = util.defaultdict(list)
+
+        for table in self._sorted_tables:
+            cols = set(table.c)
+            for m in self.iterate_to_root():
+                if m._inherits_equated_pairs and \
+                        cols.intersection(
+                            util.reduce(set.union,
+                                        [l.proxy_set for l, r in
+                                         m._inherits_equated_pairs])
+                        ):
+                    result[table].append((m, m._inherits_equated_pairs))
+
+        return result
+
+
+def configure_mappers():
+    """Initialize the inter-mapper relationships of all mappers that
+    have been constructed thus far.
+
+    This function can be called any number of times, but in
+    most cases is handled internally.
+
+    """
+
+    if not Mapper._new_mappers:
+        return
+
+    _CONFIGURE_MUTEX.acquire()
+    try:
+        global _already_compiling
+        if _already_compiling:
+            return
+        _already_compiling = True
+        try:
+
+            # double-check inside mutex
+            if not Mapper._new_mappers:
+                return
+
+            Mapper.dispatch(Mapper).before_configured()
+            # initialize properties on all mappers
+            # note that _mapper_registry is unordered, which
+            # may randomly conceal/reveal issues related to
+            # the order of mapper compilation
+
+            for mapper in list(_mapper_registry):
+                if getattr(mapper, '_configure_failed', False):
+                    e = sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "One or more mappers failed to initialize - "
+                        "can't proceed with initialization of other "
+                        "mappers.  Original exception was: %s"
+                        % mapper._configure_failed)
+                    e._configure_failed = mapper._configure_failed
+                    raise e
+                if not mapper.configured:
+                    try:
+                        mapper._post_configure_properties()
+                        mapper._expire_memoizations()
+                        mapper.dispatch.mapper_configured(
+                            mapper, mapper.class_)
+                    except:
+                        exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+                        if not hasattr(exc, '_configure_failed'):
+                            mapper._configure_failed = exc
+                        raise
+
+            Mapper._new_mappers = False
+        finally:
+            _already_compiling = False
+    finally:
+        _CONFIGURE_MUTEX.release()
+    Mapper.dispatch(Mapper).after_configured()
+
+
+def reconstructor(fn):
+    """Decorate a method as the 'reconstructor' hook.
+
+    Designates a method as the "reconstructor", an ``__init__``-like
+    method that will be called by the ORM after the instance has been
+    loaded from the database or otherwise reconstituted.
+
+    The reconstructor will be invoked with no arguments.  Scalar
+    (non-collection) database-mapped attributes of the instance will
+    be available for use within the function.  Eagerly-loaded
+    collections are generally not yet available and will usually only
+    contain the first element.  ORM state changes made to objects at
+    this stage will not be recorded for the next flush() operation, so
+    the activity within a reconstructor should be conservative.
+
+    """
+    fn.__sa_reconstructor__ = True
+    return fn
+
+
+def validates(*names, **kw):
+    """Decorate a method as a 'validator' for one or more named properties.
+
+    Designates a method as a validator, a method which receives the
+    name of the attribute as well as a value to be assigned, or in the
+    case of a collection, the value to be added to the collection.
+    The function can then raise validation exceptions to halt the
+    process from continuing (where Python's built-in ``ValueError``
+    and ``AssertionError`` exceptions are reasonable choices), or can
+    modify or replace the value before proceeding. The function should
+    otherwise return the given value.
+
+    Note that a validator for a collection **cannot** issue a load of that
+    collection within the validation routine - this usage raises
+    an assertion to avoid recursion overflows.  This is a reentrant
+    condition which is not supported.
+
+    :param \*names: list of attribute names to be validated.
+    :param include_removes: if True, "remove" events will be
+     sent as well - the validation function must accept an additional
+     argument "is_remove" which will be a boolean.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.7.7
+    :param include_backrefs: defaults to ``True``; if ``False``, the
+     validation function will not emit if the originator is an attribute
+     event related via a backref.  This can be used for bi-directional
+     :func:`.validates` usage where only one validator should emit per
+     attribute operation.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+      :ref:`simple_validators` - usage examples for :func:`.validates`
+
+    """
+    include_removes = kw.pop('include_removes', False)
+    include_backrefs = kw.pop('include_backrefs', True)
+
+    def wrap(fn):
+        fn.__sa_validators__ = names
+        fn.__sa_validation_opts__ = {
+            "include_removes": include_removes,
+            "include_backrefs": include_backrefs
+        }
+        return fn
+    return wrap
+
+
+def _event_on_load(state, ctx):
+    instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.info[_INSTRUMENTOR]
+    if instrumenting_mapper._reconstructor:
+        instrumenting_mapper._reconstructor(state.obj())
+
+
+def _event_on_first_init(manager, cls):
+    """Initial mapper compilation trigger.
+
+    instrumentation calls this one when InstanceState
+    is first generated, and is needed for legacy mutable
+    attributes to work.
+    """
+
+    instrumenting_mapper = manager.info.get(_INSTRUMENTOR)
+    if instrumenting_mapper:
+        if Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+
+
+def _event_on_init(state, args, kwargs):
+    """Run init_instance hooks.
+
+    This also includes mapper compilation, normally not needed
+    here but helps with some piecemeal configuration
+    scenarios (such as in the ORM tutorial).
+
+    """
+
+    instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.info.get(_INSTRUMENTOR)
+    if instrumenting_mapper:
+        if Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+        if instrumenting_mapper._set_polymorphic_identity:
+            instrumenting_mapper._set_polymorphic_identity(state)
+
+
+def _event_on_resurrect(state):
+    # re-populate the primary key elements
+    # of the dict based on the mapping.
+    instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.info.get(_INSTRUMENTOR)
+    if instrumenting_mapper:
+        for col, val in zip(instrumenting_mapper.primary_key, state.key[1]):
+            instrumenting_mapper._set_state_attr_by_column(
+                state, state.dict, col, val)
+
+
+class _ColumnMapping(dict):
+
+    """Error reporting helper for mapper._columntoproperty."""
+
+    def __init__(self, mapper):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+
+    def __missing__(self, column):
+        prop = self.mapper._props.get(column)
+        if prop:
+            raise orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+                "Column '%s.%s' is not available, due to "
+                "conflicting property '%s':%r" % (
+                    column.table.name, column.name, column.key, prop))
+        raise orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+            "No column %s is configured on mapper %s..." %
+            (column, self.mapper))
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/path_registry.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/path_registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f10a125
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/path_registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# orm/path_registry.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Path tracking utilities, representing mapper graph traversals.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from .. import exc
+from itertools import chain
+from .base import class_mapper
+
+
+def _unreduce_path(path):
+    return PathRegistry.deserialize(path)
+
+
+_WILDCARD_TOKEN = "*"
+_DEFAULT_TOKEN = "_sa_default"
+
+
+class PathRegistry(object):
+    """Represent query load paths and registry functions.
+
+    Basically represents structures like:
+
+    (, "orders", , "items", )
+
+    These structures are generated by things like
+    query options (joinedload(), subqueryload(), etc.) and are
+    used to compose keys stored in the query._attributes dictionary
+    for various options.
+
+    They are then re-composed at query compile/result row time as
+    the query is formed and as rows are fetched, where they again
+    serve to compose keys to look up options in the context.attributes
+    dictionary, which is copied from query._attributes.
+
+    The path structure has a limited amount of caching, where each
+    "root" ultimately pulls from a fixed registry associated with
+    the first mapper, that also contains elements for each of its
+    property keys.  However paths longer than two elements, which
+    are the exception rather than the rule, are generated on an
+    as-needed basis.
+
+    """
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return other is not None and \
+            self.path == other.path
+
+    def set(self, attributes, key, value):
+        attributes[(key, self.path)] = value
+
+    def setdefault(self, attributes, key, value):
+        attributes.setdefault((key, self.path), value)
+
+    def get(self, attributes, key, value=None):
+        key = (key, self.path)
+        if key in attributes:
+            return attributes[key]
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.path)
+
+    @property
+    def length(self):
+        return len(self.path)
+
+    def pairs(self):
+        path = self.path
+        for i in range(0, len(path), 2):
+            yield path[i], path[i + 1]
+
+    def contains_mapper(self, mapper):
+        for path_mapper in [
+            self.path[i] for i in range(0, len(self.path), 2)
+        ]:
+            if path_mapper.is_mapper and \
+                    path_mapper.isa(mapper):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def contains(self, attributes, key):
+        return (key, self.path) in attributes
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _unreduce_path, (self.serialize(), )
+
+    def serialize(self):
+        path = self.path
+        return list(zip(
+            [m.class_ for m in [path[i] for i in range(0, len(path), 2)]],
+            [path[i].key for i in range(1, len(path), 2)] + [None]
+        ))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def deserialize(cls, path):
+        if path is None:
+            return None
+
+        p = tuple(chain(*[(class_mapper(mcls),
+                           class_mapper(mcls).attrs[key]
+                           if key is not None else None)
+                          for mcls, key in path]))
+        if p and p[-1] is None:
+            p = p[0:-1]
+        return cls.coerce(p)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def per_mapper(cls, mapper):
+        return EntityRegistry(
+            cls.root, mapper
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, raw):
+        return util.reduce(lambda prev, next: prev[next], raw, cls.root)
+
+    def token(self, token):
+        if token.endswith(':' + _WILDCARD_TOKEN):
+            return TokenRegistry(self, token)
+        elif token.endswith(":" + _DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+            return TokenRegistry(self.root, token)
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("invalid token: %s" % token)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return util.reduce(
+            lambda prev, next: prev[next],
+            other.path, self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.path, )
+
+
+class RootRegistry(PathRegistry):
+    """Root registry, defers to mappers so that
+    paths are maintained per-root-mapper.
+
+    """
+    path = ()
+    has_entity = False
+
+    def __getitem__(self, entity):
+        return entity._path_registry
+
+PathRegistry.root = RootRegistry()
+
+
+class TokenRegistry(PathRegistry):
+    def __init__(self, parent, token):
+        self.token = token
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.path = parent.path + (token,)
+
+    has_entity = False
+
+    def __getitem__(self, entity):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class PropRegistry(PathRegistry):
+    def __init__(self, parent, prop):
+        # restate this path in terms of the
+        # given MapperProperty's parent.
+        insp = inspection.inspect(parent[-1])
+        if not insp.is_aliased_class or insp._use_mapper_path:
+            parent = parent.parent[prop.parent]
+        elif insp.is_aliased_class and insp.with_polymorphic_mappers:
+            if prop.parent is not insp.mapper and \
+                    prop.parent in insp.with_polymorphic_mappers:
+                subclass_entity = parent[-1]._entity_for_mapper(prop.parent)
+                parent = parent.parent[subclass_entity]
+
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.path = parent.path + (prop,)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def has_entity(self):
+        return hasattr(self.prop, "mapper")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def entity(self):
+        return self.prop.mapper
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _wildcard_path_loader_key(self):
+        """Given a path (mapper A, prop X), replace the prop with the wildcard,
+        e.g. (mapper A, 'relationship:.*') or (mapper A, 'column:.*'), then
+        return within the ("loader", path) structure.
+
+        """
+        return ("loader",
+                self.parent.token(
+                    "%s:%s" % (
+                        self.prop.strategy_wildcard_key, _WILDCARD_TOKEN)
+                ).path
+                )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _default_path_loader_key(self):
+        return ("loader",
+                self.parent.token(
+                    "%s:%s" % (self.prop.strategy_wildcard_key,
+                               _DEFAULT_TOKEN)
+                ).path
+                )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _loader_key(self):
+        return ("loader", self.path)
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self):
+        return self.entity
+
+    @property
+    def entity_path(self):
+        return self[self.entity]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, entity):
+        if isinstance(entity, (int, slice)):
+            return self.path[entity]
+        else:
+            return EntityRegistry(
+                self, entity
+            )
+
+
+class EntityRegistry(PathRegistry, dict):
+    is_aliased_class = False
+    has_entity = True
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, entity):
+        self.key = entity
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.is_aliased_class = entity.is_aliased_class
+        self.entity = entity
+        self.path = parent.path + (entity,)
+        self.entity_path = self
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self):
+        return inspection.inspect(self.entity).mapper
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return True
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def __getitem__(self, entity):
+        if isinstance(entity, (int, slice)):
+            return self.path[entity]
+        else:
+            return dict.__getitem__(self, entity)
+
+    def __missing__(self, key):
+        self[key] = item = PropRegistry(self, key)
+        return item
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3c6959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1117 @@
+# orm/persistence.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""private module containing functions used to emit INSERT, UPDATE
+and DELETE statements on behalf of a :class:`.Mapper` and its descending
+mappers.
+
+The functions here are called only by the unit of work functions
+in unitofwork.py.
+
+"""
+
+import operator
+from itertools import groupby
+from .. import sql, util, exc as sa_exc, schema
+from . import attributes, sync, exc as orm_exc, evaluator
+from .base import _state_mapper, state_str, _attr_as_key
+from ..sql import expression
+from . import loading
+
+
+def save_obj(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction, single=False):
+    """Issue ``INSERT`` and/or ``UPDATE`` statements for a list
+    of objects.
+
+    This is called within the context of a UOWTransaction during a
+    flush operation, given a list of states to be flushed.  The
+    base mapper in an inheritance hierarchy handles the inserts/
+    updates for all descendant mappers.
+
+    """
+
+    # if batch=false, call _save_obj separately for each object
+    if not single and not base_mapper.batch:
+        for state in _sort_states(states):
+            save_obj(base_mapper, [state], uowtransaction, single=True)
+        return
+
+    states_to_insert, states_to_update = _organize_states_for_save(
+        base_mapper,
+        states,
+        uowtransaction)
+
+    cached_connections = _cached_connection_dict(base_mapper)
+
+    for table, mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
+        insert = _collect_insert_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                          table, states_to_insert)
+
+        update = _collect_update_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                          table, states_to_update)
+
+        if update:
+            _emit_update_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                    cached_connections,
+                                    mapper, table, update)
+
+        if insert:
+            _emit_insert_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                    cached_connections,
+                                    mapper, table, insert)
+
+    _finalize_insert_update_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                     states_to_insert, states_to_update)
+
+
+def post_update(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction, post_update_cols):
+    """Issue UPDATE statements on behalf of a relationship() which
+    specifies post_update.
+
+    """
+    cached_connections = _cached_connection_dict(base_mapper)
+
+    states_to_update = _organize_states_for_post_update(
+        base_mapper,
+        states, uowtransaction)
+
+    for table, mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
+        update = _collect_post_update_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                               table, states_to_update,
+                                               post_update_cols)
+
+        if update:
+            _emit_post_update_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                         cached_connections,
+                                         mapper, table, update)
+
+
+def delete_obj(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Issue ``DELETE`` statements for a list of objects.
+
+    This is called within the context of a UOWTransaction during a
+    flush operation.
+
+    """
+
+    cached_connections = _cached_connection_dict(base_mapper)
+
+    states_to_delete = _organize_states_for_delete(
+        base_mapper,
+        states,
+        uowtransaction)
+
+    table_to_mapper = base_mapper._sorted_tables
+
+    for table in reversed(list(table_to_mapper.keys())):
+        delete = _collect_delete_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                          table, states_to_delete)
+
+        mapper = table_to_mapper[table]
+
+        _emit_delete_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                cached_connections, mapper, table, delete)
+
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, has_identity, connection \
+            in states_to_delete:
+        mapper.dispatch.after_delete(mapper, connection, state)
+
+
+def _organize_states_for_save(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for INSERT or
+    UPDATE.
+
+    This includes splitting out into distinct lists for
+    each, calling before_insert/before_update, obtaining
+    key information for each state including its dictionary,
+    mapper, the connection to use for the execution per state,
+    and the identity flag.
+
+    """
+
+    states_to_insert = []
+    states_to_update = []
+
+    for state, dict_, mapper, connection in _connections_for_states(
+            base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+            states):
+
+        has_identity = bool(state.key)
+        instance_key = state.key or mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+
+        row_switch = None
+
+        # call before_XXX extensions
+        if not has_identity:
+            mapper.dispatch.before_insert(mapper, connection, state)
+        else:
+            mapper.dispatch.before_update(mapper, connection, state)
+
+        if mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity:
+            mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity(mapper, state, dict_)
+
+        # detect if we have a "pending" instance (i.e. has
+        # no instance_key attached to it), and another instance
+        # with the same identity key already exists as persistent.
+        # convert to an UPDATE if so.
+        if not has_identity and \
+                instance_key in uowtransaction.session.identity_map:
+            instance = \
+                uowtransaction.session.identity_map[instance_key]
+            existing = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+            if not uowtransaction.is_deleted(existing):
+                raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                    "New instance %s with identity key %s conflicts "
+                    "with persistent instance %s" %
+                    (state_str(state), instance_key,
+                     state_str(existing)))
+
+            base_mapper._log_debug(
+                "detected row switch for identity %s.  "
+                "will update %s, remove %s from "
+                "transaction", instance_key,
+                state_str(state), state_str(existing))
+
+            # remove the "delete" flag from the existing element
+            uowtransaction.remove_state_actions(existing)
+            row_switch = existing
+
+        if not has_identity and not row_switch:
+            states_to_insert.append(
+                (state, dict_, mapper, connection,
+                 has_identity, instance_key, row_switch)
+            )
+        else:
+            states_to_update.append(
+                (state, dict_, mapper, connection,
+                 has_identity, instance_key, row_switch)
+            )
+
+    return states_to_insert, states_to_update
+
+
+def _organize_states_for_post_update(base_mapper, states,
+                                     uowtransaction):
+    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for UPDATE
+    corresponding to post_update.
+
+    This includes obtaining key information for each state
+    including its dictionary, mapper, the connection to use for
+    the execution per state.
+
+    """
+    return list(_connections_for_states(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                        states))
+
+
+def _organize_states_for_delete(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for DELETE.
+
+    This includes calling out before_delete and obtaining
+    key information for each state including its dictionary,
+    mapper, the connection to use for the execution per state.
+
+    """
+    states_to_delete = []
+
+    for state, dict_, mapper, connection in _connections_for_states(
+            base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+            states):
+
+        mapper.dispatch.before_delete(mapper, connection, state)
+
+        states_to_delete.append((state, dict_, mapper,
+                                 bool(state.key), connection))
+    return states_to_delete
+
+
+def _collect_insert_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction, table,
+                             states_to_insert):
+    """Identify sets of values to use in INSERT statements for a
+    list of states.
+
+    """
+    insert = []
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection, has_identity, \
+            instance_key, row_switch in states_to_insert:
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        pks = mapper._pks_by_table[table]
+
+        params = {}
+        value_params = {}
+
+        has_all_pks = True
+        has_all_defaults = True
+        for col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
+            if col is mapper.version_id_col and \
+                    mapper.version_id_generator is not False:
+                val = mapper.version_id_generator(None)
+                params[col.key] = val
+            else:
+                # pull straight from the dict for
+                # pending objects
+                prop = mapper._columntoproperty[col]
+                value = state_dict.get(prop.key, None)
+
+                if value is None:
+                    if col in pks:
+                        has_all_pks = False
+                    elif col.default is None and \
+                            col.server_default is None:
+                        params[col.key] = value
+                    elif col.server_default is not None and \
+                            mapper.base_mapper.eager_defaults:
+                        has_all_defaults = False
+
+                elif isinstance(value, sql.ClauseElement):
+                    value_params[col] = value
+                else:
+                    params[col.key] = value
+
+        insert.append((state, state_dict, params, mapper,
+                       connection, value_params, has_all_pks,
+                       has_all_defaults))
+    return insert
+
+
+def _collect_update_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                             table, states_to_update):
+    """Identify sets of values to use in UPDATE statements for a
+    list of states.
+
+    This function works intricately with the history system
+    to determine exactly what values should be updated
+    as well as how the row should be matched within an UPDATE
+    statement.  Includes some tricky scenarios where the primary
+    key of an object might have been changed.
+
+    """
+
+    update = []
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection, has_identity, \
+            instance_key, row_switch in states_to_update:
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        pks = mapper._pks_by_table[table]
+
+        params = {}
+        value_params = {}
+
+        hasdata = hasnull = False
+        for col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
+            if col is mapper.version_id_col:
+                params[col._label] = \
+                    mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                    row_switch or state,
+                    row_switch and row_switch.dict
+                    or state_dict,
+                    col)
+
+                prop = mapper._columntoproperty[col]
+                history = state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_history(
+                    state, state_dict, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+                )
+                if history.added:
+                    params[col.key] = history.added[0]
+                    hasdata = True
+                else:
+                    if mapper.version_id_generator is not False:
+                        val = mapper.version_id_generator(params[col._label])
+                        params[col.key] = val
+
+                        # HACK: check for history, in case the
+                        # history is only
+                        # in a different table than the one
+                        # where the version_id_col is.
+                        for prop in mapper._columntoproperty.values():
+                            history = (
+                                state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_history(
+                                    state, state_dict,
+                                    attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE))
+                            if history.added:
+                                hasdata = True
+            else:
+                prop = mapper._columntoproperty[col]
+                history = state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_history(
+                    state, state_dict,
+                    attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+                if history.added:
+                    if isinstance(history.added[0],
+                                  sql.ClauseElement):
+                        value_params[col] = history.added[0]
+                    else:
+                        value = history.added[0]
+                        params[col.key] = value
+
+                    if col in pks:
+                        if history.deleted and \
+                                not row_switch:
+                            # if passive_updates and sync detected
+                            # this was a  pk->pk sync, use the new
+                            # value to locate the row, since the
+                            # DB would already have set this
+                            if ("pk_cascaded", state, col) in \
+                                    uowtransaction.attributes:
+                                value = history.added[0]
+                                params[col._label] = value
+                            else:
+                                # use the old value to
+                                # locate the row
+                                value = history.deleted[0]
+                                params[col._label] = value
+                            hasdata = True
+                        else:
+                            # row switch logic can reach us here
+                            # remove the pk from the update params
+                            # so the update doesn't
+                            # attempt to include the pk in the
+                            # update statement
+                            del params[col.key]
+                            value = history.added[0]
+                            params[col._label] = value
+                        if value is None:
+                            hasnull = True
+                    else:
+                        hasdata = True
+                elif col in pks:
+                    value = state.manager[prop.key].impl.get(
+                        state, state_dict)
+                    if value is None:
+                        hasnull = True
+                    params[col._label] = value
+
+                # see #3060.   Need to consider an "unchanged" None
+                # as potentially history for now.
+                elif row_switch and history.unchanged == [None]:
+                    params[col.key] = None
+                    hasdata = True
+        if hasdata:
+            if hasnull:
+                raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                    "Can't update table "
+                    "using NULL for primary "
+                    "key value")
+            update.append((state, state_dict, params, mapper,
+                           connection, value_params))
+    return update
+
+
+def _collect_post_update_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction, table,
+                                  states_to_update, post_update_cols):
+    """Identify sets of values to use in UPDATE statements for a
+    list of states within a post_update operation.
+
+    """
+
+    update = []
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection in states_to_update:
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+        pks = mapper._pks_by_table[table]
+        params = {}
+        hasdata = False
+
+        for col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
+            if col in pks:
+                params[col._label] = \
+                    mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state,
+                    state_dict, col)
+
+            elif col in post_update_cols:
+                prop = mapper._columntoproperty[col]
+                history = state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_history(
+                    state, state_dict,
+                    attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+                if history.added:
+                    value = history.added[0]
+                    params[col.key] = value
+                    hasdata = True
+        if hasdata:
+            update.append((state, state_dict, params, mapper,
+                           connection))
+    return update
+
+
+def _collect_delete_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction, table,
+                             states_to_delete):
+    """Identify values to use in DELETE statements for a list of
+    states to be deleted."""
+
+    delete = util.defaultdict(list)
+
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, has_identity, connection \
+            in states_to_delete:
+        if not has_identity or table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        params = {}
+        delete[connection].append(params)
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            params[col.key] = \
+                value = \
+                mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                state, state_dict, col)
+            if value is None:
+                raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                    "Can't delete from table "
+                    "using NULL for primary "
+                    "key value")
+
+        if mapper.version_id_col is not None and \
+                table.c.contains_column(mapper.version_id_col):
+            params[mapper.version_id_col.key] = \
+                mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                state, state_dict,
+                mapper.version_id_col)
+    return delete
+
+
+def _emit_update_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                            cached_connections, mapper, table, update):
+    """Emit UPDATE statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_update_commands()."""
+
+    needs_version_id = mapper.version_id_col is not None and \
+        table.c.contains_column(mapper.version_id_col)
+
+    def update_stmt():
+        clause = sql.and_()
+
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            clause.clauses.append(col == sql.bindparam(col._label,
+                                                       type_=col.type))
+
+        if needs_version_id:
+            clause.clauses.append(
+                mapper.version_id_col == sql.bindparam(
+                    mapper.version_id_col._label,
+                    type_=mapper.version_id_col.type))
+
+        stmt = table.update(clause)
+        if mapper.base_mapper.eager_defaults:
+            stmt = stmt.return_defaults()
+        elif mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+            stmt = stmt.return_defaults(mapper.version_id_col)
+
+        return stmt
+
+    statement = base_mapper._memo(('update', table), update_stmt)
+
+    rows = 0
+    for state, state_dict, params, mapper, \
+            connection, value_params in update:
+
+        if value_params:
+            c = connection.execute(
+                statement.values(value_params),
+                params)
+        else:
+            c = cached_connections[connection].\
+                execute(statement, params)
+
+        _postfetch(
+            mapper,
+            uowtransaction,
+            table,
+            state,
+            state_dict,
+            c,
+            c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+            value_params)
+        rows += c.rowcount
+
+    if connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount:
+        if rows != len(update):
+            raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                "UPDATE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                "update %d row(s); %d were matched." %
+                (table.description, len(update), rows))
+
+    elif needs_version_id:
+        util.warn("Dialect %s does not support updated rowcount "
+                  "- versioning cannot be verified." %
+                  c.dialect.dialect_description,
+                  stacklevel=12)
+
+
+def _emit_insert_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                            cached_connections, mapper, table, insert):
+    """Emit INSERT statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_insert_commands()."""
+
+    statement = base_mapper._memo(('insert', table), table.insert)
+
+    for (connection, pkeys, hasvalue, has_all_pks, has_all_defaults), \
+        records in groupby(insert,
+                           lambda rec: (rec[4],
+                                        list(rec[2].keys()),
+                                        bool(rec[5]),
+                                        rec[6], rec[7])
+                           ):
+        if \
+                (
+                    has_all_defaults
+                    or not base_mapper.eager_defaults
+                    or not connection.dialect.implicit_returning
+                ) and has_all_pks and not hasvalue:
+
+            records = list(records)
+            multiparams = [rec[2] for rec in records]
+
+            c = cached_connections[connection].\
+                execute(statement, multiparams)
+
+            for (state, state_dict, params, mapper_rec,
+                    conn, value_params, has_all_pks, has_all_defaults), \
+                    last_inserted_params in \
+                    zip(records, c.context.compiled_parameters):
+                _postfetch(
+                    mapper_rec,
+                    uowtransaction,
+                    table,
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    c,
+                    last_inserted_params,
+                    value_params)
+
+        else:
+            if not has_all_defaults and base_mapper.eager_defaults:
+                statement = statement.return_defaults()
+            elif mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+                statement = statement.return_defaults(mapper.version_id_col)
+
+            for state, state_dict, params, mapper_rec, \
+                    connection, value_params, \
+                    has_all_pks, has_all_defaults in records:
+
+                if value_params:
+                    result = connection.execute(
+                        statement.values(value_params),
+                        params)
+                else:
+                    result = cached_connections[connection].\
+                        execute(statement, params)
+
+                primary_key = result.context.inserted_primary_key
+
+                if primary_key is not None:
+                    # set primary key attributes
+                    for pk, col in zip(primary_key,
+                                       mapper._pks_by_table[table]):
+                        prop = mapper_rec._columntoproperty[col]
+                        if state_dict.get(prop.key) is None:
+                            # TODO: would rather say:
+                            # state_dict[prop.key] = pk
+                            mapper_rec._set_state_attr_by_column(
+                                state,
+                                state_dict,
+                                col, pk)
+
+                _postfetch(
+                    mapper_rec,
+                    uowtransaction,
+                    table,
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    result,
+                    result.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                    value_params)
+
+
+def _emit_post_update_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                 cached_connections, mapper, table, update):
+    """Emit UPDATE statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_post_update_commands()."""
+
+    def update_stmt():
+        clause = sql.and_()
+
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            clause.clauses.append(col == sql.bindparam(col._label,
+                                                       type_=col.type))
+
+        return table.update(clause)
+
+    statement = base_mapper._memo(('post_update', table), update_stmt)
+
+    # execute each UPDATE in the order according to the original
+    # list of states to guarantee row access order, but
+    # also group them into common (connection, cols) sets
+    # to support executemany().
+    for key, grouper in groupby(
+        update, lambda rec: (rec[4], list(rec[2].keys()))
+    ):
+        connection = key[0]
+        multiparams = [params for state, state_dict,
+                       params, mapper, conn in grouper]
+        cached_connections[connection].\
+            execute(statement, multiparams)
+
+
+def _emit_delete_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction, cached_connections,
+                            mapper, table, delete):
+    """Emit DELETE statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_delete_commands()."""
+
+    need_version_id = mapper.version_id_col is not None and \
+        table.c.contains_column(mapper.version_id_col)
+
+    def delete_stmt():
+        clause = sql.and_()
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            clause.clauses.append(
+                col == sql.bindparam(col.key, type_=col.type))
+
+        if need_version_id:
+            clause.clauses.append(
+                mapper.version_id_col ==
+                sql.bindparam(
+                    mapper.version_id_col.key,
+                    type_=mapper.version_id_col.type
+                )
+            )
+
+        return table.delete(clause)
+
+    for connection, del_objects in delete.items():
+        statement = base_mapper._memo(('delete', table), delete_stmt)
+
+        connection = cached_connections[connection]
+
+        expected = len(del_objects)
+        rows_matched = -1
+        only_warn = False
+        if connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount:
+            c = connection.execute(statement, del_objects)
+
+            if not need_version_id:
+                only_warn = True
+
+            rows_matched = c.rowcount
+
+        elif need_version_id:
+            if connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount:
+                rows_matched = 0
+                # execute deletes individually so that versioned
+                # rows can be verified
+                for params in del_objects:
+                    c = connection.execute(statement, params)
+                    rows_matched += c.rowcount
+            else:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Dialect %s does not support deleted rowcount "
+                    "- versioning cannot be verified." %
+                    connection.dialect.dialect_description,
+                    stacklevel=12)
+                connection.execute(statement, del_objects)
+        else:
+            connection.execute(statement, del_objects)
+
+        if base_mapper.confirm_deleted_rows and \
+                rows_matched > -1 and expected != rows_matched:
+            if only_warn:
+                util.warn(
+                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                    "delete %d row(s); %d were matched.  Please set "
+                    "confirm_deleted_rows=False within the mapper "
+                    "configuration to prevent this warning." %
+                    (table.description, expected, rows_matched)
+                )
+            else:
+                raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                    "delete %d row(s); %d were matched.  Please set "
+                    "confirm_deleted_rows=False within the mapper "
+                    "configuration to prevent this warning." %
+                    (table.description, expected, rows_matched)
+                )
+
+
+def _finalize_insert_update_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                     states_to_insert, states_to_update):
+    """finalize state on states that have been inserted or updated,
+    including calling after_insert/after_update events.
+
+    """
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection, has_identity, \
+            instance_key, row_switch in states_to_insert + \
+            states_to_update:
+
+        if mapper._readonly_props:
+            readonly = state.unmodified_intersection(
+                [p.key for p in mapper._readonly_props
+                    if p.expire_on_flush or p.key not in state.dict]
+            )
+            if readonly:
+                state._expire_attributes(state.dict, readonly)
+
+        # if eager_defaults option is enabled, load
+        # all expired cols.  Else if we have a version_id_col, make sure
+        # it isn't expired.
+        toload_now = []
+
+        if base_mapper.eager_defaults:
+            toload_now.extend(state._unloaded_non_object)
+        elif mapper.version_id_col is not None and \
+                mapper.version_id_generator is False:
+            prop = mapper._columntoproperty[mapper.version_id_col]
+            if prop.key in state.unloaded:
+                toload_now.extend([prop.key])
+
+        if toload_now:
+            state.key = base_mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+            loading.load_on_ident(
+                uowtransaction.session.query(base_mapper),
+                state.key, refresh_state=state,
+                only_load_props=toload_now)
+
+        # call after_XXX extensions
+        if not has_identity:
+            mapper.dispatch.after_insert(mapper, connection, state)
+        else:
+            mapper.dispatch.after_update(mapper, connection, state)
+
+
+def _postfetch(mapper, uowtransaction, table,
+               state, dict_, result, params, value_params):
+    """Expire attributes in need of newly persisted database state,
+    after an INSERT or UPDATE statement has proceeded for that
+    state."""
+
+    prefetch_cols = result.context.prefetch_cols
+    postfetch_cols = result.context.postfetch_cols
+    returning_cols = result.context.returning_cols
+
+    if mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+        prefetch_cols = list(prefetch_cols) + [mapper.version_id_col]
+
+    if returning_cols:
+        row = result.context.returned_defaults
+        if row is not None:
+            for col in returning_cols:
+                if col.primary_key:
+                    continue
+                mapper._set_state_attr_by_column(state, dict_, col, row[col])
+
+    for c in prefetch_cols:
+        if c.key in params and c in mapper._columntoproperty:
+            mapper._set_state_attr_by_column(state, dict_, c, params[c.key])
+
+    if postfetch_cols:
+        state._expire_attributes(state.dict,
+                                 [mapper._columntoproperty[c].key
+                                  for c in postfetch_cols if c in
+                                  mapper._columntoproperty]
+                                 )
+
+    # synchronize newly inserted ids from one table to the next
+    # TODO: this still goes a little too often.  would be nice to
+    # have definitive list of "columns that changed" here
+    for m, equated_pairs in mapper._table_to_equated[table]:
+        sync.populate(state, m, state, m,
+                      equated_pairs,
+                      uowtransaction,
+                      mapper.passive_updates)
+
+
+def _connections_for_states(base_mapper, uowtransaction, states):
+    """Return an iterator of (state, state.dict, mapper, connection).
+
+    The states are sorted according to _sort_states, then paired
+    with the connection they should be using for the given
+    unit of work transaction.
+
+    """
+    # if session has a connection callable,
+    # organize individual states with the connection
+    # to use for update
+    if uowtransaction.session.connection_callable:
+        connection_callable = \
+            uowtransaction.session.connection_callable
+    else:
+        connection = None
+        connection_callable = None
+
+    for state in _sort_states(states):
+        if connection_callable:
+            connection = connection_callable(base_mapper, state.obj())
+        elif not connection:
+            connection = uowtransaction.transaction.connection(
+                base_mapper)
+
+        mapper = _state_mapper(state)
+
+        yield state, state.dict, mapper, connection
+
+
+def _cached_connection_dict(base_mapper):
+    # dictionary of connection->connection_with_cache_options.
+    return util.PopulateDict(
+        lambda conn: conn.execution_options(
+            compiled_cache=base_mapper._compiled_cache
+        ))
+
+
+def _sort_states(states):
+    pending = set(states)
+    persistent = set(s for s in pending if s.key is not None)
+    pending.difference_update(persistent)
+    return sorted(pending, key=operator.attrgetter("insert_order")) + \
+        sorted(persistent, key=lambda q: q.key[1])
+
+
+class BulkUD(object):
+    """Handle bulk update and deletes via a :class:`.Query`."""
+
+    def __init__(self, query):
+        self.query = query.enable_eagerloads(False)
+
+    @property
+    def session(self):
+        return self.query.session
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _factory(cls, lookup, synchronize_session, *arg):
+        try:
+            klass = lookup[synchronize_session]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Valid strategies for session synchronization "
+                "are %s" % (", ".join(sorted(repr(x)
+                                             for x in lookup))))
+        else:
+            return klass(*arg)
+
+    def exec_(self):
+        self._do_pre()
+        self._do_pre_synchronize()
+        self._do_exec()
+        self._do_post_synchronize()
+        self._do_post()
+
+    def _do_pre(self):
+        query = self.query
+        self.context = context = query._compile_context()
+        if len(context.statement.froms) != 1 or \
+                not isinstance(context.statement.froms[0], schema.Table):
+
+            self.primary_table = query._only_entity_zero(
+                "This operation requires only one Table or "
+                "entity be specified as the target."
+            ).mapper.local_table
+        else:
+            self.primary_table = context.statement.froms[0]
+
+        session = query.session
+
+        if query._autoflush:
+            session._autoflush()
+
+    def _do_pre_synchronize(self):
+        pass
+
+    def _do_post_synchronize(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class BulkEvaluate(BulkUD):
+    """BulkUD which does the 'evaluate' method of session state resolution."""
+
+    def _additional_evaluators(self, evaluator_compiler):
+        pass
+
+    def _do_pre_synchronize(self):
+        query = self.query
+        target_cls = query._mapper_zero().class_
+
+        try:
+            evaluator_compiler = evaluator.EvaluatorCompiler(target_cls)
+            if query.whereclause is not None:
+                eval_condition = evaluator_compiler.process(
+                    query.whereclause)
+            else:
+                def eval_condition(obj):
+                    return True
+
+            self._additional_evaluators(evaluator_compiler)
+
+        except evaluator.UnevaluatableError:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Could not evaluate current criteria in Python. "
+                "Specify 'fetch' or False for the "
+                "synchronize_session parameter.")
+
+        # TODO: detect when the where clause is a trivial primary key match
+        self.matched_objects = [
+            obj for (cls, pk), obj in
+            query.session.identity_map.items()
+            if issubclass(cls, target_cls) and
+            eval_condition(obj)]
+
+
+class BulkFetch(BulkUD):
+    """BulkUD which does the 'fetch' method of session state resolution."""
+
+    def _do_pre_synchronize(self):
+        query = self.query
+        session = query.session
+        select_stmt = self.context.statement.with_only_columns(
+            self.primary_table.primary_key)
+        self.matched_rows = session.execute(
+            select_stmt,
+            params=query._params).fetchall()
+
+
+class BulkUpdate(BulkUD):
+    """BulkUD which handles UPDATEs."""
+
+    def __init__(self, query, values):
+        super(BulkUpdate, self).__init__(query)
+        self.query._no_select_modifiers("update")
+        self.values = values
+
+    @classmethod
+    def factory(cls, query, synchronize_session, values):
+        return BulkUD._factory({
+            "evaluate": BulkUpdateEvaluate,
+            "fetch": BulkUpdateFetch,
+            False: BulkUpdate
+        }, synchronize_session, query, values)
+
+    def _do_exec(self):
+        update_stmt = sql.update(self.primary_table,
+                                 self.context.whereclause, self.values)
+
+        self.result = self.query.session.execute(
+            update_stmt, params=self.query._params)
+        self.rowcount = self.result.rowcount
+
+    def _do_post(self):
+        session = self.query.session
+        session.dispatch.after_bulk_update(self)
+
+
+class BulkDelete(BulkUD):
+    """BulkUD which handles DELETEs."""
+
+    def __init__(self, query):
+        super(BulkDelete, self).__init__(query)
+        self.query._no_select_modifiers("delete")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def factory(cls, query, synchronize_session):
+        return BulkUD._factory({
+            "evaluate": BulkDeleteEvaluate,
+            "fetch": BulkDeleteFetch,
+            False: BulkDelete
+        }, synchronize_session, query)
+
+    def _do_exec(self):
+        delete_stmt = sql.delete(self.primary_table,
+                                 self.context.whereclause)
+
+        self.result = self.query.session.execute(delete_stmt,
+                                                 params=self.query._params)
+        self.rowcount = self.result.rowcount
+
+    def _do_post(self):
+        session = self.query.session
+        session.dispatch.after_bulk_delete(self)
+
+
+class BulkUpdateEvaluate(BulkEvaluate, BulkUpdate):
+    """BulkUD which handles UPDATEs using the "evaluate"
+    method of session resolution."""
+
+    def _additional_evaluators(self, evaluator_compiler):
+        self.value_evaluators = {}
+        for key, value in self.values.items():
+            key = _attr_as_key(key)
+            self.value_evaluators[key] = evaluator_compiler.process(
+                expression._literal_as_binds(value))
+
+    def _do_post_synchronize(self):
+        session = self.query.session
+        states = set()
+        evaluated_keys = list(self.value_evaluators.keys())
+        for obj in self.matched_objects:
+            state, dict_ = attributes.instance_state(obj),\
+                attributes.instance_dict(obj)
+
+            # only evaluate unmodified attributes
+            to_evaluate = state.unmodified.intersection(
+                evaluated_keys)
+            for key in to_evaluate:
+                dict_[key] = self.value_evaluators[key](obj)
+
+            state._commit(dict_, list(to_evaluate))
+
+            # expire attributes with pending changes
+            # (there was no autoflush, so they are overwritten)
+            state._expire_attributes(dict_,
+                                     set(evaluated_keys).
+                                     difference(to_evaluate))
+            states.add(state)
+        session._register_altered(states)
+
+
+class BulkDeleteEvaluate(BulkEvaluate, BulkDelete):
+    """BulkUD which handles DELETEs using the "evaluate"
+    method of session resolution."""
+
+    def _do_post_synchronize(self):
+        self.query.session._remove_newly_deleted(
+            [attributes.instance_state(obj)
+             for obj in self.matched_objects])
+
+
+class BulkUpdateFetch(BulkFetch, BulkUpdate):
+    """BulkUD which handles UPDATEs using the "fetch"
+    method of session resolution."""
+
+    def _do_post_synchronize(self):
+        session = self.query.session
+        target_mapper = self.query._mapper_zero()
+
+        states = set([
+            attributes.instance_state(session.identity_map[identity_key])
+            for identity_key in [
+                target_mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+                    list(primary_key))
+                for primary_key in self.matched_rows
+            ]
+            if identity_key in session.identity_map
+        ])
+        attrib = [_attr_as_key(k) for k in self.values]
+        for state in states:
+            session._expire_state(state, attrib)
+        session._register_altered(states)
+
+
+class BulkDeleteFetch(BulkFetch, BulkDelete):
+    """BulkUD which handles DELETEs using the "fetch"
+    method of session resolution."""
+
+    def _do_post_synchronize(self):
+        session = self.query.session
+        target_mapper = self.query._mapper_zero()
+        for primary_key in self.matched_rows:
+            # TODO: inline this and call remove_newly_deleted
+            # once
+            identity_key = target_mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+                list(primary_key))
+            if identity_key in session.identity_map:
+                session._remove_newly_deleted(
+                    [attributes.instance_state(
+                        session.identity_map[identity_key]
+                    )]
+                )
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62ea93f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+# orm/properties.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""MapperProperty implementations.
+
+This is a private module which defines the behavior of invidual ORM-
+mapped attributes.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .. import util, log
+from ..sql import expression
+from . import attributes
+from .util import _orm_full_deannotate
+
+from .interfaces import PropComparator, StrategizedProperty
+
+__all__ = ['ColumnProperty', 'CompositeProperty', 'SynonymProperty',
+           'ComparableProperty', 'RelationshipProperty']
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class ColumnProperty(StrategizedProperty):
+    """Describes an object attribute that corresponds to a table column.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`.orm.column_property` function.
+
+    """
+
+    strategy_wildcard_key = 'column'
+
+    def __init__(self, *columns, **kwargs):
+        """Provide a column-level property for use with a Mapper.
+
+        Column-based properties can normally be applied to the mapper's
+        ``properties`` dictionary using the :class:`.Column` element directly.
+        Use this function when the given column is not directly present within
+        the mapper's selectable; examples include SQL expressions, functions,
+        and scalar SELECT queries.
+
+        Columns that aren't present in the mapper's selectable won't be
+        persisted by the mapper and are effectively "read-only" attributes.
+
+        :param \*cols:
+              list of Column objects to be mapped.
+
+        :param active_history=False:
+          When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
+          scalar attribute should be loaded when replaced, if not
+          already loaded. Normally, history tracking logic for
+          simple non-primary-key scalar values only needs to be
+          aware of the "new" value in order to perform a flush. This
+          flag is available for applications that make use of
+          :func:`.attributes.get_history` or :meth:`.Session.is_modified`
+          which also need to know
+          the "previous" value of the attribute.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.6.6
+
+        :param comparator_factory: a class which extends
+           :class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator` which provides custom SQL
+           clause generation for comparison operations.
+
+        :param group:
+            a group name for this property when marked as deferred.
+
+        :param deferred:
+              when True, the column property is "deferred", meaning that
+              it does not load immediately, and is instead loaded when the
+              attribute is first accessed on an instance.  See also
+              :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.deferred`.
+
+        :param doc:
+              optional string that will be applied as the doc on the
+              class-bound descriptor.
+
+        :param expire_on_flush=True:
+            Disable expiry on flush.   A column_property() which refers
+            to a SQL expression (and not a single table-bound column)
+            is considered to be a "read only" property; populating it
+            has no effect on the state of data, and it can only return
+            database state.   For this reason a column_property()'s value
+            is expired whenever the parent object is involved in a
+            flush, that is, has any kind of "dirty" state within a flush.
+            Setting this parameter to ``False`` will have the effect of
+            leaving any existing value present after the flush proceeds.
+            Note however that the :class:`.Session` with default expiration
+            settings still expires
+            all attributes after a :meth:`.Session.commit` call, however.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        :param extension:
+            an
+            :class:`.AttributeExtension`
+            instance, or list of extensions, which will be prepended
+            to the list of attribute listeners for the resulting
+            descriptor placed on the class.
+            **Deprecated.** Please see :class:`.AttributeEvents`.
+
+        """
+        self._orig_columns = [expression._labeled(c) for c in columns]
+        self.columns = [expression._labeled(_orm_full_deannotate(c))
+                        for c in columns]
+        self.group = kwargs.pop('group', None)
+        self.deferred = kwargs.pop('deferred', False)
+        self.instrument = kwargs.pop('_instrument', True)
+        self.comparator_factory = kwargs.pop('comparator_factory',
+                                             self.__class__.Comparator)
+        self.descriptor = kwargs.pop('descriptor', None)
+        self.extension = kwargs.pop('extension', None)
+        self.active_history = kwargs.pop('active_history', False)
+        self.expire_on_flush = kwargs.pop('expire_on_flush', True)
+
+        if 'info' in kwargs:
+            self.info = kwargs.pop('info')
+
+        if 'doc' in kwargs:
+            self.doc = kwargs.pop('doc')
+        else:
+            for col in reversed(self.columns):
+                doc = getattr(col, 'doc', None)
+                if doc is not None:
+                    self.doc = doc
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.doc = None
+
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%s received unexpected keyword argument(s): %s" % (
+                    self.__class__.__name__,
+                    ', '.join(sorted(kwargs.keys()))))
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+        self.strategy_class = self._strategy_lookup(
+            ("deferred", self.deferred),
+            ("instrument", self.instrument)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def expression(self):
+        """Return the primary column or expression for this ColumnProperty.
+
+        """
+        return self.columns[0]
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper):
+        if not self.instrument:
+            return
+
+        attributes.register_descriptor(
+            mapper.class_,
+            self.key,
+            comparator=self.comparator_factory(self, mapper),
+            parententity=mapper,
+            doc=self.doc
+        )
+
+    def do_init(self):
+        super(ColumnProperty, self).do_init()
+        if len(self.columns) > 1 and \
+                set(self.parent.primary_key).issuperset(self.columns):
+            util.warn(
+                ("On mapper %s, primary key column '%s' is being combined "
+                 "with distinct primary key column '%s' in attribute '%s'.  "
+                 "Use explicit properties to give each column its own mapped "
+                 "attribute name.") % (self.parent, self.columns[1],
+                                       self.columns[0], self.key))
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return ColumnProperty(
+            deferred=self.deferred,
+            group=self.group,
+            active_history=self.active_history,
+            *self.columns)
+
+    def _getcommitted(self, state, dict_, column,
+                      passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        return state.get_impl(self.key).\
+            get_committed_value(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    def merge(self, session, source_state, source_dict, dest_state,
+              dest_dict, load, _recursive):
+        if not self.instrument:
+            return
+        elif self.key in source_dict:
+            value = source_dict[self.key]
+
+            if not load:
+                dest_dict[self.key] = value
+            else:
+                impl = dest_state.get_impl(self.key)
+                impl.set(dest_state, dest_dict, value, None)
+        elif dest_state.has_identity and self.key not in dest_dict:
+            dest_state._expire_attributes(dest_dict, [self.key])
+
+    class Comparator(PropComparator):
+        """Produce boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty` attributes.
+
+        See the documentation for :class:`.PropComparator` for a brief
+        overview.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+        :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+        :ref:`types_operators`
+
+        :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        """
+        @util.memoized_instancemethod
+        def __clause_element__(self):
+            if self.adapter:
+                return self.adapter(self.prop.columns[0])
+            else:
+                return self.prop.columns[0]._annotate({
+                    "parententity": self._parentmapper,
+                    "parentmapper": self._parentmapper})
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def info(self):
+            ce = self.__clause_element__()
+            try:
+                return ce.info
+            except AttributeError:
+                return self.prop.info
+
+        def __getattr__(self, key):
+            """proxy attribute access down to the mapped column.
+
+            this allows user-defined comparison methods to be accessed.
+            """
+            return getattr(self.__clause_element__(), key)
+
+        def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+            return op(self.__clause_element__(), *other, **kwargs)
+
+        def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+            col = self.__clause_element__()
+            return op(col._bind_param(op, other), col, **kwargs)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.parent.class_.__name__) + "." + self.key
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12e11b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3577 @@
+# orm/query.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The Query class and support.
+
+Defines the :class:`.Query` class, the central
+construct used by the ORM to construct database queries.
+
+The :class:`.Query` class should not be confused with the
+:class:`.Select` class, which defines database
+SELECT operations at the SQL (non-ORM) level.  ``Query`` differs from
+``Select`` in that it returns ORM-mapped objects and interacts with an
+ORM session, whereas the ``Select`` construct interacts directly with the
+database to return iterable result sets.
+
+"""
+
+from itertools import chain
+
+from . import (
+    attributes, interfaces, object_mapper, persistence,
+    exc as orm_exc, loading
+)
+from .base import _entity_descriptor, _is_aliased_class, \
+    _is_mapped_class, _orm_columns, _generative
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+from .util import (
+    AliasedClass, ORMAdapter, join as orm_join, with_parent, aliased
+)
+from .. import sql, util, log, exc as sa_exc, inspect, inspection
+from ..sql.expression import _interpret_as_from
+from ..sql import (
+    util as sql_util,
+    expression, visitors
+)
+from ..sql.base import ColumnCollection
+from . import properties
+
+__all__ = ['Query', 'QueryContext', 'aliased']
+
+
+_path_registry = PathRegistry.root
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+@log.class_logger
+class Query(object):
+    """ORM-level SQL construction object.
+
+    :class:`.Query` is the source of all SELECT statements generated by the
+    ORM, both those formulated by end-user query operations as well as by
+    high level internal operations such as related collection loading.  It
+    features a generative interface whereby successive calls return a new
+    :class:`.Query` object, a copy of the former with additional
+    criteria and options associated with it.
+
+    :class:`.Query` objects are normally initially generated using the
+    :meth:`~.Session.query` method of :class:`.Session`.  For a full
+    walkthrough of :class:`.Query` usage, see the
+    :ref:`ormtutorial_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    _enable_eagerloads = True
+    _enable_assertions = True
+    _with_labels = False
+    _criterion = None
+    _yield_per = None
+    _order_by = False
+    _group_by = False
+    _having = None
+    _distinct = False
+    _prefixes = None
+    _offset = None
+    _limit = None
+    _for_update_arg = None
+    _statement = None
+    _correlate = frozenset()
+    _populate_existing = False
+    _invoke_all_eagers = True
+    _version_check = False
+    _autoflush = True
+    _only_load_props = None
+    _refresh_state = None
+    _from_obj = ()
+    _join_entities = ()
+    _select_from_entity = None
+    _mapper_adapter_map = {}
+    _filter_aliases = None
+    _from_obj_alias = None
+    _joinpath = _joinpoint = util.immutabledict()
+    _execution_options = util.immutabledict()
+    _params = util.immutabledict()
+    _attributes = util.immutabledict()
+    _with_options = ()
+    _with_hints = ()
+    _enable_single_crit = True
+
+    _current_path = _path_registry
+
+    def __init__(self, entities, session=None):
+        self.session = session
+        self._polymorphic_adapters = {}
+        self._set_entities(entities)
+
+    def _set_entities(self, entities, entity_wrapper=None):
+        if entity_wrapper is None:
+            entity_wrapper = _QueryEntity
+        self._entities = []
+        self._primary_entity = None
+        for ent in util.to_list(entities):
+            entity_wrapper(self, ent)
+
+        self._set_entity_selectables(self._entities)
+
+    def _set_entity_selectables(self, entities):
+        self._mapper_adapter_map = d = self._mapper_adapter_map.copy()
+
+        for ent in entities:
+            for entity in ent.entities:
+                if entity not in d:
+                    ext_info = inspect(entity)
+                    if not ext_info.is_aliased_class and \
+                            ext_info.mapper.with_polymorphic:
+                        if ext_info.mapper.mapped_table not in \
+                                self._polymorphic_adapters:
+                            self._mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(
+                                ext_info.mapper,
+                                sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
+                                    ext_info.selectable,
+                                    ext_info.mapper._equivalent_columns
+                                )
+                            )
+                        aliased_adapter = None
+                    elif ext_info.is_aliased_class:
+                        aliased_adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
+                            ext_info.selectable,
+                            ext_info.mapper._equivalent_columns
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        aliased_adapter = None
+
+                    d[entity] = (
+                        ext_info,
+                        aliased_adapter
+                    )
+                ent.setup_entity(*d[entity])
+
+    def _mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(self, mapper, adapter):
+        for m2 in mapper._with_polymorphic_mappers or [mapper]:
+            self._polymorphic_adapters[m2] = adapter
+            for m in m2.iterate_to_root():
+                self._polymorphic_adapters[m.local_table] = adapter
+
+    def _set_select_from(self, obj, set_base_alias):
+        fa = []
+        select_from_alias = None
+
+        for from_obj in obj:
+            info = inspect(from_obj)
+
+            if hasattr(info, 'mapper') and \
+                    (info.is_mapper or info.is_aliased_class):
+                self._select_from_entity = from_obj
+                if set_base_alias:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "A selectable (FromClause) instance is "
+                        "expected when the base alias is being set.")
+                fa.append(info.selectable)
+            elif not info.is_selectable:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "argument is not a mapped class, mapper, "
+                    "aliased(), or FromClause instance.")
+            else:
+                if isinstance(from_obj, expression.SelectBase):
+                    from_obj = from_obj.alias()
+                if set_base_alias:
+                    select_from_alias = from_obj
+                fa.append(from_obj)
+
+        self._from_obj = tuple(fa)
+
+        if set_base_alias and \
+                len(self._from_obj) == 1 and \
+                isinstance(select_from_alias, expression.Alias):
+            equivs = self.__all_equivs()
+            self._from_obj_alias = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
+                self._from_obj[0], equivs)
+
+    def _reset_polymorphic_adapter(self, mapper):
+        for m2 in mapper._with_polymorphic_mappers:
+            self._polymorphic_adapters.pop(m2, None)
+            for m in m2.iterate_to_root():
+                self._polymorphic_adapters.pop(m.local_table, None)
+
+    def _adapt_polymorphic_element(self, element):
+        if "parententity" in element._annotations:
+            search = element._annotations['parententity']
+            alias = self._polymorphic_adapters.get(search, None)
+            if alias:
+                return alias.adapt_clause(element)
+
+        if isinstance(element, expression.FromClause):
+            search = element
+        elif hasattr(element, 'table'):
+            search = element.table
+        else:
+            return None
+
+        alias = self._polymorphic_adapters.get(search, None)
+        if alias:
+            return alias.adapt_clause(element)
+
+    def _adapt_col_list(self, cols):
+        return [
+            self._adapt_clause(
+                expression._literal_as_text(o),
+                True, True)
+            for o in cols
+        ]
+
+    @_generative()
+    def _adapt_all_clauses(self):
+        self._orm_only_adapt = False
+
+    def _adapt_clause(self, clause, as_filter, orm_only):
+        """Adapt incoming clauses to transformations which
+        have been applied within this query."""
+
+        adapters = []
+        # do we adapt all expression elements or only those
+        # tagged as 'ORM' constructs ?
+        orm_only = getattr(self, '_orm_only_adapt', orm_only)
+
+        if as_filter and self._filter_aliases:
+            for fa in self._filter_aliases._visitor_iterator:
+                adapters.append(
+                    (
+                        orm_only, fa.replace
+                    )
+                )
+
+        if self._from_obj_alias:
+            # for the "from obj" alias, apply extra rule to the
+            # 'ORM only' check, if this query were generated from a
+            # subquery of itself, i.e. _from_selectable(), apply adaption
+            # to all SQL constructs.
+            adapters.append(
+                (
+                    getattr(self, '_orm_only_from_obj_alias', orm_only),
+                    self._from_obj_alias.replace
+                )
+            )
+
+        if self._polymorphic_adapters:
+            adapters.append(
+                (
+                    orm_only, self._adapt_polymorphic_element
+                )
+            )
+
+        if not adapters:
+            return clause
+
+        def replace(elem):
+            for _orm_only, adapter in adapters:
+                # if 'orm only', look for ORM annotations
+                # in the element before adapting.
+                if not _orm_only or \
+                        '_orm_adapt' in elem._annotations or \
+                        "parententity" in elem._annotations:
+
+                    e = adapter(elem)
+                    if e is not None:
+                        return e
+
+        return visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            clause,
+            {},
+            replace
+        )
+
+    def _entity_zero(self):
+        return self._entities[0]
+
+    def _mapper_zero(self):
+        return self._select_from_entity or \
+            self._entity_zero().entity_zero
+
+    @property
+    def _mapper_entities(self):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity):
+                yield ent
+
+    def _joinpoint_zero(self):
+        return self._joinpoint.get(
+            '_joinpoint_entity',
+            self._mapper_zero()
+        )
+
+    def _mapper_zero_or_none(self):
+        if self._primary_entity:
+            return self._primary_entity.mapper
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _only_mapper_zero(self, rationale=None):
+        if len(self._entities) > 1:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                rationale or
+                "This operation requires a Query "
+                "against a single mapper."
+            )
+        return self._mapper_zero()
+
+    def _only_full_mapper_zero(self, methname):
+        if self._entities != [self._primary_entity]:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "%s() can only be used against "
+                "a single mapped class." % methname)
+        return self._primary_entity.entity_zero
+
+    def _only_entity_zero(self, rationale=None):
+        if len(self._entities) > 1:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                rationale or
+                "This operation requires a Query "
+                "against a single mapper."
+            )
+        return self._entity_zero()
+
+    def __all_equivs(self):
+        equivs = {}
+        for ent in self._mapper_entities:
+            equivs.update(ent.mapper._equivalent_columns)
+        return equivs
+
+    def _get_condition(self):
+        return self._no_criterion_condition(
+            "get", order_by=False, distinct=False)
+
+    def _get_existing_condition(self):
+        self._no_criterion_assertion("get", order_by=False, distinct=False)
+
+    def _no_criterion_assertion(self, meth, order_by=True, distinct=True):
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._criterion is not None or \
+                self._statement is not None or self._from_obj or \
+                self._limit is not None or self._offset is not None or \
+                self._group_by or (order_by and self._order_by) or \
+                (distinct and self._distinct):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query.%s() being called on a "
+                "Query with existing criterion. " % meth)
+
+    def _no_criterion_condition(self, meth, order_by=True, distinct=True):
+        self._no_criterion_assertion(meth, order_by, distinct)
+
+        self._from_obj = ()
+        self._statement = self._criterion = None
+        self._order_by = self._group_by = self._distinct = False
+
+    def _no_clauseelement_condition(self, meth):
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._order_by:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query.%s() being called on a "
+                "Query with existing criterion. " % meth)
+        self._no_criterion_condition(meth)
+
+    def _no_statement_condition(self, meth):
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                ("Query.%s() being called on a Query with an existing full "
+                 "statement - can't apply criterion.") % meth)
+
+    def _no_limit_offset(self, meth):
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._limit is not None or self._offset is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query.%s() being called on a Query which already has LIMIT "
+                "or OFFSET applied. To modify the row-limited results of a "
+                " Query, call from_self() first.  "
+                "Otherwise, call %s() before limit() or offset() "
+                "are applied."
+                % (meth, meth)
+            )
+
+    def _no_select_modifiers(self, meth):
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        for attr, methname, notset in (
+            ('_limit', 'limit()', None),
+            ('_offset', 'offset()', None),
+            ('_order_by', 'order_by()', False),
+            ('_group_by', 'group_by()', False),
+            ('_distinct', 'distinct()', False),
+        ):
+            if getattr(self, attr) is not notset:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't call Query.%s() when %s has been called" %
+                    (meth, methname)
+                )
+
+    def _get_options(self, populate_existing=None,
+                     version_check=None,
+                     only_load_props=None,
+                     refresh_state=None):
+        if populate_existing:
+            self._populate_existing = populate_existing
+        if version_check:
+            self._version_check = version_check
+        if refresh_state:
+            self._refresh_state = refresh_state
+        if only_load_props:
+            self._only_load_props = set(only_load_props)
+        return self
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        cls = self.__class__
+        q = cls.__new__(cls)
+        q.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return q
+
+    @property
+    def statement(self):
+        """The full SELECT statement represented by this Query.
+
+        The statement by default will not have disambiguating labels
+        applied to the construct unless with_labels(True) is called
+        first.
+
+        """
+
+        stmt = self._compile_context(labels=self._with_labels).\
+            statement
+        if self._params:
+            stmt = stmt.params(self._params)
+
+        # TODO: there's no tests covering effects of
+        # the annotation not being there
+        return stmt._annotate({'no_replacement_traverse': True})
+
+    def subquery(self, name=None, with_labels=False, reduce_columns=False):
+        """return the full SELECT statement represented by
+        this :class:`.Query`, embedded within an :class:`.Alias`.
+
+        Eager JOIN generation within the query is disabled.
+
+        :param name: string name to be assigned as the alias;
+            this is passed through to :meth:`.FromClause.alias`.
+            If ``None``, a name will be deterministically generated
+            at compile time.
+
+        :param with_labels: if True, :meth:`.with_labels` will be called
+         on the :class:`.Query` first to apply table-qualified labels
+         to all columns.
+
+        :param reduce_columns: if True, :meth:`.Select.reduce_columns` will
+         be called on the resulting :func:`.select` construct,
+         to remove same-named columns where one also refers to the other
+         via foreign key or WHERE clause equivalence.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.8 the ``with_labels`` and ``reduce_columns``
+            keyword arguments were added.
+
+        """
+        q = self.enable_eagerloads(False)
+        if with_labels:
+            q = q.with_labels()
+        q = q.statement
+        if reduce_columns:
+            q = q.reduce_columns()
+        return q.alias(name=name)
+
+    def cte(self, name=None, recursive=False):
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`.Query` represented as a common table expression (CTE).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+        Parameters and usage are the same as those of the
+        :meth:`.SelectBase.cte` method; see that method for
+        further details.
+
+        Here is the `Postgresql WITH
+        RECURSIVE example
+        `_.
+        Note that, in this example, the ``included_parts`` cte and the
+        ``incl_alias`` alias of it are Core selectables, which
+        means the columns are accessed via the ``.c.`` attribute.  The
+        ``parts_alias`` object is an :func:`.orm.aliased` instance of the
+        ``Part`` entity, so column-mapped attributes are available
+        directly::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
+
+            class Part(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'part'
+                part = Column(String, primary_key=True)
+                sub_part = Column(String, primary_key=True)
+                quantity = Column(Integer)
+
+            included_parts = session.query(
+                            Part.sub_part,
+                            Part.part,
+                            Part.quantity).\\
+                                filter(Part.part=="our part").\\
+                                cte(name="included_parts", recursive=True)
+
+            incl_alias = aliased(included_parts, name="pr")
+            parts_alias = aliased(Part, name="p")
+            included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
+                session.query(
+                    parts_alias.sub_part,
+                    parts_alias.part,
+                    parts_alias.quantity).\\
+                        filter(parts_alias.part==incl_alias.c.sub_part)
+                )
+
+            q = session.query(
+                    included_parts.c.sub_part,
+                    func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).
+                        label('total_quantity')
+                ).\\
+                group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.SelectBase.cte`
+
+        """
+        return self.enable_eagerloads(False).\
+            statement.cte(name=name, recursive=recursive)
+
+    def label(self, name):
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`.Query`, converted
+        to a scalar subquery with a label of the given name.
+
+        Analogous to :meth:`sqlalchemy.sql.expression.SelectBase.label`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6.5
+
+        """
+
+        return self.enable_eagerloads(False).statement.label(name)
+
+    def as_scalar(self):
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`.Query`, converted to a scalar subquery.
+
+        Analogous to :meth:`sqlalchemy.sql.expression.SelectBase.as_scalar`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6.5
+
+        """
+
+        return self.enable_eagerloads(False).statement.as_scalar()
+
+    @property
+    def selectable(self):
+        """Return the :class:`.Select` object emitted by this :class:`.Query`.
+
+        Used for :func:`.inspect` compatibility, this is equivalent to::
+
+            query.enable_eagerloads(False).with_labels().statement
+
+        """
+        return self.__clause_element__()
+
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        return self.enable_eagerloads(False).with_labels().statement
+
+    @_generative()
+    def enable_eagerloads(self, value):
+        """Control whether or not eager joins and subqueries are
+        rendered.
+
+        When set to False, the returned Query will not render
+        eager joins regardless of :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.joinedload`,
+        :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.subqueryload` options
+        or mapper-level ``lazy='joined'``/``lazy='subquery'``
+        configurations.
+
+        This is used primarily when nesting the Query's
+        statement into a subquery or other
+        selectable.
+
+        """
+        self._enable_eagerloads = value
+
+    @_generative()
+    def with_labels(self):
+        """Apply column labels to the return value of Query.statement.
+
+        Indicates that this Query's `statement` accessor should return
+        a SELECT statement that applies labels to all columns in the
+        form _; this is commonly used to
+        disambiguate columns from multiple tables which have the same
+        name.
+
+        When the `Query` actually issues SQL to load rows, it always
+        uses column labeling.
+
+        """
+        self._with_labels = True
+
+    @_generative()
+    def enable_assertions(self, value):
+        """Control whether assertions are generated.
+
+        When set to False, the returned Query will
+        not assert its state before certain operations,
+        including that LIMIT/OFFSET has not been applied
+        when filter() is called, no criterion exists
+        when get() is called, and no "from_statement()"
+        exists when filter()/order_by()/group_by() etc.
+        is called.  This more permissive mode is used by
+        custom Query subclasses to specify criterion or
+        other modifiers outside of the usual usage patterns.
+
+        Care should be taken to ensure that the usage
+        pattern is even possible.  A statement applied
+        by from_statement() will override any criterion
+        set by filter() or order_by(), for example.
+
+        """
+        self._enable_assertions = value
+
+    @property
+    def whereclause(self):
+        """A readonly attribute which returns the current WHERE criterion for
+        this Query.
+
+        This returned value is a SQL expression construct, or ``None`` if no
+        criterion has been established.
+
+        """
+        return self._criterion
+
+    @_generative()
+    def _with_current_path(self, path):
+        """indicate that this query applies to objects loaded
+        within a certain path.
+
+        Used by deferred loaders (see strategies.py) which transfer
+        query options from an originating query to a newly generated
+        query intended for the deferred load.
+
+        """
+        self._current_path = path
+
+    @_generative(_no_clauseelement_condition)
+    def with_polymorphic(self,
+                         cls_or_mappers,
+                         selectable=None,
+                         polymorphic_on=None):
+        """Load columns for inheriting classes.
+
+        :meth:`.Query.with_polymorphic` applies transformations
+        to the "main" mapped class represented by this :class:`.Query`.
+        The "main" mapped class here means the :class:`.Query`
+        object's first argument is a full class, i.e.
+        ``session.query(SomeClass)``. These transformations allow additional
+        tables to be present in the FROM clause so that columns for a
+        joined-inheritance subclass are available in the query, both for the
+        purposes of load-time efficiency as well as the ability to use
+        these columns at query time.
+
+        See the documentation section :ref:`with_polymorphic` for
+        details on how this method is used.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+            A new and more flexible function
+            :func:`.orm.with_polymorphic` supersedes
+            :meth:`.Query.with_polymorphic`, as it can apply the equivalent
+            functionality to any set of columns or classes in the
+            :class:`.Query`, not just the "zero mapper".  See that
+            function for a description of arguments.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self._primary_entity:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "No primary mapper set up for this Query.")
+        entity = self._entities[0]._clone()
+        self._entities = [entity] + self._entities[1:]
+        entity.set_with_polymorphic(self,
+                                    cls_or_mappers,
+                                    selectable=selectable,
+                                    polymorphic_on=polymorphic_on)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def yield_per(self, count):
+        """Yield only ``count`` rows at a time.
+
+        WARNING: use this method with caution; if the same instance is present
+        in more than one batch of rows, end-user changes to attributes will be
+        overwritten.
+
+        In particular, it's usually impossible to use this setting with
+        eagerly loaded collections (i.e. any lazy='joined' or 'subquery')
+        since those collections will be cleared for a new load when
+        encountered in a subsequent result batch.   In the case of 'subquery'
+        loading, the full result for all rows is fetched which generally
+        defeats the purpose of :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.yield_per`.
+
+        Also note that while :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.yield_per`
+        will set the ``stream_results`` execution option to True, currently
+        this is only understood by
+        :mod:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.psycopg2` dialect which will
+        stream results using server side cursors instead of pre-buffer all
+        rows for this query. Other DBAPIs pre-buffer all rows before making
+        them available.
+
+        """
+        self._yield_per = count
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(
+            {"stream_results": True})
+
+    def get(self, ident):
+        """Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or ``None`` if not found.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_user = session.query(User).get(5)
+
+            some_object = session.query(VersionedFoo).get((5, 10))
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.get` is special in that it provides direct
+        access to the identity map of the owning :class:`.Session`.
+        If the given primary key identifier is present
+        in the local identity map, the object is returned
+        directly from this collection and no SQL is emitted,
+        unless the object has been marked fully expired.
+        If not present,
+        a SELECT is performed in order to locate the object.
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.get` also will perform a check if
+        the object is present in the identity map and
+        marked as expired - a SELECT
+        is emitted to refresh the object as well as to
+        ensure that the row is still present.
+        If not, :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.get` is only used to return a single
+        mapped instance, not multiple instances or
+        individual column constructs, and strictly
+        on a single primary key value.  The originating
+        :class:`.Query` must be constructed in this way,
+        i.e. against a single mapped entity,
+        with no additional filtering criterion.  Loading
+        options via :meth:`~.Query.options` may be applied
+        however, and will be used if the object is not
+        yet locally present.
+
+        A lazy-loading, many-to-one attribute configured
+        by :func:`.relationship`, using a simple
+        foreign-key-to-primary-key criterion, will also use an
+        operation equivalent to :meth:`~.Query.get` in order to retrieve
+        the target value from the local identity map
+        before querying the database.  See :doc:`/orm/loading`
+        for further details on relationship loading.
+
+        :param ident: A scalar or tuple value representing
+         the primary key.   For a composite primary key,
+         the order of identifiers corresponds in most cases
+         to that of the mapped :class:`.Table` object's
+         primary key columns.  For a :func:`.mapper` that
+         was given the ``primary key`` argument during
+         construction, the order of identifiers corresponds
+         to the elements present in this collection.
+
+        :return: The object instance, or ``None``.
+
+        """
+
+        # convert composite types to individual args
+        if hasattr(ident, '__composite_values__'):
+            ident = ident.__composite_values__()
+
+        ident = util.to_list(ident)
+
+        mapper = self._only_full_mapper_zero("get")
+
+        if len(ident) != len(mapper.primary_key):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Incorrect number of values in identifier to formulate "
+                "primary key for query.get(); primary key columns are %s" %
+                ','.join("'%s'" % c for c in mapper.primary_key))
+
+        key = mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(ident)
+
+        if not self._populate_existing and \
+                not mapper.always_refresh and \
+                self._for_update_arg is None:
+
+            instance = loading.get_from_identity(
+                self.session, key, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+            if instance is not None:
+                self._get_existing_condition()
+                # reject calls for id in identity map but class
+                # mismatch.
+                if not issubclass(instance.__class__, mapper.class_):
+                    return None
+                return instance
+
+        return loading.load_on_ident(self, key)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def correlate(self, *args):
+        """Return a :class:`.Query` construct which will correlate the given
+        FROM clauses to that of an enclosing :class:`.Query` or
+        :func:`~.expression.select`.
+
+        The method here accepts mapped classes, :func:`.aliased` constructs,
+        and :func:`.mapper` constructs as arguments, which are resolved into
+        expression constructs, in addition to appropriate expression
+        constructs.
+
+        The correlation arguments are ultimately passed to
+        :meth:`.Select.correlate` after coercion to expression constructs.
+
+        The correlation arguments take effect in such cases
+        as when :meth:`.Query.from_self` is used, or when
+        a subquery as returned by :meth:`.Query.subquery` is
+        embedded in another :func:`~.expression.select` construct.
+
+         """
+
+        self._correlate = self._correlate.union(
+            _interpret_as_from(s)
+            if s is not None else None
+            for s in args)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def autoflush(self, setting):
+        """Return a Query with a specific 'autoflush' setting.
+
+        Note that a Session with autoflush=False will
+        not autoflush, even if this flag is set to True at the
+        Query level.  Therefore this flag is usually used only
+        to disable autoflush for a specific Query.
+
+        """
+        self._autoflush = setting
+
+    @_generative()
+    def populate_existing(self):
+        """Return a :class:`.Query` that will expire and refresh all instances
+        as they are loaded, or reused from the current :class:`.Session`.
+
+        :meth:`.populate_existing` does not improve behavior when
+        the ORM is used normally - the :class:`.Session` object's usual
+        behavior of maintaining a transaction and expiring all attributes
+        after rollback or commit handles object state automatically.
+        This method is not intended for general use.
+
+        """
+        self._populate_existing = True
+
+    @_generative()
+    def _with_invoke_all_eagers(self, value):
+        """Set the 'invoke all eagers' flag which causes joined- and
+        subquery loaders to traverse into already-loaded related objects
+        and collections.
+
+        Default is that of :attr:`.Query._invoke_all_eagers`.
+
+        """
+        self._invoke_all_eagers = value
+
+    def with_parent(self, instance, property=None):
+        """Add filtering criterion that relates the given instance
+        to a child object or collection, using its attribute state
+        as well as an established :func:`.relationship()`
+        configuration.
+
+        The method uses the :func:`.with_parent` function to generate
+        the clause, the result of which is passed to :meth:`.Query.filter`.
+
+        Parameters are the same as :func:`.with_parent`, with the exception
+        that the given property can be None, in which case a search is
+        performed against this :class:`.Query` object's target mapper.
+
+        """
+
+        if property is None:
+            mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+
+            for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
+                if isinstance(prop, properties.RelationshipProperty) and \
+                        prop.mapper is self._mapper_zero():
+                    property = prop
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Could not locate a property which relates instances "
+                    "of class '%s' to instances of class '%s'" %
+                    (
+                        self._mapper_zero().class_.__name__,
+                        instance.__class__.__name__)
+                )
+
+        return self.filter(with_parent(instance, property))
+
+    @_generative()
+    def add_entity(self, entity, alias=None):
+        """add a mapped entity to the list of result columns
+        to be returned."""
+
+        if alias is not None:
+            entity = aliased(entity, alias)
+
+        self._entities = list(self._entities)
+        m = _MapperEntity(self, entity)
+        self._set_entity_selectables([m])
+
+    @_generative()
+    def with_session(self, session):
+        """Return a :class:`.Query` that will use the given :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+
+        self.session = session
+
+    def from_self(self, *entities):
+        """return a Query that selects from this Query's
+        SELECT statement.
+
+        \*entities - optional list of entities which will replace
+        those being selected.
+
+        """
+        fromclause = self.with_labels().enable_eagerloads(False).\
+            _set_enable_single_crit(False).\
+            statement.correlate(None)
+        q = self._from_selectable(fromclause)
+        if entities:
+            q._set_entities(entities)
+        return q
+
+    @_generative()
+    def _set_enable_single_crit(self, val):
+        self._enable_single_crit = val
+
+    @_generative()
+    def _from_selectable(self, fromclause):
+        for attr in (
+                '_statement', '_criterion',
+                '_order_by', '_group_by',
+                '_limit', '_offset',
+                '_joinpath', '_joinpoint',
+                '_distinct', '_having',
+                '_prefixes',
+        ):
+            self.__dict__.pop(attr, None)
+        self._set_select_from([fromclause], True)
+
+        # this enables clause adaptation for non-ORM
+        # expressions.
+        self._orm_only_from_obj_alias = False
+
+        old_entities = self._entities
+        self._entities = []
+        for e in old_entities:
+            e.adapt_to_selectable(self, self._from_obj[0])
+
+    def values(self, *columns):
+        """Return an iterator yielding result tuples corresponding
+        to the given list of columns"""
+
+        if not columns:
+            return iter(())
+        q = self._clone()
+        q._set_entities(columns, entity_wrapper=_ColumnEntity)
+        if not q._yield_per:
+            q._yield_per = 10
+        return iter(q)
+    _values = values
+
+    def value(self, column):
+        """Return a scalar result corresponding to the given
+        column expression."""
+        try:
+            return next(self.values(column))[0]
+        except StopIteration:
+            return None
+
+    @_generative()
+    def with_entities(self, *entities):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Query` replacing the SELECT list with the
+        given entities.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            # Users, filtered on some arbitrary criterion
+            # and then ordered by related email address
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                        join(User.address).\\
+                        filter(User.name.like('%ed%')).\\
+                        order_by(Address.email)
+
+            # given *only* User.id==5, Address.email, and 'q', what
+            # would the *next* User in the result be ?
+            subq = q.with_entities(Address.email).\\
+                        order_by(None).\\
+                        filter(User.id==5).\\
+                        subquery()
+            q = q.join((subq, subq.c.email < Address.email)).\\
+                        limit(1)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6.5
+
+        """
+        self._set_entities(entities)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def add_columns(self, *column):
+        """Add one or more column expressions to the list
+        of result columns to be returned."""
+
+        self._entities = list(self._entities)
+        l = len(self._entities)
+        for c in column:
+            _ColumnEntity(self, c)
+        # _ColumnEntity may add many entities if the
+        # given arg is a FROM clause
+        self._set_entity_selectables(self._entities[l:])
+
+    @util.pending_deprecation("0.7",
+                              ":meth:`.add_column` is superseded "
+                              "by :meth:`.add_columns`",
+                              False)
+    def add_column(self, column):
+        """Add a column expression to the list of result columns to be
+        returned.
+
+        Pending deprecation: :meth:`.add_column` will be superseded by
+        :meth:`.add_columns`.
+
+        """
+        return self.add_columns(column)
+
+    def options(self, *args):
+        """Return a new Query object, applying the given list of
+        mapper options.
+
+        Most supplied options regard changing how column- and
+        relationship-mapped attributes are loaded. See the sections
+        :ref:`deferred` and :doc:`/orm/loading` for reference
+        documentation.
+
+        """
+        return self._options(False, *args)
+
+    def _conditional_options(self, *args):
+        return self._options(True, *args)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def _options(self, conditional, *args):
+        # most MapperOptions write to the '_attributes' dictionary,
+        # so copy that as well
+        self._attributes = self._attributes.copy()
+        opts = tuple(util.flatten_iterator(args))
+        self._with_options = self._with_options + opts
+        if conditional:
+            for opt in opts:
+                opt.process_query_conditionally(self)
+        else:
+            for opt in opts:
+                opt.process_query(self)
+
+    def with_transformation(self, fn):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Query` object transformed by
+        the given function.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            def filter_something(criterion):
+                def transform(q):
+                    return q.filter(criterion)
+                return transform
+
+            q = q.with_transformation(filter_something(x==5))
+
+        This allows ad-hoc recipes to be created for :class:`.Query`
+        objects.  See the example at :ref:`hybrid_transformers`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.4
+
+        """
+        return fn(self)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def with_hint(self, selectable, text, dialect_name='*'):
+        """Add an indexing hint for the given entity or selectable to
+        this :class:`.Query`.
+
+        Functionality is passed straight through to
+        :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Select.with_hint`,
+        with the addition that ``selectable`` can be a
+        :class:`.Table`, :class:`.Alias`, or ORM entity / mapped class
+        /etc.
+        """
+        selectable = inspect(selectable).selectable
+
+        self._with_hints += ((selectable, text, dialect_name),)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def execution_options(self, **kwargs):
+        """ Set non-SQL options which take effect during execution.
+
+        The options are the same as those accepted by
+        :meth:`.Connection.execution_options`.
+
+        Note that the ``stream_results`` execution option is enabled
+        automatically if the :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.yield_per()`
+        method is used.
+
+        """
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(kwargs)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def with_lockmode(self, mode):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Query` object with the specified "locking mode",
+        which essentially refers to the ``FOR UPDATE`` clause.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.9.0 superseded by :meth:`.Query.with_for_update`.
+
+        :param mode: a string representing the desired locking mode.
+         Valid values are:
+
+         * ``None`` - translates to no lockmode
+
+         * ``'update'`` - translates to ``FOR UPDATE``
+           (standard SQL, supported by most dialects)
+
+         * ``'update_nowait'`` - translates to ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT``
+           (supported by Oracle, PostgreSQL 8.1 upwards)
+
+         * ``'read'`` - translates to ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE`` (for MySQL),
+           and ``FOR SHARE`` (for PostgreSQL)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.with_for_update` - improved API for
+            specifying the ``FOR UPDATE`` clause.
+
+        """
+        self._for_update_arg = LockmodeArg.parse_legacy_query(mode)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def with_for_update(self, read=False, nowait=False, of=None):
+        """return a new :class:`.Query` with the specified options for the
+        ``FOR UPDATE`` clause.
+
+        The behavior of this method is identical to that of
+        :meth:`.SelectBase.with_for_update`.  When called with no arguments,
+        the resulting ``SELECT`` statement will have a ``FOR UPDATE`` clause
+        appended.  When additional arguments are specified, backend-specific
+        options such as ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT`` or ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE``
+        can take effect.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            q = sess.query(User).with_for_update(nowait=True, of=User)
+
+        The above query on a Postgresql backend will render like::
+
+            SELECT users.id AS users_id FROM users FOR UPDATE OF users NOWAIT
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 :meth:`.Query.with_for_update` supersedes
+           the :meth:`.Query.with_lockmode` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.GenerativeSelect.with_for_update` - Core level method with
+            full argument and behavioral description.
+
+        """
+        self._for_update_arg = LockmodeArg(read=read, nowait=nowait, of=of)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def params(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """add values for bind parameters which may have been
+        specified in filter().
+
+        parameters may be specified using \**kwargs, or optionally a single
+        dictionary as the first positional argument. The reason for both is
+        that \**kwargs is convenient, however some parameter dictionaries
+        contain unicode keys in which case \**kwargs cannot be used.
+
+        """
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            kwargs.update(args[0])
+        elif len(args) > 0:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "params() takes zero or one positional argument, "
+                "which is a dictionary.")
+        self._params = self._params.copy()
+        self._params.update(kwargs)
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def filter(self, *criterion):
+        """apply the given filtering criterion to a copy
+        of this :class:`.Query`, using SQL expressions.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).filter(MyClass.name == 'some name')
+
+        Multiple criteria are joined together by AND::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).\\
+                filter(MyClass.name == 'some name', MyClass.id > 5)
+
+        The criterion is any SQL expression object applicable to the
+        WHERE clause of a select.   String expressions are coerced
+        into SQL expression constructs via the :func:`.text` construct.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7.5
+            Multiple criteria joined by AND.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.filter_by` - filter on keyword expressions.
+
+        """
+        for criterion in list(criterion):
+            criterion = expression._literal_as_text(criterion)
+
+            criterion = self._adapt_clause(criterion, True, True)
+
+            if self._criterion is not None:
+                self._criterion = self._criterion & criterion
+            else:
+                self._criterion = criterion
+
+    def filter_by(self, **kwargs):
+        """apply the given filtering criterion to a copy
+        of this :class:`.Query`, using keyword expressions.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).filter_by(name = 'some name')
+
+        Multiple criteria are joined together by AND::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).\\
+                filter_by(name = 'some name', id = 5)
+
+        The keyword expressions are extracted from the primary
+        entity of the query, or the last entity that was the
+        target of a call to :meth:`.Query.join`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.filter` - filter on SQL expressions.
+
+        """
+
+        clauses = [_entity_descriptor(self._joinpoint_zero(), key) == value
+                   for key, value in kwargs.items()]
+        return self.filter(sql.and_(*clauses))
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def order_by(self, *criterion):
+        """apply one or more ORDER BY criterion to the query and return
+        the newly resulting ``Query``
+
+        All existing ORDER BY settings can be suppressed by
+        passing ``None`` - this will suppress any ORDER BY configured
+        on mappers as well.
+
+        Alternatively, an existing ORDER BY setting on the Query
+        object can be entirely cancelled by passing ``False``
+        as the value - use this before calling methods where
+        an ORDER BY is invalid.
+
+        """
+
+        if len(criterion) == 1:
+            if criterion[0] is False:
+                if '_order_by' in self.__dict__:
+                    del self._order_by
+                return
+            if criterion[0] is None:
+                self._order_by = None
+                return
+
+        criterion = self._adapt_col_list(criterion)
+
+        if self._order_by is False or self._order_by is None:
+            self._order_by = criterion
+        else:
+            self._order_by = self._order_by + criterion
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def group_by(self, *criterion):
+        """apply one or more GROUP BY criterion to the query and return
+        the newly resulting :class:`.Query`"""
+
+        criterion = list(chain(*[_orm_columns(c) for c in criterion]))
+        criterion = self._adapt_col_list(criterion)
+
+        if self._group_by is False:
+            self._group_by = criterion
+        else:
+            self._group_by = self._group_by + criterion
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def having(self, criterion):
+        """apply a HAVING criterion to the query and return the
+        newly resulting :class:`.Query`.
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.having` is used in conjunction with
+        :meth:`~.Query.group_by`.
+
+        HAVING criterion makes it possible to use filters on aggregate
+        functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, and MIN, eg.::
+
+            q = session.query(User.id).\\
+                        join(User.addresses).\\
+                        group_by(User.id).\\
+                        having(func.count(Address.id) > 2)
+
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(criterion, util.string_types):
+            criterion = sql.text(criterion)
+
+        if criterion is not None and \
+                not isinstance(criterion, sql.ClauseElement):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "having() argument must be of type "
+                "sqlalchemy.sql.ClauseElement or string")
+
+        criterion = self._adapt_clause(criterion, True, True)
+
+        if self._having is not None:
+            self._having = self._having & criterion
+        else:
+            self._having = criterion
+
+    def union(self, *q):
+        """Produce a UNION of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            q1 = sess.query(SomeClass).filter(SomeClass.foo=='bar')
+            q2 = sess.query(SomeClass).filter(SomeClass.bar=='foo')
+
+            q3 = q1.union(q2)
+
+        The method accepts multiple Query objects so as to control
+        the level of nesting.  A series of ``union()`` calls such as::
+
+            x.union(y).union(z).all()
+
+        will nest on each ``union()``, and produces::
+
+            SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM X UNION
+                            SELECT * FROM y) UNION SELECT * FROM Z)
+
+        Whereas::
+
+            x.union(y, z).all()
+
+        produces::
+
+            SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM X UNION SELECT * FROM y UNION
+                            SELECT * FROM Z)
+
+        Note that many database backends do not allow ORDER BY to
+        be rendered on a query called within UNION, EXCEPT, etc.
+        To disable all ORDER BY clauses including those configured
+        on mappers, issue ``query.order_by(None)`` - the resulting
+        :class:`.Query` object will not render ORDER BY within
+        its SELECT statement.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._from_selectable(
+            expression.union(*([self] + list(q))))
+
+    def union_all(self, *q):
+        """Produce a UNION ALL of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        """
+        return self._from_selectable(
+            expression.union_all(*([self] + list(q)))
+        )
+
+    def intersect(self, *q):
+        """Produce an INTERSECT of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        """
+        return self._from_selectable(
+            expression.intersect(*([self] + list(q)))
+        )
+
+    def intersect_all(self, *q):
+        """Produce an INTERSECT ALL of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        """
+        return self._from_selectable(
+            expression.intersect_all(*([self] + list(q)))
+        )
+
+    def except_(self, *q):
+        """Produce an EXCEPT of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        """
+        return self._from_selectable(
+            expression.except_(*([self] + list(q)))
+        )
+
+    def except_all(self, *q):
+        """Produce an EXCEPT ALL of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        """
+        return self._from_selectable(
+            expression.except_all(*([self] + list(q)))
+        )
+
+    def join(self, *props, **kwargs):
+        """Create a SQL JOIN against this :class:`.Query` object's criterion
+        and apply generatively, returning the newly resulting :class:`.Query`.
+
+        **Simple Relationship Joins**
+
+        Consider a mapping between two classes ``User`` and ``Address``,
+        with a relationship ``User.addresses`` representing a collection
+        of ``Address`` objects associated with each ``User``.   The most
+        common usage of :meth:`~.Query.join` is to create a JOIN along this
+        relationship, using the ``User.addresses`` attribute as an indicator
+        for how this should occur::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(User.addresses)
+
+        Where above, the call to :meth:`~.Query.join` along ``User.addresses``
+        will result in SQL equivalent to::
+
+            SELECT user.* FROM user JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        In the above example we refer to ``User.addresses`` as passed to
+        :meth:`~.Query.join` as the *on clause*, that is, it indicates
+        how the "ON" portion of the JOIN should be constructed.  For a
+        single-entity query such as the one above (i.e. we start by selecting
+        only from ``User`` and nothing else), the relationship can also be
+        specified by its string name::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join("addresses")
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.join` can also accommodate multiple
+        "on clause" arguments to produce a chain of joins, such as below
+        where a join across four related entities is constructed::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join("orders", "items", "keywords")
+
+        The above would be shorthand for three separate calls to
+        :meth:`~.Query.join`, each using an explicit attribute to indicate
+        the source entity::
+
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                    join(User.orders).\\
+                    join(Order.items).\\
+                    join(Item.keywords)
+
+        **Joins to a Target Entity or Selectable**
+
+        A second form of :meth:`~.Query.join` allows any mapped entity
+        or core selectable construct as a target.   In this usage,
+        :meth:`~.Query.join` will attempt
+        to create a JOIN along the natural foreign key relationship between
+        two entities::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(Address)
+
+        The above calling form of :meth:`~.Query.join` will raise an error if
+        either there are no foreign keys between the two entities, or if
+        there are multiple foreign key linkages between them.   In the
+        above calling form, :meth:`~.Query.join` is called upon to
+        create the "on clause" automatically for us.  The target can
+        be any mapped entity or selectable, such as a :class:`.Table`::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(addresses_table)
+
+        **Joins to a Target with an ON Clause**
+
+        The third calling form allows both the target entity as well
+        as the ON clause to be passed explicitly.   Suppose for
+        example we wanted to join to ``Address`` twice, using
+        an alias the second time.  We use :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.aliased`
+        to create a distinct alias of ``Address``, and join
+        to it using the ``target, onclause`` form, so that the
+        alias can be specified explicitly as the target along with
+        the relationship to instruct how the ON clause should proceed::
+
+            a_alias = aliased(Address)
+
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                    join(User.addresses).\\
+                    join(a_alias, User.addresses).\\
+                    filter(Address.email_address=='ed@foo.com').\\
+                    filter(a_alias.email_address=='ed@bar.com')
+
+        Where above, the generated SQL would be similar to::
+
+            SELECT user.* FROM user
+                JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+                JOIN address AS address_1 ON user.id=address_1.user_id
+                WHERE address.email_address = :email_address_1
+                AND address_1.email_address = :email_address_2
+
+        The two-argument calling form of :meth:`~.Query.join`
+        also allows us to construct arbitrary joins with SQL-oriented
+        "on clause" expressions, not relying upon configured relationships
+        at all.  Any SQL expression can be passed as the ON clause
+        when using the two-argument form, which should refer to the target
+        entity in some way as well as an applicable source entity::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(Address, User.id==Address.user_id)
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+            In SQLAlchemy 0.6 and earlier, the two argument form of
+            :meth:`~.Query.join` requires the usage of a tuple:
+            ``query(User).join((Address, User.id==Address.user_id))``\ .
+            This calling form is accepted in 0.7 and further, though
+            is not necessary unless multiple join conditions are passed to
+            a single :meth:`~.Query.join` call, which itself is also not
+            generally necessary as it is now equivalent to multiple
+            calls (this wasn't always the case).
+
+        **Advanced Join Targeting and Adaption**
+
+        There is a lot of flexibility in what the "target" can be when using
+        :meth:`~.Query.join`.   As noted previously, it also accepts
+        :class:`.Table` constructs and other selectables such as
+        :func:`.alias` and :func:`.select` constructs, with either the one
+        or two-argument forms::
+
+            addresses_q = select([Address.user_id]).\\
+                        where(Address.email_address.endswith("@bar.com")).\\
+                        alias()
+
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                        join(addresses_q, addresses_q.c.user_id==User.id)
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.join` also features the ability to *adapt* a
+        :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.relationship` -driven ON clause to the target
+        selectable. Below we construct a JOIN from ``User`` to a subquery
+        against ``Address``, allowing the relationship denoted by
+        ``User.addresses`` to *adapt* itself to the altered target::
+
+            address_subq = session.query(Address).\\
+                            filter(Address.email_address == 'ed@foo.com').\\
+                            subquery()
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(address_subq, User.addresses)
+
+        Producing SQL similar to::
+
+            SELECT user.* FROM user
+                JOIN (
+                    SELECT address.id AS id,
+                            address.user_id AS user_id,
+                            address.email_address AS email_address
+                    FROM address
+                    WHERE address.email_address = :email_address_1
+                ) AS anon_1 ON user.id = anon_1.user_id
+
+        The above form allows one to fall back onto an explicit ON
+        clause at any time::
+
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                    join(address_subq, User.id==address_subq.c.user_id)
+
+        **Controlling what to Join From**
+
+        While :meth:`~.Query.join` exclusively deals with the "right"
+        side of the JOIN, we can also control the "left" side, in those
+        cases where it's needed, using :meth:`~.Query.select_from`.
+        Below we construct a query against ``Address`` but can still
+        make usage of ``User.addresses`` as our ON clause by instructing
+        the :class:`.Query` to select first from the ``User``
+        entity::
+
+            q = session.query(Address).select_from(User).\\
+                            join(User.addresses).\\
+                            filter(User.name == 'ed')
+
+        Which will produce SQL similar to::
+
+            SELECT address.* FROM user
+                JOIN address ON user.id=address.user_id
+                WHERE user.name = :name_1
+
+        **Constructing Aliases Anonymously**
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.join` can construct anonymous aliases
+        using the ``aliased=True`` flag.  This feature is useful
+        when a query is being joined algorithmically, such as
+        when querying self-referentially to an arbitrary depth::
+
+            q = session.query(Node).\\
+                    join("children", "children", aliased=True)
+
+        When ``aliased=True`` is used, the actual "alias" construct
+        is not explicitly available.  To work with it, methods such as
+        :meth:`.Query.filter` will adapt the incoming entity to
+        the last join point::
+
+            q = session.query(Node).\\
+                    join("children", "children", aliased=True).\\
+                    filter(Node.name == 'grandchild 1')
+
+        When using automatic aliasing, the ``from_joinpoint=True``
+        argument can allow a multi-node join to be broken into
+        multiple calls to :meth:`~.Query.join`, so that
+        each path along the way can be further filtered::
+
+            q = session.query(Node).\\
+                    join("children", aliased=True).\\
+                    filter(Node.name='child 1').\\
+                    join("children", aliased=True, from_joinpoint=True).\\
+                    filter(Node.name == 'grandchild 1')
+
+        The filtering aliases above can then be reset back to the
+        original ``Node`` entity using :meth:`~.Query.reset_joinpoint`::
+
+            q = session.query(Node).\\
+                    join("children", "children", aliased=True).\\
+                    filter(Node.name == 'grandchild 1').\\
+                    reset_joinpoint().\\
+                    filter(Node.name == 'parent 1)
+
+        For an example of ``aliased=True``, see the distribution
+        example :ref:`examples_xmlpersistence` which illustrates
+        an XPath-like query system using algorithmic joins.
+
+        :param \*props: A collection of one or more join conditions,
+         each consisting of a relationship-bound attribute or string
+         relationship name representing an "on clause", or a single
+         target entity, or a tuple in the form of ``(target, onclause)``.
+         A special two-argument calling form of the form ``target, onclause``
+         is also accepted.
+        :param aliased=False: If True, indicate that the JOIN target should be
+         anonymously aliased.  Subsequent calls to :meth:`~.Query.filter`
+         and similar will adapt the incoming criterion to the target
+         alias, until :meth:`~.Query.reset_joinpoint` is called.
+        :param from_joinpoint=False: When using ``aliased=True``, a setting
+         of True here will cause the join to be from the most recent
+         joined target, rather than starting back from the original
+         FROM clauses of the query.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`ormtutorial_joins` in the ORM tutorial.
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_toplevel` for details on how
+            :meth:`~.Query.join` is used for inheritance relationships.
+
+            :func:`.orm.join` - a standalone ORM-level join function,
+            used internally by :meth:`.Query.join`, which in previous
+            SQLAlchemy versions was the primary ORM-level joining interface.
+
+        """
+        aliased, from_joinpoint = kwargs.pop('aliased', False),\
+            kwargs.pop('from_joinpoint', False)
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("unknown arguments: %s" %
+                            ','.join(kwargs.keys))
+        return self._join(props,
+                          outerjoin=False, create_aliases=aliased,
+                          from_joinpoint=from_joinpoint)
+
+    def outerjoin(self, *props, **kwargs):
+        """Create a left outer join against this ``Query`` object's criterion
+        and apply generatively, returning the newly resulting ``Query``.
+
+        Usage is the same as the ``join()`` method.
+
+        """
+        aliased, from_joinpoint = kwargs.pop('aliased', False), \
+            kwargs.pop('from_joinpoint', False)
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("unknown arguments: %s" %
+                            ','.join(kwargs))
+        return self._join(props,
+                          outerjoin=True, create_aliases=aliased,
+                          from_joinpoint=from_joinpoint)
+
+    def _update_joinpoint(self, jp):
+        self._joinpoint = jp
+        # copy backwards to the root of the _joinpath
+        # dict, so that no existing dict in the path is mutated
+        while 'prev' in jp:
+            f, prev = jp['prev']
+            prev = prev.copy()
+            prev[f] = jp
+            jp['prev'] = (f, prev)
+            jp = prev
+        self._joinpath = jp
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def _join(self, keys, outerjoin, create_aliases, from_joinpoint):
+        """consumes arguments from join() or outerjoin(), places them into a
+        consistent format with which to form the actual JOIN constructs.
+
+        """
+
+        if not from_joinpoint:
+            self._reset_joinpoint()
+
+        if len(keys) == 2 and \
+            isinstance(keys[0], (expression.FromClause,
+                                 type, AliasedClass)) and \
+            isinstance(keys[1], (str, expression.ClauseElement,
+                                 interfaces.PropComparator)):
+            # detect 2-arg form of join and
+            # convert to a tuple.
+            keys = (keys,)
+
+        for arg1 in util.to_list(keys):
+            if isinstance(arg1, tuple):
+                # "tuple" form of join, multiple
+                # tuples are accepted as well.   The simpler
+                # "2-arg" form is preferred.  May deprecate
+                # the "tuple" usage.
+                arg1, arg2 = arg1
+            else:
+                arg2 = None
+
+            # determine onclause/right_entity.  there
+            # is a little bit of legacy behavior still at work here
+            # which means they might be in either order.  may possibly
+            # lock this down to (right_entity, onclause) in 0.6.
+            if isinstance(
+                    arg1, (interfaces.PropComparator, util.string_types)):
+                right_entity, onclause = arg2, arg1
+            else:
+                right_entity, onclause = arg1, arg2
+
+            left_entity = prop = None
+
+            if isinstance(onclause, util.string_types):
+                left_entity = self._joinpoint_zero()
+
+                descriptor = _entity_descriptor(left_entity, onclause)
+                onclause = descriptor
+
+            # check for q.join(Class.propname, from_joinpoint=True)
+            # and Class is that of the current joinpoint
+            elif from_joinpoint and \
+                    isinstance(onclause, interfaces.PropComparator):
+                left_entity = onclause._parententity
+
+                info = inspect(self._joinpoint_zero())
+                left_mapper, left_selectable, left_is_aliased = \
+                    getattr(info, 'mapper', None), \
+                    info.selectable, \
+                    getattr(info, 'is_aliased_class', None)
+
+                if left_mapper is left_entity:
+                    left_entity = self._joinpoint_zero()
+                    descriptor = _entity_descriptor(left_entity,
+                                                    onclause.key)
+                    onclause = descriptor
+
+            if isinstance(onclause, interfaces.PropComparator):
+                if right_entity is None:
+                    right_entity = onclause.property.mapper
+                    of_type = getattr(onclause, '_of_type', None)
+                    if of_type:
+                        right_entity = of_type
+                    else:
+                        right_entity = onclause.property.mapper
+
+                left_entity = onclause._parententity
+
+                prop = onclause.property
+                if not isinstance(onclause, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+                    onclause = prop
+
+                if not create_aliases:
+                    # check for this path already present.
+                    # don't render in that case.
+                    edge = (left_entity, right_entity, prop.key)
+                    if edge in self._joinpoint:
+                        # The child's prev reference might be stale --
+                        # it could point to a parent older than the
+                        # current joinpoint.  If this is the case,
+                        # then we need to update it and then fix the
+                        # tree's spine with _update_joinpoint.  Copy
+                        # and then mutate the child, which might be
+                        # shared by a different query object.
+                        jp = self._joinpoint[edge].copy()
+                        jp['prev'] = (edge, self._joinpoint)
+                        self._update_joinpoint(jp)
+                        continue
+
+            elif onclause is not None and right_entity is None:
+                # TODO: no coverage here
+                raise NotImplementedError("query.join(a==b) not supported.")
+
+            self._join_left_to_right(
+                left_entity,
+                right_entity, onclause,
+                outerjoin, create_aliases, prop)
+
+    def _join_left_to_right(self, left, right,
+                            onclause, outerjoin, create_aliases, prop):
+        """append a JOIN to the query's from clause."""
+
+        self._polymorphic_adapters = self._polymorphic_adapters.copy()
+
+        if left is None:
+            if self._from_obj:
+                left = self._from_obj[0]
+            elif self._entities:
+                left = self._entities[0].entity_zero_or_selectable
+
+        if left is None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Don't know how to join from %s; please use "
+                "select_from() to establish the left "
+                "entity/selectable of this join" % self._entities[0])
+
+        if left is right and \
+                not create_aliases:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't construct a join from %s to %s, they "
+                "are the same entity" %
+                (left, right))
+
+        l_info = inspect(left)
+        r_info = inspect(right)
+
+        overlap = False
+        if not create_aliases:
+            right_mapper = getattr(r_info, "mapper", None)
+            # if the target is a joined inheritance mapping,
+            # be more liberal about auto-aliasing.
+            if right_mapper and (
+                right_mapper.with_polymorphic or
+                isinstance(right_mapper.mapped_table, expression.Join)
+            ):
+                for from_obj in self._from_obj or [l_info.selectable]:
+                    if sql_util.selectables_overlap(
+                            l_info.selectable, from_obj) and \
+                            sql_util.selectables_overlap(
+                                from_obj, r_info.selectable):
+                        overlap = True
+                        break
+            elif sql_util.selectables_overlap(l_info.selectable,
+                                              r_info.selectable):
+                overlap = True
+
+        if overlap and l_info.selectable is r_info.selectable:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't join table/selectable '%s' to itself" %
+                l_info.selectable)
+
+        right, onclause = self._prepare_right_side(
+            r_info, right, onclause,
+            create_aliases,
+            prop, overlap)
+
+        # if joining on a MapperProperty path,
+        # track the path to prevent redundant joins
+        if not create_aliases and prop:
+            self._update_joinpoint({
+                '_joinpoint_entity': right,
+                'prev': ((left, right, prop.key), self._joinpoint)
+            })
+        else:
+            self._joinpoint = {'_joinpoint_entity': right}
+
+        self._join_to_left(l_info, left, right, onclause, outerjoin)
+
+    def _prepare_right_side(self, r_info, right, onclause, create_aliases,
+                            prop, overlap):
+        info = r_info
+
+        right_mapper, right_selectable, right_is_aliased = \
+            getattr(info, 'mapper', None), \
+            info.selectable, \
+            getattr(info, 'is_aliased_class', False)
+
+        if right_mapper:
+            self._join_entities += (info, )
+
+        if right_mapper and prop and \
+                not right_mapper.common_parent(prop.mapper):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Join target %s does not correspond to "
+                "the right side of join condition %s" % (right, onclause)
+            )
+
+        if not right_mapper and prop:
+            right_mapper = prop.mapper
+
+        need_adapter = False
+
+        if right_mapper and right is right_selectable:
+            if not right_selectable.is_derived_from(
+                    right_mapper.mapped_table):
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Selectable '%s' is not derived from '%s'" %
+                    (right_selectable.description,
+                     right_mapper.mapped_table.description))
+
+            if isinstance(right_selectable, expression.SelectBase):
+                # TODO: this isn't even covered now!
+                right_selectable = right_selectable.alias()
+                need_adapter = True
+
+            right = aliased(right_mapper, right_selectable)
+
+        aliased_entity = right_mapper and \
+            not right_is_aliased and \
+            (
+                right_mapper.with_polymorphic and isinstance(
+                    right_mapper._with_polymorphic_selectable,
+                    expression.Alias)
+                or
+                overlap  # test for overlap:
+                # orm/inheritance/relationships.py
+                # SelfReferentialM2MTest
+            )
+
+        if not need_adapter and (create_aliases or aliased_entity):
+            right = aliased(right, flat=True)
+            need_adapter = True
+
+        # if an alias() of the right side was generated here,
+        # apply an adapter to all subsequent filter() calls
+        # until reset_joinpoint() is called.
+        if need_adapter:
+            self._filter_aliases = ORMAdapter(
+                right,
+                equivalents=right_mapper and
+                right_mapper._equivalent_columns or {},
+                chain_to=self._filter_aliases)
+
+        # if the onclause is a ClauseElement, adapt it with any
+        # adapters that are in place right now
+        if isinstance(onclause, expression.ClauseElement):
+            onclause = self._adapt_clause(onclause, True, True)
+
+        # if an alias() on the right side was generated,
+        # which is intended to wrap a the right side in a subquery,
+        # ensure that columns retrieved from this target in the result
+        # set are also adapted.
+        if aliased_entity and not create_aliases:
+            self._mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(
+                right_mapper,
+                ORMAdapter(
+                    right,
+                    equivalents=right_mapper._equivalent_columns
+                )
+            )
+
+        return right, onclause
+
+    def _join_to_left(self, l_info, left, right, onclause, outerjoin):
+        info = l_info
+        left_mapper = getattr(info, 'mapper', None)
+        left_selectable = info.selectable
+
+        if self._from_obj:
+            replace_clause_index, clause = sql_util.find_join_source(
+                self._from_obj,
+                left_selectable)
+            if clause is not None:
+                try:
+                    clause = orm_join(clause,
+                                      right,
+                                      onclause, isouter=outerjoin)
+                except sa_exc.ArgumentError as ae:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Could not find a FROM clause to join from.  "
+                        "Tried joining to %s, but got: %s" % (right, ae))
+
+                self._from_obj = \
+                    self._from_obj[:replace_clause_index] + \
+                    (clause, ) + \
+                    self._from_obj[replace_clause_index + 1:]
+                return
+
+        if left_mapper:
+            for ent in self._entities:
+                if ent.corresponds_to(left):
+                    clause = ent.selectable
+                    break
+            else:
+                clause = left
+        else:
+            clause = left_selectable
+
+        assert clause is not None
+        try:
+            clause = orm_join(clause, right, onclause, isouter=outerjoin)
+        except sa_exc.ArgumentError as ae:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Could not find a FROM clause to join from.  "
+                "Tried joining to %s, but got: %s" % (right, ae))
+        self._from_obj = self._from_obj + (clause,)
+
+    def _reset_joinpoint(self):
+        self._joinpoint = self._joinpath
+        self._filter_aliases = None
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
+    def reset_joinpoint(self):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Query`, where the "join point" has
+        been reset back to the base FROM entities of the query.
+
+        This method is usually used in conjunction with the
+        ``aliased=True`` feature of the :meth:`~.Query.join`
+        method.  See the example in :meth:`~.Query.join` for how
+        this is used.
+
+        """
+        self._reset_joinpoint()
+
+    @_generative(_no_clauseelement_condition)
+    def select_from(self, *from_obj):
+        """Set the FROM clause of this :class:`.Query` explicitly.
+
+        :meth:`.Query.select_from` is often used in conjunction with
+        :meth:`.Query.join` in order to control which entity is selected
+        from on the "left" side of the join.
+
+        The entity or selectable object here effectively replaces the
+        "left edge" of any calls to :meth:`~.Query.join`, when no
+        joinpoint is otherwise established - usually, the default "join
+        point" is the leftmost entity in the :class:`~.Query` object's
+        list of entities to be selected.
+
+        A typical example::
+
+            q = session.query(Address).select_from(User).\\
+                join(User.addresses).\\
+                filter(User.name == 'ed')
+
+        Which produces SQL equivalent to::
+
+            SELECT address.* FROM user
+            JOIN address ON user.id=address.user_id
+            WHERE user.name = :name_1
+
+        :param \*from_obj: collection of one or more entities to apply
+         to the FROM clause.  Entities can be mapped classes,
+         :class:`.AliasedClass` objects, :class:`.Mapper` objects
+         as well as core :class:`.FromClause` elements like subqueries.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+            This method no longer applies the given FROM object
+            to be the selectable from which matching entities
+            select from; the :meth:`.select_entity_from` method
+            now accomplishes this.  See that method for a description
+            of this behavior.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.Query.join`
+
+            :meth:`.Query.select_entity_from`
+
+        """
+
+        self._set_select_from(from_obj, False)
+
+    @_generative(_no_clauseelement_condition)
+    def select_entity_from(self, from_obj):
+        """Set the FROM clause of this :class:`.Query` to a
+        core selectable, applying it as a replacement FROM clause
+        for corresponding mapped entities.
+
+        This method is similar to the :meth:`.Query.select_from`
+        method, in that it sets the FROM clause of the query.  However,
+        where :meth:`.Query.select_from` only affects what is placed
+        in the FROM, this method also applies the given selectable
+        to replace the FROM which the selected entities would normally
+        select from.
+
+        The given ``from_obj`` must be an instance of a :class:`.FromClause`,
+        e.g. a :func:`.select` or :class:`.Alias` construct.
+
+        An example would be a :class:`.Query` that selects ``User`` entities,
+        but uses :meth:`.Query.select_entity_from` to have the entities
+        selected from a :func:`.select` construct instead of the
+        base ``user`` table::
+
+            select_stmt = select([User]).where(User.id == 7)
+
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                    select_entity_from(select_stmt).\\
+                    filter(User.name == 'ed')
+
+        The query generated will select ``User`` entities directly
+        from the given :func:`.select` construct, and will be::
+
+            SELECT anon_1.id AS anon_1_id, anon_1.name AS anon_1_name
+            FROM (SELECT "user".id AS id, "user".name AS name
+            FROM "user"
+            WHERE "user".id = :id_1) AS anon_1
+            WHERE anon_1.name = :name_1
+
+        Notice above that even the WHERE criterion was "adapted" such that
+        the ``anon_1`` subquery effectively replaces all references to the
+        ``user`` table, except for the one that it refers to internally.
+
+        Compare this to :meth:`.Query.select_from`, which as of
+        version 0.9, does not affect existing entities.  The
+        statement below::
+
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                    select_from(select_stmt).\\
+                    filter(User.name == 'ed')
+
+        Produces SQL where both the ``user`` table as well as the
+        ``select_stmt`` construct are present as separate elements
+        in the FROM clause.  No "adaptation" of the ``user`` table
+        is applied::
+
+            SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name
+            FROM "user", (SELECT "user".id AS id, "user".name AS name
+            FROM "user"
+            WHERE "user".id = :id_1) AS anon_1
+            WHERE "user".name = :name_1
+
+        :meth:`.Query.select_entity_from` maintains an older
+        behavior of :meth:`.Query.select_from`.  In modern usage,
+        similar results can also be achieved using :func:`.aliased`::
+
+            select_stmt = select([User]).where(User.id == 7)
+            user_from_select = aliased(User, select_stmt.alias())
+
+            q = session.query(user_from_select)
+
+        :param from_obj: a :class:`.FromClause` object that will replace
+         the FROM clause of this :class:`.Query`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.select_from`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+            :meth:`.Query.select_entity_from` was added to specify
+            the specific behavior of entity replacement, however
+            the :meth:`.Query.select_from` maintains this behavior
+            as well until 0.9.
+
+        """
+
+        self._set_select_from([from_obj], True)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        if isinstance(item, slice):
+            start, stop, step = util.decode_slice(item)
+
+            if isinstance(stop, int) and \
+                    isinstance(start, int) and \
+                    stop - start <= 0:
+                return []
+
+            # perhaps we should execute a count() here so that we
+            # can still use LIMIT/OFFSET ?
+            elif (isinstance(start, int) and start < 0) \
+                    or (isinstance(stop, int) and stop < 0):
+                return list(self)[item]
+
+            res = self.slice(start, stop)
+            if step is not None:
+                return list(res)[None:None:item.step]
+            else:
+                return list(res)
+        else:
+            if item == -1:
+                return list(self)[-1]
+            else:
+                return list(self[item:item + 1])[0]
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
+    def slice(self, start, stop):
+        """apply LIMIT/OFFSET to the ``Query`` based on a "
+        "range and return the newly resulting ``Query``."""
+
+        if start is not None and stop is not None:
+            self._offset = (self._offset or 0) + start
+            self._limit = stop - start
+        elif start is None and stop is not None:
+            self._limit = stop
+        elif start is not None and stop is None:
+            self._offset = (self._offset or 0) + start
+
+        if self._offset == 0:
+            self._offset = None
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
+    def limit(self, limit):
+        """Apply a ``LIMIT`` to the query and return the newly resulting
+
+        ``Query``.
+
+        """
+        self._limit = limit
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
+    def offset(self, offset):
+        """Apply an ``OFFSET`` to the query and return the newly resulting
+        ``Query``.
+
+        """
+        self._offset = offset
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
+    def distinct(self, *criterion):
+        """Apply a ``DISTINCT`` to the query and return the newly resulting
+        ``Query``.
+
+        :param \*expr: optional column expressions.  When present,
+         the Postgresql dialect will render a ``DISTINCT ON (>)``
+         construct.
+
+        """
+        if not criterion:
+            self._distinct = True
+        else:
+            criterion = self._adapt_col_list(criterion)
+            if isinstance(self._distinct, list):
+                self._distinct += criterion
+            else:
+                self._distinct = criterion
+
+    @_generative()
+    def prefix_with(self, *prefixes):
+        """Apply the prefixes to the query and return the newly resulting
+        ``Query``.
+
+        :param \*prefixes: optional prefixes, typically strings,
+         not using any commas.   In particular is useful for MySQL keywords.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            query = sess.query(User.name).\\
+                prefix_with('HIGH_PRIORITY').\\
+                prefix_with('SQL_SMALL_RESULT', 'ALL')
+
+        Would render::
+
+            SELECT HIGH_PRIORITY SQL_SMALL_RESULT ALL users.name AS users_name
+            FROM users
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.7
+
+        """
+        if self._prefixes:
+            self._prefixes += prefixes
+        else:
+            self._prefixes = prefixes
+
+    def all(self):
+        """Return the results represented by this ``Query`` as a list.
+
+        This results in an execution of the underlying query.
+
+        """
+        return list(self)
+
+    @_generative(_no_clauseelement_condition)
+    def from_statement(self, statement):
+        """Execute the given SELECT statement and return results.
+
+        This method bypasses all internal statement compilation, and the
+        statement is executed without modification.
+
+        The statement argument is either a string, a ``select()`` construct,
+        or a ``text()`` construct, and should return the set of columns
+        appropriate to the entity class represented by this ``Query``.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(statement, util.string_types):
+            statement = sql.text(statement)
+
+        if not isinstance(statement,
+                          (expression.TextClause,
+                           expression.SelectBase)):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "from_statement accepts text(), select(), "
+                "and union() objects only.")
+
+        self._statement = statement
+
+    def first(self):
+        """Return the first result of this ``Query`` or
+        None if the result doesn't contain any row.
+
+        first() applies a limit of one within the generated SQL, so that
+        only one primary entity row is generated on the server side
+        (note this may consist of multiple result rows if join-loaded
+        collections are present).
+
+        Calling ``first()`` results in an execution of the underlying query.
+
+        """
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            ret = list(self)[0:1]
+        else:
+            ret = list(self[0:1])
+        if len(ret) > 0:
+            return ret[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def one(self):
+        """Return exactly one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound`` if the query selects
+        no rows.  Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.MultipleResultsFound``
+        if multiple object identities are returned, or if multiple
+        rows are returned for a query that does not return object
+        identities.
+
+        Note that an entity query, that is, one which selects one or
+        more mapped classes as opposed to individual column attributes,
+        may ultimately represent many rows but only one row of
+        unique entity or entities - this is a successful result for one().
+
+        Calling ``one()`` results in an execution of the underlying query.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.6
+            ``one()`` fully fetches all results instead of applying
+            any kind of limit, so that the "unique"-ing of entities does not
+            conceal multiple object identities.
+
+        """
+        ret = list(self)
+
+        l = len(ret)
+        if l == 1:
+            return ret[0]
+        elif l == 0:
+            raise orm_exc.NoResultFound("No row was found for one()")
+        else:
+            raise orm_exc.MultipleResultsFound(
+                "Multiple rows were found for one()")
+
+    def scalar(self):
+        """Return the first element of the first result or None
+        if no rows present.  If multiple rows are returned,
+        raises MultipleResultsFound.
+
+          >>> session.query(Item).scalar()
+          
+          >>> session.query(Item.id).scalar()
+          1
+          >>> session.query(Item.id).filter(Item.id < 0).scalar()
+          None
+          >>> session.query(Item.id, Item.name).scalar()
+          1
+          >>> session.query(func.count(Parent.id)).scalar()
+          20
+
+        This results in an execution of the underlying query.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            ret = self.one()
+            if not isinstance(ret, tuple):
+                return ret
+            return ret[0]
+        except orm_exc.NoResultFound:
+            return None
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        context = self._compile_context()
+        context.statement.use_labels = True
+        if self._autoflush and not self._populate_existing:
+            self.session._autoflush()
+        return self._execute_and_instances(context)
+
+    def _connection_from_session(self, **kw):
+        conn = self.session.connection(
+            **kw)
+        if self._execution_options:
+            conn = conn.execution_options(**self._execution_options)
+        return conn
+
+    def _execute_and_instances(self, querycontext):
+        conn = self._connection_from_session(
+            mapper=self._mapper_zero_or_none(),
+            clause=querycontext.statement,
+            close_with_result=True)
+
+        result = conn.execute(querycontext.statement, self._params)
+        return loading.instances(self, result, querycontext)
+
+    @property
+    def column_descriptions(self):
+        """Return metadata about the columns which would be
+        returned by this :class:`.Query`.
+
+        Format is a list of dictionaries::
+
+            user_alias = aliased(User, name='user2')
+            q = sess.query(User, User.id, user_alias)
+
+            # this expression:
+            q.column_descriptions
+
+            # would return:
+            [
+                {
+                    'name':'User',
+                    'type':User,
+                    'aliased':False,
+                    'expr':User,
+                },
+                {
+                    'name':'id',
+                    'type':Integer(),
+                    'aliased':False,
+                    'expr':User.id,
+                },
+                {
+                    'name':'user2',
+                    'type':User,
+                    'aliased':True,
+                    'expr':user_alias
+                }
+            ]
+
+        """
+        return [
+            {
+                'name': ent._label_name,
+                'type': ent.type,
+                'aliased': getattr(ent, 'is_aliased_class', False),
+                'expr': ent.expr
+            }
+            for ent in self._entities
+        ]
+
+    def instances(self, cursor, __context=None):
+        """Given a ResultProxy cursor as returned by connection.execute(),
+        return an ORM result as an iterator.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            result = engine.execute("select * from users")
+            for u in session.query(User).instances(result):
+                print u
+        """
+        context = __context
+        if context is None:
+            context = QueryContext(self)
+
+        return loading.instances(self, cursor, context)
+
+    def merge_result(self, iterator, load=True):
+        """Merge a result into this :class:`.Query` object's Session.
+
+        Given an iterator returned by a :class:`.Query` of the same structure
+        as this one, return an identical iterator of results, with all mapped
+        instances merged into the session using :meth:`.Session.merge`. This
+        is an optimized method which will merge all mapped instances,
+        preserving the structure of the result rows and unmapped columns with
+        less method overhead than that of calling :meth:`.Session.merge`
+        explicitly for each value.
+
+        The structure of the results is determined based on the column list of
+        this :class:`.Query` - if these do not correspond, unchecked errors
+        will occur.
+
+        The 'load' argument is the same as that of :meth:`.Session.merge`.
+
+        For an example of how :meth:`~.Query.merge_result` is used, see
+        the source code for the example :ref:`examples_caching`, where
+        :meth:`~.Query.merge_result` is used to efficiently restore state
+        from a cache back into a target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+
+        return loading.merge_result(self, iterator, load)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_args(self):
+        return {
+            'limit': self._limit,
+            'offset': self._offset,
+            'distinct': self._distinct,
+            'prefixes': self._prefixes,
+            'group_by': self._group_by or None,
+            'having': self._having
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def _should_nest_selectable(self):
+        kwargs = self._select_args
+        return (kwargs.get('limit') is not None or
+                kwargs.get('offset') is not None or
+                kwargs.get('distinct', False))
+
+    def exists(self):
+        """A convenience method that turns a query into an EXISTS subquery
+        of the form EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ... WHERE ...).
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            q = session.query(User).filter(User.name == 'fred')
+            session.query(q.exists())
+
+        Producing SQL similar to::
+
+            SELECT EXISTS (
+                SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE users.name = :name_1
+            ) AS anon_1
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.1
+
+        """
+
+        # .add_columns() for the case that we are a query().select_from(X),
+        # so that ".statement" can be produced (#2995) but also without
+        # omitting the FROM clause from a query(X) (#2818);
+        # .with_only_columns() after we have a core select() so that
+        # we get just "SELECT 1" without any entities.
+        return sql.exists(self.add_columns('1').with_labels().
+                          statement.with_only_columns(['1']))
+
+    def count(self):
+        """Return a count of rows this Query would return.
+
+        This generates the SQL for this Query as follows::
+
+            SELECT count(1) AS count_1 FROM (
+                SELECT 
+            ) AS anon_1
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+            The above scheme is newly refined as of 0.7b3.
+
+        For fine grained control over specific columns
+        to count, to skip the usage of a subquery or
+        otherwise control of the FROM clause,
+        or to use other aggregate functions,
+        use :attr:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.func`
+        expressions in conjunction
+        with :meth:`~.Session.query`, i.e.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import func
+
+            # count User records, without
+            # using a subquery.
+            session.query(func.count(User.id))
+
+            # return count of user "id" grouped
+            # by "name"
+            session.query(func.count(User.id)).\\
+                    group_by(User.name)
+
+            from sqlalchemy import distinct
+
+            # count distinct "name" values
+            session.query(func.count(distinct(User.name)))
+
+        """
+        col = sql.func.count(sql.literal_column('*'))
+        return self.from_self(col).scalar()
+
+    def delete(self, synchronize_session='evaluate'):
+        """Perform a bulk delete query.
+
+        Deletes rows matched by this query from the database.
+
+        :param synchronize_session: chooses the strategy for the removal of
+            matched objects from the session. Valid values are:
+
+            ``False`` - don't synchronize the session. This option is the most
+            efficient and is reliable once the session is expired, which
+            typically occurs after a commit(), or explicitly using
+            expire_all(). Before the expiration, objects may still remain in
+            the session which were in fact deleted which can lead to confusing
+            results if they are accessed via get() or already loaded
+            collections.
+
+            ``'fetch'`` - performs a select query before the delete to find
+            objects that are matched by the delete query and need to be
+            removed from the session. Matched objects are removed from the
+            session.
+
+            ``'evaluate'`` - Evaluate the query's criteria in Python straight
+            on the objects in the session. If evaluation of the criteria isn't
+            implemented, an error is raised.  In that case you probably
+            want to use the 'fetch' strategy as a fallback.
+
+            The expression evaluator currently doesn't account for differing
+            string collations between the database and Python.
+
+        :return: the count of rows matched as returned by the database's
+          "row count" feature.
+
+        This method has several key caveats:
+
+        * The method does **not** offer in-Python cascading of relationships
+          - it is assumed that ON DELETE CASCADE/SET NULL/etc. is configured
+          for any foreign key references which require it, otherwise the
+          database may emit an integrity violation if foreign key references
+          are being enforced.
+
+          After the DELETE, dependent objects in the :class:`.Session` which
+          were impacted by an ON DELETE may not contain the current
+          state, or may have been deleted. This issue is resolved once the
+          :class:`.Session` is expired,
+          which normally occurs upon :meth:`.Session.commit` or can be forced
+          by using :meth:`.Session.expire_all`.  Accessing an expired object
+          whose row has been deleted will invoke a SELECT to locate the
+          row; when the row is not found, an
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        * The :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_delete` and
+          :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_delete`
+          events are **not** invoked from this method.  Instead, the
+          :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_bulk_delete` method is provided to act
+          upon a mass DELETE of entity rows.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.update`
+
+            :ref:`inserts_and_updates` - Core SQL tutorial
+
+        """
+        # TODO: cascades need handling.
+
+        delete_op = persistence.BulkDelete.factory(
+            self, synchronize_session)
+        delete_op.exec_()
+        return delete_op.rowcount
+
+    def update(self, values, synchronize_session='evaluate'):
+        """Perform a bulk update query.
+
+        Updates rows matched by this query in the database.
+
+        :param values: a dictionary with attributes names as keys and literal
+          values or sql expressions as values.
+
+        :param synchronize_session: chooses the strategy to update the
+            attributes on objects in the session. Valid values are:
+
+            ``False`` - don't synchronize the session. This option is the most
+            efficient and is reliable once the session is expired, which
+            typically occurs after a commit(), or explicitly using
+            expire_all(). Before the expiration, updated objects may still
+            remain in the session with stale values on their attributes, which
+            can lead to confusing results.
+
+            ``'fetch'`` - performs a select query before the update to find
+            objects that are matched by the update query. The updated
+            attributes are expired on matched objects.
+
+            ``'evaluate'`` - Evaluate the Query's criteria in Python straight
+            on the objects in the session. If evaluation of the criteria isn't
+            implemented, an exception is raised.
+
+            The expression evaluator currently doesn't account for differing
+            string collations between the database and Python.
+
+        :return: the count of rows matched as returned by the database's
+          "row count" feature.
+
+        This method has several key caveats:
+
+        * The method does **not** offer in-Python cascading of relationships
+          - it is assumed that ON UPDATE CASCADE is configured for any foreign
+          key references which require it, otherwise the database may emit an
+          integrity violation if foreign key references are being enforced.
+
+          After the UPDATE, dependent objects in the :class:`.Session` which
+          were impacted by an ON UPDATE CASCADE may not contain the current
+          state; this issue is resolved once the :class:`.Session` is expired,
+          which normally occurs upon :meth:`.Session.commit` or can be forced
+          by using :meth:`.Session.expire_all`.
+
+        * As of 0.8, this method will support multiple table updates, as
+          detailed in :ref:`multi_table_updates`, and this behavior does
+          extend to support updates of joined-inheritance and other multiple
+          table mappings.  However, the **join condition of an inheritance
+          mapper is currently not automatically rendered**.
+          Care must be taken in any multiple-table update to explicitly
+          include the joining condition between those tables, even in mappings
+          where this is normally automatic.
+          E.g. if a class ``Engineer`` subclasses ``Employee``, an UPDATE of
+          the ``Engineer`` local table using criteria against the ``Employee``
+          local table might look like::
+
+                session.query(Engineer).\\
+                    filter(Engineer.id == Employee.id).\\
+                    filter(Employee.name == 'dilbert').\\
+                    update({"engineer_type": "programmer"})
+
+        * The :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_update` and
+          :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_update`
+          events are **not** invoked from this method.  Instead, the
+          :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_bulk_update` method is provided to act
+          upon a mass UPDATE of entity rows.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.delete`
+
+            :ref:`inserts_and_updates` - Core SQL tutorial
+
+        """
+
+        # TODO: value keys need to be mapped to corresponding sql cols and
+        # instr.attr.s to string keys
+        # TODO: updates of manytoone relationships need to be converted to
+        # fk assignments
+        # TODO: cascades need handling.
+
+        update_op = persistence.BulkUpdate.factory(
+            self, synchronize_session, values)
+        update_op.exec_()
+        return update_op.rowcount
+
+    def _compile_context(self, labels=True):
+        context = QueryContext(self)
+
+        if context.statement is not None:
+            return context
+
+        context.labels = labels
+
+        context._for_update_arg = self._for_update_arg
+
+        for entity in self._entities:
+            entity.setup_context(self, context)
+
+        for rec in context.create_eager_joins:
+            strategy = rec[0]
+            strategy(*rec[1:])
+
+        if context.from_clause:
+            # "load from explicit FROMs" mode,
+            # i.e. when select_from() or join() is used
+            context.froms = list(context.from_clause)
+        else:
+            # "load from discrete FROMs" mode,
+            # i.e. when each _MappedEntity has its own FROM
+            context.froms = context.froms
+
+        if self._enable_single_crit:
+            self._adjust_for_single_inheritance(context)
+
+        if not context.primary_columns:
+            if self._only_load_props:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "No column-based properties specified for "
+                    "refresh operation. Use session.expire() "
+                    "to reload collections and related items.")
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Query contains no columns with which to "
+                    "SELECT from.")
+
+        if context.multi_row_eager_loaders and self._should_nest_selectable:
+            context.statement = self._compound_eager_statement(context)
+        else:
+            context.statement = self._simple_statement(context)
+        return context
+
+    def _compound_eager_statement(self, context):
+        # for eager joins present and LIMIT/OFFSET/DISTINCT,
+        # wrap the query inside a select,
+        # then append eager joins onto that
+
+        if context.order_by:
+            order_by_col_expr = list(
+                chain(*[
+                    sql_util.unwrap_order_by(o)
+                    for o in context.order_by
+                ])
+            )
+        else:
+            context.order_by = None
+            order_by_col_expr = []
+
+        inner = sql.select(
+            context.primary_columns + order_by_col_expr,
+            context.whereclause,
+            from_obj=context.froms,
+            use_labels=context.labels,
+            # TODO: this order_by is only needed if
+            # LIMIT/OFFSET is present in self._select_args,
+            # else the application on the outside is enough
+            order_by=context.order_by,
+            **self._select_args
+        )
+
+        for hint in self._with_hints:
+            inner = inner.with_hint(*hint)
+
+        if self._correlate:
+            inner = inner.correlate(*self._correlate)
+
+        inner = inner.alias()
+
+        equivs = self.__all_equivs()
+
+        context.adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(inner, equivs)
+
+        statement = sql.select(
+            [inner] + context.secondary_columns,
+            use_labels=context.labels)
+
+        statement._for_update_arg = context._for_update_arg
+
+        from_clause = inner
+        for eager_join in context.eager_joins.values():
+            # EagerLoader places a 'stop_on' attribute on the join,
+            # giving us a marker as to where the "splice point" of
+            # the join should be
+            from_clause = sql_util.splice_joins(
+                from_clause,
+                eager_join, eager_join.stop_on)
+
+        statement.append_from(from_clause)
+
+        if context.order_by:
+            statement.append_order_by(
+                *context.adapter.copy_and_process(
+                    context.order_by
+                )
+            )
+
+        statement.append_order_by(*context.eager_order_by)
+        return statement
+
+    def _simple_statement(self, context):
+        if not context.order_by:
+            context.order_by = None
+
+        if self._distinct and context.order_by:
+            order_by_col_expr = list(
+                chain(*[
+                    sql_util.unwrap_order_by(o)
+                    for o in context.order_by
+                ])
+            )
+            context.primary_columns += order_by_col_expr
+
+        context.froms += tuple(context.eager_joins.values())
+
+        statement = sql.select(
+            context.primary_columns +
+            context.secondary_columns,
+            context.whereclause,
+            from_obj=context.froms,
+            use_labels=context.labels,
+            order_by=context.order_by,
+            **self._select_args
+        )
+        statement._for_update_arg = context._for_update_arg
+
+        for hint in self._with_hints:
+            statement = statement.with_hint(*hint)
+
+        if self._correlate:
+            statement = statement.correlate(*self._correlate)
+
+        if context.eager_order_by:
+            statement.append_order_by(*context.eager_order_by)
+        return statement
+
+    def _adjust_for_single_inheritance(self, context):
+        """Apply single-table-inheritance filtering.
+
+        For all distinct single-table-inheritance mappers represented in
+        the columns clause of this query, add criterion to the WHERE
+        clause of the given QueryContext such that only the appropriate
+        subtypes are selected from the total results.
+
+        """
+
+        for (ext_info, adapter) in set(self._mapper_adapter_map.values()):
+            if ext_info in self._join_entities:
+                continue
+            single_crit = ext_info.mapper._single_table_criterion
+            if single_crit is not None:
+                if adapter:
+                    single_crit = adapter.traverse(single_crit)
+                single_crit = self._adapt_clause(single_crit, False, False)
+                context.whereclause = sql.and_(
+                    sql.True_._ifnone(context.whereclause),
+                    single_crit)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self._compile_context().statement)
+
+from ..sql.selectable import ForUpdateArg
+
+
+class LockmodeArg(ForUpdateArg):
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_legacy_query(self, mode):
+        if mode in (None, False):
+            return None
+
+        if mode == "read":
+            read = True
+            nowait = False
+        elif mode == "update":
+            read = nowait = False
+        elif mode == "update_nowait":
+            nowait = True
+            read = False
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Unknown with_lockmode argument: %r" % mode)
+
+        return LockmodeArg(read=read, nowait=nowait)
+
+
+class _QueryEntity(object):
+    """represent an entity column returned within a Query result."""
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        if cls is _QueryEntity:
+            entity = args[1]
+            if not isinstance(entity, util.string_types) and \
+                    _is_mapped_class(entity):
+                cls = _MapperEntity
+            elif isinstance(entity, Bundle):
+                cls = _BundleEntity
+            else:
+                cls = _ColumnEntity
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        q = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        q.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return q
+
+
+class _MapperEntity(_QueryEntity):
+    """mapper/class/AliasedClass entity"""
+
+    def __init__(self, query, entity):
+        if not query._primary_entity:
+            query._primary_entity = self
+        query._entities.append(self)
+
+        self.entities = [entity]
+        self.expr = entity
+
+    supports_single_entity = True
+
+    def setup_entity(self, ext_info, aliased_adapter):
+        self.mapper = ext_info.mapper
+        self.aliased_adapter = aliased_adapter
+        self.selectable = ext_info.selectable
+        self.is_aliased_class = ext_info.is_aliased_class
+        self._with_polymorphic = ext_info.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        self._polymorphic_discriminator = \
+            ext_info.polymorphic_on
+        self.entity_zero = ext_info
+        if ext_info.is_aliased_class:
+            self._label_name = self.entity_zero.name
+        else:
+            self._label_name = self.mapper.class_.__name__
+        self.path = self.entity_zero._path_registry
+        self.custom_rows = bool(self.mapper.dispatch.append_result)
+
+    def set_with_polymorphic(self, query, cls_or_mappers,
+                             selectable, polymorphic_on):
+        """Receive an update from a call to query.with_polymorphic().
+
+        Note the newer style of using a free standing with_polymporphic()
+        construct doesn't make use of this method.
+
+
+        """
+        if self.is_aliased_class:
+            # TODO: invalidrequest ?
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Can't use with_polymorphic() against "
+                "an Aliased object"
+            )
+
+        if cls_or_mappers is None:
+            query._reset_polymorphic_adapter(self.mapper)
+            return
+
+        mappers, from_obj = self.mapper._with_polymorphic_args(
+            cls_or_mappers, selectable)
+        self._with_polymorphic = mappers
+        self._polymorphic_discriminator = polymorphic_on
+
+        self.selectable = from_obj
+        query._mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(
+            self.mapper, sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
+                from_obj, self.mapper._equivalent_columns))
+
+    filter_fn = id
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.mapper.class_
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero_or_selectable(self):
+        return self.entity_zero
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        if entity.is_aliased_class:
+            if self.is_aliased_class:
+                if entity._base_alias is self.entity_zero._base_alias:
+                    return True
+            return False
+        elif self.is_aliased_class:
+            if self.entity_zero._use_mapper_path:
+                return entity in self._with_polymorphic
+            else:
+                return entity is self.entity_zero
+
+        return entity.common_parent(self.entity_zero)
+
+    def adapt_to_selectable(self, query, sel):
+        query._entities.append(self)
+
+    def _get_entity_clauses(self, query, context):
+
+        adapter = None
+
+        if not self.is_aliased_class:
+            if query._polymorphic_adapters:
+                adapter = query._polymorphic_adapters.get(self.mapper, None)
+        else:
+            adapter = self.aliased_adapter
+
+        if adapter:
+            if query._from_obj_alias:
+                ret = adapter.wrap(query._from_obj_alias)
+            else:
+                ret = adapter
+        else:
+            ret = query._from_obj_alias
+
+        return ret
+
+    def row_processor(self, query, context, custom_rows):
+        adapter = self._get_entity_clauses(query, context)
+
+        if context.adapter and adapter:
+            adapter = adapter.wrap(context.adapter)
+        elif not adapter:
+            adapter = context.adapter
+
+        # polymorphic mappers which have concrete tables in
+        # their hierarchy usually
+        # require row aliasing unconditionally.
+        if not adapter and self.mapper._requires_row_aliasing:
+            adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
+                self.selectable,
+                self.mapper._equivalent_columns)
+
+        if query._primary_entity is self:
+            _instance = loading.instance_processor(
+                self.mapper,
+                context,
+                self.path,
+                adapter,
+                only_load_props=query._only_load_props,
+                refresh_state=context.refresh_state,
+                polymorphic_discriminator=self._polymorphic_discriminator
+            )
+        else:
+            _instance = loading.instance_processor(
+                self.mapper,
+                context,
+                self.path,
+                adapter,
+                polymorphic_discriminator=self._polymorphic_discriminator
+            )
+
+        return _instance, self._label_name
+
+    def setup_context(self, query, context):
+        adapter = self._get_entity_clauses(query, context)
+
+        # if self._adapted_selectable is None:
+        context.froms += (self.selectable,)
+
+        if context.order_by is False and self.mapper.order_by:
+            context.order_by = self.mapper.order_by
+
+            # apply adaptation to the mapper's order_by if needed.
+            if adapter:
+                context.order_by = adapter.adapt_list(
+                    util.to_list(
+                        context.order_by
+                    )
+                )
+
+        if self._with_polymorphic:
+            poly_properties = self.mapper._iterate_polymorphic_properties(
+                self._with_polymorphic)
+        else:
+            poly_properties = self.mapper._polymorphic_properties
+
+        for value in poly_properties:
+            if query._only_load_props and \
+                    value.key not in query._only_load_props:
+                continue
+            value.setup(
+                context,
+                self,
+                self.path,
+                adapter,
+                only_load_props=query._only_load_props,
+                column_collection=context.primary_columns
+            )
+
+        if self._polymorphic_discriminator is not None and \
+            self._polymorphic_discriminator \
+                is not self.mapper.polymorphic_on:
+
+            if adapter:
+                pd = adapter.columns[self._polymorphic_discriminator]
+            else:
+                pd = self._polymorphic_discriminator
+            context.primary_columns.append(pd)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.mapper)
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class Bundle(object):
+    """A grouping of SQL expressions that are returned by a :class:`.Query`
+    under one namespace.
+
+    The :class:`.Bundle` essentially allows nesting of the tuple-based
+    results returned by a column-oriented :class:`.Query` object.  It also
+    is extensible via simple subclassing, where the primary capability
+    to override is that of how the set of expressions should be returned,
+    allowing post-processing as well as custom return types, without
+    involving ORM identity-mapped classes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`bundles`
+
+    """
+
+    single_entity = False
+    """If True, queries for a single Bundle will be returned as a single
+    entity, rather than an element within a keyed tuple."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, *exprs, **kw):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.Bundle`.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            bn = Bundle("mybundle", MyClass.x, MyClass.y)
+
+            for row in session.query(bn).filter(
+                    bn.c.x == 5).filter(bn.c.y == 4):
+                print(row.mybundle.x, row.mybundle.y)
+
+        :param name: name of the bundle.
+        :param \*exprs: columns or SQL expressions comprising the bundle.
+        :param single_entity=False: if True, rows for this :class:`.Bundle`
+         can be returned as a "single entity" outside of any enclosing tuple
+         in the same manner as a mapped entity.
+
+        """
+        self.name = self._label = name
+        self.exprs = exprs
+        self.c = self.columns = ColumnCollection()
+        self.columns.update((getattr(col, "key", col._label), col)
+                            for col in exprs)
+        self.single_entity = kw.pop('single_entity', self.single_entity)
+
+    columns = None
+    """A namespace of SQL expressions referred to by this :class:`.Bundle`.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            bn = Bundle("mybundle", MyClass.x, MyClass.y)
+
+            q = sess.query(bn).filter(bn.c.x == 5)
+
+        Nesting of bundles is also supported::
+
+            b1 = Bundle("b1",
+                    Bundle('b2', MyClass.a, MyClass.b),
+                    Bundle('b3', MyClass.x, MyClass.y)
+                )
+
+            q = sess.query(b1).filter(
+                b1.c.b2.c.a == 5).filter(b1.c.b3.c.y == 9)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.Bundle.c`
+
+    """
+
+    c = None
+    """An alias for :attr:`.Bundle.columns`."""
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        cloned = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        cloned.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        return cloned
+
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        return expression.ClauseList(group=False, *self.c)
+
+    @property
+    def clauses(self):
+        return self.__clause_element__().clauses
+
+    def label(self, name):
+        """Provide a copy of this :class:`.Bundle` passing a new label."""
+
+        cloned = self._clone()
+        cloned.name = name
+        return cloned
+
+    def create_row_processor(self, query, procs, labels):
+        """Produce the "row processing" function for this :class:`.Bundle`.
+
+        May be overridden by subclasses.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`bundles` - includes an example of subclassing.
+
+        """
+        def proc(row, result):
+            return util.KeyedTuple(
+                [proc(row, None) for proc in procs], labels)
+        return proc
+
+
+class _BundleEntity(_QueryEntity):
+    def __init__(self, query, bundle, setup_entities=True):
+        query._entities.append(self)
+        self.bundle = self.expr = bundle
+        self.type = type(bundle)
+        self._label_name = bundle.name
+        self._entities = []
+
+        if setup_entities:
+            for expr in bundle.exprs:
+                if isinstance(expr, Bundle):
+                    _BundleEntity(self, expr)
+                else:
+                    _ColumnEntity(self, expr, namespace=self)
+
+        self.entities = ()
+
+        self.filter_fn = lambda item: item
+
+        self.supports_single_entity = self.bundle.single_entity
+
+    custom_rows = False
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero(self):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ezero = ent.entity_zero
+            if ezero is not None:
+                return ezero
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        # TODO: this seems to have no effect for
+        # _ColumnEntity either
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero_or_selectable(self):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ezero = ent.entity_zero_or_selectable
+            if ezero is not None:
+                return ezero
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def adapt_to_selectable(self, query, sel):
+        c = _BundleEntity(query, self.bundle, setup_entities=False)
+        # c._label_name = self._label_name
+        # c.entity_zero = self.entity_zero
+        # c.entities = self.entities
+
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ent.adapt_to_selectable(c, sel)
+
+    def setup_entity(self, ext_info, aliased_adapter):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ent.setup_entity(ext_info, aliased_adapter)
+
+    def setup_context(self, query, context):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ent.setup_context(query, context)
+
+    def row_processor(self, query, context, custom_rows):
+        procs, labels = zip(
+            *[ent.row_processor(query, context, custom_rows)
+              for ent in self._entities]
+        )
+
+        proc = self.bundle.create_row_processor(query, procs, labels)
+
+        return proc, self._label_name
+
+
+class _ColumnEntity(_QueryEntity):
+    """Column/expression based entity."""
+
+    def __init__(self, query, column, namespace=None):
+        self.expr = column
+        self.namespace = namespace
+
+        if isinstance(column, util.string_types):
+            column = sql.literal_column(column)
+            self._label_name = column.name
+        elif isinstance(column, (
+            attributes.QueryableAttribute,
+            interfaces.PropComparator
+        )):
+            self._label_name = column.key
+            column = column._query_clause_element()
+        else:
+            self._label_name = getattr(column, 'key', None)
+
+        if not isinstance(column, expression.ColumnElement) and \
+                hasattr(column, '_select_iterable'):
+            for c in column._select_iterable:
+                if c is column:
+                    break
+                _ColumnEntity(query, c, namespace=column)
+            else:
+                return
+        elif isinstance(column, Bundle):
+            _BundleEntity(query, column)
+            return
+
+        if not isinstance(column, sql.ColumnElement):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "SQL expression, column, or mapped entity "
+                "expected - got '%r'" % (column, )
+            )
+
+        self.type = type_ = column.type
+        if type_.hashable:
+            self.filter_fn = lambda item: item
+        else:
+            counter = util.counter()
+            self.filter_fn = lambda item: counter()
+
+        # If the Column is unnamed, give it a
+        # label() so that mutable column expressions
+        # can be located in the result even
+        # if the expression's identity has been changed
+        # due to adaption.
+
+        if not column._label and not getattr(column, 'is_literal', False):
+            column = column.label(self._label_name)
+
+        query._entities.append(self)
+
+        self.column = column
+        self.froms = set()
+
+        # look for ORM entities represented within the
+        # given expression.  Try to count only entities
+        # for columns whose FROM object is in the actual list
+        # of FROMs for the overall expression - this helps
+        # subqueries which were built from ORM constructs from
+        # leaking out their entities into the main select construct
+        self.actual_froms = actual_froms = set(column._from_objects)
+
+        self.entities = util.OrderedSet(
+            elem._annotations['parententity']
+            for elem in visitors.iterate(column, {})
+            if 'parententity' in elem._annotations
+            and actual_froms.intersection(elem._from_objects)
+        )
+
+        if self.entities:
+            self.entity_zero = list(self.entities)[0]
+        elif self.namespace is not None:
+            self.entity_zero = self.namespace
+        else:
+            self.entity_zero = None
+
+    supports_single_entity = False
+    custom_rows = False
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero_or_selectable(self):
+        if self.entity_zero is not None:
+            return self.entity_zero
+        elif self.actual_froms:
+            return list(self.actual_froms)[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def adapt_to_selectable(self, query, sel):
+        c = _ColumnEntity(query, sel.corresponding_column(self.column))
+        c._label_name = self._label_name
+        c.entity_zero = self.entity_zero
+        c.entities = self.entities
+
+    def setup_entity(self, ext_info, aliased_adapter):
+        if 'selectable' not in self.__dict__:
+            self.selectable = ext_info.selectable
+        self.froms.add(ext_info.selectable)
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        # TODO: just returning False here,
+        # no tests fail
+        if self.entity_zero is None:
+            return False
+        elif _is_aliased_class(entity):
+            # TODO: polymorphic subclasses ?
+            return entity is self.entity_zero
+        else:
+            return not _is_aliased_class(self.entity_zero) and \
+                entity.common_parent(self.entity_zero)
+
+    def _resolve_expr_against_query_aliases(self, query, expr, context):
+        return query._adapt_clause(expr, False, True)
+
+    def row_processor(self, query, context, custom_rows):
+        column = self._resolve_expr_against_query_aliases(
+            query, self.column, context)
+
+        if context.adapter:
+            column = context.adapter.columns[column]
+
+        def proc(row, result):
+            return row[column]
+
+        return proc, self._label_name
+
+    def setup_context(self, query, context):
+        column = self._resolve_expr_against_query_aliases(
+            query, self.column, context)
+        context.froms += tuple(self.froms)
+        context.primary_columns.append(column)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.column)
+
+
+class QueryContext(object):
+    multi_row_eager_loaders = False
+    adapter = None
+    froms = ()
+    for_update = None
+
+    def __init__(self, query):
+
+        if query._statement is not None:
+            if isinstance(query._statement, expression.SelectBase) and \
+                    not query._statement._textual and \
+                    not query._statement.use_labels:
+                self.statement = query._statement.apply_labels()
+            else:
+                self.statement = query._statement
+        else:
+            self.statement = None
+            self.from_clause = query._from_obj
+            self.whereclause = query._criterion
+            self.order_by = query._order_by
+
+        self.query = query
+        self.session = query.session
+        self.populate_existing = query._populate_existing
+        self.invoke_all_eagers = query._invoke_all_eagers
+        self.version_check = query._version_check
+        self.refresh_state = query._refresh_state
+        self.primary_columns = []
+        self.secondary_columns = []
+        self.eager_order_by = []
+        self.eager_joins = {}
+        self.create_eager_joins = []
+        self.propagate_options = set(o for o in query._with_options if
+                                     o.propagate_to_loaders)
+        self.attributes = query._attributes.copy()
+
+
+class AliasOption(interfaces.MapperOption):
+
+    def __init__(self, alias):
+        """Return a :class:`.MapperOption` that will indicate to the :class:`.Query`
+        that the main table has been aliased.
+
+        This is a seldom-used option to suit the
+        very rare case that :func:`.contains_eager`
+        is being used in conjunction with a user-defined SELECT
+        statement that aliases the parent table.  E.g.::
+
+            # define an aliased UNION called 'ulist'
+            ulist = users.select(users.c.user_id==7).\\
+                            union(users.select(users.c.user_id>7)).\\
+                            alias('ulist')
+
+            # add on an eager load of "addresses"
+            statement = ulist.outerjoin(addresses).\\
+                            select().apply_labels()
+
+            # create query, indicating "ulist" will be an
+            # alias for the main table, "addresses"
+            # property should be eager loaded
+            query = session.query(User).options(
+                                    contains_alias(ulist),
+                                    contains_eager(User.addresses))
+
+            # then get results via the statement
+            results = query.from_statement(statement).all()
+
+        :param alias: is the string name of an alias, or a
+         :class:`~.sql.expression.Alias` object representing
+         the alias.
+
+        """
+        self.alias = alias
+
+    def process_query(self, query):
+        if isinstance(self.alias, util.string_types):
+            alias = query._mapper_zero().mapped_table.alias(self.alias)
+        else:
+            alias = self.alias
+        query._from_obj_alias = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(alias)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/relationships.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/relationships.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2debda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/relationships.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2714 @@
+# orm/relationships.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Heuristics related to join conditions as used in
+:func:`.relationship`.
+
+Provides the :class:`.JoinCondition` object, which encapsulates
+SQL annotation and aliasing behavior focused on the `primaryjoin`
+and `secondaryjoin` aspects of :func:`.relationship`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from .. import sql, util, exc as sa_exc, schema, log
+
+from .util import CascadeOptions, _orm_annotate, _orm_deannotate
+from . import dependency
+from . import attributes
+from ..sql.util import (
+    ClauseAdapter,
+    join_condition, _shallow_annotate, visit_binary_product,
+    _deep_deannotate, selectables_overlap
+)
+from ..sql import operators, expression, visitors
+from .interfaces import (MANYTOMANY, MANYTOONE, ONETOMANY,
+                         StrategizedProperty, PropComparator)
+from ..inspection import inspect
+from . import mapper as mapperlib
+import collections
+
+
+def remote(expr):
+    """Annotate a portion of a primaryjoin expression
+    with a 'remote' annotation.
+
+    See the section :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign` for a
+    description of use.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
+
+        :func:`.foreign`
+
+    """
+    return _annotate_columns(expression._clause_element_as_expr(expr),
+                             {"remote": True})
+
+
+def foreign(expr):
+    """Annotate a portion of a primaryjoin expression
+    with a 'foreign' annotation.
+
+    See the section :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign` for a
+    description of use.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
+
+        :func:`.remote`
+
+    """
+
+    return _annotate_columns(expression._clause_element_as_expr(expr),
+                             {"foreign": True})
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+class RelationshipProperty(StrategizedProperty):
+    """Describes an object property that holds a single item or list
+    of items that correspond to a related database table.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`.orm.relationship` function.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :ref:`relationship_config_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    strategy_wildcard_key = 'relationship'
+
+    _dependency_processor = None
+
+    def __init__(self, argument,
+                 secondary=None, primaryjoin=None,
+                 secondaryjoin=None,
+                 foreign_keys=None,
+                 uselist=None,
+                 order_by=False,
+                 backref=None,
+                 back_populates=None,
+                 post_update=False,
+                 cascade=False, extension=None,
+                 viewonly=False, lazy=True,
+                 collection_class=None, passive_deletes=False,
+                 passive_updates=True, remote_side=None,
+                 enable_typechecks=True, join_depth=None,
+                 comparator_factory=None,
+                 single_parent=False, innerjoin=False,
+                 distinct_target_key=None,
+                 doc=None,
+                 active_history=False,
+                 cascade_backrefs=True,
+                 load_on_pending=False,
+                 strategy_class=None, _local_remote_pairs=None,
+                 query_class=None,
+                 info=None):
+        """Provide a relationship between two mapped classes.
+
+        This corresponds to a parent-child or associative table relationship.
+        The constructed class is an instance of
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+        A typical :func:`.relationship`, used in a classical mapping::
+
+           mapper(Parent, properties={
+             'children': relationship(Child)
+           })
+
+        Some arguments accepted by :func:`.relationship` optionally accept a
+        callable function, which when called produces the desired value.
+        The callable is invoked by the parent :class:`.Mapper` at "mapper
+        initialization" time, which happens only when mappers are first used,
+        and is assumed to be after all mappings have been constructed.  This
+        can be used to resolve order-of-declaration and other dependency
+        issues, such as if ``Child`` is declared below ``Parent`` in the same
+        file::
+
+            mapper(Parent, properties={
+                "children":relationship(lambda: Child,
+                                    order_by=lambda: Child.id)
+            })
+
+        When using the :ref:`declarative_toplevel` extension, the Declarative
+        initializer allows string arguments to be passed to
+        :func:`.relationship`.  These string arguments are converted into
+        callables that evaluate the string as Python code, using the
+        Declarative class-registry as a namespace.  This allows the lookup of
+        related classes to be automatic via their string name, and removes the
+        need to import related classes at all into the local module space::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+
+            Base = declarative_base()
+
+            class Parent(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'parent'
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                children = relationship("Child", order_by="Child.id")
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`relationship_config_toplevel` - Full introductory and
+          reference documentation for :func:`.relationship`.
+
+          :ref:`orm_tutorial_relationship` - ORM tutorial introduction.
+
+        :param argument:
+          a mapped class, or actual :class:`.Mapper` instance, representing
+          the target of the relationship.
+
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.argument` may also be passed as a callable
+          function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may
+          be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`declarative_configuring_relationships` - further detail
+            on relationship configuration when using Declarative.
+
+        :param secondary:
+          for a many-to-many relationship, specifies the intermediary
+          table, and is typically an instance of :class:`.Table`.
+          In less common circumstances, the argument may also be specified
+          as an :class:`.Alias` construct, or even a :class:`.Join` construct.
+
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.secondary` may
+          also be passed as a callable function which is evaluated at
+          mapper initialization time.  When using Declarative, it may also
+          be a string argument noting the name of a :class:`.Table` that is
+          present in the :class:`.MetaData` collection associated with the
+          parent-mapped :class:`.Table`.
+
+          The :paramref:`~.relationship.secondary` keyword argument is
+          typically applied in the case where the intermediary :class:`.Table`
+          is not otherwise exprssed in any direct class mapping. If the
+          "secondary" table is also explicitly mapped elsewhere (e.g. as in
+          :ref:`association_pattern`), one should consider applying the
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.viewonly` flag so that this
+          :func:`.relationship` is not used for persistence operations which
+          may conflict with those of the association object pattern.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`relationships_many_to_many` - Reference example of "many
+              to many".
+
+              :ref:`orm_tutorial_many_to_many` - ORM tutorial introduction to
+              many-to-many relationships.
+
+              :ref:`self_referential_many_to_many` - Specifics on using
+              many-to-many in a self-referential case.
+
+              :ref:`declarative_many_to_many` - Additional options when using
+              Declarative.
+
+              :ref:`association_pattern` - an alternative to
+              :paramref:`~.relationship.secondary` when composing association
+              table relationships, allowing additional attributes to be
+              specified on the association table.
+
+              :ref:`composite_secondary_join` - a lesser-used pattern which
+              in some cases can enable complex :func:`.relationship` SQL
+              conditions to be used.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.2 :paramref:`~.relationship.secondary` works
+             more effectively when referring to a :class:`.Join` instance.
+
+        :param active_history=False:
+          When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
+          many-to-one reference should be loaded when replaced, if
+          not already loaded. Normally, history tracking logic for
+          simple many-to-ones only needs to be aware of the "new"
+          value in order to perform a flush. This flag is available
+          for applications that make use of
+          :func:`.attributes.get_history` which also need to know
+          the "previous" value of the attribute.
+
+        :param backref:
+          indicates the string name of a property to be placed on the related
+          mapper's class that will handle this relationship in the other
+          direction. The other property will be created automatically
+          when the mappers are configured.  Can also be passed as a
+          :func:`.backref` object to control the configuration of the
+          new relationship.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`relationships_backref` - Introductory documentation and
+            examples.
+
+            :paramref:`~.relationship.back_populates` - alternative form
+            of backref specification.
+
+            :func:`.backref` - allows control over :func:`.relationship`
+            configuration when using :paramref:`~.relationship.backref`.
+
+
+        :param back_populates:
+          Takes a string name and has the same meaning as
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.backref`, except the complementing
+          property is **not** created automatically, and instead must be
+          configured explicitly on the other mapper.  The complementing
+          property should also indicate
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.back_populates` to this relationship to
+          ensure proper functioning.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`relationships_backref` - Introductory documentation and
+            examples.
+
+            :paramref:`~.relationship.backref` - alternative form
+            of backref specification.
+
+        :param cascade:
+          a comma-separated list of cascade rules which determines how
+          Session operations should be "cascaded" from parent to child.
+          This defaults to ``False``, which means the default cascade
+          should be used - this default cascade is ``"save-update, merge"``.
+
+          The available cascades are ``save-update``, ``merge``,
+          ``expunge``, ``delete``, ``delete-orphan``, and ``refresh-expire``.
+          An additional option, ``all`` indicates shorthand for
+          ``"save-update, merge, refresh-expire,
+          expunge, delete"``, and is often used as in ``"all, delete-orphan"``
+          to indicate that related objects should follow along with the
+          parent object in all cases, and be deleted when de-associated.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_cascades` - Full detail on each of the available
+            cascade options.
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_delete_cascade` - Tutorial example describing
+            a delete cascade.
+
+        :param cascade_backrefs=True:
+          a boolean value indicating if the ``save-update`` cascade should
+          operate along an assignment event intercepted by a backref.
+          When set to ``False``, the attribute managed by this relationship
+          will not cascade an incoming transient object into the session of a
+          persistent parent, if the event is received via backref.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`backref_cascade` - Full discussion and examples on how
+            the :paramref:`~.relationship.cascade_backrefs` option is used.
+
+        :param collection_class:
+          a class or callable that returns a new list-holding object. will
+          be used in place of a plain list for storing elements.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`custom_collections` - Introductory documentation and
+            examples.
+
+        :param comparator_factory:
+          a class which extends :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`
+          which provides custom SQL clause generation for comparison
+          operations.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.PropComparator` - some detail on redefining comparators
+            at this level.
+
+            :ref:`custom_comparators` - Brief intro to this feature.
+
+
+        :param distinct_target_key=None:
+          Indicate if a "subquery" eager load should apply the DISTINCT
+          keyword to the innermost SELECT statement.  When left as ``None``,
+          the DISTINCT keyword will be applied in those cases when the target
+          columns do not comprise the full primary key of the target table.
+          When set to ``True``, the DISTINCT keyword is applied to the
+          innermost SELECT unconditionally.
+
+          It may be desirable to set this flag to False when the DISTINCT is
+          reducing performance of the innermost subquery beyond that of what
+          duplicate innermost rows may be causing.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.8.3 -
+             :paramref:`~.relationship.distinct_target_key` allows the
+             subquery eager loader to apply a DISTINCT modifier to the
+             innermost SELECT.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 -
+             :paramref:`~.relationship.distinct_target_key` now defaults to
+             ``None``, so that the feature enables itself automatically for
+             those cases where the innermost query targets a non-unique
+             key.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel` - includes an introduction to subquery
+            eager loading.
+
+        :param doc:
+          docstring which will be applied to the resulting descriptor.
+
+        :param extension:
+          an :class:`.AttributeExtension` instance, or list of extensions,
+          which will be prepended to the list of attribute listeners for
+          the resulting descriptor placed on the class.
+
+          .. deprecated:: 0.7 Please see :class:`.AttributeEvents`.
+
+        :param foreign_keys:
+
+          a list of columns which are to be used as "foreign key"
+          columns, or columns which refer to the value in a remote
+          column, within the context of this :func:`.relationship`
+          object's :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` condition.
+          That is, if the :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin`
+          condition of this :func:`.relationship` is ``a.id ==
+          b.a_id``, and the values in ``b.a_id`` are required to be
+          present in ``a.id``, then the "foreign key" column of this
+          :func:`.relationship` is ``b.a_id``.
+
+          In normal cases, the :paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys`
+          parameter is **not required.** :func:`.relationship` will
+          automatically determine which columns in the
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` conditition are to be
+          considered "foreign key" columns based on those
+          :class:`.Column` objects that specify :class:`.ForeignKey`,
+          or are otherwise listed as referencing columns in a
+          :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` construct.
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys` is only needed when:
+
+            1. There is more than one way to construct a join from the local
+               table to the remote table, as there are multiple foreign key
+               references present.  Setting ``foreign_keys`` will limit the
+               :func:`.relationship` to consider just those columns specified
+               here as "foreign".
+
+               .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+                    A multiple-foreign key join ambiguity can be resolved by
+                    setting the :paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys`
+                    parameter alone, without the need to explicitly set
+                    :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` as well.
+
+            2. The :class:`.Table` being mapped does not actually have
+               :class:`.ForeignKey` or :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+               constructs present, often because the table
+               was reflected from a database that does not support foreign key
+               reflection (MySQL MyISAM).
+
+            3. The :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` argument is used to
+               construct a non-standard join condition, which makes use of
+               columns or expressions that do not normally refer to their
+               "parent" column, such as a join condition expressed by a
+               complex comparison using a SQL function.
+
+          The :func:`.relationship` construct will raise informative
+          error messages that suggest the use of the
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys` parameter when
+          presented with an ambiguous condition.   In typical cases,
+          if :func:`.relationship` doesn't raise any exceptions, the
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys` parameter is usually
+          not needed.
+
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys` may also be passed as a
+          callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+          and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+          Declarative.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`relationship_foreign_keys`
+
+            :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
+
+            :func:`.foreign` - allows direct annotation of the "foreign"
+            columns within a :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` condition.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.8
+              The :func:`.foreign` annotation can also be applied
+              directly to the :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin`
+              expression, which is an alternate, more specific system of
+              describing which columns in a particular
+              :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` should be considered
+              "foreign".
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        :param innerjoin=False:
+          when ``True``, joined eager loads will use an inner join to join
+          against related tables instead of an outer join.  The purpose
+          of this option is generally one of performance, as inner joins
+          generally perform better than outer joins.
+
+          This flag can be set to ``True`` when the relationship references an
+          object via many-to-one using local foreign keys that are not
+          nullable, or when the reference is one-to-one or a collection that
+          is guaranteed to have one or at least one entry.
+
+          If the joined-eager load is chained onto an existing LEFT OUTER
+          JOIN, ``innerjoin=True`` will be bypassed and the join will continue
+          to chain as LEFT OUTER JOIN so that the results don't change.  As an
+          alternative, specify the value ``"nested"``.  This will instead nest
+          the join on the right side, e.g. using the form "a LEFT OUTER JOIN
+          (b JOIN c)".
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.4 Added ``innerjoin="nested"`` option to
+             support nesting of eager "inner" joins.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`what_kind_of_loading` - Discussion of some details of
+            various loader options.
+
+            :paramref:`.joinedload.innerjoin` - loader option version
+
+        :param join_depth:
+          when non-``None``, an integer value indicating how many levels
+          deep "eager" loaders should join on a self-referring or cyclical
+          relationship.  The number counts how many times the same Mapper
+          shall be present in the loading condition along a particular join
+          branch.  When left at its default of ``None``, eager loaders
+          will stop chaining when they encounter a the same target mapper
+          which is already higher up in the chain.  This option applies
+          both to joined- and subquery- eager loaders.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`self_referential_eager_loading` - Introductory documentation
+            and examples.
+
+        :param lazy='select': specifies
+          how the related items should be loaded.  Default value is
+          ``select``.  Values include:
+
+          * ``select`` - items should be loaded lazily when the property is
+            first accessed, using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map
+            fetch for simple many-to-one references.
+
+          * ``immediate`` - items should be loaded as the parents are loaded,
+            using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map fetch for
+            simple many-to-one references.
+
+          * ``joined`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" in the same query as
+            that of the parent, using a JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN.  Whether
+            the join is "outer" or not is determined by the
+            :paramref:`~.relationship.innerjoin` parameter.
+
+          * ``subquery`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" as the parents are
+            loaded, using one additional SQL statement, which issues a JOIN to
+            a subquery of the original statement, for each collection
+            requested.
+
+          * ``noload`` - no loading should occur at any time.  This is to
+            support "write-only" attributes, or attributes which are
+            populated in some manner specific to the application.
+
+          * ``dynamic`` - the attribute will return a pre-configured
+            :class:`.Query` object for all read
+            operations, onto which further filtering operations can be
+            applied before iterating the results.  See
+            the section :ref:`dynamic_relationship` for more details.
+
+          * True - a synonym for 'select'
+
+          * False - a synonym for 'joined'
+
+          * None - a synonym for 'noload'
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`/orm/loading` - Full documentation on relationship loader
+            configuration.
+
+            :ref:`dynamic_relationship` - detail on the ``dynamic`` option.
+
+        :param load_on_pending=False:
+          Indicates loading behavior for transient or pending parent objects.
+
+          When set to ``True``, causes the lazy-loader to
+          issue a query for a parent object that is not persistent, meaning it
+          has never been flushed.  This may take effect for a pending object
+          when autoflush is disabled, or for a transient object that has been
+          "attached" to a :class:`.Session` but is not part of its pending
+          collection.
+
+          The :paramref:`~.relationship.load_on_pending` flag does not improve
+          behavior when the ORM is used normally - object references should be
+          constructed at the object level, not at the foreign key level, so
+          that they are present in an ordinary way before a flush proceeds.
+          This flag is not not intended for general use.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` - this method
+              establishes "load on pending" behavior for the whole object, and
+              also allows loading on objects that remain transient or
+              detached.
+
+        :param order_by:
+          indicates the ordering that should be applied when loading these
+          items.  :paramref:`~.relationship.order_by` is expected to refer to
+          one of the :class:`.Column` objects to which the target class is
+          mapped, or the attribute itself bound to the target class which
+          refers to the column.
+
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.order_by` may also be passed as a callable
+          function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may
+          be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
+
+        :param passive_deletes=False:
+           Indicates loading behavior during delete operations.
+
+           A value of True indicates that unloaded child items should not
+           be loaded during a delete operation on the parent.  Normally,
+           when a parent item is deleted, all child items are loaded so
+           that they can either be marked as deleted, or have their
+           foreign key to the parent set to NULL.  Marking this flag as
+           True usually implies an ON DELETE  rule is in
+           place which will handle updating/deleting child rows on the
+           database side.
+
+           Additionally, setting the flag to the string value 'all' will
+           disable the "nulling out" of the child foreign keys, when there
+           is no delete or delete-orphan cascade enabled.  This is
+           typically used when a triggering or error raise scenario is in
+           place on the database side.  Note that the foreign key
+           attributes on in-session child objects will not be changed
+           after a flush occurs so this is a very special use-case
+           setting.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`passive_deletes` - Introductory documentation
+                and examples.
+
+        :param passive_updates=True:
+          Indicates loading and INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE behavior when the
+          source of a foreign key value changes (i.e. an "on update"
+          cascade), which are typically the primary key columns of the
+          source row.
+
+          When True, it is assumed that ON UPDATE CASCADE is configured on
+          the foreign key in the database, and that the database will
+          handle propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to
+          dependent rows.  Note that with databases which enforce
+          referential integrity (i.e. PostgreSQL, MySQL with InnoDB tables),
+          ON UPDATE CASCADE is required for this operation.  The
+          relationship() will update the value of the attribute on related
+          items which are locally present in the session during a flush.
+
+          When False, it is assumed that the database does not enforce
+          referential integrity and will not be issuing its own CASCADE
+          operation for an update.  The relationship() will issue the
+          appropriate UPDATE statements to the database in response to the
+          change of a referenced key, and items locally present in the
+          session during a flush will also be refreshed.
+
+          This flag should probably be set to False if primary key changes
+          are expected and the database in use doesn't support CASCADE
+          (i.e. SQLite, MySQL MyISAM tables).
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`passive_updates` - Introductory documentation and
+              examples.
+
+              :paramref:`.mapper.passive_updates` - a similar flag which
+              takes effect for joined-table inheritance mappings.
+
+        :param post_update:
+          this indicates that the relationship should be handled by a
+          second UPDATE statement after an INSERT or before a
+          DELETE. Currently, it also will issue an UPDATE after the
+          instance was UPDATEd as well, although this technically should
+          be improved. This flag is used to handle saving bi-directional
+          dependencies between two individual rows (i.e. each row
+          references the other), where it would otherwise be impossible to
+          INSERT or DELETE both rows fully since one row exists before the
+          other. Use this flag when a particular mapping arrangement will
+          incur two rows that are dependent on each other, such as a table
+          that has a one-to-many relationship to a set of child rows, and
+          also has a column that references a single child row within that
+          list (i.e. both tables contain a foreign key to each other). If
+          a flush operation returns an error that a "cyclical
+          dependency" was detected, this is a cue that you might want to
+          use :paramref:`~.relationship.post_update` to "break" the cycle.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`post_update` - Introductory documentation and examples.
+
+        :param primaryjoin:
+          a SQL expression that will be used as the primary
+          join of this child object against the parent object, or in a
+          many-to-many relationship the join of the primary object to the
+          association table. By default, this value is computed based on the
+          foreign key relationships of the parent and child tables (or
+          association table).
+
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` may also be passed as a
+          callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+          and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+          Declarative.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`relationship_primaryjoin`
+
+        :param remote_side:
+          used for self-referential relationships, indicates the column or
+          list of columns that form the "remote side" of the relationship.
+
+          :paramref:`.relationship.remote_side` may also be passed as a
+          callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+          and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+          Declarative.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+              The :func:`.remote` annotation can also be applied
+              directly to the ``primaryjoin`` expression, which is an
+              alternate, more specific system of describing which columns in a
+              particular ``primaryjoin`` should be considered "remote".
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`self_referential` - in-depth explanation of how
+            :paramref:`~.relationship.remote_side`
+            is used to configure self-referential relationships.
+
+            :func:`.remote` - an annotation function that accomplishes the
+            same purpose as :paramref:`~.relationship.remote_side`, typically
+            when a custom :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` condition
+            is used.
+
+        :param query_class:
+          a :class:`.Query` subclass that will be used as the base of the
+          "appender query" returned by a "dynamic" relationship, that
+          is, a relationship that specifies ``lazy="dynamic"`` or was
+          otherwise constructed using the :func:`.orm.dynamic_loader`
+          function.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dynamic_relationship` - Introduction to "dynamic"
+            relationship loaders.
+
+        :param secondaryjoin:
+          a SQL expression that will be used as the join of
+          an association table to the child object. By default, this value is
+          computed based on the foreign key relationships of the association
+          and child tables.
+
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.secondaryjoin` may also be passed as a
+          callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+          and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+          Declarative.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`relationship_primaryjoin`
+
+        :param single_parent:
+          when True, installs a validator which will prevent objects
+          from being associated with more than one parent at a time.
+          This is used for many-to-one or many-to-many relationships that
+          should be treated either as one-to-one or one-to-many.  Its usage
+          is optional, except for :func:`.relationship` constructs which
+          are many-to-one or many-to-many and also
+          specify the ``delete-orphan`` cascade option.  The
+          :func:`.relationship` construct itself will raise an error
+          instructing when this option is required.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_cascades` - includes detail on when the
+            :paramref:`~.relationship.single_parent` flag may be appropriate.
+
+        :param uselist:
+          a boolean that indicates if this property should be loaded as a
+          list or a scalar. In most cases, this value is determined
+          automatically by :func:`.relationship` at mapper configuration
+          time, based on the type and direction
+          of the relationship - one to many forms a list, many to one
+          forms a scalar, many to many is a list. If a scalar is desired
+          where normally a list would be present, such as a bi-directional
+          one-to-one relationship, set :paramref:`~.relationship.uselist` to
+          False.
+
+          The :paramref:`~.relationship.uselist` flag is also available on an
+          existing :func:`.relationship` construct as a read-only attribute,
+          which can be used to determine if this :func:`.relationship` deals
+          with collections or scalar attributes::
+
+              >>> User.addresses.property.uselist
+              True
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`relationships_one_to_one` - Introduction to the "one to
+              one" relationship pattern, which is typically when the
+              :paramref:`~.relationship.uselist` flag is needed.
+
+        :param viewonly=False:
+          when set to True, the relationship is used only for loading objects,
+          and not for any persistence operation.  A :func:`.relationship`
+          which specifies :paramref:`~.relationship.viewonly` can work
+          with a wider range of SQL operations within the
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` condition, including
+          operations that feature the use of a variety of comparison operators
+          as well as SQL functions such as :func:`~.sql.expression.cast`.  The
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.viewonly` flag is also of general use when
+          defining any kind of :func:`~.relationship` that doesn't represent
+          the full set of related objects, to prevent modifications of the
+          collection from resulting in persistence operations.
+
+
+        """
+
+        self.uselist = uselist
+        self.argument = argument
+        self.secondary = secondary
+        self.primaryjoin = primaryjoin
+        self.secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin
+        self.post_update = post_update
+        self.direction = None
+        self.viewonly = viewonly
+        self.lazy = lazy
+        self.single_parent = single_parent
+        self._user_defined_foreign_keys = foreign_keys
+        self.collection_class = collection_class
+        self.passive_deletes = passive_deletes
+        self.cascade_backrefs = cascade_backrefs
+        self.passive_updates = passive_updates
+        self.remote_side = remote_side
+        self.enable_typechecks = enable_typechecks
+        self.query_class = query_class
+        self.innerjoin = innerjoin
+        self.distinct_target_key = distinct_target_key
+        self.doc = doc
+        self.active_history = active_history
+        self.join_depth = join_depth
+        self.local_remote_pairs = _local_remote_pairs
+        self.extension = extension
+        self.load_on_pending = load_on_pending
+        self.comparator_factory = comparator_factory or \
+            RelationshipProperty.Comparator
+        self.comparator = self.comparator_factory(self, None)
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info = info
+
+        if strategy_class:
+            self.strategy_class = strategy_class
+        else:
+            self.strategy_class = self._strategy_lookup(("lazy", self.lazy))
+
+        self._reverse_property = set()
+
+        self.cascade = cascade if cascade is not False \
+            else "save-update, merge"
+
+        self.order_by = order_by
+
+        self.back_populates = back_populates
+
+        if self.back_populates:
+            if backref:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "backref and back_populates keyword arguments "
+                    "are mutually exclusive")
+            self.backref = None
+        else:
+            self.backref = backref
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper):
+        attributes.register_descriptor(
+            mapper.class_,
+            self.key,
+            comparator=self.comparator_factory(self, mapper),
+            parententity=mapper,
+            doc=self.doc,
+        )
+
+    class Comparator(PropComparator):
+        """Produce boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty` attributes.
+
+        See the documentation for :class:`.PropComparator` for a brief
+        overview of ORM level operator definition.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator`
+
+        :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+        :ref:`types_operators`
+
+        :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        """
+
+        _of_type = None
+
+        def __init__(
+                self, prop, parentmapper, adapt_to_entity=None, of_type=None):
+            """Construction of :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`
+            is internal to the ORM's attribute mechanics.
+
+            """
+            self.prop = prop
+            self._parentmapper = parentmapper
+            self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
+            if of_type:
+                self._of_type = of_type
+
+        def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
+            return self.__class__(self.property, self._parentmapper,
+                                  adapt_to_entity=adapt_to_entity,
+                                  of_type=self._of_type)
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def mapper(self):
+            """The target :class:`.Mapper` referred to by this
+            :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`.
+
+            This is the "target" or "remote" side of the
+            :func:`.relationship`.
+
+            """
+            return self.property.mapper
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def _parententity(self):
+            return self.property.parent
+
+        def _source_selectable(self):
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                return self._adapt_to_entity.selectable
+            else:
+                return self.property.parent._with_polymorphic_selectable
+
+        def __clause_element__(self):
+            adapt_from = self._source_selectable()
+            if self._of_type:
+                of_type = inspect(self._of_type).mapper
+            else:
+                of_type = None
+
+            pj, sj, source, dest, \
+                secondary, target_adapter = self.property._create_joins(
+                    source_selectable=adapt_from,
+                    source_polymorphic=True,
+                    of_type=of_type)
+            if sj is not None:
+                return pj & sj
+            else:
+                return pj
+
+        def of_type(self, cls):
+            """Produce a construct that represents a particular 'subtype' of
+            attribute for the parent class.
+
+            Currently this is usable in conjunction with :meth:`.Query.join`
+            and :meth:`.Query.outerjoin`.
+
+            """
+            return RelationshipProperty.Comparator(
+                self.property,
+                self._parentmapper,
+                adapt_to_entity=self._adapt_to_entity,
+                of_type=cls)
+
+        def in_(self, other):
+            """Produce an IN clause - this is not implemented
+            for :func:`~.orm.relationship`-based attributes at this time.
+
+            """
+            raise NotImplementedError('in_() not yet supported for '
+                                      'relationships.  For a simple '
+                                      'many-to-one, use in_() against '
+                                      'the set of foreign key values.')
+
+        __hash__ = None
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            """Implement the ``==`` operator.
+
+            In a many-to-one context, such as::
+
+              MyClass.some_prop == 
+
+            this will typically produce a
+            clause such as::
+
+              mytable.related_id == 
+
+            Where ```` is the primary key of the given
+            object.
+
+            The ``==`` operator provides partial functionality for non-
+            many-to-one comparisons:
+
+            * Comparisons against collections are not supported.
+              Use :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`.
+            * Compared to a scalar one-to-many, will produce a
+              clause that compares the target columns in the parent to
+              the given target.
+            * Compared to a scalar many-to-many, an alias
+              of the association table will be rendered as
+              well, forming a natural join that is part of the
+              main body of the query. This will not work for
+              queries that go beyond simple AND conjunctions of
+              comparisons, such as those which use OR. Use
+              explicit joins, outerjoins, or
+              :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has` for
+              more comprehensive non-many-to-one scalar
+              membership tests.
+            * Comparisons against ``None`` given in a one-to-many
+              or many-to-many context produce a NOT EXISTS clause.
+
+            """
+            if isinstance(other, (util.NoneType, expression.Null)):
+                if self.property.direction in [ONETOMANY, MANYTOMANY]:
+                    return ~self._criterion_exists()
+                else:
+                    return _orm_annotate(self.property._optimized_compare(
+                        None, adapt_source=self.adapter))
+            elif self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't compare a collection to an object or collection; "
+                    "use contains() to test for membership.")
+            else:
+                return _orm_annotate(
+                    self.property._optimized_compare(
+                        other, adapt_source=self.adapter))
+
+        def _criterion_exists(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+            if getattr(self, '_of_type', None):
+                info = inspect(self._of_type)
+                target_mapper, to_selectable, is_aliased_class = \
+                    info.mapper, info.selectable, info.is_aliased_class
+                if self.property._is_self_referential and not \
+                        is_aliased_class:
+                    to_selectable = to_selectable.alias()
+
+                single_crit = target_mapper._single_table_criterion
+                if single_crit is not None:
+                    if criterion is not None:
+                        criterion = single_crit & criterion
+                    else:
+                        criterion = single_crit
+            else:
+                is_aliased_class = False
+                to_selectable = None
+
+            if self.adapter:
+                source_selectable = self._source_selectable()
+            else:
+                source_selectable = None
+
+            pj, sj, source, dest, secondary, target_adapter = \
+                self.property._create_joins(
+                    dest_polymorphic=True,
+                    dest_selectable=to_selectable,
+                    source_selectable=source_selectable)
+
+            for k in kwargs:
+                crit = getattr(self.property.mapper.class_, k) == kwargs[k]
+                if criterion is None:
+                    criterion = crit
+                else:
+                    criterion = criterion & crit
+
+            # annotate the *local* side of the join condition, in the case
+            # of pj + sj this is the full primaryjoin, in the case of just
+            # pj its the local side of the primaryjoin.
+            if sj is not None:
+                j = _orm_annotate(pj) & sj
+            else:
+                j = _orm_annotate(pj, exclude=self.property.remote_side)
+
+            if criterion is not None and target_adapter and not \
+                    is_aliased_class:
+                # limit this adapter to annotated only?
+                criterion = target_adapter.traverse(criterion)
+
+            # only have the "joined left side" of what we
+            # return be subject to Query adaption.  The right
+            # side of it is used for an exists() subquery and
+            # should not correlate or otherwise reach out
+            # to anything in the enclosing query.
+            if criterion is not None:
+                criterion = criterion._annotate(
+                    {'no_replacement_traverse': True})
+
+            crit = j & sql.True_._ifnone(criterion)
+
+            ex = sql.exists([1], crit, from_obj=dest).correlate_except(dest)
+            if secondary is not None:
+                ex = ex.correlate_except(secondary)
+            return ex
+
+        def any(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+            """Produce an expression that tests a collection against
+            particular criterion, using EXISTS.
+
+            An expression like::
+
+                session.query(MyClass).filter(
+                    MyClass.somereference.any(SomeRelated.x==2)
+                )
+
+
+            Will produce a query like::
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
+                EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE related.my_id=my_table.id
+                AND related.x=2)
+
+            Because :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any` uses
+            a correlated subquery, its performance is not nearly as
+            good when compared against large target tables as that of
+            using a join.
+
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any` is particularly
+            useful for testing for empty collections::
+
+                session.query(MyClass).filter(
+                    ~MyClass.somereference.any()
+                )
+
+            will produce::
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
+                NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE
+                related.my_id=my_table.id)
+
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any` is only
+            valid for collections, i.e. a :func:`.relationship`
+            that has ``uselist=True``.  For scalar references,
+            use :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has`.
+
+            """
+            if not self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'any()' not implemented for scalar "
+                    "attributes. Use has()."
+                )
+
+            return self._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
+
+        def has(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+            """Produce an expression that tests a scalar reference against
+            particular criterion, using EXISTS.
+
+            An expression like::
+
+                session.query(MyClass).filter(
+                    MyClass.somereference.has(SomeRelated.x==2)
+                )
+
+
+            Will produce a query like::
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
+                EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE
+                related.id==my_table.related_id AND related.x=2)
+
+            Because :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has` uses
+            a correlated subquery, its performance is not nearly as
+            good when compared against large target tables as that of
+            using a join.
+
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has` is only
+            valid for scalar references, i.e. a :func:`.relationship`
+            that has ``uselist=False``.  For collection references,
+            use :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any`.
+
+            """
+            if self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'has()' not implemented for collections.  "
+                    "Use any().")
+            return self._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+            """Return a simple expression that tests a collection for
+            containment of a particular item.
+
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains` is
+            only valid for a collection, i.e. a
+            :func:`~.orm.relationship` that implements
+            one-to-many or many-to-many with ``uselist=True``.
+
+            When used in a simple one-to-many context, an
+            expression like::
+
+                MyClass.contains(other)
+
+            Produces a clause like::
+
+                mytable.id == 
+
+            Where ```` is the value of the foreign key
+            attribute on ``other`` which refers to the primary
+            key of its parent object. From this it follows that
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains` is
+            very useful when used with simple one-to-many
+            operations.
+
+            For many-to-many operations, the behavior of
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
+            has more caveats. The association table will be
+            rendered in the statement, producing an "implicit"
+            join, that is, includes multiple tables in the FROM
+            clause which are equated in the WHERE clause::
+
+                query(MyClass).filter(MyClass.contains(other))
+
+            Produces a query like::
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table, my_association_table AS
+                my_association_table_1 WHERE
+                my_table.id = my_association_table_1.parent_id
+                AND my_association_table_1.child_id = 
+
+            Where ```` would be the primary key of
+            ``other``. From the above, it is clear that
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
+            will **not** work with many-to-many collections when
+            used in queries that move beyond simple AND
+            conjunctions, such as multiple
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
+            expressions joined by OR. In such cases subqueries or
+            explicit "outer joins" will need to be used instead.
+            See :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any` for
+            a less-performant alternative using EXISTS, or refer
+            to :meth:`.Query.outerjoin` as well as :ref:`ormtutorial_joins`
+            for more details on constructing outer joins.
+
+            """
+            if not self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'contains' not implemented for scalar "
+                    "attributes.  Use ==")
+            clause = self.property._optimized_compare(
+                other, adapt_source=self.adapter)
+
+            if self.property.secondaryjoin is not None:
+                clause.negation_clause = \
+                    self.__negated_contains_or_equals(other)
+
+            return clause
+
+        def __negated_contains_or_equals(self, other):
+            if self.property.direction == MANYTOONE:
+                state = attributes.instance_state(other)
+
+                def state_bindparam(x, state, col):
+                    o = state.obj()  # strong ref
+                    return sql.bindparam(
+                        x, unique=True, callable_=lambda:
+                        self.property.mapper.
+                        _get_committed_attr_by_column(o, col))
+
+                def adapt(col):
+                    if self.adapter:
+                        return self.adapter(col)
+                    else:
+                        return col
+
+                if self.property._use_get:
+                    return sql.and_(*[
+                        sql.or_(
+                            adapt(x) != state_bindparam(adapt(x), state, y),
+                            adapt(x) == None)
+                        for (x, y) in self.property.local_remote_pairs])
+
+            criterion = sql.and_(*[x == y for (x, y) in
+                                   zip(
+                self.property.mapper.primary_key,
+                self.property.
+                mapper.
+                primary_key_from_instance(other))
+            ])
+            return ~self._criterion_exists(criterion)
+
+        def __ne__(self, other):
+            """Implement the ``!=`` operator.
+
+            In a many-to-one context, such as::
+
+              MyClass.some_prop != 
+
+            This will typically produce a clause such as::
+
+              mytable.related_id != 
+
+            Where ```` is the primary key of the
+            given object.
+
+            The ``!=`` operator provides partial functionality for non-
+            many-to-one comparisons:
+
+            * Comparisons against collections are not supported.
+              Use
+              :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
+              in conjunction with :func:`~.expression.not_`.
+            * Compared to a scalar one-to-many, will produce a
+              clause that compares the target columns in the parent to
+              the given target.
+            * Compared to a scalar many-to-many, an alias
+              of the association table will be rendered as
+              well, forming a natural join that is part of the
+              main body of the query. This will not work for
+              queries that go beyond simple AND conjunctions of
+              comparisons, such as those which use OR. Use
+              explicit joins, outerjoins, or
+              :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has` in
+              conjunction with :func:`~.expression.not_` for
+              more comprehensive non-many-to-one scalar
+              membership tests.
+            * Comparisons against ``None`` given in a one-to-many
+              or many-to-many context produce an EXISTS clause.
+
+            """
+            if isinstance(other, (util.NoneType, expression.Null)):
+                if self.property.direction == MANYTOONE:
+                    return sql.or_(*[x != None for x in
+                                     self.property._calculated_foreign_keys])
+                else:
+                    return self._criterion_exists()
+            elif self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't compare a collection"
+                    " to an object or collection; use "
+                    "contains() to test for membership.")
+            else:
+                return self.__negated_contains_or_equals(other)
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def property(self):
+            if mapperlib.Mapper._new_mappers:
+                mapperlib.Mapper._configure_all()
+            return self.prop
+
+    def compare(self, op, value,
+                value_is_parent=False,
+                alias_secondary=True):
+        if op == operators.eq:
+            if value is None:
+                if self.uselist:
+                    return ~sql.exists([1], self.primaryjoin)
+                else:
+                    return self._optimized_compare(
+                        None,
+                        value_is_parent=value_is_parent,
+                        alias_secondary=alias_secondary)
+            else:
+                return self._optimized_compare(
+                    value,
+                    value_is_parent=value_is_parent,
+                    alias_secondary=alias_secondary)
+        else:
+            return op(self.comparator, value)
+
+    def _optimized_compare(self, value, value_is_parent=False,
+                           adapt_source=None,
+                           alias_secondary=True):
+        if value is not None:
+            value = attributes.instance_state(value)
+        return self._lazy_strategy.lazy_clause(
+            value,
+            reverse_direction=not value_is_parent,
+            alias_secondary=alias_secondary,
+            adapt_source=adapt_source)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.parent.class_.__name__) + "." + self.key
+
+    def merge(self,
+              session,
+              source_state,
+              source_dict,
+              dest_state,
+              dest_dict,
+              load, _recursive):
+
+        if load:
+            for r in self._reverse_property:
+                if (source_state, r) in _recursive:
+                    return
+
+        if "merge" not in self._cascade:
+            return
+
+        if self.key not in source_dict:
+            return
+
+        if self.uselist:
+            instances = source_state.get_impl(self.key).\
+                get(source_state, source_dict)
+            if hasattr(instances, '_sa_adapter'):
+                # convert collections to adapters to get a true iterator
+                instances = instances._sa_adapter
+
+            if load:
+                # for a full merge, pre-load the destination collection,
+                # so that individual _merge of each item pulls from identity
+                # map for those already present.
+                # also assumes CollectionAttrbiuteImpl behavior of loading
+                # "old" list in any case
+                dest_state.get_impl(self.key).get(dest_state, dest_dict)
+
+            dest_list = []
+            for current in instances:
+                current_state = attributes.instance_state(current)
+                current_dict = attributes.instance_dict(current)
+                _recursive[(current_state, self)] = True
+                obj = session._merge(current_state, current_dict,
+                                     load=load, _recursive=_recursive)
+                if obj is not None:
+                    dest_list.append(obj)
+
+            if not load:
+                coll = attributes.init_state_collection(dest_state,
+                                                        dest_dict, self.key)
+                for c in dest_list:
+                    coll.append_without_event(c)
+            else:
+                dest_state.get_impl(self.key)._set_iterable(
+                    dest_state, dest_dict, dest_list)
+        else:
+            current = source_dict[self.key]
+            if current is not None:
+                current_state = attributes.instance_state(current)
+                current_dict = attributes.instance_dict(current)
+                _recursive[(current_state, self)] = True
+                obj = session._merge(current_state, current_dict,
+                                     load=load, _recursive=_recursive)
+            else:
+                obj = None
+
+            if not load:
+                dest_dict[self.key] = obj
+            else:
+                dest_state.get_impl(self.key).set(dest_state,
+                                                  dest_dict, obj, None)
+
+    def _value_as_iterable(self, state, dict_, key,
+                           passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        """Return a list of tuples (state, obj) for the given
+        key.
+
+        returns an empty list if the value is None/empty/PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+        """
+
+        impl = state.manager[key].impl
+        x = impl.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+        if x is attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or x is None:
+            return []
+        elif hasattr(impl, 'get_collection'):
+            return [
+                (attributes.instance_state(o), o) for o in
+                impl.get_collection(state, dict_, x, passive=passive)
+            ]
+        else:
+            return [(attributes.instance_state(x), x)]
+
+    def cascade_iterator(self, type_, state, dict_,
+                         visited_states, halt_on=None):
+        # assert type_ in self._cascade
+
+        # only actively lazy load on the 'delete' cascade
+        if type_ != 'delete' or self.passive_deletes:
+            passive = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        else:
+            passive = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+
+        if type_ == 'save-update':
+            tuples = state.manager[self.key].impl.\
+                get_all_pending(state, dict_)
+
+        else:
+            tuples = self._value_as_iterable(state, dict_, self.key,
+                                             passive=passive)
+
+        skip_pending = type_ == 'refresh-expire' and 'delete-orphan' \
+            not in self._cascade
+
+        for instance_state, c in tuples:
+            if instance_state in visited_states:
+                continue
+
+            if c is None:
+                # would like to emit a warning here, but
+                # would not be consistent with collection.append(None)
+                # current behavior of silently skipping.
+                # see [ticket:2229]
+                continue
+
+            instance_dict = attributes.instance_dict(c)
+
+            if halt_on and halt_on(instance_state):
+                continue
+
+            if skip_pending and not instance_state.key:
+                continue
+
+            instance_mapper = instance_state.manager.mapper
+
+            if not instance_mapper.isa(self.mapper.class_manager.mapper):
+                raise AssertionError("Attribute '%s' on class '%s' "
+                                     "doesn't handle objects "
+                                     "of type '%s'" % (
+                                         self.key,
+                                         self.parent.class_,
+                                         c.__class__
+                                     ))
+
+            visited_states.add(instance_state)
+
+            yield c, instance_mapper, instance_state, instance_dict
+
+    def _add_reverse_property(self, key):
+        other = self.mapper.get_property(key, _configure_mappers=False)
+        self._reverse_property.add(other)
+        other._reverse_property.add(self)
+
+        if not other.mapper.common_parent(self.parent):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                'reverse_property %r on '
+                'relationship %s references relationship %s, which '
+                'does not reference mapper %s' %
+                (key, self, other, self.parent))
+
+        if self.direction in (ONETOMANY, MANYTOONE) and self.direction \
+                == other.direction:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                '%s and back-reference %s are '
+                'both of the same direction %r.  Did you mean to '
+                'set remote_side on the many-to-one side ?' %
+                (other, self, self.direction))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def mapper(self):
+        """Return the targeted :class:`.Mapper` for this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+        This is a lazy-initializing static attribute.
+
+        """
+        if util.callable(self.argument) and \
+                not isinstance(self.argument, (type, mapperlib.Mapper)):
+            argument = self.argument()
+        else:
+            argument = self.argument
+
+        if isinstance(argument, type):
+            mapper_ = mapperlib.class_mapper(argument,
+                                             configure=False)
+        elif isinstance(self.argument, mapperlib.Mapper):
+            mapper_ = argument
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "relationship '%s' expects "
+                "a class or a mapper argument (received: %s)"
+                % (self.key, type(argument)))
+        return mapper_
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    @util.deprecated("0.7", "Use .target")
+    def table(self):
+        """Return the selectable linked to this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty` object's target
+        :class:`.Mapper`.
+        """
+        return self.target
+
+    def do_init(self):
+        self._check_conflicts()
+        self._process_dependent_arguments()
+        self._setup_join_conditions()
+        self._check_cascade_settings(self._cascade)
+        self._post_init()
+        self._generate_backref()
+        super(RelationshipProperty, self).do_init()
+        self._lazy_strategy = self._get_strategy((("lazy", "select"),))
+
+    def _process_dependent_arguments(self):
+        """Convert incoming configuration arguments to their
+        proper form.
+
+        Callables are resolved, ORM annotations removed.
+
+        """
+        # accept callables for other attributes which may require
+        # deferred initialization.  This technique is used
+        # by declarative "string configs" and some recipes.
+        for attr in (
+            'order_by', 'primaryjoin', 'secondaryjoin',
+            'secondary', '_user_defined_foreign_keys', 'remote_side',
+        ):
+            attr_value = getattr(self, attr)
+            if util.callable(attr_value):
+                setattr(self, attr, attr_value())
+
+        # remove "annotations" which are present if mapped class
+        # descriptors are used to create the join expression.
+        for attr in 'primaryjoin', 'secondaryjoin':
+            val = getattr(self, attr)
+            if val is not None:
+                setattr(self, attr, _orm_deannotate(
+                    expression._only_column_elements(val, attr))
+                )
+
+        # ensure expressions in self.order_by, foreign_keys,
+        # remote_side are all columns, not strings.
+        if self.order_by is not False and self.order_by is not None:
+            self.order_by = [
+                expression._only_column_elements(x, "order_by")
+                for x in
+                util.to_list(self.order_by)]
+
+        self._user_defined_foreign_keys = \
+            util.column_set(
+                expression._only_column_elements(x, "foreign_keys")
+                for x in util.to_column_set(
+                    self._user_defined_foreign_keys
+                ))
+
+        self.remote_side = \
+            util.column_set(
+                expression._only_column_elements(x, "remote_side")
+                for x in
+                util.to_column_set(self.remote_side))
+
+        self.target = self.mapper.mapped_table
+
+    def _setup_join_conditions(self):
+        self._join_condition = jc = JoinCondition(
+            parent_selectable=self.parent.mapped_table,
+            child_selectable=self.mapper.mapped_table,
+            parent_local_selectable=self.parent.local_table,
+            child_local_selectable=self.mapper.local_table,
+            primaryjoin=self.primaryjoin,
+            secondary=self.secondary,
+            secondaryjoin=self.secondaryjoin,
+            parent_equivalents=self.parent._equivalent_columns,
+            child_equivalents=self.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            consider_as_foreign_keys=self._user_defined_foreign_keys,
+            local_remote_pairs=self.local_remote_pairs,
+            remote_side=self.remote_side,
+            self_referential=self._is_self_referential,
+            prop=self,
+            support_sync=not self.viewonly,
+            can_be_synced_fn=self._columns_are_mapped
+        )
+        self.primaryjoin = jc.deannotated_primaryjoin
+        self.secondaryjoin = jc.deannotated_secondaryjoin
+        self.direction = jc.direction
+        self.local_remote_pairs = jc.local_remote_pairs
+        self.remote_side = jc.remote_columns
+        self.local_columns = jc.local_columns
+        self.synchronize_pairs = jc.synchronize_pairs
+        self._calculated_foreign_keys = jc.foreign_key_columns
+        self.secondary_synchronize_pairs = jc.secondary_synchronize_pairs
+
+    def _check_conflicts(self):
+        """Test that this relationship is legal, warn about
+        inheritance conflicts."""
+
+        if not self.is_primary() and not mapperlib.class_mapper(
+                self.parent.class_,
+                configure=False).has_property(self.key):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Attempting to assign a new "
+                "relationship '%s' to a non-primary mapper on "
+                "class '%s'.  New relationships can only be added "
+                "to the primary mapper, i.e. the very first mapper "
+                "created for class '%s' " %
+                (self.key, self.parent.class_.__name__,
+                 self.parent.class_.__name__))
+
+        # check for conflicting relationship() on superclass
+        if not self.parent.concrete:
+            for inheriting in self.parent.iterate_to_root():
+                if inheriting is not self.parent \
+                        and inheriting.has_property(self.key):
+                    util.warn("Warning: relationship '%s' on mapper "
+                              "'%s' supersedes the same relationship "
+                              "on inherited mapper '%s'; this can "
+                              "cause dependency issues during flush"
+                              % (self.key, self.parent, inheriting))
+
+    def _get_cascade(self):
+        """Return the current cascade setting for this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+        """
+        return self._cascade
+
+    def _set_cascade(self, cascade):
+        cascade = CascadeOptions(cascade)
+        if 'mapper' in self.__dict__:
+            self._check_cascade_settings(cascade)
+        self._cascade = cascade
+
+        if self._dependency_processor:
+            self._dependency_processor.cascade = cascade
+
+    cascade = property(_get_cascade, _set_cascade)
+
+    def _check_cascade_settings(self, cascade):
+        if cascade.delete_orphan and not self.single_parent \
+            and (self.direction is MANYTOMANY or self.direction
+                 is MANYTOONE):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                'On %s, delete-orphan cascade is not supported '
+                'on a many-to-many or many-to-one relationship '
+                'when single_parent is not set.   Set '
+                'single_parent=True on the relationship().'
+                % self)
+        if self.direction is MANYTOONE and self.passive_deletes:
+            util.warn("On %s, 'passive_deletes' is normally configured "
+                      "on one-to-many, one-to-one, many-to-many "
+                      "relationships only."
+                      % self)
+
+        if self.passive_deletes == 'all' and \
+            ("delete" in cascade or
+             "delete-orphan" in cascade):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "On %s, can't set passive_deletes='all' in conjunction "
+                "with 'delete' or 'delete-orphan' cascade" % self)
+
+        if cascade.delete_orphan:
+            self.mapper.primary_mapper()._delete_orphans.append(
+                (self.key, self.parent.class_)
+            )
+
+    def _columns_are_mapped(self, *cols):
+        """Return True if all columns in the given collection are
+        mapped by the tables referenced by this :class:`.Relationship`.
+
+        """
+        for c in cols:
+            if self.secondary is not None \
+                    and self.secondary.c.contains_column(c):
+                continue
+            if not self.parent.mapped_table.c.contains_column(c) and \
+                    not self.target.c.contains_column(c):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def _generate_backref(self):
+        """Interpret the 'backref' instruction to create a
+        :func:`.relationship` complementary to this one."""
+
+        if not self.is_primary():
+            return
+        if self.backref is not None and not self.back_populates:
+            if isinstance(self.backref, util.string_types):
+                backref_key, kwargs = self.backref, {}
+            else:
+                backref_key, kwargs = self.backref
+            mapper = self.mapper.primary_mapper()
+
+            check = set(mapper.iterate_to_root()).\
+                union(mapper.self_and_descendants)
+            for m in check:
+                if m.has_property(backref_key):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Error creating backref "
+                        "'%s' on relationship '%s': property of that "
+                        "name exists on mapper '%s'" %
+                        (backref_key, self, m))
+
+            # determine primaryjoin/secondaryjoin for the
+            # backref.  Use the one we had, so that
+            # a custom join doesn't have to be specified in
+            # both directions.
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                # for many to many, just switch primaryjoin/
+                # secondaryjoin.   use the annotated
+                # pj/sj on the _join_condition.
+                pj = kwargs.pop(
+                    'primaryjoin',
+                    self._join_condition.secondaryjoin_minus_local)
+                sj = kwargs.pop(
+                    'secondaryjoin',
+                    self._join_condition.primaryjoin_minus_local)
+            else:
+                pj = kwargs.pop(
+                    'primaryjoin',
+                    self._join_condition.primaryjoin_reverse_remote)
+                sj = kwargs.pop('secondaryjoin', None)
+                if sj:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Can't assign 'secondaryjoin' on a backref "
+                        "against a non-secondary relationship."
+                    )
+
+            foreign_keys = kwargs.pop('foreign_keys',
+                                      self._user_defined_foreign_keys)
+            parent = self.parent.primary_mapper()
+            kwargs.setdefault('viewonly', self.viewonly)
+            kwargs.setdefault('post_update', self.post_update)
+            kwargs.setdefault('passive_updates', self.passive_updates)
+            self.back_populates = backref_key
+            relationship = RelationshipProperty(
+                parent, self.secondary,
+                pj, sj,
+                foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+                back_populates=self.key,
+                **kwargs)
+            mapper._configure_property(backref_key, relationship)
+
+        if self.back_populates:
+            self._add_reverse_property(self.back_populates)
+
+    def _post_init(self):
+        if self.uselist is None:
+            self.uselist = self.direction is not MANYTOONE
+        if not self.viewonly:
+            self._dependency_processor = \
+                dependency.DependencyProcessor.from_relationship(self)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _use_get(self):
+        """memoize the 'use_get' attribute of this RelationshipLoader's
+        lazyloader."""
+
+        strategy = self._lazy_strategy
+        return strategy.use_get
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _is_self_referential(self):
+        return self.mapper.common_parent(self.parent)
+
+    def _create_joins(self, source_polymorphic=False,
+                      source_selectable=None, dest_polymorphic=False,
+                      dest_selectable=None, of_type=None):
+        if source_selectable is None:
+            if source_polymorphic and self.parent.with_polymorphic:
+                source_selectable = self.parent._with_polymorphic_selectable
+
+        aliased = False
+        if dest_selectable is None:
+            if dest_polymorphic and self.mapper.with_polymorphic:
+                dest_selectable = self.mapper._with_polymorphic_selectable
+                aliased = True
+            else:
+                dest_selectable = self.mapper.mapped_table
+
+            if self._is_self_referential and source_selectable is None:
+                dest_selectable = dest_selectable.alias()
+                aliased = True
+        else:
+            aliased = True
+
+        dest_mapper = of_type or self.mapper
+
+        single_crit = dest_mapper._single_table_criterion
+        aliased = aliased or (source_selectable is not None)
+
+        primaryjoin, secondaryjoin, secondary, target_adapter, dest_selectable = \
+            self._join_condition.join_targets(
+                source_selectable, dest_selectable, aliased, single_crit
+            )
+        if source_selectable is None:
+            source_selectable = self.parent.local_table
+        if dest_selectable is None:
+            dest_selectable = self.mapper.local_table
+        return (primaryjoin, secondaryjoin, source_selectable,
+                dest_selectable, secondary, target_adapter)
+
+
+def _annotate_columns(element, annotations):
+    def clone(elem):
+        if isinstance(elem, expression.ColumnClause):
+            elem = elem._annotate(annotations.copy())
+        elem._copy_internals(clone=clone)
+        return elem
+
+    if element is not None:
+        element = clone(element)
+    return element
+
+
+class JoinCondition(object):
+    def __init__(self,
+                 parent_selectable,
+                 child_selectable,
+                 parent_local_selectable,
+                 child_local_selectable,
+                 primaryjoin=None,
+                 secondary=None,
+                 secondaryjoin=None,
+                 parent_equivalents=None,
+                 child_equivalents=None,
+                 consider_as_foreign_keys=None,
+                 local_remote_pairs=None,
+                 remote_side=None,
+                 self_referential=False,
+                 prop=None,
+                 support_sync=True,
+                 can_be_synced_fn=lambda *c: True
+                 ):
+        self.parent_selectable = parent_selectable
+        self.parent_local_selectable = parent_local_selectable
+        self.child_selectable = child_selectable
+        self.child_local_selectable = child_local_selectable
+        self.parent_equivalents = parent_equivalents
+        self.child_equivalents = child_equivalents
+        self.primaryjoin = primaryjoin
+        self.secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin
+        self.secondary = secondary
+        self.consider_as_foreign_keys = consider_as_foreign_keys
+        self._local_remote_pairs = local_remote_pairs
+        self._remote_side = remote_side
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.self_referential = self_referential
+        self.support_sync = support_sync
+        self.can_be_synced_fn = can_be_synced_fn
+        self._determine_joins()
+        self._annotate_fks()
+        self._annotate_remote()
+        self._annotate_local()
+        self._setup_pairs()
+        self._check_foreign_cols(self.primaryjoin, True)
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self._check_foreign_cols(self.secondaryjoin, False)
+        self._determine_direction()
+        self._check_remote_side()
+        self._log_joins()
+
+    def _log_joins(self):
+        if self.prop is None:
+            return
+        log = self.prop.logger
+        log.info('%s setup primary join %s', self.prop,
+                 self.primaryjoin)
+        log.info('%s setup secondary join %s', self.prop,
+                 self.secondaryjoin)
+        log.info('%s synchronize pairs [%s]', self.prop,
+                 ','.join('(%s => %s)' % (l, r) for (l, r) in
+                          self.synchronize_pairs))
+        log.info('%s secondary synchronize pairs [%s]', self.prop,
+                 ','.join('(%s => %s)' % (l, r) for (l, r) in
+                          self.secondary_synchronize_pairs or []))
+        log.info('%s local/remote pairs [%s]', self.prop,
+                 ','.join('(%s / %s)' % (l, r) for (l, r) in
+                          self.local_remote_pairs))
+        log.info('%s remote columns [%s]', self.prop,
+                 ','.join('%s' % col for col in self.remote_columns)
+                 )
+        log.info('%s local columns [%s]', self.prop,
+                 ','.join('%s' % col for col in self.local_columns)
+                 )
+        log.info('%s relationship direction %s', self.prop,
+                 self.direction)
+
+    def _determine_joins(self):
+        """Determine the 'primaryjoin' and 'secondaryjoin' attributes,
+        if not passed to the constructor already.
+
+        This is based on analysis of the foreign key relationships
+        between the parent and target mapped selectables.
+
+        """
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None and self.secondary is None:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Property %s specified with secondary "
+                "join condition but "
+                "no secondary argument" % self.prop)
+
+        # find a join between the given mapper's mapped table and
+        # the given table. will try the mapper's local table first
+        # for more specificity, then if not found will try the more
+        # general mapped table, which in the case of inheritance is
+        # a join.
+        try:
+            consider_as_foreign_keys = self.consider_as_foreign_keys or None
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                if self.secondaryjoin is None:
+                    self.secondaryjoin = \
+                        join_condition(
+                            self.child_selectable,
+                            self.secondary,
+                            a_subset=self.child_local_selectable,
+                            consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys
+                        )
+                if self.primaryjoin is None:
+                    self.primaryjoin = \
+                        join_condition(
+                            self.parent_selectable,
+                            self.secondary,
+                            a_subset=self.parent_local_selectable,
+                            consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys
+                        )
+            else:
+                if self.primaryjoin is None:
+                    self.primaryjoin = \
+                        join_condition(
+                            self.parent_selectable,
+                            self.child_selectable,
+                            a_subset=self.parent_local_selectable,
+                            consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys
+                        )
+        except sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError:
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                raise sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are no foreign keys "
+                    "linking these tables via secondary table '%s'.  "
+                    "Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
+                    "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or "
+                    "specify 'primaryjoin' and 'secondaryjoin' "
+                    "expressions." % (self.prop, self.secondary))
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are no foreign keys "
+                    "linking these tables.  "
+                    "Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
+                    "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or "
+                    "specify a 'primaryjoin' expression." % self.prop)
+        except sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError:
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                raise sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are multiple foreign key "
+                    "paths linking the tables via secondary table '%s'.  "
+                    "Specify the 'foreign_keys' "
+                    "argument, providing a list of those columns which "
+                    "should be counted as containing a foreign key "
+                    "reference from the secondary table to each of the "
+                    "parent and child tables."
+                    % (self.prop, self.secondary))
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are multiple foreign key "
+                    "paths linking the tables.  Specify the "
+                    "'foreign_keys' argument, providing a list of those "
+                    "columns which should be counted as containing a "
+                    "foreign key reference to the parent table."
+                    % self.prop)
+
+    @property
+    def primaryjoin_minus_local(self):
+        return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin, values=("local", "remote"))
+
+    @property
+    def secondaryjoin_minus_local(self):
+        return _deep_deannotate(self.secondaryjoin,
+                                values=("local", "remote"))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def primaryjoin_reverse_remote(self):
+        """Return the primaryjoin condition suitable for the
+        "reverse" direction.
+
+        If the primaryjoin was delivered here with pre-existing
+        "remote" annotations, the local/remote annotations
+        are reversed.  Otherwise, the local/remote annotations
+        are removed.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_remote_annotations:
+            def replace(element):
+                if "remote" in element._annotations:
+                    v = element._annotations.copy()
+                    del v['remote']
+                    v['local'] = True
+                    return element._with_annotations(v)
+                elif "local" in element._annotations:
+                    v = element._annotations.copy()
+                    del v['local']
+                    v['remote'] = True
+                    return element._with_annotations(v)
+            return visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                self.primaryjoin, {}, replace)
+        else:
+            if self._has_foreign_annotations:
+                # TODO: coverage
+                return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin,
+                                        values=("local", "remote"))
+            else:
+                return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin)
+
+    def _has_annotation(self, clause, annotation):
+        for col in visitors.iterate(clause, {}):
+            if annotation in col._annotations:
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_foreign_annotations(self):
+        return self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "foreign")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_remote_annotations(self):
+        return self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "remote")
+
+    def _annotate_fks(self):
+        """Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
+        structures with 'foreign' annotations marking columns
+        considered as foreign.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_foreign_annotations:
+            return
+
+        if self.consider_as_foreign_keys:
+            self._annotate_from_fk_list()
+        else:
+            self._annotate_present_fks()
+
+    def _annotate_from_fk_list(self):
+        def check_fk(col):
+            if col in self.consider_as_foreign_keys:
+                return col._annotate({"foreign": True})
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin,
+            {},
+            check_fk
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                self.secondaryjoin,
+                {},
+                check_fk
+            )
+
+    def _annotate_present_fks(self):
+        if self.secondary is not None:
+            secondarycols = util.column_set(self.secondary.c)
+        else:
+            secondarycols = set()
+
+        def is_foreign(a, b):
+            if isinstance(a, schema.Column) and \
+                    isinstance(b, schema.Column):
+                if a.references(b):
+                    return a
+                elif b.references(a):
+                    return b
+
+            if secondarycols:
+                if a in secondarycols and b not in secondarycols:
+                    return a
+                elif b in secondarycols and a not in secondarycols:
+                    return b
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            if not isinstance(binary.left, sql.ColumnElement) or \
+                    not isinstance(binary.right, sql.ColumnElement):
+                return
+
+            if "foreign" not in binary.left._annotations and \
+                    "foreign" not in binary.right._annotations:
+                col = is_foreign(binary.left, binary.right)
+                if col is not None:
+                    if col.compare(binary.left):
+                        binary.left = binary.left._annotate(
+                            {"foreign": True})
+                    elif col.compare(binary.right):
+                        binary.right = binary.right._annotate(
+                            {"foreign": True})
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin,
+            {},
+            {"binary": visit_binary}
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.secondaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                self.secondaryjoin,
+                {},
+                {"binary": visit_binary}
+            )
+
+    def _refers_to_parent_table(self):
+        """Return True if the join condition contains column
+        comparisons where both columns are in both tables.
+
+        """
+        pt = self.parent_selectable
+        mt = self.child_selectable
+        result = [False]
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            c, f = binary.left, binary.right
+            if (
+                isinstance(c, expression.ColumnClause) and
+                isinstance(f, expression.ColumnClause) and
+                pt.is_derived_from(c.table) and
+                pt.is_derived_from(f.table) and
+                mt.is_derived_from(c.table) and
+                mt.is_derived_from(f.table)
+            ):
+                result[0] = True
+        visitors.traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin,
+            {},
+            {"binary": visit_binary}
+        )
+        return result[0]
+
+    def _tables_overlap(self):
+        """Return True if parent/child tables have some overlap."""
+
+        return selectables_overlap(
+            self.parent_selectable, self.child_selectable)
+
+    def _annotate_remote(self):
+        """Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
+        structures with 'remote' annotations marking columns
+        considered as part of the 'remote' side.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_remote_annotations:
+            return
+
+        if self.secondary is not None:
+            self._annotate_remote_secondary()
+        elif self._local_remote_pairs or self._remote_side:
+            self._annotate_remote_from_args()
+        elif self._refers_to_parent_table():
+            self._annotate_selfref(lambda col: "foreign" in col._annotations)
+        elif self._tables_overlap():
+            self._annotate_remote_with_overlap()
+        else:
+            self._annotate_remote_distinct_selectables()
+
+    def _annotate_remote_secondary(self):
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when 'secondary' is present.
+
+        """
+        def repl(element):
+            if self.secondary.c.contains_column(element):
+                return element._annotate({"remote": True})
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, repl)
+        self.secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.secondaryjoin, {}, repl)
+
+    def _annotate_selfref(self, fn):
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the relationship is detected as self-referential.
+
+        """
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            equated = binary.left.compare(binary.right)
+            if isinstance(binary.left, expression.ColumnClause) and \
+                    isinstance(binary.right, expression.ColumnClause):
+                # assume one to many - FKs are "remote"
+                if fn(binary.left):
+                    binary.left = binary.left._annotate({"remote": True})
+                if fn(binary.right) and not equated:
+                    binary.right = binary.right._annotate(
+                        {"remote": True})
+            else:
+                self._warn_non_column_elements()
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {},
+            {"binary": visit_binary})
+
+    def _annotate_remote_from_args(self):
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the 'remote_side' or '_local_remote_pairs'
+        arguments are used.
+
+        """
+        if self._local_remote_pairs:
+            if self._remote_side:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "remote_side argument is redundant "
+                    "against more detailed _local_remote_side "
+                    "argument.")
+
+            remote_side = [r for (l, r) in self._local_remote_pairs]
+        else:
+            remote_side = self._remote_side
+
+        if self._refers_to_parent_table():
+            self._annotate_selfref(lambda col: col in remote_side)
+        else:
+            def repl(element):
+                if element in remote_side:
+                    return element._annotate({"remote": True})
+            self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                self.primaryjoin, {}, repl)
+
+    def _annotate_remote_with_overlap(self):
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the parent/child tables have some set of
+        tables in common, though is not a fully self-referential
+        relationship.
+
+        """
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            binary.left, binary.right = proc_left_right(binary.left,
+                                                        binary.right)
+            binary.right, binary.left = proc_left_right(binary.right,
+                                                        binary.left)
+
+        def proc_left_right(left, right):
+            if isinstance(left, expression.ColumnClause) and \
+                    isinstance(right, expression.ColumnClause):
+                if self.child_selectable.c.contains_column(right) and \
+                        self.parent_selectable.c.contains_column(left):
+                    right = right._annotate({"remote": True})
+            else:
+                self._warn_non_column_elements()
+
+            return left, right
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {},
+            {"binary": visit_binary})
+
+    def _annotate_remote_distinct_selectables(self):
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the parent/child tables are entirely
+        separate.
+
+        """
+        def repl(element):
+            if self.child_selectable.c.contains_column(element) and \
+                    (not self.parent_local_selectable.c.
+                        contains_column(element) or
+                        self.child_local_selectable.c.
+                        contains_column(element)):
+                return element._annotate({"remote": True})
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, repl)
+
+    def _warn_non_column_elements(self):
+        util.warn(
+            "Non-simple column elements in primary "
+            "join condition for property %s - consider using "
+            "remote() annotations to mark the remote side."
+            % self.prop
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_local(self):
+        """Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
+        structures with 'local' annotations.
+
+        This annotates all column elements found
+        simultaneously in the parent table
+        and the join condition that don't have a
+        'remote' annotation set up from
+        _annotate_remote() or user-defined.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "local"):
+            return
+
+        if self._local_remote_pairs:
+            local_side = util.column_set([l for (l, r)
+                                          in self._local_remote_pairs])
+        else:
+            local_side = util.column_set(self.parent_selectable.c)
+
+        def locals_(elem):
+            if "remote" not in elem._annotations and \
+                    elem in local_side:
+                return elem._annotate({"local": True})
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, locals_
+        )
+
+    def _check_remote_side(self):
+        if not self.local_remote_pairs:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                'Relationship %s could '
+                'not determine any unambiguous local/remote column '
+                'pairs based on join condition and remote_side '
+                'arguments.  '
+                'Consider using the remote() annotation to '
+                'accurately mark those elements of the join '
+                'condition that are on the remote side of '
+                'the relationship.' % (self.prop, ))
+
+    def _check_foreign_cols(self, join_condition, primary):
+        """Check the foreign key columns collected and emit error
+        messages."""
+
+        can_sync = False
+
+        foreign_cols = self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+            join_condition, "foreign")
+
+        has_foreign = bool(foreign_cols)
+
+        if primary:
+            can_sync = bool(self.synchronize_pairs)
+        else:
+            can_sync = bool(self.secondary_synchronize_pairs)
+
+        if self.support_sync and can_sync or \
+                (not self.support_sync and has_foreign):
+            return
+
+        # from here below is just determining the best error message
+        # to report.  Check for a join condition using any operator
+        # (not just ==), perhaps they need to turn on "viewonly=True".
+        if self.support_sync and has_foreign and not can_sync:
+            err = "Could not locate any simple equality expressions "\
+                "involving locally mapped foreign key columns for "\
+                "%s join condition "\
+                "'%s' on relationship %s." % (
+                    primary and 'primary' or 'secondary',
+                    join_condition,
+                    self.prop
+                )
+            err += \
+                "  Ensure that referencing columns are associated "\
+                "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or are "\
+                "annotated in the join condition with the foreign() "\
+                "annotation. To allow comparison operators other than "\
+                "'==', the relationship can be marked as viewonly=True."
+
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(err)
+        else:
+            err = "Could not locate any relevant foreign key columns "\
+                "for %s join condition '%s' on relationship %s." % (
+                    primary and 'primary' or 'secondary',
+                    join_condition,
+                    self.prop
+                )
+            err += \
+                '  Ensure that referencing columns are associated '\
+                'with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or are '\
+                'annotated in the join condition with the foreign() '\
+                'annotation.'
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(err)
+
+    def _determine_direction(self):
+        """Determine if this relationship is one to many, many to one,
+        many to many.
+
+        """
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.direction = MANYTOMANY
+        else:
+            parentcols = util.column_set(self.parent_selectable.c)
+            targetcols = util.column_set(self.child_selectable.c)
+
+            # fk collection which suggests ONETOMANY.
+            onetomany_fk = targetcols.intersection(
+                self.foreign_key_columns)
+
+            # fk collection which suggests MANYTOONE.
+
+            manytoone_fk = parentcols.intersection(
+                self.foreign_key_columns)
+
+            if onetomany_fk and manytoone_fk:
+                # fks on both sides.  test for overlap of local/remote
+                # with foreign key.
+                # we will gather columns directly from their annotations
+                # without deannotating, so that we can distinguish on a column
+                # that refers to itself.
+
+                # 1. columns that are both remote and FK suggest
+                # onetomany.
+                onetomany_local = self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                    self.primaryjoin, "remote", "foreign")
+
+                # 2. columns that are FK but are not remote (e.g. local)
+                # suggest manytoone.
+                manytoone_local = set([c for c in
+                                       self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                                           self.primaryjoin,
+                                           "foreign")
+                                       if "remote" not in c._annotations])
+
+                # 3. if both collections are present, remove columns that
+                # refer to themselves.  This is for the case of
+                # and_(Me.id == Me.remote_id, Me.version == Me.version)
+                if onetomany_local and manytoone_local:
+                    self_equated = self.remote_columns.intersection(
+                        self.local_columns
+                    )
+                    onetomany_local = onetomany_local.difference(self_equated)
+                    manytoone_local = manytoone_local.difference(self_equated)
+
+                # at this point, if only one or the other collection is
+                # present, we know the direction, otherwise it's still
+                # ambiguous.
+
+                if onetomany_local and not manytoone_local:
+                    self.direction = ONETOMANY
+                elif manytoone_local and not onetomany_local:
+                    self.direction = MANYTOONE
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't determine relationship"
+                        " direction for relationship '%s' - foreign "
+                        "key columns within the join condition are present "
+                        "in both the parent and the child's mapped tables.  "
+                        "Ensure that only those columns referring "
+                        "to a parent column are marked as foreign, "
+                        "either via the foreign() annotation or "
+                        "via the foreign_keys argument." % self.prop)
+            elif onetomany_fk:
+                self.direction = ONETOMANY
+            elif manytoone_fk:
+                self.direction = MANYTOONE
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't determine relationship "
+                    "direction for relationship '%s' - foreign "
+                    "key columns are present in neither the parent "
+                    "nor the child's mapped tables" % self.prop)
+
+    def _deannotate_pairs(self, collection):
+        """provide deannotation for the various lists of
+        pairs, so that using them in hashes doesn't incur
+        high-overhead __eq__() comparisons against
+        original columns mapped.
+
+        """
+        return [(x._deannotate(), y._deannotate())
+                for x, y in collection]
+
+    def _setup_pairs(self):
+        sync_pairs = []
+        lrp = util.OrderedSet([])
+        secondary_sync_pairs = []
+
+        def go(joincond, collection):
+            def visit_binary(binary, left, right):
+                if "remote" in right._annotations and \
+                    "remote" not in left._annotations and \
+                        self.can_be_synced_fn(left):
+                    lrp.add((left, right))
+                elif "remote" in left._annotations and \
+                    "remote" not in right._annotations and \
+                        self.can_be_synced_fn(right):
+                    lrp.add((right, left))
+                if binary.operator is operators.eq and \
+                        self.can_be_synced_fn(left, right):
+                    if "foreign" in right._annotations:
+                        collection.append((left, right))
+                    elif "foreign" in left._annotations:
+                        collection.append((right, left))
+            visit_binary_product(visit_binary, joincond)
+
+        for joincond, collection in [
+            (self.primaryjoin, sync_pairs),
+            (self.secondaryjoin, secondary_sync_pairs)
+        ]:
+            if joincond is None:
+                continue
+            go(joincond, collection)
+
+        self.local_remote_pairs = self._deannotate_pairs(lrp)
+        self.synchronize_pairs = self._deannotate_pairs(sync_pairs)
+        self.secondary_synchronize_pairs = \
+            self._deannotate_pairs(secondary_sync_pairs)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def remote_columns(self):
+        return self._gather_join_annotations("remote")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def local_columns(self):
+        return self._gather_join_annotations("local")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def foreign_key_columns(self):
+        return self._gather_join_annotations("foreign")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def deannotated_primaryjoin(self):
+        return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def deannotated_secondaryjoin(self):
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            return _deep_deannotate(self.secondaryjoin)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _gather_join_annotations(self, annotation):
+        s = set(
+            self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                self.primaryjoin, annotation)
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            s.update(
+                self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                    self.secondaryjoin, annotation)
+            )
+        return set([x._deannotate() for x in s])
+
+    def _gather_columns_with_annotation(self, clause, *annotation):
+        annotation = set(annotation)
+        return set([
+            col for col in visitors.iterate(clause, {})
+            if annotation.issubset(col._annotations)
+        ])
+
+    def join_targets(self, source_selectable,
+                     dest_selectable,
+                     aliased,
+                     single_crit=None):
+        """Given a source and destination selectable, create a
+        join between them.
+
+        This takes into account aliasing the join clause
+        to reference the appropriate corresponding columns
+        in the target objects, as well as the extra child
+        criterion, equivalent column sets, etc.
+
+        """
+
+        # place a barrier on the destination such that
+        # replacement traversals won't ever dig into it.
+        # its internal structure remains fixed
+        # regardless of context.
+        dest_selectable = _shallow_annotate(
+            dest_selectable,
+            {'no_replacement_traverse': True})
+
+        primaryjoin, secondaryjoin, secondary = self.primaryjoin, \
+            self.secondaryjoin, self.secondary
+
+        # adjust the join condition for single table inheritance,
+        # in the case that the join is to a subclass
+        # this is analogous to the
+        # "_adjust_for_single_table_inheritance()" method in Query.
+
+        if single_crit is not None:
+            if secondaryjoin is not None:
+                secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin & single_crit
+            else:
+                primaryjoin = primaryjoin & single_crit
+
+        if aliased:
+            if secondary is not None:
+                secondary = secondary.alias(flat=True)
+                primary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(secondary)
+                secondary_aliasizer = \
+                    ClauseAdapter(dest_selectable,
+                                  equivalents=self.child_equivalents).\
+                    chain(primary_aliasizer)
+                if source_selectable is not None:
+                    primary_aliasizer = \
+                        ClauseAdapter(secondary).\
+                        chain(ClauseAdapter(
+                            source_selectable,
+                            equivalents=self.parent_equivalents))
+                secondaryjoin = \
+                    secondary_aliasizer.traverse(secondaryjoin)
+            else:
+                primary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
+                    dest_selectable,
+                    exclude_fn=_ColInAnnotations("local"),
+                    equivalents=self.child_equivalents)
+                if source_selectable is not None:
+                    primary_aliasizer.chain(
+                        ClauseAdapter(source_selectable,
+                                      exclude_fn=_ColInAnnotations("remote"),
+                                      equivalents=self.parent_equivalents))
+                secondary_aliasizer = None
+
+            primaryjoin = primary_aliasizer.traverse(primaryjoin)
+            target_adapter = secondary_aliasizer or primary_aliasizer
+            target_adapter.exclude_fn = None
+        else:
+            target_adapter = None
+        return primaryjoin, secondaryjoin, secondary, \
+            target_adapter, dest_selectable
+
+    def create_lazy_clause(self, reverse_direction=False):
+        binds = util.column_dict()
+        lookup = collections.defaultdict(list)
+        equated_columns = util.column_dict()
+
+        if reverse_direction and self.secondaryjoin is None:
+            for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
+                lookup[r].append((r, l))
+                equated_columns[l] = r
+        else:
+            # replace all "local side" columns, which is
+            # anything that isn't marked "remote"
+            for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
+                lookup[l].append((l, r))
+                equated_columns[r] = l
+
+        def col_to_bind(col):
+            if (reverse_direction and col in lookup) or \
+                    (not reverse_direction and "local" in col._annotations):
+                if col in lookup:
+                    for tobind, equated in lookup[col]:
+                        if equated in binds:
+                            return None
+                if col not in binds:
+                    binds[col] = sql.bindparam(
+                        None, None, type_=col.type, unique=True)
+                return binds[col]
+            return None
+
+        lazywhere = self.primaryjoin
+        if self.secondaryjoin is None or not reverse_direction:
+            lazywhere = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                lazywhere, {}, col_to_bind)
+
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            secondaryjoin = self.secondaryjoin
+            if reverse_direction:
+                secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                    secondaryjoin, {}, col_to_bind)
+            lazywhere = sql.and_(lazywhere, secondaryjoin)
+
+        bind_to_col = dict((binds[col].key, col) for col in binds)
+
+        # this is probably not necessary
+        lazywhere = _deep_deannotate(lazywhere)
+
+        return lazywhere, bind_to_col, equated_columns
+
+
+class _ColInAnnotations(object):
+    """Seralizable equivalent to:
+
+        lambda c: "name" in c._annotations
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __call__(self, c):
+        return self.name in c._annotations
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/scoping.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/scoping.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71648d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/scoping.py
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# orm/scoping.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from ..util import ScopedRegistry, ThreadLocalRegistry, warn
+from . import class_mapper, exc as orm_exc
+from .session import Session
+
+
+__all__ = ['scoped_session']
+
+
+class scoped_session(object):
+    """Provides scoped management of :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+    See :ref:`unitofwork_contextual` for a tutorial.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, session_factory, scopefunc=None):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.scoped_session`.
+
+        :param session_factory: a factory to create new :class:`.Session`
+         instances. This is usually, but not necessarily, an instance
+         of :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+        :param scopefunc: optional function which defines
+         the current scope.   If not passed, the :class:`.scoped_session`
+         object assumes "thread-local" scope, and will use
+         a Python ``threading.local()`` in order to maintain the current
+         :class:`.Session`.  If passed, the function should return
+         a hashable token; this token will be used as the key in a
+         dictionary in order to store and retrieve the current
+         :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+        self.session_factory = session_factory
+        if scopefunc:
+            self.registry = ScopedRegistry(session_factory, scopefunc)
+        else:
+            self.registry = ThreadLocalRegistry(session_factory)
+
+    def __call__(self, **kw):
+        """Return the current :class:`.Session`, creating it
+        using the session factory if not present.
+
+        :param \**kw: Keyword arguments will be passed to the
+         session factory callable, if an existing :class:`.Session`
+         is not present.  If the :class:`.Session` is present and
+         keyword arguments have been passed,
+         :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        if kw:
+            scope = kw.pop('scope', False)
+            if scope is not None:
+                if self.registry.has():
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Scoped session is already present; "
+                        "no new arguments may be specified.")
+                else:
+                    sess = self.session_factory(**kw)
+                    self.registry.set(sess)
+                    return sess
+            else:
+                return self.session_factory(**kw)
+        else:
+            return self.registry()
+
+    def remove(self):
+        """Dispose of the current :class:`.Session`, if present.
+
+        This will first call :meth:`.Session.close` method
+        on the current :class:`.Session`, which releases any existing
+        transactional/connection resources still being held; transactions
+        specifically are rolled back.  The :class:`.Session` is then
+        discarded.   Upon next usage within the same scope,
+        the :class:`.scoped_session` will produce a new
+        :class:`.Session` object.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.registry.has():
+            self.registry().close()
+        self.registry.clear()
+
+    def configure(self, **kwargs):
+        """reconfigure the :class:`.sessionmaker` used by this
+        :class:`.scoped_session`.
+
+        See :meth:`.sessionmaker.configure`.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.registry.has():
+            warn('At least one scoped session is already present. '
+                 ' configure() can not affect sessions that have '
+                 'already been created.')
+
+        self.session_factory.configure(**kwargs)
+
+    def query_property(self, query_cls=None):
+        """return a class property which produces a :class:`.Query` object
+        against the class and the current :class:`.Session` when called.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            Session = scoped_session(sessionmaker())
+
+            class MyClass(object):
+                query = Session.query_property()
+
+            # after mappers are defined
+            result = MyClass.query.filter(MyClass.name=='foo').all()
+
+        Produces instances of the session's configured query class by
+        default.  To override and use a custom implementation, provide
+        a ``query_cls`` callable.  The callable will be invoked with
+        the class's mapper as a positional argument and a session
+        keyword argument.
+
+        There is no limit to the number of query properties placed on
+        a class.
+
+        """
+        class query(object):
+            def __get__(s, instance, owner):
+                try:
+                    mapper = class_mapper(owner)
+                    if mapper:
+                        if query_cls:
+                            # custom query class
+                            return query_cls(mapper, session=self.registry())
+                        else:
+                            # session's configured query class
+                            return self.registry().query(mapper)
+                except orm_exc.UnmappedClassError:
+                    return None
+        return query()
+
+ScopedSession = scoped_session
+"""Old name for backwards compatibility."""
+
+
+def instrument(name):
+    def do(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return getattr(self.registry(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
+    return do
+
+for meth in Session.public_methods:
+    setattr(scoped_session, meth, instrument(meth))
+
+
+def makeprop(name):
+    def set(self, attr):
+        setattr(self.registry(), name, attr)
+
+    def get(self):
+        return getattr(self.registry(), name)
+
+    return property(get, set)
+
+for prop in ('bind', 'dirty', 'deleted', 'new', 'identity_map',
+             'is_active', 'autoflush', 'no_autoflush', 'info'):
+    setattr(scoped_session, prop, makeprop(prop))
+
+
+def clslevel(name):
+    def do(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        return getattr(Session, name)(*args, **kwargs)
+    return classmethod(do)
+
+for prop in ('close_all', 'object_session', 'identity_key'):
+    setattr(scoped_session, prop, clslevel(prop))
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd82fa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2458 @@
+# orm/session.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Provides the Session class and related utilities."""
+
+
+import weakref
+from .. import util, sql, engine, exc as sa_exc
+from ..sql import util as sql_util, expression
+from . import (
+    SessionExtension, attributes, exc, query,
+    loading, identity
+)
+from ..inspection import inspect
+from .base import (
+    object_mapper, class_mapper,
+    _class_to_mapper, _state_mapper, object_state,
+    _none_set, state_str, instance_str
+)
+from .unitofwork import UOWTransaction
+from . import state as statelib
+import sys
+
+__all__ = ['Session', 'SessionTransaction',
+           'SessionExtension', 'sessionmaker']
+
+_sessions = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+"""Weak-referencing dictionary of :class:`.Session` objects.
+"""
+
+
+def _state_session(state):
+    """Given an :class:`.InstanceState`, return the :class:`.Session`
+        associated, if any.
+    """
+    if state.session_id:
+        try:
+            return _sessions[state.session_id]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+    return None
+
+
+class _SessionClassMethods(object):
+
+    """Class-level methods for :class:`.Session`, :class:`.sessionmaker`."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def close_all(cls):
+        """Close *all* sessions in memory."""
+
+        for sess in _sessions.values():
+            sess.close()
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.util")
+    def identity_key(cls, orm_util, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Return an identity key.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.util.identity_key`.
+
+        """
+        return orm_util.identity_key(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def object_session(cls, instance):
+        """Return the :class:`.Session` to which an object belongs.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.object_session`.
+
+        """
+
+        return object_session(instance)
+
+
+ACTIVE = util.symbol('ACTIVE')
+PREPARED = util.symbol('PREPARED')
+COMMITTED = util.symbol('COMMITTED')
+DEACTIVE = util.symbol('DEACTIVE')
+CLOSED = util.symbol('CLOSED')
+
+
+class SessionTransaction(object):
+
+    """A :class:`.Session`-level transaction.
+
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction` is a mostly behind-the-scenes object
+    not normally referenced directly by application code.   It coordinates
+    among multiple :class:`.Connection` objects, maintaining a database
+    transaction for each one individually, committing or rolling them
+    back all at once.   It also provides optional two-phase commit behavior
+    which can augment this coordination operation.
+
+    The :attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute of :class:`.Session`
+    refers to the current :class:`.SessionTransaction` object in use, if any.
+
+
+    A :class:`.SessionTransaction` is associated with a :class:`.Session`
+    in its default mode of ``autocommit=False`` immediately, associated
+    with no database connections.  As the :class:`.Session` is called upon
+    to emit SQL on behalf of various :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection`
+    objects, a corresponding :class:`.Connection` and associated
+    :class:`.Transaction` is added to a collection within the
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction` object, becoming one of the
+    connection/transaction pairs maintained by the
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+    The lifespan of the :class:`.SessionTransaction` ends when the
+    :meth:`.Session.commit`, :meth:`.Session.rollback` or
+    :meth:`.Session.close` methods are called.  At this point, the
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction` removes its association with its parent
+    :class:`.Session`.   A :class:`.Session` that is in ``autocommit=False``
+    mode will create a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` to replace it
+    immediately, whereas a :class:`.Session` that's in ``autocommit=True``
+    mode will remain without a :class:`.SessionTransaction` until the
+    :meth:`.Session.begin` method is called.
+
+    Another detail of :class:`.SessionTransaction` behavior is that it is
+    capable of "nesting".  This means that the :meth:`.Session.begin` method
+    can be called while an existing :class:`.SessionTransaction` is already
+    present, producing a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` that temporarily
+    replaces the parent :class:`.SessionTransaction`.   When a
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction` is produced as nested, it assigns itself to
+    the :attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute.  When it is ended via
+    :meth:`.Session.commit` or :meth:`.Session.rollback`, it restores its
+    parent :class:`.SessionTransaction` back onto the
+    :attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute.  The behavior is effectively a
+    stack, where :attr:`.Session.transaction` refers to the current head of
+    the stack.
+
+    The purpose of this stack is to allow nesting of
+    :meth:`.Session.rollback` or :meth:`.Session.commit` calls in context
+    with various flavors of :meth:`.Session.begin`. This nesting behavior
+    applies to when :meth:`.Session.begin_nested` is used to emit a
+    SAVEPOINT transaction, and is also used to produce a so-called
+    "subtransaction" which allows a block of code to use a
+    begin/rollback/commit sequence regardless of whether or not its enclosing
+    code block has begun a transaction.  The :meth:`.flush` method, whether
+    called explicitly or via autoflush, is the primary consumer of the
+    "subtransaction" feature, in that it wishes to guarantee that it works
+    within in a transaction block regardless of whether or not the
+    :class:`.Session` is in transactional mode when the method is called.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :meth:`.Session.rollback`
+
+    :meth:`.Session.commit`
+
+    :meth:`.Session.begin`
+
+    :meth:`.Session.begin_nested`
+
+    :attr:`.Session.is_active`
+
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_rollback`
+
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_soft_rollback`
+
+    """
+
+    _rollback_exception = None
+
+    def __init__(self, session, parent=None, nested=False):
+        self.session = session
+        self._connections = {}
+        self._parent = parent
+        self.nested = nested
+        self._state = ACTIVE
+        if not parent and nested:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't start a SAVEPOINT transaction when no existing "
+                "transaction is in progress")
+
+        if self.session._enable_transaction_accounting:
+            self._take_snapshot()
+
+        if self.session.dispatch.after_transaction_create:
+            self.session.dispatch.after_transaction_create(self.session, self)
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self):
+        return self.session is not None and self._state is ACTIVE
+
+    def _assert_active(self, prepared_ok=False,
+                       rollback_ok=False,
+                       deactive_ok=False,
+                       closed_msg="This transaction is closed"):
+        if self._state is COMMITTED:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This session is in 'committed' state; no further "
+                "SQL can be emitted within this transaction."
+            )
+        elif self._state is PREPARED:
+            if not prepared_ok:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "This session is in 'prepared' state; no further "
+                    "SQL can be emitted within this transaction."
+                )
+        elif self._state is DEACTIVE:
+            if not deactive_ok and not rollback_ok:
+                if self._rollback_exception:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "This Session's transaction has been rolled back "
+                        "due to a previous exception during flush."
+                        " To begin a new transaction with this Session, "
+                        "first issue Session.rollback()."
+                        " Original exception was: %s"
+                        % self._rollback_exception
+                    )
+                elif not deactive_ok:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "This Session's transaction has been rolled back "
+                        "by a nested rollback() call.  To begin a new "
+                        "transaction, issue Session.rollback() first."
+                    )
+        elif self._state is CLOSED:
+            raise sa_exc.ResourceClosedError(closed_msg)
+
+    @property
+    def _is_transaction_boundary(self):
+        return self.nested or not self._parent
+
+    def connection(self, bindkey, **kwargs):
+        self._assert_active()
+        bind = self.session.get_bind(bindkey, **kwargs)
+        return self._connection_for_bind(bind)
+
+    def _begin(self, nested=False):
+        self._assert_active()
+        return SessionTransaction(
+            self.session, self, nested=nested)
+
+    def _iterate_parents(self, upto=None):
+        if self._parent is upto:
+            return (self,)
+        else:
+            if self._parent is None:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Transaction %s is not on the active transaction list" % (
+                        upto))
+            return (self,) + self._parent._iterate_parents(upto)
+
+    def _take_snapshot(self):
+        if not self._is_transaction_boundary:
+            self._new = self._parent._new
+            self._deleted = self._parent._deleted
+            self._dirty = self._parent._dirty
+            self._key_switches = self._parent._key_switches
+            return
+
+        if not self.session._flushing:
+            self.session.flush()
+
+        self._new = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._deleted = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._dirty = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._key_switches = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def _restore_snapshot(self, dirty_only=False):
+        assert self._is_transaction_boundary
+
+        for s in set(self._new).union(self.session._new):
+            self.session._expunge_state(s)
+            if s.key:
+                del s.key
+
+        for s, (oldkey, newkey) in self._key_switches.items():
+            self.session.identity_map.discard(s)
+            s.key = oldkey
+            self.session.identity_map.replace(s)
+
+        for s in set(self._deleted).union(self.session._deleted):
+            if s.deleted:
+                # assert s in self._deleted
+                del s.deleted
+            self.session._update_impl(s, discard_existing=True)
+
+        assert not self.session._deleted
+
+        for s in self.session.identity_map.all_states():
+            if not dirty_only or s.modified or s in self._dirty:
+                s._expire(s.dict, self.session.identity_map._modified)
+
+    def _remove_snapshot(self):
+        assert self._is_transaction_boundary
+
+        if not self.nested and self.session.expire_on_commit:
+            for s in self.session.identity_map.all_states():
+                s._expire(s.dict, self.session.identity_map._modified)
+            for s in self._deleted:
+                s.session_id = None
+            self._deleted.clear()
+        elif self.nested:
+            self._parent._new.update(self._new)
+            self._parent._deleted.update(self._deleted)
+            self._parent._key_switches.update(self._key_switches)
+
+    def _connection_for_bind(self, bind):
+        self._assert_active()
+
+        if bind in self._connections:
+            return self._connections[bind][0]
+
+        if self._parent:
+            conn = self._parent._connection_for_bind(bind)
+            if not self.nested:
+                return conn
+        else:
+            if isinstance(bind, engine.Connection):
+                conn = bind
+                if conn.engine in self._connections:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Session already has a Connection associated for the "
+                        "given Connection's Engine")
+            else:
+                conn = bind.contextual_connect()
+
+        if self.session.twophase and self._parent is None:
+            transaction = conn.begin_twophase()
+        elif self.nested:
+            transaction = conn.begin_nested()
+        else:
+            transaction = conn.begin()
+
+        self._connections[conn] = self._connections[conn.engine] = \
+            (conn, transaction, conn is not bind)
+        self.session.dispatch.after_begin(self.session, self, conn)
+        return conn
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        if self._parent is not None or not self.session.twophase:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'twophase' mode not enabled, or not root transaction; "
+                "can't prepare.")
+        self._prepare_impl()
+
+    def _prepare_impl(self):
+        self._assert_active()
+        if self._parent is None or self.nested:
+            self.session.dispatch.before_commit(self.session)
+
+        stx = self.session.transaction
+        if stx is not self:
+            for subtransaction in stx._iterate_parents(upto=self):
+                subtransaction.commit()
+
+        if not self.session._flushing:
+            for _flush_guard in range(100):
+                if self.session._is_clean():
+                    break
+                self.session.flush()
+            else:
+                raise exc.FlushError(
+                    "Over 100 subsequent flushes have occurred within "
+                    "session.commit() - is an after_flush() hook "
+                    "creating new objects?")
+
+        if self._parent is None and self.session.twophase:
+            try:
+                for t in set(self._connections.values()):
+                    t[1].prepare()
+            except:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    self.rollback()
+
+        self._state = PREPARED
+
+    def commit(self):
+        self._assert_active(prepared_ok=True)
+        if self._state is not PREPARED:
+            self._prepare_impl()
+
+        if self._parent is None or self.nested:
+            for t in set(self._connections.values()):
+                t[1].commit()
+
+            self._state = COMMITTED
+            self.session.dispatch.after_commit(self.session)
+
+            if self.session._enable_transaction_accounting:
+                self._remove_snapshot()
+
+        self.close()
+        return self._parent
+
+    def rollback(self, _capture_exception=False):
+        self._assert_active(prepared_ok=True, rollback_ok=True)
+
+        stx = self.session.transaction
+        if stx is not self:
+            for subtransaction in stx._iterate_parents(upto=self):
+                subtransaction.close()
+
+        if self._state in (ACTIVE, PREPARED):
+            for transaction in self._iterate_parents():
+                if transaction._parent is None or transaction.nested:
+                    transaction._rollback_impl()
+                    transaction._state = DEACTIVE
+                    break
+                else:
+                    transaction._state = DEACTIVE
+
+        sess = self.session
+
+        if self.session._enable_transaction_accounting and \
+                not sess._is_clean():
+            # if items were added, deleted, or mutated
+            # here, we need to re-restore the snapshot
+            util.warn(
+                "Session's state has been changed on "
+                "a non-active transaction - this state "
+                "will be discarded.")
+            self._restore_snapshot(dirty_only=self.nested)
+
+        self.close()
+        if self._parent and _capture_exception:
+            self._parent._rollback_exception = sys.exc_info()[1]
+
+        sess.dispatch.after_soft_rollback(sess, self)
+
+        return self._parent
+
+    def _rollback_impl(self):
+        for t in set(self._connections.values()):
+            t[1].rollback()
+
+        if self.session._enable_transaction_accounting:
+            self._restore_snapshot(dirty_only=self.nested)
+
+        self.session.dispatch.after_rollback(self.session)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.session.transaction = self._parent
+        if self._parent is None:
+            for connection, transaction, autoclose in \
+                    set(self._connections.values()):
+                if autoclose:
+                    connection.close()
+                else:
+                    transaction.close()
+
+        self._state = CLOSED
+        if self.session.dispatch.after_transaction_end:
+            self.session.dispatch.after_transaction_end(self.session, self)
+
+        if self._parent is None:
+            if not self.session.autocommit:
+                self.session.begin()
+        self.session = None
+        self._connections = None
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        self._assert_active(deactive_ok=True, prepared_ok=True)
+        if self.session.transaction is None:
+            return
+        if type is None:
+            try:
+                self.commit()
+            except:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    self.rollback()
+        else:
+            self.rollback()
+
+
+class Session(_SessionClassMethods):
+
+    """Manages persistence operations for ORM-mapped objects.
+
+    The Session's usage paradigm is described at :doc:`/orm/session`.
+
+
+    """
+
+    public_methods = (
+        '__contains__', '__iter__', 'add', 'add_all', 'begin', 'begin_nested',
+        'close', 'commit', 'connection', 'delete', 'execute', 'expire',
+        'expire_all', 'expunge', 'expunge_all', 'flush', 'get_bind',
+        'is_modified',
+        'merge', 'query', 'refresh', 'rollback',
+        'scalar')
+
+    def __init__(self, bind=None, autoflush=True, expire_on_commit=True,
+                 _enable_transaction_accounting=True,
+                 autocommit=False, twophase=False,
+                 weak_identity_map=True, binds=None, extension=None,
+                 info=None,
+                 query_cls=query.Query):
+        """Construct a new Session.
+
+        See also the :class:`.sessionmaker` function which is used to
+        generate a :class:`.Session`-producing callable with a given
+        set of arguments.
+
+        :param autocommit:
+
+          .. warning::
+
+             The autocommit flag is **not for general use**, and if it is
+             used, queries should only be invoked within the span of a
+             :meth:`.Session.begin` / :meth:`.Session.commit` pair.  Executing
+             queries outside of a demarcated transaction is a legacy mode
+             of usage, and can in some cases lead to concurrent connection
+             checkouts.
+
+          Defaults to ``False``. When ``True``, the
+          :class:`.Session` does not keep a persistent transaction running,
+          and will acquire connections from the engine on an as-needed basis,
+          returning them immediately after their use. Flushes will begin and
+          commit (or possibly rollback) their own transaction if no
+          transaction is present. When using this mode, the
+          :meth:`.Session.begin` method is used to explicitly start
+          transactions.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_autocommit`
+
+        :param autoflush: When ``True``, all query operations will issue a
+           :meth:`~.Session.flush` call to this ``Session`` before proceeding.
+           This is a convenience feature so that :meth:`~.Session.flush` need
+           not be called repeatedly in order for database queries to retrieve
+           results. It's typical that ``autoflush`` is used in conjunction with
+           ``autocommit=False``. In this scenario, explicit calls to
+           :meth:`~.Session.flush` are rarely needed; you usually only need to
+           call :meth:`~.Session.commit` (which flushes) to finalize changes.
+
+        :param bind: An optional :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` to
+           which this ``Session`` should be bound. When specified, all SQL
+           operations performed by this session will execute via this
+           connectable.
+
+        :param binds: An optional dictionary which contains more granular
+           "bind" information than the ``bind`` parameter provides. This
+           dictionary can map individual :class`.Table`
+           instances as well as :class:`~.Mapper` instances to individual
+           :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` objects. Operations which
+           proceed relative to a particular :class:`.Mapper` will consult this
+           dictionary for the direct :class:`.Mapper` instance as
+           well as the mapper's ``mapped_table`` attribute in order to locate a
+           connectable to use. The full resolution is described in the
+           :meth:`.Session.get_bind`.
+           Usage looks like::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker(binds={
+                SomeMappedClass: create_engine('postgresql://engine1'),
+                somemapper: create_engine('postgresql://engine2'),
+                some_table: create_engine('postgresql://engine3'),
+                })
+
+          Also see the :meth:`.Session.bind_mapper`
+          and :meth:`.Session.bind_table` methods.
+
+        :param \class_: Specify an alternate class other than
+           ``sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session`` which should be used by the
+           returned class. This is the only argument that is local to the
+           :class:`.sessionmaker` function, and is not sent directly to the
+           constructor for ``Session``.
+
+        :param _enable_transaction_accounting:  Defaults to ``True``.  A
+           legacy-only flag which when ``False`` disables *all* 0.5-style
+           object accounting on transaction boundaries, including auto-expiry
+           of instances on rollback and commit, maintenance of the "new" and
+           "deleted" lists upon rollback, and autoflush of pending changes
+           upon :meth:`~.Session.begin`, all of which are interdependent.
+
+        :param expire_on_commit:  Defaults to ``True``. When ``True``, all
+           instances will be fully expired after each :meth:`~.commit`,
+           so that all attribute/object access subsequent to a completed
+           transaction will load from the most recent database state.
+
+        :param extension: An optional
+           :class:`~.SessionExtension` instance, or a list
+           of such instances, which will receive pre- and post- commit and
+           flush events, as well as a post-rollback event. **Deprecated.**
+           Please see :class:`.SessionEvents`.
+
+        :param info: optional dictionary of arbitrary data to be associated
+           with this :class:`.Session`.  Is available via the
+           :attr:`.Session.info` attribute.  Note the dictionary is copied at
+           construction time so that modifications to the per-
+           :class:`.Session` dictionary will be local to that
+           :class:`.Session`.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        :param query_cls:  Class which should be used to create new Query
+           objects, as returned by the :meth:`~.Session.query` method. Defaults
+           to :class:`.Query`.
+
+        :param twophase:  When ``True``, all transactions will be started as
+            a "two phase" transaction, i.e. using the "two phase" semantics
+            of the database in use along with an XID.  During a
+            :meth:`~.commit`, after :meth:`~.flush` has been issued for all
+            attached databases, the :meth:`~.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare`
+            method on each database's :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction` will be
+            called. This allows each database to roll back the entire
+            transaction, before each transaction is committed.
+
+        :param weak_identity_map:  Defaults to ``True`` - when set to
+           ``False``, objects placed in the :class:`.Session` will be
+           strongly referenced until explicitly removed or the
+           :class:`.Session` is closed.  **Deprecated** - this option
+           is obsolete.
+
+        """
+
+        if weak_identity_map:
+            self._identity_cls = identity.WeakInstanceDict
+        else:
+            util.warn_deprecated("weak_identity_map=False is deprecated.  "
+                                 "This feature is not needed.")
+            self._identity_cls = identity.StrongInstanceDict
+        self.identity_map = self._identity_cls()
+
+        self._new = {}   # InstanceState->object, strong refs object
+        self._deleted = {}  # same
+        self.bind = bind
+        self.__binds = {}
+        self._flushing = False
+        self._warn_on_events = False
+        self.transaction = None
+        self.hash_key = _new_sessionid()
+        self.autoflush = autoflush
+        self.autocommit = autocommit
+        self.expire_on_commit = expire_on_commit
+        self._enable_transaction_accounting = _enable_transaction_accounting
+        self.twophase = twophase
+        self._query_cls = query_cls
+        if info:
+            self.info.update(info)
+
+        if extension:
+            for ext in util.to_list(extension):
+                SessionExtension._adapt_listener(self, ext)
+
+        if binds is not None:
+            for mapperortable, bind in binds.items():
+                insp = inspect(mapperortable)
+                if insp.is_selectable:
+                    self.bind_table(mapperortable, bind)
+                elif insp.is_mapper:
+                    self.bind_mapper(mapperortable, bind)
+                else:
+                    assert False
+
+        if not self.autocommit:
+            self.begin()
+        _sessions[self.hash_key] = self
+
+    connection_callable = None
+
+    transaction = None
+    """The current active or inactive :class:`.SessionTransaction`."""
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        """A user-modifiable dictionary.
+
+        The initial value of this dictioanry can be populated using the
+        ``info`` argument to the :class:`.Session` constructor or
+        :class:`.sessionmaker` constructor or factory methods.  The dictionary
+        here is always local to this :class:`.Session` and can be modified
+        independently of all other :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def begin(self, subtransactions=False, nested=False):
+        """Begin a transaction on this :class:`.Session`.
+
+        If this Session is already within a transaction, either a plain
+        transaction or nested transaction, an error is raised, unless
+        ``subtransactions=True`` or ``nested=True`` is specified.
+
+        The ``subtransactions=True`` flag indicates that this
+        :meth:`~.Session.begin` can create a subtransaction if a transaction
+        is already in progress. For documentation on subtransactions, please
+        see :ref:`session_subtransactions`.
+
+        The ``nested`` flag begins a SAVEPOINT transaction and is equivalent
+        to calling :meth:`~.Session.begin_nested`. For documentation on
+        SAVEPOINT transactions, please see :ref:`session_begin_nested`.
+
+        """
+        if self.transaction is not None:
+            if subtransactions or nested:
+                self.transaction = self.transaction._begin(
+                    nested=nested)
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "A transaction is already begun.  Use "
+                    "subtransactions=True to allow subtransactions.")
+        else:
+            self.transaction = SessionTransaction(
+                self, nested=nested)
+        return self.transaction  # needed for __enter__/__exit__ hook
+
+    def begin_nested(self):
+        """Begin a `nested` transaction on this Session.
+
+        The target database(s) must support SQL SAVEPOINTs or a
+        SQLAlchemy-supported vendor implementation of the idea.
+
+        For documentation on SAVEPOINT
+        transactions, please see :ref:`session_begin_nested`.
+
+        """
+        return self.begin(nested=True)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        """Rollback the current transaction in progress.
+
+        If no transaction is in progress, this method is a pass-through.
+
+        This method rolls back the current transaction or nested transaction
+        regardless of subtransactions being in effect.  All subtransactions up
+        to the first real transaction are closed.  Subtransactions occur when
+        :meth:`.begin` is called multiple times.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_rollback`
+
+        """
+        if self.transaction is None:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.transaction.rollback()
+
+    def commit(self):
+        """Flush pending changes and commit the current transaction.
+
+        If no transaction is in progress, this method raises an
+        :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
+
+        By default, the :class:`.Session` also expires all database
+        loaded state on all ORM-managed attributes after transaction commit.
+        This so that subsequent operations load the most recent
+        data from the database.   This behavior can be disabled using
+        the ``expire_on_commit=False`` option to :class:`.sessionmaker` or
+        the :class:`.Session` constructor.
+
+        If a subtransaction is in effect (which occurs when begin() is called
+        multiple times), the subtransaction will be closed, and the next call
+        to ``commit()`` will operate on the enclosing transaction.
+
+        When using the :class:`.Session` in its default mode of
+        ``autocommit=False``, a new transaction will
+        be begun immediately after the commit, but note that the newly begun
+        transaction does *not* use any connection resources until the first
+        SQL is actually emitted.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_committing`
+
+        """
+        if self.transaction is None:
+            if not self.autocommit:
+                self.begin()
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("No transaction is begun.")
+
+        self.transaction.commit()
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        """Prepare the current transaction in progress for two phase commit.
+
+        If no transaction is in progress, this method raises an
+        :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
+
+        Only root transactions of two phase sessions can be prepared. If the
+        current transaction is not such, an
+        :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        if self.transaction is None:
+            if not self.autocommit:
+                self.begin()
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("No transaction is begun.")
+
+        self.transaction.prepare()
+
+    def connection(self, mapper=None, clause=None,
+                   bind=None,
+                   close_with_result=False,
+                   **kw):
+        """Return a :class:`.Connection` object corresponding to this
+        :class:`.Session` object's transactional state.
+
+        If this :class:`.Session` is configured with ``autocommit=False``,
+        either the :class:`.Connection` corresponding to the current
+        transaction is returned, or if no transaction is in progress, a new
+        one is begun and the :class:`.Connection` returned (note that no
+        transactional state is established with the DBAPI until the first
+        SQL statement is emitted).
+
+        Alternatively, if this :class:`.Session` is configured with
+        ``autocommit=True``, an ad-hoc :class:`.Connection` is returned
+        using :meth:`.Engine.contextual_connect` on the underlying
+        :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        Ambiguity in multi-bind or unbound :class:`.Session` objects can be
+        resolved through any of the optional keyword arguments.   This
+        ultimately makes usage of the :meth:`.get_bind` method for resolution.
+
+        :param bind:
+          Optional :class:`.Engine` to be used as the bind.  If
+          this engine is already involved in an ongoing transaction,
+          that connection will be used.  This argument takes precedence
+          over ``mapper``, ``clause``.
+
+        :param mapper:
+          Optional :func:`.mapper` mapped class, used to identify
+          the appropriate bind.  This argument takes precedence over
+          ``clause``.
+
+        :param clause:
+            A :class:`.ClauseElement` (i.e. :func:`~.sql.expression.select`,
+            :func:`~.sql.expression.text`,
+            etc.) which will be used to locate a bind, if a bind
+            cannot otherwise be identified.
+
+        :param close_with_result: Passed to :meth:`.Engine.connect`,
+          indicating the :class:`.Connection` should be considered
+          "single use", automatically closing when the first result set is
+          closed.  This flag only has an effect if this :class:`.Session` is
+          configured with ``autocommit=True`` and does not already have a
+          transaction in progress.
+
+        :param \**kw:
+          Additional keyword arguments are sent to :meth:`get_bind()`,
+          allowing additional arguments to be passed to custom
+          implementations of :meth:`get_bind`.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = self.get_bind(mapper, clause=clause, **kw)
+
+        return self._connection_for_bind(bind,
+                                         close_with_result=close_with_result)
+
+    def _connection_for_bind(self, engine, **kwargs):
+        if self.transaction is not None:
+            return self.transaction._connection_for_bind(engine)
+        else:
+            return engine.contextual_connect(**kwargs)
+
+    def execute(self, clause, params=None, mapper=None, bind=None, **kw):
+        """Execute a SQL expression construct or string statement within
+        the current transaction.
+
+        Returns a :class:`.ResultProxy` representing
+        results of the statement execution, in the same manner as that of an
+        :class:`.Engine` or
+        :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            result = session.execute(
+                        user_table.select().where(user_table.c.id == 5)
+                    )
+
+        :meth:`~.Session.execute` accepts any executable clause construct,
+        such as :func:`~.sql.expression.select`,
+        :func:`~.sql.expression.insert`,
+        :func:`~.sql.expression.update`,
+        :func:`~.sql.expression.delete`, and
+        :func:`~.sql.expression.text`.  Plain SQL strings can be passed
+        as well, which in the case of :meth:`.Session.execute` only
+        will be interpreted the same as if it were passed via a
+        :func:`~.expression.text` construct.  That is, the following usage::
+
+            result = session.execute(
+                        "SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=:param",
+                        {"param":5}
+                    )
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import text
+            result = session.execute(
+                        text("SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=:param"),
+                        {"param":5}
+                    )
+
+        The second positional argument to :meth:`.Session.execute` is an
+        optional parameter set.  Similar to that of
+        :meth:`.Connection.execute`, whether this is passed as a single
+        dictionary, or a list of dictionaries, determines whether the DBAPI
+        cursor's ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` is used to execute the
+        statement.   An INSERT construct may be invoked for a single row::
+
+            result = session.execute(
+                users.insert(), {"id": 7, "name": "somename"})
+
+        or for multiple rows::
+
+            result = session.execute(users.insert(), [
+                                    {"id": 7, "name": "somename7"},
+                                    {"id": 8, "name": "somename8"},
+                                    {"id": 9, "name": "somename9"}
+                                ])
+
+        The statement is executed within the current transactional context of
+        this :class:`.Session`.   The :class:`.Connection` which is used
+        to execute the statement can also be acquired directly by
+        calling the :meth:`.Session.connection` method.  Both methods use
+        a rule-based resolution scheme in order to determine the
+        :class:`.Connection`, which in the average case is derived directly
+        from the "bind" of the :class:`.Session` itself, and in other cases
+        can be based on the :func:`.mapper`
+        and :class:`.Table` objects passed to the method; see the
+        documentation for :meth:`.Session.get_bind` for a full description of
+        this scheme.
+
+        The :meth:`.Session.execute` method does *not* invoke autoflush.
+
+        The :class:`.ResultProxy` returned by the :meth:`.Session.execute`
+        method is returned with the "close_with_result" flag set to true;
+        the significance of this flag is that if this :class:`.Session` is
+        autocommitting and does not have a transaction-dedicated
+        :class:`.Connection` available, a temporary :class:`.Connection` is
+        established for the statement execution, which is closed (meaning,
+        returned to the connection pool) when the :class:`.ResultProxy` has
+        consumed all available data. This applies *only* when the
+        :class:`.Session` is configured with autocommit=True and no
+        transaction has been started.
+
+        :param clause:
+            An executable statement (i.e. an :class:`.Executable` expression
+            such as :func:`.expression.select`) or string SQL statement
+            to be executed.
+
+        :param params:
+            Optional dictionary, or list of dictionaries, containing
+            bound parameter values.   If a single dictionary, single-row
+            execution occurs; if a list of dictionaries, an
+            "executemany" will be invoked.  The keys in each dictionary
+            must correspond to parameter names present in the statement.
+
+        :param mapper:
+          Optional :func:`.mapper` or mapped class, used to identify
+          the appropriate bind.  This argument takes precedence over
+          ``clause`` when locating a bind.   See :meth:`.Session.get_bind`
+          for more details.
+
+        :param bind:
+          Optional :class:`.Engine` to be used as the bind.  If
+          this engine is already involved in an ongoing transaction,
+          that connection will be used.  This argument takes
+          precedence over ``mapper`` and ``clause`` when locating
+          a bind.
+
+        :param \**kw:
+          Additional keyword arguments are sent to :meth:`.Session.get_bind()`
+          to allow extensibility of "bind" schemes.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`sqlexpression_toplevel` - Tutorial on using Core SQL
+            constructs.
+
+            :ref:`connections_toplevel` - Further information on direct
+            statement execution.
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.execute` - core level statement execution
+            method, which is :meth:`.Session.execute` ultimately uses
+            in order to execute the statement.
+
+        """
+        clause = expression._literal_as_text(clause)
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = self.get_bind(mapper, clause=clause, **kw)
+
+        return self._connection_for_bind(
+            bind, close_with_result=True).execute(clause, params or {})
+
+    def scalar(self, clause, params=None, mapper=None, bind=None, **kw):
+        """Like :meth:`~.Session.execute` but return a scalar result."""
+
+        return self.execute(
+            clause, params=params, mapper=mapper, bind=bind, **kw).scalar()
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close this Session.
+
+        This clears all items and ends any transaction in progress.
+
+        If this session were created with ``autocommit=False``, a new
+        transaction is immediately begun.  Note that this new transaction does
+        not use any connection resources until they are first needed.
+
+        """
+        self.expunge_all()
+        if self.transaction is not None:
+            for transaction in self.transaction._iterate_parents():
+                transaction.close()
+
+    def expunge_all(self):
+        """Remove all object instances from this ``Session``.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling ``expunge(obj)`` on all objects in this
+        ``Session``.
+
+        """
+        for state in self.identity_map.all_states() + list(self._new):
+            state._detach()
+
+        self.identity_map = self._identity_cls()
+        self._new = {}
+        self._deleted = {}
+
+    # TODO: need much more test coverage for bind_mapper() and similar !
+    # TODO: + crystallize + document resolution order
+    #       vis. bind_mapper/bind_table
+
+    def bind_mapper(self, mapper, bind):
+        """Bind operations for a mapper to a Connectable.
+
+        mapper
+          A mapper instance or mapped class
+
+        bind
+          Any Connectable: a :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        All subsequent operations involving this mapper will use the given
+        `bind`.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(mapper, type):
+            mapper = class_mapper(mapper)
+
+        self.__binds[mapper.base_mapper] = bind
+        for t in mapper._all_tables:
+            self.__binds[t] = bind
+
+    def bind_table(self, table, bind):
+        """Bind operations on a Table to a Connectable.
+
+        table
+          A :class:`.Table` instance
+
+        bind
+          Any Connectable: a :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        All subsequent operations involving this :class:`.Table` will use the
+        given `bind`.
+
+        """
+        self.__binds[table] = bind
+
+    def get_bind(self, mapper=None, clause=None):
+        """Return a "bind" to which this :class:`.Session` is bound.
+
+        The "bind" is usually an instance of :class:`.Engine`,
+        except in the case where the :class:`.Session` has been
+        explicitly bound directly to a :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        For a multiply-bound or unbound :class:`.Session`, the
+        ``mapper`` or ``clause`` arguments are used to determine the
+        appropriate bind to return.
+
+        Note that the "mapper" argument is usually present
+        when :meth:`.Session.get_bind` is called via an ORM
+        operation such as a :meth:`.Session.query`, each
+        individual INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operation within a
+        :meth:`.Session.flush`, call, etc.
+
+        The order of resolution is:
+
+        1. if mapper given and session.binds is present,
+           locate a bind based on mapper.
+        2. if clause given and session.binds is present,
+           locate a bind based on :class:`.Table` objects
+           found in the given clause present in session.binds.
+        3. if session.bind is present, return that.
+        4. if clause given, attempt to return a bind
+           linked to the :class:`.MetaData` ultimately
+           associated with the clause.
+        5. if mapper given, attempt to return a bind
+           linked to the :class:`.MetaData` ultimately
+           associated with the :class:`.Table` or other
+           selectable to which the mapper is mapped.
+        6. No bind can be found, :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.UnboundExecutionError`
+           is raised.
+
+        :param mapper:
+          Optional :func:`.mapper` mapped class or instance of
+          :class:`.Mapper`.   The bind can be derived from a :class:`.Mapper`
+          first by consulting the "binds" map associated with this
+          :class:`.Session`, and secondly by consulting the :class:`.MetaData`
+          associated with the :class:`.Table` to which the :class:`.Mapper`
+          is mapped for a bind.
+
+        :param clause:
+            A :class:`.ClauseElement` (i.e. :func:`~.sql.expression.select`,
+            :func:`~.sql.expression.text`,
+            etc.).  If the ``mapper`` argument is not present or could not
+            produce a bind, the given expression construct will be searched
+            for a bound element, typically a :class:`.Table` associated with
+            bound :class:`.MetaData`.
+
+        """
+        if mapper is clause is None:
+            if self.bind:
+                return self.bind
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError(
+                    "This session is not bound to a single Engine or "
+                    "Connection, and no context was provided to locate "
+                    "a binding.")
+
+        c_mapper = mapper is not None and _class_to_mapper(mapper) or None
+
+        # manually bound?
+        if self.__binds:
+            if c_mapper:
+                if c_mapper.base_mapper in self.__binds:
+                    return self.__binds[c_mapper.base_mapper]
+                elif c_mapper.mapped_table in self.__binds:
+                    return self.__binds[c_mapper.mapped_table]
+            if clause is not None:
+                for t in sql_util.find_tables(clause, include_crud=True):
+                    if t in self.__binds:
+                        return self.__binds[t]
+
+        if self.bind:
+            return self.bind
+
+        if isinstance(clause, sql.expression.ClauseElement) and clause.bind:
+            return clause.bind
+
+        if c_mapper and c_mapper.mapped_table.bind:
+            return c_mapper.mapped_table.bind
+
+        context = []
+        if mapper is not None:
+            context.append('mapper %s' % c_mapper)
+        if clause is not None:
+            context.append('SQL expression')
+
+        raise sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError(
+            "Could not locate a bind configured on %s or this Session" % (
+                ', '.join(context)))
+
+    def query(self, *entities, **kwargs):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Query` object corresponding to this
+        :class:`.Session`."""
+
+        return self._query_cls(entities, self, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    @util.contextmanager
+    def no_autoflush(self):
+        """Return a context manager that disables autoflush.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            with session.no_autoflush:
+
+                some_object = SomeClass()
+                session.add(some_object)
+                # won't autoflush
+                some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()
+
+        Operations that proceed within the ``with:`` block
+        will not be subject to flushes occurring upon query
+        access.  This is useful when initializing a series
+        of objects which involve existing database queries,
+        where the uncompleted object should not yet be flushed.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+        """
+        autoflush = self.autoflush
+        self.autoflush = False
+        yield self
+        self.autoflush = autoflush
+
+    def _autoflush(self):
+        if self.autoflush and not self._flushing:
+            try:
+                self.flush()
+            except sa_exc.StatementError as e:
+                # note we are reraising StatementError as opposed to
+                # raising FlushError with "chaining" to remain compatible
+                # with code that catches StatementError, IntegrityError,
+                # etc.
+                e.add_detail(
+                    "raised as a result of Query-invoked autoflush; "
+                    "consider using a session.no_autoflush block if this "
+                    "flush is occurring prematurely")
+                util.raise_from_cause(e)
+
+    def refresh(self, instance, attribute_names=None, lockmode=None):
+        """Expire and refresh the attributes on the given instance.
+
+        A query will be issued to the database and all attributes will be
+        refreshed with their current database value.
+
+        Lazy-loaded relational attributes will remain lazily loaded, so that
+        the instance-wide refresh operation will be followed immediately by
+        the lazy load of that attribute.
+
+        Eagerly-loaded relational attributes will eagerly load within the
+        single refresh operation.
+
+        Note that a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as
+        were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction - usage of
+        :meth:`~Session.refresh` usually only makes sense if non-ORM SQL
+        statement were emitted in the ongoing transaction, or if autocommit
+        mode is turned on.
+
+        :param attribute_names: optional.  An iterable collection of
+          string attribute names indicating a subset of attributes to
+          be refreshed.
+
+        :param lockmode: Passed to the :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query`
+          as used by :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.with_lockmode`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire_all`
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+
+        self._expire_state(state, attribute_names)
+
+        if loading.load_on_ident(
+                self.query(object_mapper(instance)),
+                state.key, refresh_state=state,
+                lockmode=lockmode,
+                only_load_props=attribute_names) is None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Could not refresh instance '%s'" %
+                instance_str(instance))
+
+    def expire_all(self):
+        """Expires all persistent instances within this Session.
+
+        When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed,
+        a query will be issued using the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire individual objects and individual attributes
+        on those objects, use :meth:`Session.expire`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire_all` should not be needed when
+        autocommit is ``False``, assuming the transaction is isolated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+        """
+        for state in self.identity_map.all_states():
+            state._expire(state.dict, self.identity_map._modified)
+
+    def expire(self, instance, attribute_names=None):
+        """Expire the attributes on an instance.
+
+        Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired
+        attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire all objects in the :class:`.Session` simultaneously,
+        use :meth:`Session.expire_all`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire` only makes sense for the specific
+        case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current
+        transaction.
+
+        :param instance: The instance to be refreshed.
+        :param attribute_names: optional list of string attribute names
+          indicating a subset of attributes to be expired.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+        self._expire_state(state, attribute_names)
+
+    def _expire_state(self, state, attribute_names):
+        self._validate_persistent(state)
+        if attribute_names:
+            state._expire_attributes(state.dict, attribute_names)
+        else:
+            # pre-fetch the full cascade since the expire is going to
+            # remove associations
+            cascaded = list(state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+                'refresh-expire', state))
+            self._conditional_expire(state)
+            for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascaded:
+                self._conditional_expire(st_)
+
+    def _conditional_expire(self, state):
+        """Expire a state if persistent, else expunge if pending"""
+
+        if state.key:
+            state._expire(state.dict, self.identity_map._modified)
+        elif state in self._new:
+            self._new.pop(state)
+            state._detach()
+
+    @util.deprecated("0.7", "The non-weak-referencing identity map "
+                     "feature is no longer needed.")
+    def prune(self):
+        """Remove unreferenced instances cached in the identity map.
+
+        Note that this method is only meaningful if "weak_identity_map" is set
+        to False.  The default weak identity map is self-pruning.
+
+        Removes any object in this Session's identity map that is not
+        referenced in user code, modified, new or scheduled for deletion.
+        Returns the number of objects pruned.
+
+        """
+        return self.identity_map.prune()
+
+    def expunge(self, instance):
+        """Remove the `instance` from this ``Session``.
+
+        This will free all internal references to the instance.  Cascading
+        will be applied according to the *expunge* cascade rule.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+        if state.session_id is not self.hash_key:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance %s is not present in this Session" %
+                state_str(state))
+
+        cascaded = list(state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+            'expunge', state))
+        self._expunge_state(state)
+        for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascaded:
+            self._expunge_state(st_)
+
+    def _expunge_state(self, state):
+        if state in self._new:
+            self._new.pop(state)
+            state._detach()
+        elif self.identity_map.contains_state(state):
+            self.identity_map.discard(state)
+            self._deleted.pop(state, None)
+            state._detach()
+        elif self.transaction:
+            self.transaction._deleted.pop(state, None)
+
+    def _register_newly_persistent(self, states):
+        for state in states:
+            mapper = _state_mapper(state)
+
+            # prevent against last minute dereferences of the object
+            obj = state.obj()
+            if obj is not None:
+
+                instance_key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+
+                if _none_set.issubset(instance_key[1]) and \
+                        not mapper.allow_partial_pks or \
+                        _none_set.issuperset(instance_key[1]):
+                    raise exc.FlushError(
+                        "Instance %s has a NULL identity key.  If this is an "
+                        "auto-generated value, check that the database table "
+                        "allows generation of new primary key values, and "
+                        "that the mapped Column object is configured to "
+                        "expect these generated values.  Ensure also that "
+                        "this flush() is not occurring at an inappropriate "
+                        "time, such aswithin a load() event."
+                        % state_str(state)
+                    )
+
+                if state.key is None:
+                    state.key = instance_key
+                elif state.key != instance_key:
+                    # primary key switch. use discard() in case another
+                    # state has already replaced this one in the identity
+                    # map (see test/orm/test_naturalpks.py ReversePKsTest)
+                    self.identity_map.discard(state)
+                    if state in self.transaction._key_switches:
+                        orig_key = self.transaction._key_switches[state][0]
+                    else:
+                        orig_key = state.key
+                    self.transaction._key_switches[state] = (
+                        orig_key, instance_key)
+                    state.key = instance_key
+
+                self.identity_map.replace(state)
+
+        statelib.InstanceState._commit_all_states(
+            ((state, state.dict) for state in states),
+            self.identity_map
+        )
+
+        self._register_altered(states)
+        # remove from new last, might be the last strong ref
+        for state in set(states).intersection(self._new):
+            self._new.pop(state)
+
+    def _register_altered(self, states):
+        if self._enable_transaction_accounting and self.transaction:
+            for state in states:
+                if state in self._new:
+                    self.transaction._new[state] = True
+                else:
+                    self.transaction._dirty[state] = True
+
+    def _remove_newly_deleted(self, states):
+        for state in states:
+            if self._enable_transaction_accounting and self.transaction:
+                self.transaction._deleted[state] = True
+
+            self.identity_map.discard(state)
+            self._deleted.pop(state, None)
+            state.deleted = True
+
+    def add(self, instance, _warn=True):
+        """Place an object in the ``Session``.
+
+        Its state will be persisted to the database on the next flush
+        operation.
+
+        Repeated calls to ``add()`` will be ignored. The opposite of ``add()``
+        is ``expunge()``.
+
+        """
+        if _warn and self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.add()")
+
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+
+        self._save_or_update_state(state)
+
+    def add_all(self, instances):
+        """Add the given collection of instances to this ``Session``."""
+
+        if self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.add_all()")
+
+        for instance in instances:
+            self.add(instance, _warn=False)
+
+    def _save_or_update_state(self, state):
+        self._save_or_update_impl(state)
+
+        mapper = _state_mapper(state)
+        for o, m, st_, dct_ in mapper.cascade_iterator(
+                'save-update',
+                state,
+                halt_on=self._contains_state):
+            self._save_or_update_impl(st_)
+
+    def delete(self, instance):
+        """Mark an instance as deleted.
+
+        The database delete operation occurs upon ``flush()``.
+
+        """
+        if self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.delete()")
+
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+
+        if state.key is None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance '%s' is not persisted" %
+                state_str(state))
+
+        if state in self._deleted:
+            return
+
+        # ensure object is attached to allow the
+        # cascade operation to load deferred attributes
+        # and collections
+        self._attach(state, include_before=True)
+
+        # grab the cascades before adding the item to the deleted list
+        # so that autoflush does not delete the item
+        # the strong reference to the instance itself is significant here
+        cascade_states = list(state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+            'delete', state))
+
+        self._deleted[state] = state.obj()
+        self.identity_map.add(state)
+
+        for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascade_states:
+            self._delete_impl(st_)
+
+    def merge(self, instance, load=True):
+        """Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance
+        within this :class:`.Session`.
+
+        :meth:`.Session.merge` examines the primary key attributes of the
+        source instance, and attempts to reconcile it with an instance of the
+        same primary key in the session.   If not found locally, it attempts
+        to load the object from the database based on primary key, and if
+        none can be located, creates a new instance.  The state of each
+        attribute on the source instance is then copied to the target
+        instance.  The resulting target instance is then returned by the
+        method; the original source instance is left unmodified, and
+        un-associated with the :class:`.Session` if not already.
+
+        This operation cascades to associated instances if the association is
+        mapped with ``cascade="merge"``.
+
+        See :ref:`unitofwork_merging` for a detailed discussion of merging.
+
+        :param instance: Instance to be merged.
+        :param load: Boolean, when False, :meth:`.merge` switches into
+         a "high performance" mode which causes it to forego emitting history
+         events as well as all database access.  This flag is used for
+         cases such as transferring graphs of objects into a :class:`.Session`
+         from a second level cache, or to transfer just-loaded objects
+         into the :class:`.Session` owned by a worker thread or process
+         without re-querying the database.
+
+         The ``load=False`` use case adds the caveat that the given
+         object has to be in a "clean" state, that is, has no pending changes
+         to be flushed - even if the incoming object is detached from any
+         :class:`.Session`.   This is so that when
+         the merge operation populates local attributes and
+         cascades to related objects and
+         collections, the values can be "stamped" onto the
+         target object as is, without generating any history or attribute
+         events, and without the need to reconcile the incoming data with
+         any existing related objects or collections that might not
+         be loaded.  The resulting objects from ``load=False`` are always
+         produced as "clean", so it is only appropriate that the given objects
+         should be "clean" as well, else this suggests a mis-use of the
+         method.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.merge()")
+
+        _recursive = {}
+
+        if load:
+            # flush current contents if we expect to load data
+            self._autoflush()
+
+        object_mapper(instance)  # verify mapped
+        autoflush = self.autoflush
+        try:
+            self.autoflush = False
+            return self._merge(
+                attributes.instance_state(instance),
+                attributes.instance_dict(instance),
+                load=load, _recursive=_recursive)
+        finally:
+            self.autoflush = autoflush
+
+    def _merge(self, state, state_dict, load=True, _recursive=None):
+        mapper = _state_mapper(state)
+        if state in _recursive:
+            return _recursive[state]
+
+        new_instance = False
+        key = state.key
+
+        if key is None:
+            if not load:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "merge() with load=False option does not support "
+                    "objects transient (i.e. unpersisted) objects.  flush() "
+                    "all changes on mapped instances before merging with "
+                    "load=False.")
+            key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+
+        if key in self.identity_map:
+            merged = self.identity_map[key]
+
+        elif not load:
+            if state.modified:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "merge() with load=False option does not support "
+                    "objects marked as 'dirty'.  flush() all changes on "
+                    "mapped instances before merging with load=False.")
+            merged = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
+            merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
+            merged_state.key = key
+            self._update_impl(merged_state)
+            new_instance = True
+
+        elif not _none_set.issubset(key[1]) or \
+            (mapper.allow_partial_pks and
+             not _none_set.issuperset(key[1])):
+            merged = self.query(mapper.class_).get(key[1])
+        else:
+            merged = None
+
+        if merged is None:
+            merged = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
+            merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
+            merged_dict = attributes.instance_dict(merged)
+            new_instance = True
+            self._save_or_update_state(merged_state)
+        else:
+            merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
+            merged_dict = attributes.instance_dict(merged)
+
+        _recursive[state] = merged
+
+        # check that we didn't just pull the exact same
+        # state out.
+        if state is not merged_state:
+            # version check if applicable
+            if mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+                existing_version = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    mapper.version_id_col,
+                    passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+
+                merged_version = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                    merged_state,
+                    merged_dict,
+                    mapper.version_id_col,
+                    passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+
+                if existing_version is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                        merged_version is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                        existing_version != merged_version:
+                    raise exc.StaleDataError(
+                        "Version id '%s' on merged state %s "
+                        "does not match existing version '%s'. "
+                        "Leave the version attribute unset when "
+                        "merging to update the most recent version."
+                        % (
+                            existing_version,
+                            state_str(merged_state),
+                            merged_version
+                        ))
+
+            merged_state.load_path = state.load_path
+            merged_state.load_options = state.load_options
+
+            for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
+                prop.merge(self, state, state_dict,
+                           merged_state, merged_dict,
+                           load, _recursive)
+
+        if not load:
+            # remove any history
+            merged_state._commit_all(merged_dict, self.identity_map)
+
+        if new_instance:
+            merged_state.manager.dispatch.load(merged_state, None)
+        return merged
+
+    def _validate_persistent(self, state):
+        if not self.identity_map.contains_state(state):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance '%s' is not persistent within this Session" %
+                state_str(state))
+
+    def _save_impl(self, state):
+        if state.key is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Object '%s' already has an identity - "
+                "it can't be registered as pending" % state_str(state))
+
+        self._before_attach(state)
+        if state not in self._new:
+            self._new[state] = state.obj()
+            state.insert_order = len(self._new)
+        self._attach(state)
+
+    def _update_impl(self, state, discard_existing=False):
+        if (self.identity_map.contains_state(state) and
+                state not in self._deleted):
+            return
+
+        if state.key is None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance '%s' is not persisted" %
+                state_str(state))
+
+        if state.deleted:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance '%s' has been deleted.  Use the make_transient() "
+                "function to send this object back to the transient state." %
+                state_str(state)
+            )
+        self._before_attach(state)
+        self._deleted.pop(state, None)
+        if discard_existing:
+            self.identity_map.replace(state)
+        else:
+            self.identity_map.add(state)
+        self._attach(state)
+
+    def _save_or_update_impl(self, state):
+        if state.key is None:
+            self._save_impl(state)
+        else:
+            self._update_impl(state)
+
+    def _delete_impl(self, state):
+        if state in self._deleted:
+            return
+
+        if state.key is None:
+            return
+
+        self._attach(state, include_before=True)
+        self._deleted[state] = state.obj()
+        self.identity_map.add(state)
+
+    def enable_relationship_loading(self, obj):
+        """Associate an object with this :class:`.Session` for related
+        object loading.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            :meth:`.enable_relationship_loading` exists to serve special
+            use cases and is not recommended for general use.
+
+        Accesses of attributes mapped with :func:`.relationship`
+        will attempt to load a value from the database using this
+        :class:`.Session` as the source of connectivity.  The values
+        will be loaded based on foreign key values present on this
+        object - it follows that this functionality
+        generally only works for many-to-one-relationships.
+
+        The object will be attached to this session, but will
+        **not** participate in any persistence operations; its state
+        for almost all purposes will remain either "transient" or
+        "detached", except for the case of relationship loading.
+
+        Also note that backrefs will often not work as expected.
+        Altering a relationship-bound attribute on the target object
+        may not fire off a backref event, if the effective value
+        is what was already loaded from a foreign-key-holding value.
+
+        The :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` method is
+        similar to the ``load_on_pending`` flag on :func:`.relationship`.
+        Unlike that flag, :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` allows
+        an object to remain transient while still being able to load
+        related items.
+
+        To make a transient object associated with a :class:`.Session`
+        via :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` pending, add
+        it to the :class:`.Session` using :meth:`.Session.add` normally.
+
+        :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` does not improve
+        behavior when the ORM is used normally - object references should be
+        constructed at the object level, not at the foreign key level, so
+        that they are present in an ordinary way before flush()
+        proceeds.  This method is not intended for general use.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            ``load_on_pending`` at :func:`.relationship` - this flag
+            allows per-relationship loading of many-to-ones on items that
+            are pending.
+
+        """
+        state = attributes.instance_state(obj)
+        self._attach(state, include_before=True)
+        state._load_pending = True
+
+    def _before_attach(self, state):
+        if state.session_id != self.hash_key and \
+                self.dispatch.before_attach:
+            self.dispatch.before_attach(self, state.obj())
+
+    def _attach(self, state, include_before=False):
+        if state.key and \
+            state.key in self.identity_map and \
+                not self.identity_map.contains_state(state):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't attach instance "
+                "%s; another instance with key %s is already "
+                "present in this session." % (state_str(state), state.key))
+
+        if state.session_id and \
+                state.session_id is not self.hash_key and \
+                state.session_id in _sessions:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Object '%s' is already attached to session '%s' "
+                "(this is '%s')" % (state_str(state),
+                                    state.session_id, self.hash_key))
+
+        if state.session_id != self.hash_key:
+            if include_before and \
+                    self.dispatch.before_attach:
+                self.dispatch.before_attach(self, state.obj())
+            state.session_id = self.hash_key
+            if state.modified and state._strong_obj is None:
+                state._strong_obj = state.obj()
+            if self.dispatch.after_attach:
+                self.dispatch.after_attach(self, state.obj())
+
+    def __contains__(self, instance):
+        """Return True if the instance is associated with this session.
+
+        The instance may be pending or persistent within the Session for a
+        result of True.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+        return self._contains_state(state)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate over all pending or persistent instances within this
+        Session.
+
+        """
+        return iter(
+            list(self._new.values()) + list(self.identity_map.values()))
+
+    def _contains_state(self, state):
+        return state in self._new or self.identity_map.contains_state(state)
+
+    def flush(self, objects=None):
+        """Flush all the object changes to the database.
+
+        Writes out all pending object creations, deletions and modifications
+        to the database as INSERTs, DELETEs, UPDATEs, etc.  Operations are
+        automatically ordered by the Session's unit of work dependency
+        solver.
+
+        Database operations will be issued in the current transactional
+        context and do not affect the state of the transaction, unless an
+        error occurs, in which case the entire transaction is rolled back.
+        You may flush() as often as you like within a transaction to move
+        changes from Python to the database's transaction buffer.
+
+        For ``autocommit`` Sessions with no active manual transaction, flush()
+        will create a transaction on the fly that surrounds the entire set of
+        operations int the flush.
+
+        :param objects: Optional; restricts the flush operation to operate
+          only on elements that are in the given collection.
+
+          This feature is for an extremely narrow set of use cases where
+          particular objects may need to be operated upon before the
+          full flush() occurs.  It is not intended for general use.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._flushing:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("Session is already flushing")
+
+        if self._is_clean():
+            return
+        try:
+            self._flushing = True
+            self._flush(objects)
+        finally:
+            self._flushing = False
+
+    def _flush_warning(self, method):
+        util.warn(
+            "Usage of the '%s' operation is not currently supported "
+            "within the execution stage of the flush process. "
+            "Results may not be consistent.  Consider using alternative "
+            "event listeners or connection-level operations instead."
+            % method)
+
+    def _is_clean(self):
+        return not self.identity_map.check_modified() and \
+            not self._deleted and \
+            not self._new
+
+    def _flush(self, objects=None):
+
+        dirty = self._dirty_states
+        if not dirty and not self._deleted and not self._new:
+            self.identity_map._modified.clear()
+            return
+
+        flush_context = UOWTransaction(self)
+
+        if self.dispatch.before_flush:
+            self.dispatch.before_flush(self, flush_context, objects)
+            # re-establish "dirty states" in case the listeners
+            # added
+            dirty = self._dirty_states
+
+        deleted = set(self._deleted)
+        new = set(self._new)
+
+        dirty = set(dirty).difference(deleted)
+
+        # create the set of all objects we want to operate upon
+        if objects:
+            # specific list passed in
+            objset = set()
+            for o in objects:
+                try:
+                    state = attributes.instance_state(o)
+                except exc.NO_STATE:
+                    raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(o)
+                objset.add(state)
+        else:
+            objset = None
+
+        # store objects whose fate has been decided
+        processed = set()
+
+        # put all saves/updates into the flush context.  detect top-level
+        # orphans and throw them into deleted.
+        if objset:
+            proc = new.union(dirty).intersection(objset).difference(deleted)
+        else:
+            proc = new.union(dirty).difference(deleted)
+
+        for state in proc:
+            is_orphan = (
+                _state_mapper(state)._is_orphan(state) and state.has_identity)
+            flush_context.register_object(state, isdelete=is_orphan)
+            processed.add(state)
+
+        # put all remaining deletes into the flush context.
+        if objset:
+            proc = deleted.intersection(objset).difference(processed)
+        else:
+            proc = deleted.difference(processed)
+        for state in proc:
+            flush_context.register_object(state, isdelete=True)
+
+        if not flush_context.has_work:
+            return
+
+        flush_context.transaction = transaction = self.begin(
+            subtransactions=True)
+        try:
+            self._warn_on_events = True
+            try:
+                flush_context.execute()
+            finally:
+                self._warn_on_events = False
+
+            self.dispatch.after_flush(self, flush_context)
+
+            flush_context.finalize_flush_changes()
+
+            if not objects and self.identity_map._modified:
+                len_ = len(self.identity_map._modified)
+
+                statelib.InstanceState._commit_all_states(
+                    [(state, state.dict) for state in
+                     self.identity_map._modified],
+                    instance_dict=self.identity_map)
+                util.warn("Attribute history events accumulated on %d "
+                          "previously clean instances "
+                          "within inner-flush event handlers have been "
+                          "reset, and will not result in database updates. "
+                          "Consider using set_committed_value() within "
+                          "inner-flush event handlers to avoid this warning."
+                          % len_)
+
+            # useful assertions:
+            # if not objects:
+            #    assert not self.identity_map._modified
+            # else:
+            #    assert self.identity_map._modified == \
+            #            self.identity_map._modified.difference(objects)
+
+            self.dispatch.after_flush_postexec(self, flush_context)
+
+            transaction.commit()
+
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                transaction.rollback(_capture_exception=True)
+
+    def is_modified(self, instance, include_collections=True,
+                    passive=True):
+        """Return ``True`` if the given instance has locally
+        modified attributes.
+
+        This method retrieves the history for each instrumented
+        attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current
+        value to its previously committed value, if any.
+
+        It is in effect a more expensive and accurate
+        version of checking for the given instance in the
+        :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection; a full test for
+        each attribute's net "dirty" status is performed.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            return session.is_modified(someobject)
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+            When using SQLAlchemy 0.7 and earlier, the ``passive``
+            flag should **always** be explicitly set to ``True``,
+            else SQL loads/autoflushes may proceed which can affect
+            the modified state itself:
+            ``session.is_modified(someobject, passive=True)``\ .
+            In 0.8 and above, the behavior is corrected and
+            this flag is ignored.
+
+        A few caveats to this method apply:
+
+        * Instances present in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection may
+          report ``False`` when tested with this method.  This is because
+          the object may have received change events via attribute mutation,
+          thus placing it in :attr:`.Session.dirty`, but ultimately the state
+          is the same as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net
+          change here.
+        * Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set
+          value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded,
+          or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these
+          cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there is
+          ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in
+          most cases does not need the "old" value when a set event occurs, so
+          it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn't present,
+          based on the assumption that an UPDATE of the scalar value is
+          usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn't, is less
+          expensive on average than issuing a defensive SELECT.
+
+          The "old" value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the
+          attribute container has the ``active_history`` flag set to ``True``.
+          This flag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar
+          object references that are not a simple many-to-one.  To set this
+          flag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the ``active_history``
+          argument with :func:`.column_property`.
+
+        :param instance: mapped instance to be tested for pending changes.
+        :param include_collections: Indicates if multivalued collections
+         should be included in the operation.  Setting this to ``False`` is a
+         way to detect only local-column based properties (i.e. scalar columns
+         or many-to-one foreign keys) that would result in an UPDATE for this
+         instance upon flush.
+        :param passive:
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+             Ignored for backwards compatibility.
+             When using SQLAlchemy 0.7 and earlier, this flag should always
+             be set to ``True``.
+
+        """
+        state = object_state(instance)
+
+        if not state.modified:
+            return False
+
+        dict_ = state.dict
+
+        for attr in state.manager.attributes:
+            if \
+                    (
+                        not include_collections and
+                        hasattr(attr.impl, 'get_collection')
+                    ) or not hasattr(attr.impl, 'get_history'):
+                continue
+
+            (added, unchanged, deleted) = \
+                attr.impl.get_history(state, dict_,
+                                      passive=attributes.NO_CHANGE)
+
+            if added or deleted:
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self):
+        """True if this :class:`.Session` is in "transaction mode" and
+        is not in "partial rollback" state.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` in its default mode of ``autocommit=False``
+        is essentially always in "transaction mode", in that a
+        :class:`.SessionTransaction` is associated with it as soon as
+        it is instantiated.  This :class:`.SessionTransaction` is immediately
+        replaced with a new one as soon as it is ended, due to a rollback,
+        commit, or close operation.
+
+        "Transaction mode" does *not* indicate whether
+        or not actual database connection resources are in use;  the
+        :class:`.SessionTransaction` object coordinates among zero or more
+        actual database transactions, and starts out with none, accumulating
+        individual DBAPI connections as different data sources are used
+        within its scope.   The best way to track when a particular
+        :class:`.Session` has actually begun to use DBAPI resources is to
+        implement a listener using the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+        method, which will deliver both the :class:`.Session` as well as the
+        target :class:`.Connection` to a user-defined event listener.
+
+        The "partial rollback" state refers to when an "inner" transaction,
+        typically used during a flush, encounters an error and emits a
+        rollback of the DBAPI connection.  At this point, the
+        :class:`.Session` is in "partial rollback" and awaits for the user to
+        call :meth:`.Session.rollback`, in order to close out the
+        transaction stack.  It is in this "partial rollback" period that the
+        :attr:`.is_active` flag returns False.  After the call to
+        :meth:`.Session.rollback`, the :class:`.SessionTransaction` is
+        replaced with a new one and :attr:`.is_active` returns ``True`` again.
+
+        When a :class:`.Session` is used in ``autocommit=True`` mode, the
+        :class:`.SessionTransaction` is only instantiated within the scope
+        of a flush call, or when :meth:`.Session.begin` is called.  So
+        :attr:`.is_active` will always be ``False`` outside of a flush or
+        :meth:`.Session.begin` block in this mode, and will be ``True``
+        within the :meth:`.Session.begin` block as long as it doesn't enter
+        "partial rollback" state.
+
+        From all the above, it follows that the only purpose to this flag is
+        for application frameworks that wish to detect is a "rollback" is
+        necessary within a generic error handling routine, for
+        :class:`.Session` objects that would otherwise be in
+        "partial rollback" mode.  In a typical integration case, this is also
+        not necessary as it is standard practice to emit
+        :meth:`.Session.rollback` unconditionally within the outermost
+        exception catch.
+
+        To track the transactional state of a :class:`.Session` fully,
+        use event listeners, primarily the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_begin`,
+        :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_commit`,
+        :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_rollback` and related events.
+
+        """
+        return self.transaction and self.transaction.is_active
+
+    identity_map = None
+    """A mapping of object identities to objects themselves.
+
+    Iterating through ``Session.identity_map.values()`` provides
+    access to the full set of persistent objects (i.e., those
+    that have row identity) currently in the session.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.identity_key` - helper function to produce the keys used
+        in this dictionary.
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _dirty_states(self):
+        """The set of all persistent states considered dirty.
+
+        This method returns all states that were modified including
+        those that were possibly deleted.
+
+        """
+        return self.identity_map._dirty_states()
+
+    @property
+    def dirty(self):
+        """The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            some_mapped_object in session.dirty
+
+        Instances are considered dirty when they were modified but not
+        deleted.
+
+        Note that this 'dirty' calculation is 'optimistic'; most
+        attribute-setting or collection modification operations will
+        mark an instance as 'dirty' and place it in this set, even if
+        there is no net change to the attribute's value.  At flush
+        time, the value of each attribute is compared to its
+        previously saved value, and if there's no net change, no SQL
+        operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation so
+        it's only done at flush time).
+
+        To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its
+        attributes, use the :meth:`.Session.is_modified` method.
+
+        """
+        return util.IdentitySet(
+            [state.obj()
+             for state in self._dirty_states
+             if state not in self._deleted])
+
+    @property
+    def deleted(self):
+        "The set of all instances marked as 'deleted' within this ``Session``"
+
+        return util.IdentitySet(list(self._deleted.values()))
+
+    @property
+    def new(self):
+        "The set of all instances marked as 'new' within this ``Session``."
+
+        return util.IdentitySet(list(self._new.values()))
+
+
+class sessionmaker(_SessionClassMethods):
+
+    """A configurable :class:`.Session` factory.
+
+    The :class:`.sessionmaker` factory generates new
+    :class:`.Session` objects when called, creating them given
+    the configurational arguments established here.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        # global scope
+        Session = sessionmaker(autoflush=False)
+
+        # later, in a local scope, create and use a session:
+        sess = Session()
+
+    Any keyword arguments sent to the constructor itself will override the
+    "configured" keywords::
+
+        Session = sessionmaker()
+
+        # bind an individual session to a connection
+        sess = Session(bind=connection)
+
+    The class also includes a method :meth:`.configure`, which can
+    be used to specify additional keyword arguments to the factory, which
+    will take effect for subsequent :class:`.Session` objects generated.
+    This is usually used to associate one or more :class:`.Engine` objects
+    with an existing :class:`.sessionmaker` factory before it is first
+    used::
+
+        # application starts
+        Session = sessionmaker()
+
+        # ... later
+        engine = create_engine('sqlite:///foo.db')
+        Session.configure(bind=engine)
+
+        sess = Session()
+
+    .. seealso:
+
+        :ref:`session_getting` - introductory text on creating
+        sessions using :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, bind=None, class_=Session, autoflush=True,
+                 autocommit=False,
+                 expire_on_commit=True,
+                 info=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+        All arguments here except for ``class_`` correspond to arguments
+        accepted by :class:`.Session` directly.  See the
+        :meth:`.Session.__init__` docstring for more details on parameters.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`.Engine` or other :class:`.Connectable` with
+         which newly created :class:`.Session` objects will be associated.
+        :param class_: class to use in order to create new :class:`.Session`
+         objects.  Defaults to :class:`.Session`.
+        :param autoflush: The autoflush setting to use with newly created
+         :class:`.Session` objects.
+        :param autocommit: The autocommit setting to use with newly created
+         :class:`.Session` objects.
+        :param expire_on_commit=True: the expire_on_commit setting to use
+         with newly created :class:`.Session` objects.
+        :param info: optional dictionary of information that will be available
+         via :attr:`.Session.info`.  Note this dictionary is *updated*, not
+         replaced, when the ``info`` parameter is specified to the specific
+         :class:`.Session` construction operation.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        :param \**kw: all other keyword arguments are passed to the
+         constructor of newly created :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+        """
+        kw['bind'] = bind
+        kw['autoflush'] = autoflush
+        kw['autocommit'] = autocommit
+        kw['expire_on_commit'] = expire_on_commit
+        if info is not None:
+            kw['info'] = info
+        self.kw = kw
+        # make our own subclass of the given class, so that
+        # events can be associated with it specifically.
+        self.class_ = type(class_.__name__, (class_,), {})
+
+    def __call__(self, **local_kw):
+        """Produce a new :class:`.Session` object using the configuration
+        established in this :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+        In Python, the ``__call__`` method is invoked on an object when
+        it is "called" in the same way as a function::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker()
+            session = Session()  # invokes sessionmaker.__call__()
+
+        """
+        for k, v in self.kw.items():
+            if k == 'info' and 'info' in local_kw:
+                d = v.copy()
+                d.update(local_kw['info'])
+                local_kw['info'] = d
+            else:
+                local_kw.setdefault(k, v)
+        return self.class_(**local_kw)
+
+    def configure(self, **new_kw):
+        """(Re)configure the arguments for this sessionmaker.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker()
+
+            Session.configure(bind=create_engine('sqlite://'))
+        """
+        self.kw.update(new_kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(class_=%r,%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.class_.__name__,
+            ", ".join("%s=%r" % (k, v) for k, v in self.kw.items())
+        )
+
+
+def make_transient(instance):
+    """Make the given instance 'transient'.
+
+    This will remove its association with any
+    session and additionally will remove its "identity key",
+    such that it's as though the object were newly constructed,
+    except retaining its values.   It also resets the
+    "deleted" flag on the state if this object
+    had been explicitly deleted by its session.
+
+    Attributes which were "expired" or deferred at the
+    instance level are reverted to undefined, and
+    will not trigger any loads.
+
+    """
+    state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+    s = _state_session(state)
+    if s:
+        s._expunge_state(state)
+
+    # remove expired state and
+    # deferred callables
+    state.callables.clear()
+    if state.key:
+        del state.key
+    if state.deleted:
+        del state.deleted
+
+
+def make_transient_to_detached(instance):
+    """Make the given transient instance 'detached'.
+
+    All attribute history on the given instance
+    will be reset as though the instance were freshly loaded
+    from a query.  Missing attributes will be marked as expired.
+    The primary key attributes of the object, which are required, will be made
+    into the "key" of the instance.
+
+    The object can then be added to a session, or merged
+    possibly with the load=False flag, at which point it will look
+    as if it were loaded that way, without emitting SQL.
+
+    This is a special use case function that differs from a normal
+    call to :meth:`.Session.merge` in that a given persistent state
+    can be manufactured without any SQL calls.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.5
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient`
+
+    """
+    state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+    if state.session_id or state.key:
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Given object must be transient")
+    state.key = state.mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+    if state.deleted:
+        del state.deleted
+    state._commit_all(state.dict)
+    state._expire_attributes(state.dict, state.unloaded)
+
+
+def object_session(instance):
+    """Return the ``Session`` to which instance belongs.
+
+    If the instance is not a mapped instance, an error is raised.
+
+    """
+
+    try:
+        return _state_session(attributes.instance_state(instance))
+    except exc.NO_STATE:
+        raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+
+
+_new_sessionid = util.counter()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9aff7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py
@@ -0,0 +1,682 @@
+# orm/state.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines instrumentation of instances.
+
+This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
+defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.
+
+"""
+
+import weakref
+from .. import util
+from . import exc as orm_exc, interfaces
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_RESULT, SQL_OK, NEVER_SET, ATTR_WAS_SET, \
+    NO_VALUE, PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE, INIT_OK, PASSIVE_OFF
+from . import base
+
+
+class InstanceState(interfaces._InspectionAttr):
+    """tracks state information at the instance level.
+
+    The :class:`.InstanceState` is a key object used by the
+    SQLAlchemy ORM in order to track the state of an object;
+    it is created the moment an object is instantiated, typically
+    as a result of :term:`instrumentation` which SQLAlchemy applies
+    to the ``__init__()`` method of the class.
+
+    :class:`.InstanceState` is also a semi-public object,
+    available for runtime inspection as to the state of a
+    mapped instance, including information such as its current
+    status within a particular :class:`.Session` and details
+    about data on individual attributes.  The public API
+    in order to acquire a :class:`.InstanceState` object
+    is to use the :func:`.inspect` system::
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import inspect
+        >>> insp = inspect(some_mapped_object)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`core_inspection_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    session_id = None
+    key = None
+    runid = None
+    load_options = util.EMPTY_SET
+    load_path = ()
+    insert_order = None
+    _strong_obj = None
+    modified = False
+    expired = False
+    deleted = False
+    _load_pending = False
+
+    is_instance = True
+
+    def __init__(self, obj, manager):
+        self.class_ = obj.__class__
+        self.manager = manager
+        self.obj = weakref.ref(obj, self._cleanup)
+        self.callables = {}
+        self.committed_state = {}
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def attrs(self):
+        """Return a namespace representing each attribute on
+        the mapped object, including its current value
+        and history.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.AttributeState`.
+        This object allows inspection of the current data
+        within an attribute as well as attribute history
+        since the last flush.
+
+        """
+        return util.ImmutableProperties(
+            dict(
+                (key, AttributeState(self, key))
+                for key in self.manager
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def transient(self):
+        """Return true if the object is :term:`transient`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is None and \
+            not self._attached
+
+    @property
+    def pending(self):
+        """Return true if the object is :term:`pending`.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is None and \
+            self._attached
+
+    @property
+    def persistent(self):
+        """Return true if the object is :term:`persistent`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+            """
+        return self.key is not None and \
+            self._attached
+
+    @property
+    def detached(self):
+        """Return true if the object is :term:`detached`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is not None and \
+            not self._attached
+
+    @property
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.session")
+    def _attached(self, sessionlib):
+        return self.session_id is not None and \
+            self.session_id in sessionlib._sessions
+
+    @property
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.session")
+    def session(self, sessionlib):
+        """Return the owning :class:`.Session` for this instance,
+        or ``None`` if none available."""
+        return sessionlib._state_session(self)
+
+    @property
+    def object(self):
+        """Return the mapped object represented by this
+        :class:`.InstanceState`."""
+        return self.obj()
+
+    @property
+    def identity(self):
+        """Return the mapped identity of the mapped object.
+        This is the primary key identity as persisted by the ORM
+        which can always be passed directly to
+        :meth:`.Query.get`.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if the object has no primary key identity.
+
+        .. note::
+            An object which is transient or pending
+            does **not** have a mapped identity until it is flushed,
+            even if its attributes include primary key values.
+
+        """
+        if self.key is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self.key[1]
+
+    @property
+    def identity_key(self):
+        """Return the identity key for the mapped object.
+
+        This is the key used to locate the object within
+        the :attr:`.Session.identity_map` mapping.   It contains
+        the identity as returned by :attr:`.identity` within it.
+
+
+        """
+        # TODO: just change .key to .identity_key across
+        # the board ?  probably
+        return self.key
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def parents(self):
+        return {}
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _pending_mutations(self):
+        return {}
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def mapper(self):
+        """Return the :class:`.Mapper` used for this mapepd object."""
+        return self.manager.mapper
+
+    @property
+    def has_identity(self):
+        """Return ``True`` if this object has an identity key.
+
+        This should always have the same value as the
+        expression ``state.persistent or state.detached``.
+
+        """
+        return bool(self.key)
+
+    def _detach(self):
+        self.session_id = self._strong_obj = None
+
+    def _dispose(self):
+        self._detach()
+        del self.obj
+
+    def _cleanup(self, ref):
+        instance_dict = self._instance_dict()
+        if instance_dict:
+            instance_dict.discard(self)
+
+        self.callables = {}
+        self.session_id = self._strong_obj = None
+        del self.obj
+
+    def obj(self):
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def dict(self):
+        """Return the instance dict used by the object.
+
+        Under normal circumstances, this is always synonymous
+        with the ``__dict__`` attribute of the mapped object,
+        unless an alternative instrumentation system has been
+        configured.
+
+        In the case that the actual object has been garbage
+        collected, this accessor returns a blank dictionary.
+
+        """
+        o = self.obj()
+        if o is not None:
+            return base.instance_dict(o)
+        else:
+            return {}
+
+    def _initialize_instance(*mixed, **kwargs):
+        self, instance, args = mixed[0], mixed[1], mixed[2:]
+        manager = self.manager
+
+        manager.dispatch.init(self, args, kwargs)
+
+        try:
+            return manager.original_init(*mixed[1:], **kwargs)
+        except:
+            manager.dispatch.init_failure(self, args, kwargs)
+            raise
+
+    def get_history(self, key, passive):
+        return self.manager[key].impl.get_history(self, self.dict, passive)
+
+    def get_impl(self, key):
+        return self.manager[key].impl
+
+    def _get_pending_mutation(self, key):
+        if key not in self._pending_mutations:
+            self._pending_mutations[key] = PendingCollection()
+        return self._pending_mutations[key]
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state_dict = {'instance': self.obj()}
+        state_dict.update(
+            (k, self.__dict__[k]) for k in (
+                'committed_state', '_pending_mutations', 'modified',
+                'expired', 'callables', 'key', 'parents', 'load_options',
+                'class_',
+            ) if k in self.__dict__
+        )
+        if self.load_path:
+            state_dict['load_path'] = self.load_path.serialize()
+
+        state_dict['manager'] = self.manager._serialize(self, state_dict)
+
+        return state_dict
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state_dict):
+        inst = state_dict['instance']
+        if inst is not None:
+            self.obj = weakref.ref(inst, self._cleanup)
+            self.class_ = inst.__class__
+        else:
+            # None being possible here generally new as of 0.7.4
+            # due to storage of state in "parents".  "class_"
+            # also new.
+            self.obj = None
+            self.class_ = state_dict['class_']
+
+        self.committed_state = state_dict.get('committed_state', {})
+        self._pending_mutations = state_dict.get('_pending_mutations', {})
+        self.parents = state_dict.get('parents', {})
+        self.modified = state_dict.get('modified', False)
+        self.expired = state_dict.get('expired', False)
+        self.callables = state_dict.get('callables', {})
+
+        self.__dict__.update([
+            (k, state_dict[k]) for k in (
+                'key', 'load_options',
+            ) if k in state_dict
+        ])
+
+        if 'load_path' in state_dict:
+            self.load_path = PathRegistry.\
+                deserialize(state_dict['load_path'])
+
+        state_dict['manager'](self, inst, state_dict)
+
+    def _initialize(self, key):
+        """Set this attribute to an empty value or collection,
+           based on the AttributeImpl in use."""
+
+        self.manager.get_impl(key).initialize(self, self.dict)
+
+    def _reset(self, dict_, key):
+        """Remove the given attribute and any
+           callables associated with it."""
+
+        old = dict_.pop(key, None)
+        if old is not None and self.manager[key].impl.collection:
+            self.manager[key].impl._invalidate_collection(old)
+        self.callables.pop(key, None)
+
+    def _expire_attribute_pre_commit(self, dict_, key):
+        """a fast expire that can be called by column loaders during a load.
+
+        The additional bookkeeping is finished up in commit_all().
+
+        Should only be called for scalar attributes.
+
+        This method is actually called a lot with joined-table
+        loading, when the second table isn't present in the result.
+
+        """
+        dict_.pop(key, None)
+        self.callables[key] = self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _row_processor(cls, manager, fn, key):
+        impl = manager[key].impl
+        if impl.collection:
+            def _set_callable(state, dict_, row):
+                old = dict_.pop(key, None)
+                if old is not None:
+                    impl._invalidate_collection(old)
+                state.callables[key] = fn
+        else:
+            def _set_callable(state, dict_, row):
+                state.callables[key] = fn
+        return _set_callable
+
+    def _expire(self, dict_, modified_set):
+        self.expired = True
+        if self.modified:
+            modified_set.discard(self)
+
+        self.modified = False
+        self._strong_obj = None
+
+        self.committed_state.clear()
+
+        InstanceState._pending_mutations._reset(self)
+
+        # clear out 'parents' collection.  not
+        # entirely clear how we can best determine
+        # which to remove, or not.
+        InstanceState.parents._reset(self)
+
+        for key in self.manager:
+            impl = self.manager[key].impl
+            if impl.accepts_scalar_loader and \
+                    (impl.expire_missing or key in dict_):
+                self.callables[key] = self
+            old = dict_.pop(key, None)
+            if impl.collection and old is not None:
+                impl._invalidate_collection(old)
+
+        self.manager.dispatch.expire(self, None)
+
+    def _expire_attributes(self, dict_, attribute_names):
+        pending = self.__dict__.get('_pending_mutations', None)
+
+        for key in attribute_names:
+            impl = self.manager[key].impl
+            if impl.accepts_scalar_loader:
+                self.callables[key] = self
+            old = dict_.pop(key, None)
+            if impl.collection and old is not None:
+                impl._invalidate_collection(old)
+
+            self.committed_state.pop(key, None)
+            if pending:
+                pending.pop(key, None)
+
+        self.manager.dispatch.expire(self, attribute_names)
+
+    def __call__(self, state, passive):
+        """__call__ allows the InstanceState to act as a deferred
+        callable for loading expired attributes, which is also
+        serializable (picklable).
+
+        """
+
+        if not passive & SQL_OK:
+            return PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        toload = self.expired_attributes.\
+            intersection(self.unmodified)
+
+        self.manager.deferred_scalar_loader(self, toload)
+
+        # if the loader failed, or this
+        # instance state didn't have an identity,
+        # the attributes still might be in the callables
+        # dict.  ensure they are removed.
+        for k in toload.intersection(self.callables):
+            del self.callables[k]
+
+        return ATTR_WAS_SET
+
+    @property
+    def unmodified(self):
+        """Return the set of keys which have no uncommitted changes"""
+
+        return set(self.manager).difference(self.committed_state)
+
+    def unmodified_intersection(self, keys):
+        """Return self.unmodified.intersection(keys)."""
+
+        return set(keys).intersection(self.manager).\
+            difference(self.committed_state)
+
+    @property
+    def unloaded(self):
+        """Return the set of keys which do not have a loaded value.
+
+        This includes expired attributes and any other attribute that
+        was never populated or modified.
+
+        """
+        return set(self.manager).\
+            difference(self.committed_state).\
+            difference(self.dict)
+
+    @property
+    def _unloaded_non_object(self):
+        return self.unloaded.intersection(
+            attr for attr in self.manager
+            if self.manager[attr].impl.accepts_scalar_loader
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def expired_attributes(self):
+        """Return the set of keys which are 'expired' to be loaded by
+           the manager's deferred scalar loader, assuming no pending
+           changes.
+
+           see also the ``unmodified`` collection which is intersected
+           against this set when a refresh operation occurs.
+
+        """
+        return set([k for k, v in self.callables.items() if v is self])
+
+    def _instance_dict(self):
+        return None
+
+    def _modified_event(
+            self, dict_, attr, previous, collection=False, force=False):
+        if not attr.send_modified_events:
+            return
+        if attr.key not in self.committed_state or force:
+            if collection:
+                if previous is NEVER_SET:
+                    if attr.key in dict_:
+                        previous = dict_[attr.key]
+
+                if previous not in (None, NO_VALUE, NEVER_SET):
+                    previous = attr.copy(previous)
+
+            self.committed_state[attr.key] = previous
+
+        # assert self._strong_obj is None or self.modified
+
+        if (self.session_id and self._strong_obj is None) \
+                or not self.modified:
+            instance_dict = self._instance_dict()
+            if instance_dict:
+                instance_dict._modified.add(self)
+
+            # only create _strong_obj link if attached
+            # to a session
+
+            inst = self.obj()
+            if self.session_id:
+                self._strong_obj = inst
+
+            if inst is None:
+                raise orm_exc.ObjectDereferencedError(
+                    "Can't emit change event for attribute '%s' - "
+                    "parent object of type %s has been garbage "
+                    "collected."
+                    % (
+                        self.manager[attr.key],
+                        base.state_class_str(self)
+                    ))
+            self.modified = True
+
+    def _commit(self, dict_, keys):
+        """Commit attributes.
+
+        This is used by a partial-attribute load operation to mark committed
+        those attributes which were refreshed from the database.
+
+        Attributes marked as "expired" can potentially remain "expired" after
+        this step if a value was not populated in state.dict.
+
+        """
+        for key in keys:
+            self.committed_state.pop(key, None)
+
+        self.expired = False
+
+        for key in set(self.callables).\
+                intersection(keys).\
+                intersection(dict_):
+            del self.callables[key]
+
+    def _commit_all(self, dict_, instance_dict=None):
+        """commit all attributes unconditionally.
+
+        This is used after a flush() or a full load/refresh
+        to remove all pending state from the instance.
+
+         - all attributes are marked as "committed"
+         - the "strong dirty reference" is removed
+         - the "modified" flag is set to False
+         - any "expired" markers/callables for attributes loaded are removed.
+
+        Attributes marked as "expired" can potentially remain
+        "expired" after this step if a value was not populated in state.dict.
+
+        """
+        self._commit_all_states([(self, dict_)], instance_dict)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _commit_all_states(self, iter, instance_dict=None):
+        """Mass version of commit_all()."""
+
+        for state, dict_ in iter:
+            state.committed_state.clear()
+            InstanceState._pending_mutations._reset(state)
+
+            callables = state.callables
+            for key in list(callables):
+                if key in dict_ and callables[key] is state:
+                    del callables[key]
+
+            if instance_dict and state.modified:
+                instance_dict._modified.discard(state)
+
+            state.modified = state.expired = False
+            state._strong_obj = None
+
+
+class AttributeState(object):
+    """Provide an inspection interface corresponding
+    to a particular attribute on a particular mapped object.
+
+    The :class:`.AttributeState` object is accessed
+    via the :attr:`.InstanceState.attrs` collection
+    of a particular :class:`.InstanceState`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+        insp = inspect(some_mapped_object)
+        attr_state = insp.attrs.some_attribute
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, state, key):
+        self.state = state
+        self.key = key
+
+    @property
+    def loaded_value(self):
+        """The current value of this attribute as loaded from the database.
+
+        If the value has not been loaded, or is otherwise not present
+        in the object's dictionary, returns NO_VALUE.
+
+        """
+        return self.state.dict.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        """Return the value of this attribute.
+
+        This operation is equivalent to accessing the object's
+        attribute directly or via ``getattr()``, and will fire
+        off any pending loader callables if needed.
+
+        """
+        return self.state.manager[self.key].__get__(
+            self.state.obj(), self.state.class_)
+
+    @property
+    def history(self):
+        """Return the current pre-flush change history for
+        this attribute, via the :class:`.History` interface.
+
+        This method will **not** emit loader callables if the value of the
+        attribute is unloaded.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.AttributeState.load_history` - retrieve history
+            using loader callables if the value is not locally present.
+
+            :func:`.attributes.get_history` - underlying function
+
+        """
+        return self.state.get_history(self.key,
+                                      PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+
+    def load_history(self):
+        """Return the current pre-flush change history for
+        this attribute, via the :class:`.History` interface.
+
+        This method **will** emit loader callables if the value of the
+        attribute is unloaded.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.AttributeState.history`
+
+            :func:`.attributes.get_history` - underlying function
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+        return self.state.get_history(self.key,
+                                      PASSIVE_OFF ^ INIT_OK)
+
+
+class PendingCollection(object):
+    """A writable placeholder for an unloaded collection.
+
+    Stores items appended to and removed from a collection that has not yet
+    been loaded. When the collection is loaded, the changes stored in
+    PendingCollection are applied to it to produce the final result.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.deleted_items = util.IdentitySet()
+        self.added_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+
+    def append(self, value):
+        if value in self.deleted_items:
+            self.deleted_items.remove(value)
+        else:
+            self.added_items.add(value)
+
+    def remove(self, value):
+        if value in self.added_items:
+            self.added_items.remove(value)
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items.add(value)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategies.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategies.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33be868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1524 @@
+# orm/strategies.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.LoaderStrategy
+   implementations, and related MapperOptions."""
+
+from .. import exc as sa_exc, inspect
+from .. import util, log, event
+from ..sql import util as sql_util, visitors
+from .. import sql
+from . import (
+    attributes, interfaces, exc as orm_exc, loading,
+    unitofwork, util as orm_util
+)
+from .state import InstanceState
+from .util import _none_set
+from . import properties
+from .interfaces import (
+    LoaderStrategy, StrategizedProperty
+)
+from .session import _state_session
+import itertools
+
+
+def _register_attribute(
+    strategy, mapper, useobject,
+    compare_function=None,
+    typecallable=None,
+    uselist=False,
+    callable_=None,
+    proxy_property=None,
+    active_history=False,
+    impl_class=None,
+    **kw
+):
+
+    prop = strategy.parent_property
+
+    attribute_ext = list(util.to_list(prop.extension, default=[]))
+
+    listen_hooks = []
+
+    if useobject and prop.single_parent:
+        listen_hooks.append(single_parent_validator)
+
+    if prop.key in prop.parent.validators:
+        fn, opts = prop.parent.validators[prop.key]
+        listen_hooks.append(
+            lambda desc, prop: orm_util._validator_events(
+                desc,
+                prop.key, fn, **opts)
+        )
+
+    if useobject:
+        listen_hooks.append(unitofwork.track_cascade_events)
+
+    # need to assemble backref listeners
+    # after the singleparentvalidator, mapper validator
+    backref = kw.pop('backref', None)
+    if backref:
+        listen_hooks.append(
+            lambda desc, prop: attributes.backref_listeners(
+                desc,
+                backref,
+                uselist
+            )
+        )
+
+    for m in mapper.self_and_descendants:
+        if prop is m._props.get(prop.key):
+
+            desc = attributes.register_attribute_impl(
+                m.class_,
+                prop.key,
+                parent_token=prop,
+                uselist=uselist,
+                compare_function=compare_function,
+                useobject=useobject,
+                extension=attribute_ext,
+                trackparent=useobject and (
+                    prop.single_parent
+                    or prop.direction is interfaces.ONETOMANY),
+                typecallable=typecallable,
+                callable_=callable_,
+                active_history=active_history,
+                impl_class=impl_class,
+                send_modified_events=not useobject or not prop.viewonly,
+                doc=prop.doc,
+                **kw
+            )
+
+            for hook in listen_hooks:
+                hook(desc, prop)
+
+
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(instrument=False, deferred=False)
+class UninstrumentedColumnLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Represent the a non-instrumented MapperProperty.
+
+    The polymorphic_on argument of mapper() often results in this,
+    if the argument is against the with_polymorphic selectable.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(UninstrumentedColumnLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        self.columns = self.parent_property.columns
+
+    def setup_query(
+            self, context, entity, path, loadopt, adapter,
+            column_collection=None, **kwargs):
+        for c in self.columns:
+            if adapter:
+                c = adapter.columns[c]
+            column_collection.append(c)
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt,
+            mapper, row, adapter):
+        return None, None, None
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(instrument=True, deferred=False)
+class ColumnLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.ColumnProperty`."""
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(ColumnLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        self.columns = self.parent_property.columns
+        self.is_composite = hasattr(self.parent_property, 'composite_class')
+
+    def setup_query(
+            self, context, entity, path, loadopt,
+            adapter, column_collection, **kwargs):
+        for c in self.columns:
+            if adapter:
+                c = adapter.columns[c]
+            column_collection.append(c)
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+        coltype = self.columns[0].type
+        # TODO: check all columns ?  check for foreign key as well?
+        active_history = self.parent_property.active_history or \
+            self.columns[0].primary_key or \
+            mapper.version_id_col in set(self.columns)
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self, mapper, useobject=False,
+            compare_function=coltype.compare_values,
+            active_history=active_history
+        )
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path,
+            loadopt, mapper, row, adapter):
+        key = self.key
+        # look through list of columns represented here
+        # to see which, if any, is present in the row.
+        for col in self.columns:
+            if adapter:
+                col = adapter.columns[col]
+            if col is not None and col in row:
+                def fetch_col(state, dict_, row):
+                    dict_[key] = row[col]
+                return fetch_col, None, None
+        else:
+            def expire_for_non_present_col(state, dict_, row):
+                state._expire_attribute_pre_commit(dict_, key)
+            return expire_for_non_present_col, None, None
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(deferred=True, instrument=True)
+class DeferredColumnLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a deferred :class:`.ColumnProperty`."""
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(DeferredColumnLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        if hasattr(self.parent_property, 'composite_class'):
+            raise NotImplementedError("Deferred loading for composite "
+                                      "types not implemented yet")
+        self.columns = self.parent_property.columns
+        self.group = self.parent_property.group
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt,
+            mapper, row, adapter):
+        col = self.columns[0]
+        if adapter:
+            col = adapter.columns[col]
+
+        key = self.key
+        if col in row:
+            return self.parent_property._get_strategy_by_cls(ColumnLoader).\
+                create_row_processor(
+                    context, path, loadopt, mapper, row, adapter)
+
+        elif not self.is_class_level:
+            set_deferred_for_local_state = InstanceState._row_processor(
+                mapper.class_manager,
+                LoadDeferredColumns(key), key)
+            return set_deferred_for_local_state, None, None
+        else:
+            def reset_col_for_deferred(state, dict_, row):
+                # reset state on the key so that deferred callables
+                # fire off on next access.
+                state._reset(dict_, key)
+            return reset_col_for_deferred, None, None
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self, mapper, useobject=False,
+            compare_function=self.columns[0].type.compare_values,
+            callable_=self._load_for_state,
+            expire_missing=False
+        )
+
+    def setup_query(
+            self, context, entity, path, loadopt, adapter,
+            only_load_props=None, **kwargs):
+
+        if (
+            (
+                loadopt and
+                'undefer_pks' in loadopt.local_opts and
+                set(self.columns).intersection(self.parent.primary_key)
+            )
+            or
+            (
+                loadopt and
+                self.group and
+                loadopt.local_opts.get('undefer_group', False) == self.group
+            )
+            or
+            (
+                only_load_props and self.key in only_load_props
+            )
+        ):
+            self.parent_property._get_strategy_by_cls(ColumnLoader).\
+                setup_query(context, entity,
+                            path, loadopt, adapter, **kwargs)
+
+    def _load_for_state(self, state, passive):
+        if not state.key:
+            return attributes.ATTR_EMPTY
+
+        if not passive & attributes.SQL_OK:
+            return attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        localparent = state.manager.mapper
+
+        if self.group:
+            toload = [
+                p.key for p in
+                localparent.iterate_properties
+                if isinstance(p, StrategizedProperty) and
+                isinstance(p.strategy, DeferredColumnLoader) and
+                p.group == self.group
+            ]
+        else:
+            toload = [self.key]
+
+        # narrow the keys down to just those which have no history
+        group = [k for k in toload if k in state.unmodified]
+
+        session = _state_session(state)
+        if session is None:
+            raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+                "Parent instance %s is not bound to a Session; "
+                "deferred load operation of attribute '%s' cannot proceed" %
+                (orm_util.state_str(state), self.key)
+            )
+
+        query = session.query(localparent)
+        if loading.load_on_ident(
+                query, state.key,
+                only_load_props=group, refresh_state=state) is None:
+            raise orm_exc.ObjectDeletedError(state)
+
+        return attributes.ATTR_WAS_SET
+
+
+class LoadDeferredColumns(object):
+    """serializable loader object used by DeferredColumnLoader"""
+
+    def __init__(self, key):
+        self.key = key
+
+    def __call__(self, state, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        key = self.key
+
+        localparent = state.manager.mapper
+        prop = localparent._props[key]
+        strategy = prop._strategies[DeferredColumnLoader]
+        return strategy._load_for_state(state, passive)
+
+
+class AbstractRelationshipLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """LoaderStratgies which deal with related objects."""
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(AbstractRelationshipLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        self.mapper = self.parent_property.mapper
+        self.target = self.parent_property.target
+        self.uselist = self.parent_property.uselist
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="noload")
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy=None)
+class NoLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.RelationshipProperty`
+    with "lazy=None".
+
+    """
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self, mapper,
+            useobject=True,
+            uselist=self.parent_property.uselist,
+            typecallable=self.parent_property.collection_class,
+        )
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt, mapper,
+            row, adapter):
+        def invoke_no_load(state, dict_, row):
+            state._initialize(self.key)
+        return invoke_no_load, None, None
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy=True)
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="select")
+class LazyLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.RelationshipProperty`
+    with "lazy=True", that is loads when first accessed.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(LazyLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        join_condition = self.parent_property._join_condition
+        self._lazywhere, \
+            self._bind_to_col, \
+            self._equated_columns = join_condition.create_lazy_clause()
+
+        self._rev_lazywhere, \
+            self._rev_bind_to_col, \
+            self._rev_equated_columns = join_condition.create_lazy_clause(
+                reverse_direction=True)
+
+        self.logger.info("%s lazy loading clause %s", self, self._lazywhere)
+
+        # determine if our "lazywhere" clause is the same as the mapper's
+        # get() clause.  then we can just use mapper.get()
+        self.use_get = not self.uselist and \
+            self.mapper._get_clause[0].compare(
+                self._lazywhere,
+                use_proxies=True,
+                equivalents=self.mapper._equivalent_columns
+            )
+
+        if self.use_get:
+            for col in list(self._equated_columns):
+                if col in self.mapper._equivalent_columns:
+                    for c in self.mapper._equivalent_columns[col]:
+                        self._equated_columns[c] = self._equated_columns[col]
+
+            self.logger.info("%s will use query.get() to "
+                             "optimize instance loads" % self)
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        active_history = (
+            self.parent_property.active_history or
+            self.parent_property.direction is not interfaces.MANYTOONE or
+            not self.use_get
+        )
+
+        # MANYTOONE currently only needs the
+        # "old" value for delete-orphan
+        # cascades.  the required _SingleParentValidator
+        # will enable active_history
+        # in that case.  otherwise we don't need the
+        # "old" value during backref operations.
+        _register_attribute(
+            self,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=True,
+            callable_=self._load_for_state,
+            uselist=self.parent_property.uselist,
+            backref=self.parent_property.back_populates,
+            typecallable=self.parent_property.collection_class,
+            active_history=active_history
+        )
+
+    def lazy_clause(
+            self, state, reverse_direction=False,
+            alias_secondary=False,
+            adapt_source=None,
+            passive=None):
+        if state is None:
+            return self._lazy_none_clause(
+                reverse_direction,
+                adapt_source=adapt_source)
+
+        if not reverse_direction:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = \
+                self._lazywhere, \
+                self._bind_to_col
+        else:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = \
+                self._rev_lazywhere, \
+                self._rev_bind_to_col
+
+        if reverse_direction:
+            mapper = self.parent_property.mapper
+        else:
+            mapper = self.parent_property.parent
+
+        o = state.obj()  # strong ref
+        dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(o)
+
+        # use the "committed state" only if we're in a flush
+        # for this state.
+
+        if passive and passive & attributes.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED:
+            def visit_bindparam(bindparam):
+                if bindparam._identifying_key in bind_to_col:
+                    bindparam.callable = \
+                        lambda: mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                            state, dict_,
+                            bind_to_col[bindparam._identifying_key])
+        else:
+            def visit_bindparam(bindparam):
+                if bindparam._identifying_key in bind_to_col:
+                    bindparam.callable = \
+                        lambda: mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                            state, dict_,
+                            bind_to_col[bindparam._identifying_key])
+
+        if self.parent_property.secondary is not None and alias_secondary:
+            criterion = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(
+                self.parent_property.secondary.alias()).\
+                traverse(criterion)
+
+        criterion = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            criterion, {}, {'bindparam': visit_bindparam})
+
+        if adapt_source:
+            criterion = adapt_source(criterion)
+        return criterion
+
+    def _lazy_none_clause(self, reverse_direction=False, adapt_source=None):
+        if not reverse_direction:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = \
+                self._lazywhere, \
+                self._bind_to_col
+        else:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = \
+                self._rev_lazywhere, \
+                self._rev_bind_to_col
+
+        criterion = sql_util.adapt_criterion_to_null(criterion, bind_to_col)
+
+        if adapt_source:
+            criterion = adapt_source(criterion)
+        return criterion
+
+    def _load_for_state(self, state, passive):
+        if not state.key and (
+                (
+                    not self.parent_property.load_on_pending
+                    and not state._load_pending
+                )
+                or not state.session_id
+        ):
+            return attributes.ATTR_EMPTY
+
+        pending = not state.key
+        ident_key = None
+
+        if (
+            (not passive & attributes.SQL_OK and not self.use_get)
+            or
+            (not passive & attributes.NON_PERSISTENT_OK and pending)
+        ):
+            return attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        session = _state_session(state)
+        if not session:
+            raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+                "Parent instance %s is not bound to a Session; "
+                "lazy load operation of attribute '%s' cannot proceed" %
+                (orm_util.state_str(state), self.key)
+            )
+
+        # if we have a simple primary key load, check the
+        # identity map without generating a Query at all
+        if self.use_get:
+            ident = self._get_ident_for_use_get(
+                session,
+                state,
+                passive
+            )
+            if attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT in ident:
+                return attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            elif attributes.NEVER_SET in ident:
+                return attributes.NEVER_SET
+
+            if _none_set.issuperset(ident):
+                return None
+
+            ident_key = self.mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(ident)
+            instance = loading.get_from_identity(session, ident_key, passive)
+            if instance is not None:
+                return instance
+            elif not passive & attributes.SQL_OK or \
+                    not passive & attributes.RELATED_OBJECT_OK:
+                return attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        return self._emit_lazyload(session, state, ident_key, passive)
+
+    def _get_ident_for_use_get(self, session, state, passive):
+        instance_mapper = state.manager.mapper
+
+        if passive & attributes.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED:
+            get_attr = instance_mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column
+        else:
+            get_attr = instance_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column
+
+        dict_ = state.dict
+
+        return [
+            get_attr(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                self._equated_columns[pk],
+                passive=passive)
+            for pk in self.mapper.primary_key
+        ]
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.strategy_options")
+    def _emit_lazyload(
+            self, strategy_options, session, state,
+            ident_key, passive):
+        q = session.query(self.mapper)._adapt_all_clauses()
+
+        if self.parent_property.secondary is not None:
+            q = q.select_from(self.mapper, self.parent_property.secondary)
+
+        q = q._with_invoke_all_eagers(False)
+
+        pending = not state.key
+
+        # don't autoflush on pending
+        if pending or passive & attributes.NO_AUTOFLUSH:
+            q = q.autoflush(False)
+
+        if state.load_path:
+            q = q._with_current_path(state.load_path[self.parent_property])
+
+        if state.load_options:
+            q = q._conditional_options(*state.load_options)
+
+        if self.use_get:
+            return loading.load_on_ident(q, ident_key)
+
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+            q = q.order_by(*util.to_list(self.parent_property.order_by))
+
+        for rev in self.parent_property._reverse_property:
+            # reverse props that are MANYTOONE are loading *this*
+            # object from get(), so don't need to eager out to those.
+            if rev.direction is interfaces.MANYTOONE and \
+                rev._use_get and \
+                    not isinstance(rev.strategy, LazyLoader):
+                q = q.options(
+                    strategy_options.Load(rev.parent).
+                    lazyload(rev.key))
+
+        lazy_clause = self.lazy_clause(state, passive=passive)
+
+        if pending:
+            bind_values = sql_util.bind_values(lazy_clause)
+            if None in bind_values:
+                return None
+
+        q = q.filter(lazy_clause)
+
+        result = q.all()
+        if self.uselist:
+            return result
+        else:
+            l = len(result)
+            if l:
+                if l > 1:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Multiple rows returned with "
+                        "uselist=False for lazily-loaded attribute '%s' "
+                        % self.parent_property)
+
+                return result[0]
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt,
+            mapper, row, adapter):
+        key = self.key
+        if not self.is_class_level:
+            # we are not the primary manager for this attribute
+            # on this class - set up a
+            # per-instance lazyloader, which will override the
+            # class-level behavior.
+            # this currently only happens when using a
+            # "lazyload" option on a "no load"
+            # attribute - "eager" attributes always have a
+            # class-level lazyloader installed.
+            set_lazy_callable = InstanceState._row_processor(
+                mapper.class_manager,
+                LoadLazyAttribute(key), key)
+
+            return set_lazy_callable, None, None
+        else:
+            def reset_for_lazy_callable(state, dict_, row):
+                # we are the primary manager for this attribute on
+                # this class - reset its
+                # per-instance attribute state, so that the class-level
+                # lazy loader is
+                # executed when next referenced on this instance.
+                # this is needed in
+                # populate_existing() types of scenarios to reset
+                # any existing state.
+                state._reset(dict_, key)
+
+            return reset_for_lazy_callable, None, None
+
+
+class LoadLazyAttribute(object):
+    """serializable loader object used by LazyLoader"""
+
+    def __init__(self, key):
+        self.key = key
+
+    def __call__(self, state, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        key = self.key
+        instance_mapper = state.manager.mapper
+        prop = instance_mapper._props[key]
+        strategy = prop._strategies[LazyLoader]
+
+        return strategy._load_for_state(state, passive)
+
+
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="immediate")
+class ImmediateLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property.\
+            _get_strategy_by_cls(LazyLoader).\
+            init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def setup_query(
+            self, context, entity,
+            path, loadopt, adapter, column_collection=None,
+            parentmapper=None, **kwargs):
+        pass
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt,
+            mapper, row, adapter):
+        def load_immediate(state, dict_, row):
+            state.get_impl(self.key).get(state, dict_)
+
+        return None, None, load_immediate
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="subquery")
+class SubqueryLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(SubqueryLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        self.join_depth = self.parent_property.join_depth
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property.\
+            _get_strategy_by_cls(LazyLoader).\
+            init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def setup_query(
+            self, context, entity,
+            path, loadopt, adapter,
+            column_collection=None,
+            parentmapper=None, **kwargs):
+
+        if not context.query._enable_eagerloads:
+            return
+
+        path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        # build up a path indicating the path from the leftmost
+        # entity to the thing we're subquery loading.
+        with_poly_info = path.get(
+            context.attributes,
+            "path_with_polymorphic", None)
+        if with_poly_info is not None:
+            effective_entity = with_poly_info.entity
+        else:
+            effective_entity = self.mapper
+
+        subq_path = context.attributes.get(
+            ('subquery_path', None),
+            orm_util.PathRegistry.root)
+
+        subq_path = subq_path + path
+
+        # if not via query option, check for
+        # a cycle
+        if not path.contains(context.attributes, "loader"):
+            if self.join_depth:
+                if path.length / 2 > self.join_depth:
+                    return
+            elif subq_path.contains_mapper(self.mapper):
+                return
+
+        leftmost_mapper, leftmost_attr, leftmost_relationship = \
+            self._get_leftmost(subq_path)
+
+        orig_query = context.attributes.get(
+            ("orig_query", SubqueryLoader),
+            context.query)
+
+        # generate a new Query from the original, then
+        # produce a subquery from it.
+        left_alias = self._generate_from_original_query(
+            orig_query, leftmost_mapper,
+            leftmost_attr, leftmost_relationship,
+            entity.entity_zero
+        )
+
+        # generate another Query that will join the
+        # left alias to the target relationships.
+        # basically doing a longhand
+        # "from_self()".  (from_self() itself not quite industrial
+        # strength enough for all contingencies...but very close)
+        q = orig_query.session.query(effective_entity)
+        q._attributes = {
+            ("orig_query", SubqueryLoader): orig_query,
+            ('subquery_path', None): subq_path
+        }
+
+        q = q._set_enable_single_crit(False)
+        to_join, local_attr, parent_alias = \
+            self._prep_for_joins(left_alias, subq_path)
+        q = q.order_by(*local_attr)
+        q = q.add_columns(*local_attr)
+        q = self._apply_joins(
+            q, to_join, left_alias,
+            parent_alias, effective_entity)
+
+        q = self._setup_options(q, subq_path, orig_query, effective_entity)
+        q = self._setup_outermost_orderby(q)
+
+        # add new query to attributes to be picked up
+        # by create_row_processor
+        path.set(context.attributes, "subquery", q)
+
+    def _get_leftmost(self, subq_path):
+        subq_path = subq_path.path
+        subq_mapper = orm_util._class_to_mapper(subq_path[0])
+
+        # determine attributes of the leftmost mapper
+        if self.parent.isa(subq_mapper) and \
+                self.parent_property is subq_path[1]:
+            leftmost_mapper, leftmost_prop = \
+                self.parent, self.parent_property
+        else:
+            leftmost_mapper, leftmost_prop = \
+                subq_mapper, \
+                subq_path[1]
+
+        leftmost_cols = leftmost_prop.local_columns
+
+        leftmost_attr = [
+            getattr(
+                subq_path[0].entity,
+                leftmost_mapper._columntoproperty[c].key)
+            for c in leftmost_cols
+        ]
+
+        return leftmost_mapper, leftmost_attr, leftmost_prop
+
+    def _generate_from_original_query(
+        self,
+        orig_query, leftmost_mapper,
+        leftmost_attr, leftmost_relationship, orig_entity
+    ):
+        # reformat the original query
+        # to look only for significant columns
+        q = orig_query._clone().correlate(None)
+
+        # set a real "from" if not present, as this is more
+        # accurate than just going off of the column expression
+        if not q._from_obj and orig_entity.mapper.isa(leftmost_mapper):
+            q._set_select_from([orig_entity], False)
+        target_cols = q._adapt_col_list(leftmost_attr)
+
+        # select from the identity columns of the outer
+        q._set_entities(target_cols)
+
+        distinct_target_key = leftmost_relationship.distinct_target_key
+
+        if distinct_target_key is True:
+            q._distinct = True
+        elif distinct_target_key is None:
+            # if target_cols refer to a non-primary key or only
+            # part of a composite primary key, set the q as distinct
+            for t in set(c.table for c in target_cols):
+                if not set(target_cols).issuperset(t.primary_key):
+                    q._distinct = True
+                    break
+
+        if q._order_by is False:
+            q._order_by = leftmost_mapper.order_by
+
+        # don't need ORDER BY if no limit/offset
+        if q._limit is None and q._offset is None:
+            q._order_by = None
+
+        # the original query now becomes a subquery
+        # which we'll join onto.
+
+        embed_q = q.with_labels().subquery()
+        left_alias = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+            leftmost_mapper, embed_q,
+            use_mapper_path=True)
+        return left_alias
+
+    def _prep_for_joins(self, left_alias, subq_path):
+        # figure out what's being joined.  a.k.a. the fun part
+        to_join = []
+        pairs = list(subq_path.pairs())
+
+        for i, (mapper, prop) in enumerate(pairs):
+            if i > 0:
+                # look at the previous mapper in the chain -
+                # if it is as or more specific than this prop's
+                # mapper, use that instead.
+                # note we have an assumption here that
+                # the non-first element is always going to be a mapper,
+                # not an AliasedClass
+
+                prev_mapper = pairs[i - 1][1].mapper
+                to_append = prev_mapper if prev_mapper.isa(mapper) else mapper
+            else:
+                to_append = mapper
+
+            to_join.append((to_append, prop.key))
+
+        # determine the immediate parent class we are joining from,
+        # which needs to be aliased.
+        if len(to_join) > 1:
+            info = inspect(to_join[-1][0])
+
+        if len(to_join) < 2:
+            # in the case of a one level eager load, this is the
+            # leftmost "left_alias".
+            parent_alias = left_alias
+        elif info.mapper.isa(self.parent):
+            # In the case of multiple levels, retrieve
+            # it from subq_path[-2]. This is the same as self.parent
+            # in the vast majority of cases, and [ticket:2014]
+            # illustrates a case where sub_path[-2] is a subclass
+            # of self.parent
+            parent_alias = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                to_join[-1][0],
+                use_mapper_path=True)
+        else:
+            # if of_type() were used leading to this relationship,
+            # self.parent is more specific than subq_path[-2]
+            parent_alias = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                self.parent,
+                use_mapper_path=True)
+
+        local_cols = self.parent_property.local_columns
+
+        local_attr = [
+            getattr(parent_alias, self.parent._columntoproperty[c].key)
+            for c in local_cols
+        ]
+        return to_join, local_attr, parent_alias
+
+    def _apply_joins(
+            self, q, to_join, left_alias, parent_alias,
+            effective_entity):
+        for i, (mapper, key) in enumerate(to_join):
+
+            # we need to use query.join() as opposed to
+            # orm.join() here because of the
+            # rich behavior it brings when dealing with
+            # "with_polymorphic" mappers.  "aliased"
+            # and "from_joinpoint" take care of most of
+            # the chaining and aliasing for us.
+
+            first = i == 0
+            middle = i < len(to_join) - 1
+            second_to_last = i == len(to_join) - 2
+            last = i == len(to_join) - 1
+
+            if first:
+                attr = getattr(left_alias, key)
+                if last and effective_entity is not self.mapper:
+                    attr = attr.of_type(effective_entity)
+            else:
+                if last and effective_entity is not self.mapper:
+                    attr = getattr(parent_alias, key).\
+                        of_type(effective_entity)
+                else:
+                    attr = getattr(mapper.entity, key)
+
+            if second_to_last:
+                q = q.join(parent_alias, attr, from_joinpoint=True)
+            else:
+                q = q.join(attr, aliased=middle, from_joinpoint=True)
+        return q
+
+    def _setup_options(self, q, subq_path, orig_query, effective_entity):
+        # propagate loader options etc. to the new query.
+        # these will fire relative to subq_path.
+        q = q._with_current_path(subq_path)
+        q = q._conditional_options(*orig_query._with_options)
+        if orig_query._populate_existing:
+            q._populate_existing = orig_query._populate_existing
+
+        return q
+
+    def _setup_outermost_orderby(self, q):
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+            # if there's an ORDER BY, alias it the same
+            # way joinedloader does, but we have to pull out
+            # the "eagerjoin" from the query.
+            # this really only picks up the "secondary" table
+            # right now.
+            eagerjoin = q._from_obj[0]
+            eager_order_by = \
+                eagerjoin._target_adapter.\
+                copy_and_process(
+                    util.to_list(
+                        self.parent_property.order_by
+                    )
+                )
+            q = q.order_by(*eager_order_by)
+        return q
+
+    class _SubqCollections(object):
+        """Given a :class:`.Query` used to emit the "subquery load",
+        provide a load interface that executes the query at the
+        first moment a value is needed.
+
+        """
+        _data = None
+
+        def __init__(self, subq):
+            self.subq = subq
+
+        def get(self, key, default):
+            if self._data is None:
+                self._load()
+            return self._data.get(key, default)
+
+        def _load(self):
+            self._data = dict(
+                (k, [vv[0] for vv in v])
+                for k, v in itertools.groupby(
+                    self.subq,
+                    lambda x: x[1:]
+                )
+            )
+
+        def loader(self, state, dict_, row):
+            if self._data is None:
+                self._load()
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt,
+            mapper, row, adapter):
+        if not self.parent.class_manager[self.key].impl.supports_population:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'%s' does not support object "
+                "population - eager loading cannot be applied." %
+                self)
+
+        path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        subq = path.get(context.attributes, 'subquery')
+
+        if subq is None:
+            return None, None, None
+
+        local_cols = self.parent_property.local_columns
+
+        # cache the loaded collections in the context
+        # so that inheriting mappers don't re-load when they
+        # call upon create_row_processor again
+        collections = path.get(context.attributes, "collections")
+        if collections is None:
+            collections = self._SubqCollections(subq)
+            path.set(context.attributes, 'collections', collections)
+
+        if adapter:
+            local_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in local_cols]
+
+        if self.uselist:
+            return self._create_collection_loader(collections, local_cols)
+        else:
+            return self._create_scalar_loader(collections, local_cols)
+
+    def _create_collection_loader(self, collections, local_cols):
+        def load_collection_from_subq(state, dict_, row):
+            collection = collections.get(
+                tuple([row[col] for col in local_cols]),
+                ()
+            )
+            state.get_impl(self.key).\
+                set_committed_value(state, dict_, collection)
+
+        return load_collection_from_subq, None, None, collections.loader
+
+    def _create_scalar_loader(self, collections, local_cols):
+        def load_scalar_from_subq(state, dict_, row):
+            collection = collections.get(
+                tuple([row[col] for col in local_cols]),
+                (None,)
+            )
+            if len(collection) > 1:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Multiple rows returned with "
+                    "uselist=False for eagerly-loaded attribute '%s' "
+                    % self)
+
+            scalar = collection[0]
+            state.get_impl(self.key).\
+                set_committed_value(state, dict_, scalar)
+
+        return load_scalar_from_subq, None, None, collections.loader
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="joined")
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy=False)
+class JoinedLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.RelationshipProperty`
+    using joined eager loading.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(JoinedLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        self.join_depth = self.parent_property.join_depth
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property.\
+            _get_strategy_by_cls(LazyLoader).init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def setup_query(
+            self, context, entity, path, loadopt, adapter,
+            column_collection=None, parentmapper=None,
+            chained_from_outerjoin=False,
+            **kwargs):
+        """Add a left outer join to the statement that's being constructed."""
+
+        if not context.query._enable_eagerloads:
+            return
+
+        path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        with_polymorphic = None
+
+        user_defined_adapter = self._init_user_defined_eager_proc(
+            loadopt, context) if loadopt else False
+
+        if user_defined_adapter is not False:
+            clauses, adapter, add_to_collection = \
+                self._setup_query_on_user_defined_adapter(
+                    context, entity, path, adapter,
+                    user_defined_adapter
+                )
+        else:
+            # if not via query option, check for
+            # a cycle
+            if not path.contains(context.attributes, "loader"):
+                if self.join_depth:
+                    if path.length / 2 > self.join_depth:
+                        return
+                elif path.contains_mapper(self.mapper):
+                    return
+
+            clauses, adapter, add_to_collection, chained_from_outerjoin = \
+                self._generate_row_adapter(
+                    context, entity, path, loadopt, adapter,
+                    column_collection, parentmapper, chained_from_outerjoin
+                )
+
+        with_poly_info = path.get(
+            context.attributes,
+            "path_with_polymorphic",
+            None
+        )
+        if with_poly_info is not None:
+            with_polymorphic = with_poly_info.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        else:
+            with_polymorphic = None
+
+        path = path[self.mapper]
+
+        for value in self.mapper._iterate_polymorphic_properties(
+                mappers=with_polymorphic):
+            value.setup(
+                context,
+                entity,
+                path,
+                clauses,
+                parentmapper=self.mapper,
+                column_collection=add_to_collection,
+                chained_from_outerjoin=chained_from_outerjoin)
+
+        if with_poly_info is not None and \
+                None in set(context.secondary_columns):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Detected unaliased columns when generating joined "
+                "load.  Make sure to use aliased=True or flat=True "
+                "when using joined loading with with_polymorphic()."
+            )
+
+    def _init_user_defined_eager_proc(self, loadopt, context):
+
+        # check if the opt applies at all
+        if "eager_from_alias" not in loadopt.local_opts:
+            # nope
+            return False
+
+        path = loadopt.path.parent
+
+        # the option applies.  check if the "user_defined_eager_row_processor"
+        # has been built up.
+        adapter = path.get(
+            context.attributes,
+            "user_defined_eager_row_processor", False)
+        if adapter is not False:
+            # just return it
+            return adapter
+
+        # otherwise figure it out.
+        alias = loadopt.local_opts["eager_from_alias"]
+
+        root_mapper, prop = path[-2:]
+
+        #from .mapper import Mapper
+        #from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+        #assert isinstance(root_mapper, Mapper)
+        #assert isinstance(prop, MapperProperty)
+
+        if alias is not None:
+            if isinstance(alias, str):
+                alias = prop.target.alias(alias)
+            adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
+                alias,
+                equivalents=prop.mapper._equivalent_columns)
+        else:
+            if path.contains(context.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic"):
+                with_poly_info = path.get(
+                    context.attributes,
+                    "path_with_polymorphic")
+                adapter = orm_util.ORMAdapter(
+                    with_poly_info.entity,
+                    equivalents=prop.mapper._equivalent_columns)
+            else:
+                adapter = context.query._polymorphic_adapters.get(
+                    prop.mapper, None)
+        path.set(
+            context.attributes,
+            "user_defined_eager_row_processor",
+            adapter)
+
+        return adapter
+
+    def _setup_query_on_user_defined_adapter(
+            self, context, entity,
+            path, adapter, user_defined_adapter):
+
+        # apply some more wrapping to the "user defined adapter"
+        # if we are setting up the query for SQL render.
+        adapter = entity._get_entity_clauses(context.query, context)
+
+        if adapter and user_defined_adapter:
+            user_defined_adapter = user_defined_adapter.wrap(adapter)
+            path.set(
+                context.attributes, "user_defined_eager_row_processor",
+                user_defined_adapter)
+        elif adapter:
+            user_defined_adapter = adapter
+            path.set(
+                context.attributes, "user_defined_eager_row_processor",
+                user_defined_adapter)
+
+        add_to_collection = context.primary_columns
+        return user_defined_adapter, adapter, add_to_collection
+
+    def _generate_row_adapter(
+            self,
+            context, entity, path, loadopt, adapter,
+            column_collection, parentmapper, chained_from_outerjoin):
+        with_poly_info = path.get(
+            context.attributes,
+            "path_with_polymorphic",
+            None
+        )
+        if with_poly_info:
+            to_adapt = with_poly_info.entity
+        else:
+            to_adapt = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                self.mapper,
+                flat=True,
+                use_mapper_path=True)
+        clauses = orm_util.ORMAdapter(
+            to_adapt,
+            equivalents=self.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            adapt_required=True)
+        assert clauses.aliased_class is not None
+
+        if self.parent_property.direction != interfaces.MANYTOONE:
+            context.multi_row_eager_loaders = True
+
+        innerjoin = (
+            loadopt.local_opts.get(
+                'innerjoin', self.parent_property.innerjoin)
+            if loadopt is not None
+            else self.parent_property.innerjoin
+        )
+
+        if not innerjoin:
+            # if this is an outer join, all non-nested eager joins from
+            # this path must also be outer joins
+            chained_from_outerjoin = True
+
+        context.create_eager_joins.append(
+            (
+                self._create_eager_join, context,
+                entity, path, adapter,
+                parentmapper, clauses, innerjoin, chained_from_outerjoin
+            )
+        )
+
+        add_to_collection = context.secondary_columns
+        path.set(context.attributes, "eager_row_processor", clauses)
+
+        return clauses, adapter, add_to_collection, chained_from_outerjoin
+
+    def _create_eager_join(
+            self, context, entity,
+            path, adapter, parentmapper,
+            clauses, innerjoin, chained_from_outerjoin):
+
+        if parentmapper is None:
+            localparent = entity.mapper
+        else:
+            localparent = parentmapper
+
+        # whether or not the Query will wrap the selectable in a subquery,
+        # and then attach eager load joins to that (i.e., in the case of
+        # LIMIT/OFFSET etc.)
+        should_nest_selectable = context.multi_row_eager_loaders and \
+            context.query._should_nest_selectable
+
+        entity_key = None
+
+        if entity not in context.eager_joins and \
+            not should_nest_selectable and \
+                context.from_clause:
+            index, clause = sql_util.find_join_source(
+                context.from_clause, entity.selectable)
+            if clause is not None:
+                # join to an existing FROM clause on the query.
+                # key it to its list index in the eager_joins dict.
+                # Query._compile_context will adapt as needed and
+                # append to the FROM clause of the select().
+                entity_key, default_towrap = index, clause
+
+        if entity_key is None:
+            entity_key, default_towrap = entity, entity.selectable
+
+        towrap = context.eager_joins.setdefault(entity_key, default_towrap)
+
+        if adapter:
+            if getattr(adapter, 'aliased_class', None):
+                onclause = getattr(
+                    adapter.aliased_class, self.key,
+                    self.parent_property)
+            else:
+                onclause = getattr(
+                    orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                        self.parent,
+                        adapter.selectable,
+                        use_mapper_path=True
+                    ),
+                    self.key, self.parent_property
+                )
+
+        else:
+            onclause = self.parent_property
+
+        assert clauses.aliased_class is not None
+
+        join_to_outer = innerjoin and isinstance(towrap, sql.Join) and \
+            towrap.isouter
+
+        if chained_from_outerjoin and join_to_outer and innerjoin == 'nested':
+            inner = orm_util.join(
+                towrap.right,
+                clauses.aliased_class,
+                onclause,
+                isouter=False
+            )
+
+            eagerjoin = orm_util.join(
+                towrap.left,
+                inner,
+                towrap.onclause,
+                isouter=True
+            )
+            eagerjoin._target_adapter = inner._target_adapter
+        else:
+            if chained_from_outerjoin:
+                innerjoin = False
+            eagerjoin = orm_util.join(
+                towrap,
+                clauses.aliased_class,
+                onclause,
+                isouter=not innerjoin
+            )
+        context.eager_joins[entity_key] = eagerjoin
+
+        # send a hint to the Query as to where it may "splice" this join
+        eagerjoin.stop_on = entity.selectable
+
+        if self.parent_property.secondary is None and \
+                not parentmapper:
+            # for parentclause that is the non-eager end of the join,
+            # ensure all the parent cols in the primaryjoin are actually
+            # in the
+            # columns clause (i.e. are not deferred), so that aliasing applied
+            # by the Query propagates those columns outward.
+            # This has the effect
+            # of "undefering" those columns.
+            for col in sql_util._find_columns(
+                    self.parent_property.primaryjoin):
+                if localparent.mapped_table.c.contains_column(col):
+                    if adapter:
+                        col = adapter.columns[col]
+                    context.primary_columns.append(col)
+
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+            context.eager_order_by += eagerjoin._target_adapter.\
+                copy_and_process(
+                    util.to_list(
+                        self.parent_property.order_by
+                    )
+                )
+
+    def _create_eager_adapter(self, context, row, adapter, path, loadopt):
+        user_defined_adapter = self._init_user_defined_eager_proc(
+            loadopt, context) if loadopt else False
+
+        if user_defined_adapter is not False:
+            decorator = user_defined_adapter
+            # user defined eagerloads are part of the "primary"
+            # portion of the load.
+            # the adapters applied to the Query should be honored.
+            if context.adapter and decorator:
+                decorator = decorator.wrap(context.adapter)
+            elif context.adapter:
+                decorator = context.adapter
+        else:
+            decorator = path.get(context.attributes, "eager_row_processor")
+            if decorator is None:
+                return False
+
+        try:
+            self.mapper.identity_key_from_row(row, decorator)
+            return decorator
+        except KeyError:
+            # no identity key - don't return a row
+            # processor, will cause a degrade to lazy
+            return False
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt, mapper,
+            row, adapter):
+        if not self.parent.class_manager[self.key].impl.supports_population:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'%s' does not support object "
+                "population - eager loading cannot be applied." %
+                self
+            )
+
+        our_path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        eager_adapter = self._create_eager_adapter(
+            context,
+            row,
+            adapter, our_path, loadopt)
+
+        if eager_adapter is not False:
+            key = self.key
+
+            _instance = loading.instance_processor(
+                self.mapper,
+                context,
+                our_path[self.mapper],
+                eager_adapter)
+
+            if not self.uselist:
+                return self._create_scalar_loader(context, key, _instance)
+            else:
+                return self._create_collection_loader(context, key, _instance)
+        else:
+            return self.parent_property._get_strategy_by_cls(LazyLoader).\
+                create_row_processor(
+                    context, path, loadopt,
+                    mapper, row, adapter)
+
+    def _create_collection_loader(self, context, key, _instance):
+        def load_collection_from_joined_new_row(state, dict_, row):
+            collection = attributes.init_state_collection(
+                state, dict_, key)
+            result_list = util.UniqueAppender(collection,
+                                              'append_without_event')
+            context.attributes[(state, key)] = result_list
+            _instance(row, result_list)
+
+        def load_collection_from_joined_existing_row(state, dict_, row):
+            if (state, key) in context.attributes:
+                result_list = context.attributes[(state, key)]
+            else:
+                # appender_key can be absent from context.attributes
+                # with isnew=False when self-referential eager loading
+                # is used; the same instance may be present in two
+                # distinct sets of result columns
+                collection = attributes.init_state_collection(
+                    state, dict_, key)
+                result_list = util.UniqueAppender(
+                    collection,
+                    'append_without_event')
+                context.attributes[(state, key)] = result_list
+            _instance(row, result_list)
+
+        def load_collection_from_joined_exec(state, dict_, row):
+            _instance(row, None)
+
+        return load_collection_from_joined_new_row, \
+            load_collection_from_joined_existing_row, \
+            None, load_collection_from_joined_exec
+
+    def _create_scalar_loader(self, context, key, _instance):
+        def load_scalar_from_joined_new_row(state, dict_, row):
+            # set a scalar object instance directly on the parent
+            # object, bypassing InstrumentedAttribute event handlers.
+            dict_[key] = _instance(row, None)
+
+        def load_scalar_from_joined_existing_row(state, dict_, row):
+            # call _instance on the row, even though the object has
+            # been created, so that we further descend into properties
+            existing = _instance(row, None)
+            if existing is not None \
+                and key in dict_ \
+                    and existing is not dict_[key]:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Multiple rows returned with "
+                    "uselist=False for eagerly-loaded attribute '%s' "
+                    % self)
+
+        def load_scalar_from_joined_exec(state, dict_, row):
+            _instance(row, None)
+
+        return load_scalar_from_joined_new_row, \
+            load_scalar_from_joined_existing_row, \
+            None, load_scalar_from_joined_exec
+
+
+def single_parent_validator(desc, prop):
+    def _do_check(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+        if value is not None and initiator.key == prop.key:
+            hasparent = initiator.hasparent(attributes.instance_state(value))
+            if hasparent and oldvalue is not value:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Instance %s is already associated with an instance "
+                    "of %s via its %s attribute, and is only allowed a "
+                    "single parent." %
+                    (orm_util.instance_str(value), state.class_, prop)
+                )
+        return value
+
+    def append(state, value, initiator):
+        return _do_check(state, value, None, initiator)
+
+    def set_(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+        return _do_check(state, value, oldvalue, initiator)
+
+    event.listen(
+        desc, 'append', append, raw=True, retval=True,
+        active_history=True)
+    event.listen(
+        desc, 'set', set_, raw=True, retval=True,
+        active_history=True)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategy_options.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategy_options.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..392f7ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategy_options.py
@@ -0,0 +1,991 @@
+# orm/strategy_options.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+"""
+
+from .interfaces import MapperOption, PropComparator
+from .. import util
+from ..sql.base import _generative, Generative
+from .. import exc as sa_exc, inspect
+from .base import _is_aliased_class, _class_to_mapper
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry, TokenRegistry, \
+    _WILDCARD_TOKEN, _DEFAULT_TOKEN
+
+
+class Load(Generative, MapperOption):
+    """Represents loader options which modify the state of a
+    :class:`.Query` in order to affect how various mapped attributes are
+    loaded.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 The :meth:`.Load` system is a new foundation for
+       the existing system of loader options, including options such as
+       :func:`.orm.joinedload`, :func:`.orm.defer`, and others.   In
+       particular, it introduces a new method-chained system that replaces the
+       need for dot-separated paths as well as "_all()" options such as
+       :func:`.orm.joinedload_all`.
+
+    A :class:`.Load` object can be used directly or indirectly.  To use one
+    directly, instantiate given the parent class.  This style of usage is
+    useful when dealing with a :class:`.Query` that has multiple entities,
+    or when producing a loader option that can be applied generically to
+    any style of query::
+
+        myopt = Load(MyClass).joinedload("widgets")
+
+    The above ``myopt`` can now be used with :meth:`.Query.options`::
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(myopt)
+
+    The :class:`.Load` construct is invoked indirectly whenever one makes use
+    of the various loader options that are present in ``sqlalchemy.orm``,
+    including options such as :func:`.orm.joinedload`, :func:`.orm.defer`,
+    :func:`.orm.subqueryload`, and all the rest.  These constructs produce an
+    "anonymous" form of the :class:`.Load` object which tracks attributes and
+    options, but is not linked to a parent class until it is associated with a
+    parent :class:`.Query`::
+
+        # produce "unbound" Load object
+        myopt = joinedload("widgets")
+
+        # when applied using options(), the option is "bound" to the
+        # class observed in the given query, e.g. MyClass
+        session.query(MyClass).options(myopt)
+
+    Whether the direct or indirect style is used, the :class:`.Load` object
+    returned now represents a specific "path" along the entities of a
+    :class:`.Query`.  This path can be traversed using a standard
+    method-chaining approach.  Supposing a class hierarchy such as ``User``,
+    ``User.addresses -> Address``, ``User.orders -> Order`` and
+    ``Order.items -> Item``, we can specify a variety of loader options along
+    each element in the "path"::
+
+        session.query(User).options(
+                    joinedload("addresses"),
+                    subqueryload("orders").joinedload("items")
+                )
+
+    Where above, the ``addresses`` collection will be joined-loaded, the
+    ``orders`` collection will be subquery-loaded, and within that subquery
+    load the ``items`` collection will be joined-loaded.
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, entity):
+        insp = inspect(entity)
+        self.path = insp._path_registry
+        self.context = {}
+        self.local_opts = {}
+
+    def _generate(self):
+        cloned = super(Load, self)._generate()
+        cloned.local_opts = {}
+        return cloned
+
+    strategy = None
+    propagate_to_loaders = False
+
+    def process_query(self, query):
+        self._process(query, True)
+
+    def process_query_conditionally(self, query):
+        self._process(query, False)
+
+    def _process(self, query, raiseerr):
+        current_path = query._current_path
+        if current_path:
+            for (token, start_path), loader in self.context.items():
+                chopped_start_path = self._chop_path(start_path, current_path)
+                if chopped_start_path is not None:
+                    query._attributes[(token, chopped_start_path)] = loader
+        else:
+            query._attributes.update(self.context)
+
+    def _generate_path(self, path, attr, wildcard_key, raiseerr=True):
+        if raiseerr and not path.has_entity:
+            if isinstance(path, TokenRegistry):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Wildcard token cannot be followed by another entity")
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Attribute '%s' of entity '%s' does not "
+                    "refer to a mapped entity" %
+                    (path.prop.key, path.parent.entity)
+                )
+
+        if isinstance(attr, util.string_types):
+            default_token = attr.endswith(_DEFAULT_TOKEN)
+            if attr.endswith(_WILDCARD_TOKEN) or default_token:
+                if default_token:
+                    self.propagate_to_loaders = False
+                if wildcard_key:
+                    attr = "%s:%s" % (wildcard_key, attr)
+                return path.token(attr)
+
+            try:
+                # use getattr on the class to work around
+                # synonyms, hybrids, etc.
+                attr = getattr(path.entity.class_, attr)
+            except AttributeError:
+                if raiseerr:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't find property named '%s' on the "
+                        "mapped entity %s in this Query. " % (
+                            attr, path.entity)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return None
+            else:
+                attr = attr.property
+
+            path = path[attr]
+        else:
+            prop = attr.property
+
+            if not prop.parent.common_parent(path.mapper):
+                if raiseerr:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Attribute '%s' does not "
+                        "link from element '%s'" % (attr, path.entity))
+                else:
+                    return None
+
+            if getattr(attr, '_of_type', None):
+                ac = attr._of_type
+                ext_info = inspect(ac)
+
+                path_element = ext_info.mapper
+                if not ext_info.is_aliased_class:
+                    ac = orm_util.with_polymorphic(
+                        ext_info.mapper.base_mapper,
+                        ext_info.mapper, aliased=True,
+                        _use_mapper_path=True)
+                path.entity_path[prop].set(
+                    self.context, "path_with_polymorphic", inspect(ac))
+                path = path[prop][path_element]
+            else:
+                path = path[prop]
+
+        if path.has_entity:
+            path = path.entity_path
+        return path
+
+    def _coerce_strat(self, strategy):
+        if strategy is not None:
+            strategy = tuple(sorted(strategy.items()))
+        return strategy
+
+    @_generative
+    def set_relationship_strategy(
+            self, attr, strategy, propagate_to_loaders=True):
+        strategy = self._coerce_strat(strategy)
+
+        self.propagate_to_loaders = propagate_to_loaders
+        # if the path is a wildcard, this will set propagate_to_loaders=False
+        self.path = self._generate_path(self.path, attr, "relationship")
+        self.strategy = strategy
+        if strategy is not None:
+            self._set_path_strategy()
+
+    @_generative
+    def set_column_strategy(self, attrs, strategy, opts=None):
+        strategy = self._coerce_strat(strategy)
+
+        for attr in attrs:
+            path = self._generate_path(self.path, attr, "column")
+            cloned = self._generate()
+            cloned.strategy = strategy
+            cloned.path = path
+            cloned.propagate_to_loaders = True
+            if opts:
+                cloned.local_opts.update(opts)
+            cloned._set_path_strategy()
+
+    def _set_path_strategy(self):
+        if self.path.has_entity:
+            self.path.parent.set(self.context, "loader", self)
+        else:
+            self.path.set(self.context, "loader", self)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        d["path"] = self.path.serialize()
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+        self.path = PathRegistry.deserialize(self.path)
+
+    def _chop_path(self, to_chop, path):
+        i = -1
+
+        for i, (c_token, p_token) in enumerate(zip(to_chop, path.path)):
+            if isinstance(c_token, util.string_types):
+                # TODO: this is approximated from the _UnboundLoad
+                # version and probably has issues, not fully covered.
+
+                if i == 0 and c_token.endswith(':' + _DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+                    return to_chop
+                elif c_token != 'relationship:%s' % (_WILDCARD_TOKEN,) and \
+                        c_token != p_token.key:
+                    return None
+
+            if c_token is p_token:
+                continue
+            else:
+                return None
+        return to_chop[i + 1:]
+
+
+class _UnboundLoad(Load):
+    """Represent a loader option that isn't tied to a root entity.
+
+    The loader option will produce an entity-linked :class:`.Load`
+    object when it is passed :meth:`.Query.options`.
+
+    This provides compatibility with the traditional system
+    of freestanding options, e.g. ``joinedload('x.y.z')``.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.path = ()
+        self._to_bind = set()
+        self.local_opts = {}
+
+    _is_chain_link = False
+
+    def _set_path_strategy(self):
+        self._to_bind.add(self)
+
+    def _generate_path(self, path, attr, wildcard_key):
+        if wildcard_key and isinstance(attr, util.string_types) and \
+                attr in (_WILDCARD_TOKEN, _DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+            if attr == _DEFAULT_TOKEN:
+                self.propagate_to_loaders = False
+            attr = "%s:%s" % (wildcard_key, attr)
+
+        return path + (attr, )
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        d['path'] = ret = []
+        for token in util.to_list(self.path):
+            if isinstance(token, PropComparator):
+                ret.append((token._parentmapper.class_, token.key))
+            else:
+                ret.append(token)
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        ret = []
+        for key in state['path']:
+            if isinstance(key, tuple):
+                cls, propkey = key
+                ret.append(getattr(cls, propkey))
+            else:
+                ret.append(key)
+        state['path'] = tuple(ret)
+        self.__dict__ = state
+
+    def _process(self, query, raiseerr):
+        for val in self._to_bind:
+            val._bind_loader(query, query._attributes, raiseerr)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_keys(self, meth, keys, chained, kw):
+        opt = _UnboundLoad()
+
+        def _split_key(key):
+            if isinstance(key, util.string_types):
+                # coerce fooload('*') into "default loader strategy"
+                if key == _WILDCARD_TOKEN:
+                    return (_DEFAULT_TOKEN, )
+                # coerce fooload(".*") into "wildcard on default entity"
+                elif key.startswith("." + _WILDCARD_TOKEN):
+                    key = key[1:]
+                return key.split(".")
+            else:
+                return (key,)
+        all_tokens = [token for key in keys for token in _split_key(key)]
+
+        for token in all_tokens[0:-1]:
+            if chained:
+                opt = meth(opt, token, **kw)
+            else:
+                opt = opt.defaultload(token)
+            opt._is_chain_link = True
+
+        opt = meth(opt, all_tokens[-1], **kw)
+        opt._is_chain_link = False
+
+        return opt
+
+    def _chop_path(self, to_chop, path):
+        i = -1
+        for i, (c_token, (p_mapper, p_prop)) in enumerate(
+                zip(to_chop, path.pairs())):
+            if isinstance(c_token, util.string_types):
+                if i == 0 and c_token.endswith(':' + _DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+                    return to_chop
+                elif c_token != 'relationship:%s' % (
+                        _WILDCARD_TOKEN,) and c_token != p_prop.key:
+                    return None
+            elif isinstance(c_token, PropComparator):
+                if c_token.property is not p_prop:
+                    return None
+        else:
+            i += 1
+
+        return to_chop[i:]
+
+    def _bind_loader(self, query, context, raiseerr):
+        start_path = self.path
+        # _current_path implies we're in a
+        # secondary load with an existing path
+
+        current_path = query._current_path
+        if current_path:
+            start_path = self._chop_path(start_path, current_path)
+
+        if not start_path:
+            return None
+
+        token = start_path[0]
+        if isinstance(token, util.string_types):
+            entity = self._find_entity_basestring(query, token, raiseerr)
+        elif isinstance(token, PropComparator):
+            prop = token.property
+            entity = self._find_entity_prop_comparator(
+                query,
+                prop.key,
+                token._parententity,
+                raiseerr)
+
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "mapper option expects "
+                "string key or list of attributes")
+
+        if not entity:
+            return
+
+        path_element = entity.entity_zero
+
+        # transfer our entity-less state into a Load() object
+        # with a real entity path.
+        loader = Load(path_element)
+        loader.context = context
+        loader.strategy = self.strategy
+
+        path = loader.path
+        for token in start_path:
+            loader.path = path = loader._generate_path(
+                loader.path, token, None, raiseerr)
+            if path is None:
+                return
+
+        loader.local_opts.update(self.local_opts)
+
+        if loader.path.has_entity:
+            effective_path = loader.path.parent
+        else:
+            effective_path = loader.path
+
+        # prioritize "first class" options over those
+        # that were "links in the chain", e.g. "x" and "y" in
+        # someload("x.y.z") versus someload("x") / someload("x.y")
+        if self._is_chain_link:
+            effective_path.setdefault(context, "loader", loader)
+        else:
+            effective_path.set(context, "loader", loader)
+
+    def _find_entity_prop_comparator(self, query, token, mapper, raiseerr):
+        if _is_aliased_class(mapper):
+            searchfor = mapper
+        else:
+            searchfor = _class_to_mapper(mapper)
+        for ent in query._mapper_entities:
+            if ent.corresponds_to(searchfor):
+                return ent
+        else:
+            if raiseerr:
+                if not list(query._mapper_entities):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Query has only expression-based entities - "
+                        "can't find property named '%s'."
+                        % (token, )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't find property '%s' on any entity "
+                        "specified in this Query.  Note the full path "
+                        "from root (%s) to target entity must be specified."
+                        % (token, ",".join(str(x) for
+                                           x in query._mapper_entities))
+                    )
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def _find_entity_basestring(self, query, token, raiseerr):
+        if token.endswith(':' + _WILDCARD_TOKEN):
+            if len(list(query._mapper_entities)) != 1:
+                if raiseerr:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Wildcard loader can only be used with exactly "
+                        "one entity.  Use Load(ent) to specify "
+                        "specific entities.")
+        elif token.endswith(_DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+            raiseerr = False
+
+        for ent in query._mapper_entities:
+            # return only the first _MapperEntity when searching
+            # based on string prop name.   Ideally object
+            # attributes are used to specify more exactly.
+            return ent
+        else:
+            if raiseerr:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Query has only expression-based entities - "
+                    "can't find property named '%s'."
+                    % (token, )
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+
+
+class loader_option(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+    def __call__(self, fn):
+        self.name = name = fn.__name__
+        self.fn = fn
+        if hasattr(Load, name):
+            raise TypeError("Load class already has a %s method." % (name))
+        setattr(Load, name, fn)
+
+        return self
+
+    def _add_unbound_fn(self, fn):
+        self._unbound_fn = fn
+        fn_doc = self.fn.__doc__
+        self.fn.__doc__ = """Produce a new :class:`.Load` object with the
+:func:`.orm.%(name)s` option applied.
+
+See :func:`.orm.%(name)s` for usage examples.
+
+""" % {"name": self.name}
+
+        fn.__doc__ = fn_doc
+        return self
+
+    def _add_unbound_all_fn(self, fn):
+        self._unbound_all_fn = fn
+        fn.__doc__ = """Produce a standalone "all" option for :func:`.orm.%(name)s`.
+
+.. deprecated:: 0.9.0
+
+    The "_all()" style is replaced by method chaining, e.g.::
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(
+            %(name)s("someattribute").%(name)s("anotherattribute")
+        )
+
+""" % {"name": self.name}
+        return self
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def contains_eager(loadopt, attr, alias=None):
+    """Indicate that the given attribute should be eagerly loaded from
+    columns stated manually in the query.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    The option is used in conjunction with an explicit join that loads
+    the desired rows, i.e.::
+
+        sess.query(Order).\\
+                join(Order.user).\\
+                options(contains_eager(Order.user))
+
+    The above query would join from the ``Order`` entity to its related
+    ``User`` entity, and the returned ``Order`` objects would have the
+    ``Order.user`` attribute pre-populated.
+
+    :func:`contains_eager` also accepts an `alias` argument, which is the
+    string name of an alias, an :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.alias`
+    construct, or an :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.aliased` construct. Use this when
+    the eagerly-loaded rows are to come from an aliased table::
+
+        user_alias = aliased(User)
+        sess.query(Order).\\
+                join((user_alias, Order.user)).\\
+                options(contains_eager(Order.user, alias=user_alias))
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`contains_eager`
+
+    """
+    if alias is not None:
+        if not isinstance(alias, str):
+            info = inspect(alias)
+            alias = info.selectable
+
+    cloned = loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(
+        attr,
+        {"lazy": "joined"},
+        propagate_to_loaders=False
+    )
+    cloned.local_opts['eager_from_alias'] = alias
+    return cloned
+
+
+@contains_eager._add_unbound_fn
+def contains_eager(*keys, **kw):
+    return _UnboundLoad()._from_keys(
+        _UnboundLoad.contains_eager, keys, True, kw)
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def load_only(loadopt, *attrs):
+    """Indicate that for a particular entity, only the given list
+    of column-based attribute names should be loaded; all others will be
+    deferred.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    Example - given a class ``User``, load only the ``name`` and ``fullname``
+    attributes::
+
+        session.query(User).options(load_only("name", "fullname"))
+
+    Example - given a relationship ``User.addresses -> Address``, specify
+    subquery loading for the ``User.addresses`` collection, but on each
+    ``Address`` object load only the ``email_address`` attribute::
+
+        session.query(User).options(
+                subqueryload("addreses").load_only("email_address")
+        )
+
+    For a :class:`.Query` that has multiple entities, the lead entity can be
+    specifically referred to using the :class:`.Load` constructor::
+
+        session.query(User, Address).join(User.addresses).options(
+                    Load(User).load_only("name", "fullname"),
+                    Load(Address).load_only("email_addres")
+                )
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    """
+    cloned = loadopt.set_column_strategy(
+        attrs,
+        {"deferred": False, "instrument": True}
+    )
+    cloned.set_column_strategy("*",
+                               {"deferred": True, "instrument": True},
+                               {"undefer_pks": True})
+    return cloned
+
+
+@load_only._add_unbound_fn
+def load_only(*attrs):
+    return _UnboundLoad().load_only(*attrs)
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def joinedload(loadopt, attr, innerjoin=None):
+    """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using joined
+    eager loading.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    examples::
+
+        # joined-load the "orders" collection on "User"
+        query(User).options(joinedload(User.orders))
+
+        # joined-load Order.items and then Item.keywords
+        query(Order).options(joinedload(Order.items).joinedload(Item.keywords))
+
+        # lazily load Order.items, but when Items are loaded,
+        # joined-load the keywords collection
+        query(Order).options(lazyload(Order.items).joinedload(Item.keywords))
+
+    :param innerjoin: if ``True``, indicates that the joined eager load should
+     use an inner join instead of the default of left outer join::
+
+        query(Order).options(joinedload(Order.user, innerjoin=True))
+
+     If the joined-eager load is chained onto an existing LEFT OUTER JOIN,
+     ``innerjoin=True`` will be bypassed and the join will continue to
+     chain as LEFT OUTER JOIN so that the results don't change.  As an
+     alternative, specify the value ``"nested"``.  This will instead nest the
+     join on the right side, e.g. using the form "a LEFT OUTER JOIN
+     (b JOIN c)".
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.9.4 Added ``innerjoin="nested"`` option to support
+        nesting of eager "inner" joins.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The joins produced by :func:`.orm.joinedload` are **anonymously
+        aliased**.  The criteria by which the join proceeds cannot be
+        modified, nor can the :class:`.Query` refer to these joins in any way,
+        including ordering.
+
+        To produce a specific SQL JOIN which is explicitly available, use
+        :meth:`.Query.join`.   To combine explicit JOINs with eager loading
+        of collections, use :func:`.orm.contains_eager`; see
+        :ref:`contains_eager`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+        :ref:`contains_eager`
+
+        :func:`.orm.subqueryload`
+
+        :func:`.orm.lazyload`
+
+        :paramref:`.relationship.lazy`
+
+        :paramref:`.relationship.innerjoin` - :func:`.relationship`-level
+        version of the :paramref:`.joinedload.innerjoin` option.
+
+    """
+    loader = loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "joined"})
+    if innerjoin is not None:
+        loader.local_opts['innerjoin'] = innerjoin
+    return loader
+
+
+@joinedload._add_unbound_fn
+def joinedload(*keys, **kw):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(
+        _UnboundLoad.joinedload, keys, False, kw)
+
+
+@joinedload._add_unbound_all_fn
+def joinedload_all(*keys, **kw):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(
+        _UnboundLoad.joinedload, keys, True, kw)
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def subqueryload(loadopt, attr):
+    """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using
+    subquery eager loading.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    examples::
+
+        # subquery-load the "orders" collection on "User"
+        query(User).options(subqueryload(User.orders))
+
+        # subquery-load Order.items and then Item.keywords
+        query(Order).options(subqueryload(Order.items).subqueryload(Item.keywords))
+
+        # lazily load Order.items, but when Items are loaded,
+        # subquery-load the keywords collection
+        query(Order).options(lazyload(Order.items).subqueryload(Item.keywords))
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+        :func:`.orm.joinedload`
+
+        :func:`.orm.lazyload`
+
+        :paramref:`.relationship.lazy`
+
+    """
+    return loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "subquery"})
+
+
+@subqueryload._add_unbound_fn
+def subqueryload(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(_UnboundLoad.subqueryload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@subqueryload._add_unbound_all_fn
+def subqueryload_all(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(_UnboundLoad.subqueryload, keys, True, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def lazyload(loadopt, attr):
+    """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using "lazy"
+    loading.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :paramref:`.relationship.lazy`
+
+    """
+    return loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "select"})
+
+
+@lazyload._add_unbound_fn
+def lazyload(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(_UnboundLoad.lazyload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@lazyload._add_unbound_all_fn
+def lazyload_all(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(_UnboundLoad.lazyload, keys, True, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def immediateload(loadopt, attr):
+    """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using
+    an immediate load with a per-attribute SELECT statement.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+        :func:`.orm.joinedload`
+
+        :func:`.orm.lazyload`
+
+        :paramref:`.relationship.lazy`
+
+    """
+    loader = loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "immediate"})
+    return loader
+
+
+@immediateload._add_unbound_fn
+def immediateload(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(
+        _UnboundLoad.immediateload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def noload(loadopt, attr):
+    """Indicate that the given relationship attribute should remain unloaded.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    :func:`.orm.noload` applies to :func:`.relationship` attributes; for
+    column-based attributes, see :func:`.orm.defer`.
+
+    """
+
+    return loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "noload"})
+
+
+@noload._add_unbound_fn
+def noload(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(_UnboundLoad.noload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def defaultload(loadopt, attr):
+    """Indicate an attribute should load using its default loader style.
+
+    This method is used to link to other loader options, such as
+    to set the :func:`.orm.defer` option on a class that is linked to
+    a relationship of the parent class being loaded, :func:`.orm.defaultload`
+    can be used to navigate this path without changing the loading style
+    of the relationship::
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(defaultload("someattr").defer("some_column"))
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.orm.defer`
+
+        :func:`.orm.undefer`
+
+    """
+    return loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(
+        attr,
+        None
+    )
+
+
+@defaultload._add_unbound_fn
+def defaultload(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(_UnboundLoad.defaultload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def defer(loadopt, key):
+    """Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be deferred, e.g.
+    not loaded until accessed.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import defer
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(
+                            defer("attribute_one"),
+                            defer("attribute_two"))
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(
+                            defer(MyClass.attribute_one),
+                            defer(MyClass.attribute_two))
+
+    To specify a deferred load of an attribute on a related class,
+    the path can be specified one token at a time, specifying the loading
+    style for each link along the chain.  To leave the loading style
+    for a link unchanged, use :func:`.orm.defaultload`::
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(defaultload("someattr").defer("some_column"))
+
+    A :class:`.Load` object that is present on a certain path can have
+    :meth:`.Load.defer` called multiple times, each will operate on the same
+    parent entity::
+
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(
+                        defaultload("someattr").
+                            defer("some_column").
+                            defer("some_other_column").
+                            defer("another_column")
+            )
+
+    :param key: Attribute to be deferred.
+
+    :param \*addl_attrs: Deprecated; this option supports the old 0.8 style
+     of specifying a path as a series of attributes, which is now superseded
+     by the method-chained style.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`deferred`
+
+        :func:`.orm.undefer`
+
+    """
+    return loadopt.set_column_strategy(
+        (key, ),
+        {"deferred": True, "instrument": True}
+    )
+
+
+@defer._add_unbound_fn
+def defer(key, *addl_attrs):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(
+        _UnboundLoad.defer, (key, ) + addl_attrs, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def undefer(loadopt, key):
+    """Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be undeferred,
+    e.g. specified within the SELECT statement of the entity as a whole.
+
+    The column being undeferred is typically set up on the mapping as a
+    :func:`.deferred` attribute.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    Examples::
+
+        # undefer two columns
+        session.query(MyClass).options(undefer("col1"), undefer("col2"))
+
+        # undefer all columns specific to a single class using Load + *
+        session.query(MyClass, MyOtherClass).options(
+            Load(MyClass).undefer("*"))
+
+    :param key: Attribute to be undeferred.
+
+    :param \*addl_attrs: Deprecated; this option supports the old 0.8 style
+     of specifying a path as a series of attributes, which is now superseded
+     by the method-chained style.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`deferred`
+
+        :func:`.orm.defer`
+
+        :func:`.orm.undefer_group`
+
+    """
+    return loadopt.set_column_strategy(
+        (key, ),
+        {"deferred": False, "instrument": True}
+    )
+
+
+@undefer._add_unbound_fn
+def undefer(key, *addl_attrs):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(
+        _UnboundLoad.undefer, (key, ) + addl_attrs, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def undefer_group(loadopt, name):
+    """Indicate that columns within the given deferred group name should be
+    undeferred.
+
+    The columns being undeferred are set up on the mapping as
+    :func:`.deferred` attributes and include a "group" name.
+
+    E.g::
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(undefer_group("large_attrs"))
+
+    To undefer a group of attributes on a related entity, the path can be
+    spelled out using relationship loader options, such as
+    :func:`.orm.defaultload`::
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(
+            defaultload("someattr").undefer_group("large_attrs"))
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 :func:`.orm.undefer_group` is now specific to a
+       particiular entity load path.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`deferred`
+
+        :func:`.orm.defer`
+
+        :func:`.orm.undefer`
+
+    """
+    return loadopt.set_column_strategy(
+        "*",
+        None,
+        {"undefer_group": name}
+    )
+
+
+@undefer_group._add_unbound_fn
+def undefer_group(name):
+    return _UnboundLoad().undefer_group(name)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/sync.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/sync.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e897c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/sync.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# orm/sync.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""private module containing functions used for copying data
+between instances based on join conditions.
+
+"""
+
+from . import exc, util as orm_util, attributes
+
+
+def populate(source, source_mapper, dest, dest_mapper,
+             synchronize_pairs, uowcommit, flag_cascaded_pks):
+    source_dict = source.dict
+    dest_dict = dest.dict
+
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            # inline of source_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[l]
+            value = source.manager[prop.key].impl.get(source, source_dict,
+                                                      attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, dest_mapper, r)
+
+        try:
+            # inline of dest_mapper._set_state_attr_by_column
+            prop = dest_mapper._columntoproperty[r]
+            dest.manager[prop.key].impl.set(dest, dest_dict, value, None)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(True, source_mapper, l, dest_mapper, r)
+
+        # technically the "r.primary_key" check isn't
+        # needed here, but we check for this condition to limit
+        # how often this logic is invoked for memory/performance
+        # reasons, since we only need this info for a primary key
+        # destination.
+        if flag_cascaded_pks and l.primary_key and \
+                r.primary_key and \
+                r.references(l):
+            uowcommit.attributes[("pk_cascaded", dest, r)] = True
+
+
+def clear(dest, dest_mapper, synchronize_pairs):
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        if r.primary_key and \
+            dest_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                dest, dest.dict, r) is not None:
+
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Dependency rule tried to blank-out primary key "
+                "column '%s' on instance '%s'" %
+                (r, orm_util.state_str(dest))
+            )
+        try:
+            dest_mapper._set_state_attr_by_column(dest, dest.dict, r, None)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(True, None, l, dest_mapper, r)
+
+
+def update(source, source_mapper, dest, old_prefix, synchronize_pairs):
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            oldvalue = source_mapper._get_committed_attr_by_column(
+                source.obj(), l)
+            value = source_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                source, source.dict, l)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, None, r)
+        dest[r.key] = value
+        dest[old_prefix + r.key] = oldvalue
+
+
+def populate_dict(source, source_mapper, dict_, synchronize_pairs):
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            value = source_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                source, source.dict, l)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, None, r)
+
+        dict_[r.key] = value
+
+
+def source_modified(uowcommit, source, source_mapper, synchronize_pairs):
+    """return true if the source object has changes from an old to a
+    new value on the given synchronize pairs
+
+    """
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[l]
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, None, r)
+        history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+            source, prop.key, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+        if bool(history.deleted):
+            return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+def _raise_col_to_prop(isdest, source_mapper, source_column,
+                       dest_mapper, dest_column):
+    if isdest:
+        raise exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+            "Can't execute sync rule for "
+            "destination column '%s'; mapper '%s' does not map "
+            "this column.  Try using an explicit `foreign_keys` "
+            "collection which does not include this column (or use "
+            "a viewonly=True relation)." % (dest_column, dest_mapper))
+    else:
+        raise exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+            "Can't execute sync rule for "
+            "source column '%s'; mapper '%s' does not map this "
+            "column.  Try using an explicit `foreign_keys` "
+            "collection which does not include destination column "
+            "'%s' (or use a viewonly=True relation)." %
+            (source_column, source_mapper, dest_column))
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71e6182
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py
@@ -0,0 +1,650 @@
+# orm/unitofwork.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The internals for the unit of work system.
+
+The session's flush() process passes objects to a contextual object
+here, which assembles flush tasks based on mappers and their properties,
+organizes them in order of dependency, and executes.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import util, event
+from ..util import topological
+from . import attributes, persistence, util as orm_util
+
+
+def track_cascade_events(descriptor, prop):
+    """Establish event listeners on object attributes which handle
+    cascade-on-set/append.
+
+    """
+    key = prop.key
+
+    def append(state, item, initiator):
+        # process "save_update" cascade rules for when
+        # an instance is appended to the list of another instance
+
+        if item is None:
+            return
+
+        sess = state.session
+        if sess:
+            if sess._warn_on_events:
+                sess._flush_warning("collection append")
+
+            prop = state.manager.mapper._props[key]
+            item_state = attributes.instance_state(item)
+            if prop._cascade.save_update and \
+                (prop.cascade_backrefs or key == initiator.key) and \
+                    not sess._contains_state(item_state):
+                sess._save_or_update_state(item_state)
+        return item
+
+    def remove(state, item, initiator):
+        if item is None:
+            return
+
+        sess = state.session
+        if sess:
+
+            prop = state.manager.mapper._props[key]
+
+            if sess._warn_on_events:
+                sess._flush_warning(
+                    "collection remove"
+                    if prop.uselist
+                    else "related attribute delete")
+
+            # expunge pending orphans
+            item_state = attributes.instance_state(item)
+            if prop._cascade.delete_orphan and \
+                item_state in sess._new and \
+                    prop.mapper._is_orphan(item_state):
+                sess.expunge(item)
+
+    def set_(state, newvalue, oldvalue, initiator):
+        # process "save_update" cascade rules for when an instance
+        # is attached to another instance
+        if oldvalue is newvalue:
+            return newvalue
+
+        sess = state.session
+        if sess:
+
+            if sess._warn_on_events:
+                sess._flush_warning("related attribute set")
+
+            prop = state.manager.mapper._props[key]
+            if newvalue is not None:
+                newvalue_state = attributes.instance_state(newvalue)
+                if prop._cascade.save_update and \
+                        (prop.cascade_backrefs or key == initiator.key) and \
+                        not sess._contains_state(newvalue_state):
+                    sess._save_or_update_state(newvalue_state)
+
+            if oldvalue is not None and \
+                oldvalue is not attributes.NEVER_SET and \
+                oldvalue is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                    prop._cascade.delete_orphan:
+                # possible to reach here with attributes.NEVER_SET ?
+                oldvalue_state = attributes.instance_state(oldvalue)
+
+                if oldvalue_state in sess._new and \
+                        prop.mapper._is_orphan(oldvalue_state):
+                    sess.expunge(oldvalue)
+        return newvalue
+
+    event.listen(descriptor, 'append', append, raw=True, retval=True)
+    event.listen(descriptor, 'remove', remove, raw=True, retval=True)
+    event.listen(descriptor, 'set', set_, raw=True, retval=True)
+
+
+class UOWTransaction(object):
+    def __init__(self, session):
+        self.session = session
+
+        # dictionary used by external actors to
+        # store arbitrary state information.
+        self.attributes = {}
+
+        # dictionary of mappers to sets of
+        # DependencyProcessors, which are also
+        # set to be part of the sorted flush actions,
+        # which have that mapper as a parent.
+        self.deps = util.defaultdict(set)
+
+        # dictionary of mappers to sets of InstanceState
+        # items pending for flush which have that mapper
+        # as a parent.
+        self.mappers = util.defaultdict(set)
+
+        # a dictionary of Preprocess objects, which gather
+        # additional states impacted by the flush
+        # and determine if a flush action is needed
+        self.presort_actions = {}
+
+        # dictionary of PostSortRec objects, each
+        # one issues work during the flush within
+        # a certain ordering.
+        self.postsort_actions = {}
+
+        # a set of 2-tuples, each containing two
+        # PostSortRec objects where the second
+        # is dependent on the first being executed
+        # first
+        self.dependencies = set()
+
+        # dictionary of InstanceState-> (isdelete, listonly)
+        # tuples, indicating if this state is to be deleted
+        # or insert/updated, or just refreshed
+        self.states = {}
+
+        # tracks InstanceStates which will be receiving
+        # a "post update" call.  Keys are mappers,
+        # values are a set of states and a set of the
+        # columns which should be included in the update.
+        self.post_update_states = util.defaultdict(lambda: (set(), set()))
+
+    @property
+    def has_work(self):
+        return bool(self.states)
+
+    def is_deleted(self, state):
+        """return true if the given state is marked as deleted
+        within this uowtransaction."""
+
+        return state in self.states and self.states[state][0]
+
+    def memo(self, key, callable_):
+        if key in self.attributes:
+            return self.attributes[key]
+        else:
+            self.attributes[key] = ret = callable_()
+            return ret
+
+    def remove_state_actions(self, state):
+        """remove pending actions for a state from the uowtransaction."""
+
+        isdelete = self.states[state][0]
+
+        self.states[state] = (isdelete, True)
+
+    def get_attribute_history(self, state, key,
+                              passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
+        """facade to attributes.get_state_history(), including
+        caching of results."""
+
+        hashkey = ("history", state, key)
+
+        # cache the objects, not the states; the strong reference here
+        # prevents newly loaded objects from being dereferenced during the
+        # flush process
+
+        if hashkey in self.attributes:
+            history, state_history, cached_passive = self.attributes[hashkey]
+            # if the cached lookup was "passive" and now
+            # we want non-passive, do a non-passive lookup and re-cache
+
+            if not cached_passive & attributes.SQL_OK \
+                    and passive & attributes.SQL_OK:
+                impl = state.manager[key].impl
+                history = impl.get_history(state, state.dict,
+                                           attributes.PASSIVE_OFF |
+                                           attributes.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED)
+                if history and impl.uses_objects:
+                    state_history = history.as_state()
+                else:
+                    state_history = history
+                self.attributes[hashkey] = (history, state_history, passive)
+        else:
+            impl = state.manager[key].impl
+            # TODO: store the history as (state, object) tuples
+            # so we don't have to keep converting here
+            history = impl.get_history(state, state.dict, passive |
+                                       attributes.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED)
+            if history and impl.uses_objects:
+                state_history = history.as_state()
+            else:
+                state_history = history
+            self.attributes[hashkey] = (history, state_history,
+                                        passive)
+
+        return state_history
+
+    def has_dep(self, processor):
+        return (processor, True) in self.presort_actions
+
+    def register_preprocessor(self, processor, fromparent):
+        key = (processor, fromparent)
+        if key not in self.presort_actions:
+            self.presort_actions[key] = Preprocess(processor, fromparent)
+
+    def register_object(self, state, isdelete=False,
+                        listonly=False, cancel_delete=False,
+                        operation=None, prop=None):
+        if not self.session._contains_state(state):
+            if not state.deleted and operation is not None:
+                util.warn("Object of type %s not in session, %s operation "
+                          "along '%s' will not proceed" %
+                          (orm_util.state_class_str(state), operation, prop))
+            return False
+
+        if state not in self.states:
+            mapper = state.manager.mapper
+
+            if mapper not in self.mappers:
+                self._per_mapper_flush_actions(mapper)
+
+            self.mappers[mapper].add(state)
+            self.states[state] = (isdelete, listonly)
+        else:
+            if not listonly and (isdelete or cancel_delete):
+                self.states[state] = (isdelete, False)
+        return True
+
+    def issue_post_update(self, state, post_update_cols):
+        mapper = state.manager.mapper.base_mapper
+        states, cols = self.post_update_states[mapper]
+        states.add(state)
+        cols.update(post_update_cols)
+
+    def _per_mapper_flush_actions(self, mapper):
+        saves = SaveUpdateAll(self, mapper.base_mapper)
+        deletes = DeleteAll(self, mapper.base_mapper)
+        self.dependencies.add((saves, deletes))
+
+        for dep in mapper._dependency_processors:
+            dep.per_property_preprocessors(self)
+
+        for prop in mapper.relationships:
+            if prop.viewonly:
+                continue
+            dep = prop._dependency_processor
+            dep.per_property_preprocessors(self)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _mapper_for_dep(self):
+        """return a dynamic mapping of (Mapper, DependencyProcessor) to
+        True or False, indicating if the DependencyProcessor operates
+        on objects of that Mapper.
+
+        The result is stored in the dictionary persistently once
+        calculated.
+
+        """
+        return util.PopulateDict(
+            lambda tup: tup[0]._props.get(tup[1].key) is tup[1].prop
+        )
+
+    def filter_states_for_dep(self, dep, states):
+        """Filter the given list of InstanceStates to those relevant to the
+        given DependencyProcessor.
+
+        """
+        mapper_for_dep = self._mapper_for_dep
+        return [s for s in states if mapper_for_dep[(s.manager.mapper, dep)]]
+
+    def states_for_mapper_hierarchy(self, mapper, isdelete, listonly):
+        checktup = (isdelete, listonly)
+        for mapper in mapper.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            for state in self.mappers[mapper]:
+                if self.states[state] == checktup:
+                    yield state
+
+    def _generate_actions(self):
+        """Generate the full, unsorted collection of PostSortRecs as
+        well as dependency pairs for this UOWTransaction.
+
+        """
+        # execute presort_actions, until all states
+        # have been processed.   a presort_action might
+        # add new states to the uow.
+        while True:
+            ret = False
+            for action in list(self.presort_actions.values()):
+                if action.execute(self):
+                    ret = True
+            if not ret:
+                break
+
+        # see if the graph of mapper dependencies has cycles.
+        self.cycles = cycles = topological.find_cycles(
+            self.dependencies,
+            list(self.postsort_actions.values()))
+
+        if cycles:
+            # if yes, break the per-mapper actions into
+            # per-state actions
+            convert = dict(
+                (rec, set(rec.per_state_flush_actions(self)))
+                for rec in cycles
+            )
+
+            # rewrite the existing dependencies to point to
+            # the per-state actions for those per-mapper actions
+            # that were broken up.
+            for edge in list(self.dependencies):
+                if None in edge or \
+                        edge[0].disabled or edge[1].disabled or \
+                        cycles.issuperset(edge):
+                    self.dependencies.remove(edge)
+                elif edge[0] in cycles:
+                    self.dependencies.remove(edge)
+                    for dep in convert[edge[0]]:
+                        self.dependencies.add((dep, edge[1]))
+                elif edge[1] in cycles:
+                    self.dependencies.remove(edge)
+                    for dep in convert[edge[1]]:
+                        self.dependencies.add((edge[0], dep))
+
+        return set([a for a in self.postsort_actions.values()
+                    if not a.disabled
+                    ]
+                   ).difference(cycles)
+
+    def execute(self):
+        postsort_actions = self._generate_actions()
+
+        # sort = topological.sort(self.dependencies, postsort_actions)
+        # print "--------------"
+        # print "\ndependencies:", self.dependencies
+        # print "\ncycles:", self.cycles
+        # print "\nsort:", list(sort)
+        # print "\nCOUNT OF POSTSORT ACTIONS", len(postsort_actions)
+
+        # execute
+        if self.cycles:
+            for set_ in topological.sort_as_subsets(
+                    self.dependencies,
+                    postsort_actions):
+                while set_:
+                    n = set_.pop()
+                    n.execute_aggregate(self, set_)
+        else:
+            for rec in topological.sort(
+                    self.dependencies,
+                    postsort_actions):
+                rec.execute(self)
+
+    def finalize_flush_changes(self):
+        """mark processed objects as clean / deleted after a successful
+        flush().
+
+        this method is called within the flush() method after the
+        execute() method has succeeded and the transaction has been committed.
+
+        """
+        states = set(self.states)
+        isdel = set(
+            s for (s, (isdelete, listonly)) in self.states.items()
+            if isdelete
+        )
+        other = states.difference(isdel)
+        self.session._remove_newly_deleted(isdel)
+        self.session._register_newly_persistent(other)
+
+
+class IterateMappersMixin(object):
+    def _mappers(self, uow):
+        if self.fromparent:
+            return iter(
+                m for m in
+                self.dependency_processor.parent.self_and_descendants
+                if uow._mapper_for_dep[(m, self.dependency_processor)]
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.dependency_processor.mapper.self_and_descendants
+
+
+class Preprocess(IterateMappersMixin):
+    def __init__(self, dependency_processor, fromparent):
+        self.dependency_processor = dependency_processor
+        self.fromparent = fromparent
+        self.processed = set()
+        self.setup_flush_actions = False
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        delete_states = set()
+        save_states = set()
+
+        for mapper in self._mappers(uow):
+            for state in uow.mappers[mapper].difference(self.processed):
+                (isdelete, listonly) = uow.states[state]
+                if not listonly:
+                    if isdelete:
+                        delete_states.add(state)
+                    else:
+                        save_states.add(state)
+
+        if delete_states:
+            self.dependency_processor.presort_deletes(uow, delete_states)
+            self.processed.update(delete_states)
+        if save_states:
+            self.dependency_processor.presort_saves(uow, save_states)
+            self.processed.update(save_states)
+
+        if (delete_states or save_states):
+            if not self.setup_flush_actions and (
+                    self.dependency_processor.
+                    prop_has_changes(uow, delete_states, True) or
+                    self.dependency_processor.
+                    prop_has_changes(uow, save_states, False)
+            ):
+                self.dependency_processor.per_property_flush_actions(uow)
+                self.setup_flush_actions = True
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class PostSortRec(object):
+    disabled = False
+
+    def __new__(cls, uow, *args):
+        key = (cls, ) + args
+        if key in uow.postsort_actions:
+            return uow.postsort_actions[key]
+        else:
+            uow.postsort_actions[key] = \
+                ret = \
+                object.__new__(cls)
+            return ret
+
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        self.execute(uow)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            ",".join(str(x) for x in self.__dict__.values())
+        )
+
+
+class ProcessAll(IterateMappersMixin, PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, dependency_processor, delete, fromparent):
+        self.dependency_processor = dependency_processor
+        self.delete = delete
+        self.fromparent = fromparent
+        uow.deps[dependency_processor.parent.base_mapper].\
+            add(dependency_processor)
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        states = self._elements(uow)
+        if self.delete:
+            self.dependency_processor.process_deletes(uow, states)
+        else:
+            self.dependency_processor.process_saves(uow, states)
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        # this is handled by SaveUpdateAll and DeleteAll,
+        # since a ProcessAll should unconditionally be pulled
+        # into per-state if either the parent/child mappers
+        # are part of a cycle
+        return iter([])
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s, delete=%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.dependency_processor,
+            self.delete
+        )
+
+    def _elements(self, uow):
+        for mapper in self._mappers(uow):
+            for state in uow.mappers[mapper]:
+                (isdelete, listonly) = uow.states[state]
+                if isdelete == self.delete and not listonly:
+                    yield state
+
+
+class IssuePostUpdate(PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, mapper, isdelete):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        self.isdelete = isdelete
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        states, cols = uow.post_update_states[self.mapper]
+        states = [s for s in states if uow.states[s][0] == self.isdelete]
+
+        persistence.post_update(self.mapper, states, uow, cols)
+
+
+class SaveUpdateAll(PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, mapper):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        assert mapper is mapper.base_mapper
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        persistence.save_obj(self.mapper,
+                             uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(
+                                 self.mapper, False, False),
+                             uow
+                             )
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        states = list(uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(
+            self.mapper, False, False))
+        base_mapper = self.mapper.base_mapper
+        delete_all = DeleteAll(uow, base_mapper)
+        for state in states:
+            # keep saves before deletes -
+            # this ensures 'row switch' operations work
+            action = SaveUpdateState(uow, state, base_mapper)
+            uow.dependencies.add((action, delete_all))
+            yield action
+
+        for dep in uow.deps[self.mapper]:
+            states_for_prop = uow.filter_states_for_dep(dep, states)
+            dep.per_state_flush_actions(uow, states_for_prop, False)
+
+
+class DeleteAll(PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, mapper):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        assert mapper is mapper.base_mapper
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        persistence.delete_obj(self.mapper,
+                               uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(
+                                   self.mapper, True, False),
+                               uow
+                               )
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        states = list(uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(
+            self.mapper, True, False))
+        base_mapper = self.mapper.base_mapper
+        save_all = SaveUpdateAll(uow, base_mapper)
+        for state in states:
+            # keep saves before deletes -
+            # this ensures 'row switch' operations work
+            action = DeleteState(uow, state, base_mapper)
+            uow.dependencies.add((save_all, action))
+            yield action
+
+        for dep in uow.deps[self.mapper]:
+            states_for_prop = uow.filter_states_for_dep(dep, states)
+            dep.per_state_flush_actions(uow, states_for_prop, True)
+
+
+class ProcessState(PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, dependency_processor, delete, state):
+        self.dependency_processor = dependency_processor
+        self.delete = delete
+        self.state = state
+
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        cls_ = self.__class__
+        dependency_processor = self.dependency_processor
+        delete = self.delete
+        our_recs = [r for r in recs
+                    if r.__class__ is cls_ and
+                    r.dependency_processor is dependency_processor and
+                    r.delete is delete]
+        recs.difference_update(our_recs)
+        states = [self.state] + [r.state for r in our_recs]
+        if delete:
+            dependency_processor.process_deletes(uow, states)
+        else:
+            dependency_processor.process_saves(uow, states)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s, %s, delete=%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.dependency_processor,
+            orm_util.state_str(self.state),
+            self.delete
+        )
+
+
+class SaveUpdateState(PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, state, mapper):
+        self.state = state
+        self.mapper = mapper
+
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        cls_ = self.__class__
+        mapper = self.mapper
+        our_recs = [r for r in recs
+                    if r.__class__ is cls_ and
+                    r.mapper is mapper]
+        recs.difference_update(our_recs)
+        persistence.save_obj(mapper,
+                             [self.state] +
+                             [r.state for r in our_recs],
+                             uow)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            orm_util.state_str(self.state)
+        )
+
+
+class DeleteState(PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, state, mapper):
+        self.state = state
+        self.mapper = mapper
+
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        cls_ = self.__class__
+        mapper = self.mapper
+        our_recs = [r for r in recs
+                    if r.__class__ is cls_ and
+                    r.mapper is mapper]
+        recs.difference_update(our_recs)
+        states = [self.state] + [r.state for r in our_recs]
+        persistence.delete_obj(mapper,
+                               [s for s in states if uow.states[s][0]],
+                               uow)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            orm_util.state_str(self.state)
+        )
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/util.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..215de5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,964 @@
+# orm/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+from .. import sql, util, event, exc as sa_exc, inspection
+from ..sql import expression, util as sql_util, operators
+from .interfaces import PropComparator, MapperProperty
+from . import attributes
+import re
+
+from .base import instance_str, state_str, state_class_str, attribute_str, \
+    state_attribute_str, object_mapper, object_state, _none_set
+from .base import class_mapper, _class_to_mapper
+from .base import _InspectionAttr
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+
+all_cascades = frozenset(("delete", "delete-orphan", "all", "merge",
+                          "expunge", "save-update", "refresh-expire",
+                          "none"))
+
+
+class CascadeOptions(frozenset):
+    """Keeps track of the options sent to relationship().cascade"""
+
+    _add_w_all_cascades = all_cascades.difference([
+        'all', 'none', 'delete-orphan'])
+    _allowed_cascades = all_cascades
+
+    def __new__(cls, arg):
+        values = set([
+            c for c
+            in re.split('\s*,\s*', arg or "")
+            if c
+        ])
+
+        if values.difference(cls._allowed_cascades):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid cascade option(s): %s" %
+                ", ".join([repr(x) for x in
+                           sorted(
+                    values.difference(cls._allowed_cascades)
+                )])
+            )
+
+        if "all" in values:
+            values.update(cls._add_w_all_cascades)
+        if "none" in values:
+            values.clear()
+        values.discard('all')
+
+        self = frozenset.__new__(CascadeOptions, values)
+        self.save_update = 'save-update' in values
+        self.delete = 'delete' in values
+        self.refresh_expire = 'refresh-expire' in values
+        self.merge = 'merge' in values
+        self.expunge = 'expunge' in values
+        self.delete_orphan = "delete-orphan" in values
+
+        if self.delete_orphan and not self.delete:
+            util.warn("The 'delete-orphan' cascade "
+                      "option requires 'delete'.")
+        return self
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "CascadeOptions(%r)" % (
+            ",".join([x for x in sorted(self)])
+        )
+
+
+def _validator_events(
+        desc, key, validator, include_removes, include_backrefs):
+    """Runs a validation method on an attribute value to be set or
+    appended.
+    """
+
+    if not include_backrefs:
+        def detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+            impl = state.manager[key].impl
+            return initiator.impl is not impl
+
+    if include_removes:
+        def append(state, value, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value, False)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def set_(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value, False)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def remove(state, value, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                validator(state.obj(), key, value, True)
+
+    else:
+        def append(state, value, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def set_(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+    event.listen(desc, 'append', append, raw=True, retval=True)
+    event.listen(desc, 'set', set_, raw=True, retval=True)
+    if include_removes:
+        event.listen(desc, "remove", remove, raw=True, retval=True)
+
+
+def polymorphic_union(table_map, typecolname,
+                      aliasname='p_union', cast_nulls=True):
+    """Create a ``UNION`` statement used by a polymorphic mapper.
+
+    See  :ref:`concrete_inheritance` for an example of how
+    this is used.
+
+    :param table_map: mapping of polymorphic identities to
+     :class:`.Table` objects.
+    :param typecolname: string name of a "discriminator" column, which will be
+     derived from the query, producing the polymorphic identity for
+     each row.  If ``None``, no polymorphic discriminator is generated.
+    :param aliasname: name of the :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.alias()`
+     construct generated.
+    :param cast_nulls: if True, non-existent columns, which are represented
+     as labeled NULLs, will be passed into CAST.   This is a legacy behavior
+     that is problematic on some backends such as Oracle - in which case it
+     can be set to False.
+
+    """
+
+    colnames = util.OrderedSet()
+    colnamemaps = {}
+    types = {}
+    for key in table_map:
+        table = table_map[key]
+
+        # mysql doesn't like selecting from a select;
+        # make it an alias of the select
+        if isinstance(table, sql.Select):
+            table = table.alias()
+            table_map[key] = table
+
+        m = {}
+        for c in table.c:
+            colnames.add(c.key)
+            m[c.key] = c
+            types[c.key] = c.type
+        colnamemaps[table] = m
+
+    def col(name, table):
+        try:
+            return colnamemaps[table][name]
+        except KeyError:
+            if cast_nulls:
+                return sql.cast(sql.null(), types[name]).label(name)
+            else:
+                return sql.type_coerce(sql.null(), types[name]).label(name)
+
+    result = []
+    for type, table in table_map.items():
+        if typecolname is not None:
+            result.append(
+                sql.select([col(name, table) for name in colnames] +
+                           [sql.literal_column(
+                               sql_util._quote_ddl_expr(type)).
+                               label(typecolname)],
+                           from_obj=[table]))
+        else:
+            result.append(sql.select([col(name, table) for name in colnames],
+                                     from_obj=[table]))
+    return sql.union_all(*result).alias(aliasname)
+
+
+def identity_key(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Generate "identity key" tuples, as are used as keys in the
+    :attr:`.Session.identity_map` dictionary.
+
+    This function has several call styles:
+
+    * ``identity_key(class, ident)``
+
+      This form receives a mapped class and a primary key scalar or
+      tuple as an argument.
+
+      E.g.::
+
+        >>> identity_key(MyClass, (1, 2))
+        (, (1, 2))
+
+      :param class: mapped class (must be a positional argument)
+      :param ident: primary key, may be a scalar or tuple argument.
+
+
+    * ``identity_key(instance=instance)``
+
+      This form will produce the identity key for a given instance.  The
+      instance need not be persistent, only that its primary key attributes
+      are populated (else the key will contain ``None`` for those missing
+      values).
+
+      E.g.::
+
+        >>> instance = MyClass(1, 2)
+        >>> identity_key(instance=instance)
+        (, (1, 2))
+
+      In this form, the given instance is ultimately run though
+      :meth:`.Mapper.identity_key_from_instance`, which will have the
+      effect of performing a database check for the corresponding row
+      if the object is expired.
+
+      :param instance: object instance (must be given as a keyword arg)
+
+    * ``identity_key(class, row=row)``
+
+      This form is similar to the class/tuple form, except is passed a
+      database result row as a :class:`.RowProxy` object.
+
+      E.g.::
+
+        >>> row = engine.execute("select * from table where a=1 and b=2").\
+first()
+        >>> identity_key(MyClass, row=row)
+        (, (1, 2))
+
+      :param class: mapped class (must be a positional argument)
+      :param row: :class:`.RowProxy` row returned by a :class:`.ResultProxy`
+       (must be given as a keyword arg)
+
+    """
+    if args:
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            class_ = args[0]
+            try:
+                row = kwargs.pop("row")
+            except KeyError:
+                ident = kwargs.pop("ident")
+        elif len(args) == 2:
+            class_, ident = args
+        elif len(args) == 3:
+            class_, ident = args
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "expected up to three positional arguments, "
+                "got %s" % len(args))
+        if kwargs:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("unknown keyword arguments: %s"
+                                       % ", ".join(kwargs))
+        mapper = class_mapper(class_)
+        if "ident" in locals():
+            return mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(util.to_list(ident))
+        return mapper.identity_key_from_row(row)
+    instance = kwargs.pop("instance")
+    if kwargs:
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("unknown keyword arguments: %s"
+                                   % ", ".join(kwargs.keys))
+    mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+    return mapper.identity_key_from_instance(instance)
+
+
+class ORMAdapter(sql_util.ColumnAdapter):
+    """Extends ColumnAdapter to accept ORM entities.
+
+    The selectable is extracted from the given entity,
+    and the AliasedClass if any is referenced.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, entity, equivalents=None, adapt_required=False,
+                 chain_to=None):
+        info = inspection.inspect(entity)
+
+        self.mapper = info.mapper
+        selectable = info.selectable
+        is_aliased_class = info.is_aliased_class
+        if is_aliased_class:
+            self.aliased_class = entity
+        else:
+            self.aliased_class = None
+        sql_util.ColumnAdapter.__init__(self, selectable,
+                                        equivalents, chain_to,
+                                        adapt_required=adapt_required)
+
+    def replace(self, elem):
+        entity = elem._annotations.get('parentmapper', None)
+        if not entity or entity.isa(self.mapper):
+            return sql_util.ColumnAdapter.replace(self, elem)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class AliasedClass(object):
+    """Represents an "aliased" form of a mapped class for usage with Query.
+
+    The ORM equivalent of a :func:`sqlalchemy.sql.expression.alias`
+    construct, this object mimics the mapped class using a
+    __getattr__ scheme and maintains a reference to a
+    real :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Alias` object.
+
+    Usage is via the :func:`.orm.aliased` function, or alternatively
+    via the :func:`.orm.with_polymorphic` function.
+
+    Usage example::
+
+        # find all pairs of users with the same name
+        user_alias = aliased(User)
+        session.query(User, user_alias).\\
+                        join((user_alias, User.id > user_alias.id)).\\
+                        filter(User.name==user_alias.name)
+
+    The resulting object is an instance of :class:`.AliasedClass`.
+    This object implements an attribute scheme which produces the
+    same attribute and method interface as the original mapped
+    class, allowing :class:`.AliasedClass` to be compatible
+    with any attribute technique which works on the original class,
+    including hybrid attributes (see :ref:`hybrids_toplevel`).
+
+    The :class:`.AliasedClass` can be inspected for its underlying
+    :class:`.Mapper`, aliased selectable, and other information
+    using :func:`.inspect`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+        my_alias = aliased(MyClass)
+        insp = inspect(my_alias)
+
+    The resulting inspection object is an instance of :class:`.AliasedInsp`.
+
+    See :func:`.aliased` and :func:`.with_polymorphic` for construction
+    argument descriptions.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, cls, alias=None,
+                 name=None,
+                 flat=False,
+                 adapt_on_names=False,
+                 #  TODO: None for default here?
+                 with_polymorphic_mappers=(),
+                 with_polymorphic_discriminator=None,
+                 base_alias=None,
+                 use_mapper_path=False):
+        mapper = _class_to_mapper(cls)
+        if alias is None:
+            alias = mapper._with_polymorphic_selectable.alias(
+                name=name, flat=flat)
+        self._aliased_insp = AliasedInsp(
+            self,
+            mapper,
+            alias,
+            name,
+            with_polymorphic_mappers
+            if with_polymorphic_mappers
+            else mapper.with_polymorphic_mappers,
+            with_polymorphic_discriminator
+            if with_polymorphic_discriminator is not None
+            else mapper.polymorphic_on,
+            base_alias,
+            use_mapper_path,
+            adapt_on_names
+        )
+
+        self.__name__ = 'AliasedClass_%s' % mapper.class_.__name__
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        try:
+            _aliased_insp = self.__dict__['_aliased_insp']
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError()
+        else:
+            for base in _aliased_insp._target.__mro__:
+                try:
+                    attr = object.__getattribute__(base, key)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise AttributeError(key)
+
+        if isinstance(attr, PropComparator):
+            ret = attr.adapt_to_entity(_aliased_insp)
+            setattr(self, key, ret)
+            return ret
+        elif hasattr(attr, 'func_code'):
+            is_method = getattr(_aliased_insp._target, key, None)
+            if is_method and is_method.__self__ is not None:
+                return util.types.MethodType(attr.__func__, self, self)
+            else:
+                return None
+        elif hasattr(attr, '__get__'):
+            ret = attr.__get__(None, self)
+            if isinstance(ret, PropComparator):
+                return ret.adapt_to_entity(_aliased_insp)
+            else:
+                return ret
+        else:
+            return attr
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '' % (
+            id(self), self._aliased_insp._target.__name__)
+
+
+class AliasedInsp(_InspectionAttr):
+    """Provide an inspection interface for an
+    :class:`.AliasedClass` object.
+
+    The :class:`.AliasedInsp` object is returned
+    given an :class:`.AliasedClass` using the
+    :func:`.inspect` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
+
+        my_alias = aliased(MyMappedClass)
+        insp = inspect(my_alias)
+
+    Attributes on :class:`.AliasedInsp`
+    include:
+
+    * ``entity`` - the :class:`.AliasedClass` represented.
+    * ``mapper`` - the :class:`.Mapper` mapping the underlying class.
+    * ``selectable`` - the :class:`.Alias` construct which ultimately
+      represents an aliased :class:`.Table` or :class:`.Select`
+      construct.
+    * ``name`` - the name of the alias.  Also is used as the attribute
+      name when returned in a result tuple from :class:`.Query`.
+    * ``with_polymorphic_mappers`` - collection of :class:`.Mapper` objects
+      indicating all those mappers expressed in the select construct
+      for the :class:`.AliasedClass`.
+    * ``polymorphic_on`` - an alternate column or SQL expression which
+      will be used as the "discriminator" for a polymorphic load.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`inspection_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, entity, mapper, selectable, name,
+                 with_polymorphic_mappers, polymorphic_on,
+                 _base_alias, _use_mapper_path, adapt_on_names):
+        self.entity = entity
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        self.selectable = selectable
+        self.name = name
+        self.with_polymorphic_mappers = with_polymorphic_mappers
+        self.polymorphic_on = polymorphic_on
+        self._base_alias = _base_alias or self
+        self._use_mapper_path = _use_mapper_path
+
+        self._adapter = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(
+            selectable, equivalents=mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names)
+
+        self._adapt_on_names = adapt_on_names
+        self._target = mapper.class_
+
+        for poly in self.with_polymorphic_mappers:
+            if poly is not mapper:
+                setattr(self.entity, poly.class_.__name__,
+                        AliasedClass(poly.class_, selectable, base_alias=self,
+                                     adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+                                     use_mapper_path=_use_mapper_path))
+
+    is_aliased_class = True
+    "always returns True"
+
+    @property
+    def class_(self):
+        """Return the mapped class ultimately represented by this
+        :class:`.AliasedInsp`."""
+        return self.mapper.class_
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _path_registry(self):
+        if self._use_mapper_path:
+            return self.mapper._path_registry
+        else:
+            return PathRegistry.per_mapper(self)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {
+            'entity': self.entity,
+            'mapper': self.mapper,
+            'alias': self.selectable,
+            'name': self.name,
+            'adapt_on_names': self._adapt_on_names,
+            'with_polymorphic_mappers':
+                self.with_polymorphic_mappers,
+            'with_polymorphic_discriminator':
+                self.polymorphic_on,
+            'base_alias': self._base_alias,
+            'use_mapper_path': self._use_mapper_path
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(
+            state['entity'],
+            state['mapper'],
+            state['alias'],
+            state['name'],
+            state['with_polymorphic_mappers'],
+            state['with_polymorphic_discriminator'],
+            state['base_alias'],
+            state['use_mapper_path'],
+            state['adapt_on_names']
+        )
+
+    def _adapt_element(self, elem):
+        return self._adapter.traverse(elem).\
+            _annotate({
+                'parententity': self.entity,
+                'parentmapper': self.mapper}
+        )
+
+    def _entity_for_mapper(self, mapper):
+        self_poly = self.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        if mapper in self_poly:
+            return getattr(self.entity, mapper.class_.__name__)._aliased_insp
+        elif mapper.isa(self.mapper):
+            return self
+        else:
+            assert False, "mapper %s doesn't correspond to %s" % (
+                mapper, self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '' % (
+            id(self), self.class_.__name__)
+
+
+inspection._inspects(AliasedClass)(lambda target: target._aliased_insp)
+inspection._inspects(AliasedInsp)(lambda target: target)
+
+
+def aliased(element, alias=None, name=None, flat=False, adapt_on_names=False):
+    """Produce an alias of the given element, usually an :class:`.AliasedClass`
+    instance.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        my_alias = aliased(MyClass)
+
+        session.query(MyClass, my_alias).filter(MyClass.id > my_alias.id)
+
+    The :func:`.aliased` function is used to create an ad-hoc mapping
+    of a mapped class to a new selectable.  By default, a selectable
+    is generated from the normally mapped selectable (typically a
+    :class:`.Table`) using the :meth:`.FromClause.alias` method.
+    However, :func:`.aliased` can also be used to link the class to
+    a new :func:`.select` statement.   Also, the :func:`.with_polymorphic`
+    function is a variant of :func:`.aliased` that is intended to specify
+    a so-called "polymorphic selectable", that corresponds to the union
+    of several joined-inheritance subclasses at once.
+
+    For convenience, the :func:`.aliased` function also accepts plain
+    :class:`.FromClause` constructs, such as a :class:`.Table` or
+    :func:`.select` construct.   In those cases, the :meth:`.FromClause.alias`
+    method is called on the object and the new :class:`.Alias` object
+    returned.  The returned :class:`.Alias` is not ORM-mapped in this case.
+
+    :param element: element to be aliased.  Is normally a mapped class,
+     but for convenience can also be a :class:`.FromClause` element.
+
+    :param alias: Optional selectable unit to map the element to.  This should
+     normally be a :class:`.Alias` object corresponding to the :class:`.Table`
+     to which the class is mapped, or to a :func:`.select` construct that
+     is compatible with the mapping.   By default, a simple anonymous
+     alias of the mapped table is generated.
+
+    :param name: optional string name to use for the alias, if not specified
+     by the ``alias`` parameter.  The name, among other things, forms the
+     attribute name that will be accessible via tuples returned by a
+     :class:`.Query` object.
+
+    :param flat: Boolean, will be passed through to the
+     :meth:`.FromClause.alias` call so that aliases of :class:`.Join` objects
+     don't include an enclosing SELECT.  This can lead to more efficient
+     queries in many circumstances.  A JOIN against a nested JOIN will be
+     rewritten as a JOIN against an aliased SELECT subquery on backends that
+     don't support this syntax.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+     .. seealso:: :meth:`.Join.alias`
+
+    :param adapt_on_names: if True, more liberal "matching" will be used when
+     mapping the mapped columns of the ORM entity to those of the
+     given selectable - a name-based match will be performed if the
+     given selectable doesn't otherwise have a column that corresponds
+     to one on the entity.  The use case for this is when associating
+     an entity with some derived selectable such as one that uses
+     aggregate functions::
+
+        class UnitPrice(Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'unit_price'
+            ...
+            unit_id = Column(Integer)
+            price = Column(Numeric)
+
+        aggregated_unit_price = Session.query(
+                                    func.sum(UnitPrice.price).label('price')
+                                ).group_by(UnitPrice.unit_id).subquery()
+
+        aggregated_unit_price = aliased(UnitPrice,
+                    alias=aggregated_unit_price, adapt_on_names=True)
+
+     Above, functions on ``aggregated_unit_price`` which refer to
+     ``.price`` will return the
+     ``fund.sum(UnitPrice.price).label('price')`` column, as it is
+     matched on the name "price".  Ordinarily, the "price" function
+     wouldn't have any "column correspondence" to the actual
+     ``UnitPrice.price`` column as it is not a proxy of the original.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(element, expression.FromClause):
+        if adapt_on_names:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "adapt_on_names only applies to ORM elements"
+            )
+        return element.alias(name, flat=flat)
+    else:
+        return AliasedClass(element, alias=alias, flat=flat,
+                            name=name, adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names)
+
+
+def with_polymorphic(base, classes, selectable=False,
+                     flat=False,
+                     polymorphic_on=None, aliased=False,
+                     innerjoin=False, _use_mapper_path=False):
+    """Produce an :class:`.AliasedClass` construct which specifies
+    columns for descendant mappers of the given base.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        :func:`.orm.with_polymorphic` is in addition to the existing
+        :class:`.Query` method :meth:`.Query.with_polymorphic`,
+        which has the same purpose but is not as flexible in its usage.
+
+    Using this method will ensure that each descendant mapper's
+    tables are included in the FROM clause, and will allow filter()
+    criterion to be used against those tables.  The resulting
+    instances will also have those columns already loaded so that
+    no "post fetch" of those columns will be required.
+
+    See the examples at :ref:`with_polymorphic`.
+
+    :param base: Base class to be aliased.
+
+    :param classes: a single class or mapper, or list of
+        class/mappers, which inherit from the base class.
+        Alternatively, it may also be the string ``'*'``, in which case
+        all descending mapped classes will be added to the FROM clause.
+
+    :param aliased: when True, the selectable will be wrapped in an
+        alias, that is ``(SELECT * FROM ) AS anon_1``.
+        This can be important when using the with_polymorphic()
+        to create the target of a JOIN on a backend that does not
+        support parenthesized joins, such as SQLite and older
+        versions of MySQL.
+
+    :param flat: Boolean, will be passed through to the
+        :meth:`.FromClause.alias` call so that aliases of :class:`.Join`
+        objects don't include an enclosing SELECT.  This can lead to more
+        efficient queries in many circumstances.  A JOIN against a nested JOIN
+        will be rewritten as a JOIN against an aliased SELECT subquery on
+        backends that don't support this syntax.
+
+     Setting ``flat`` to ``True`` implies the ``aliased`` flag is
+     also ``True``.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+     .. seealso:: :meth:`.Join.alias`
+
+    :param selectable: a table or select() statement that will
+        be used in place of the generated FROM clause. This argument is
+        required if any of the desired classes use concrete table
+        inheritance, since SQLAlchemy currently cannot generate UNIONs
+        among tables automatically. If used, the ``selectable`` argument
+        must represent the full set of tables and columns mapped by every
+        mapped class. Otherwise, the unaccounted mapped columns will
+        result in their table being appended directly to the FROM clause
+        which will usually lead to incorrect results.
+
+    :param polymorphic_on: a column to be used as the "discriminator"
+        column for the given selectable. If not given, the polymorphic_on
+        attribute of the base classes' mapper will be used, if any. This
+        is useful for mappings that don't have polymorphic loading
+        behavior by default.
+
+    :param innerjoin: if True, an INNER JOIN will be used.  This should
+       only be specified if querying for one specific subtype only
+    """
+    primary_mapper = _class_to_mapper(base)
+    mappers, selectable = primary_mapper.\
+        _with_polymorphic_args(classes, selectable,
+                               innerjoin=innerjoin)
+    if aliased or flat:
+        selectable = selectable.alias(flat=flat)
+    return AliasedClass(base,
+                        selectable,
+                        with_polymorphic_mappers=mappers,
+                        with_polymorphic_discriminator=polymorphic_on,
+                        use_mapper_path=_use_mapper_path)
+
+
+def _orm_annotate(element, exclude=None):
+    """Deep copy the given ClauseElement, annotating each element with the
+    "_orm_adapt" flag.
+
+    Elements within the exclude collection will be cloned but not annotated.
+
+    """
+    return sql_util._deep_annotate(element, {'_orm_adapt': True}, exclude)
+
+
+def _orm_deannotate(element):
+    """Remove annotations that link a column to a particular mapping.
+
+    Note this doesn't affect "remote" and "foreign" annotations
+    passed by the :func:`.orm.foreign` and :func:`.orm.remote`
+    annotators.
+
+    """
+
+    return sql_util._deep_deannotate(element,
+                                     values=("_orm_adapt", "parententity")
+                                     )
+
+
+def _orm_full_deannotate(element):
+    return sql_util._deep_deannotate(element)
+
+
+class _ORMJoin(expression.Join):
+    """Extend Join to support ORM constructs as input."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = expression.Join.__visit_name__
+
+    def __init__(self, left, right, onclause=None, isouter=False):
+
+        left_info = inspection.inspect(left)
+        left_orm_info = getattr(left, '_joined_from_info', left_info)
+
+        right_info = inspection.inspect(right)
+        adapt_to = right_info.selectable
+
+        self._joined_from_info = right_info
+
+        if isinstance(onclause, util.string_types):
+            onclause = getattr(left_orm_info.entity, onclause)
+
+        if isinstance(onclause, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+            on_selectable = onclause.comparator._source_selectable()
+            prop = onclause.property
+        elif isinstance(onclause, MapperProperty):
+            prop = onclause
+            on_selectable = prop.parent.selectable
+        else:
+            prop = None
+
+        if prop:
+            if sql_util.clause_is_present(
+                    on_selectable, left_info.selectable):
+                adapt_from = on_selectable
+            else:
+                adapt_from = left_info.selectable
+
+            pj, sj, source, dest, \
+                secondary, target_adapter = prop._create_joins(
+                    source_selectable=adapt_from,
+                    dest_selectable=adapt_to,
+                    source_polymorphic=True,
+                    dest_polymorphic=True,
+                    of_type=right_info.mapper)
+
+            if sj is not None:
+                if isouter:
+                    # note this is an inner join from secondary->right
+                    right = sql.join(secondary, right, sj)
+                    onclause = pj
+                else:
+                    left = sql.join(left, secondary, pj, isouter)
+                    onclause = sj
+            else:
+                onclause = pj
+            self._target_adapter = target_adapter
+
+        expression.Join.__init__(self, left, right, onclause, isouter)
+
+    def join(self, right, onclause=None, isouter=False, join_to_left=None):
+        return _ORMJoin(self, right, onclause, isouter)
+
+    def outerjoin(self, right, onclause=None, join_to_left=None):
+        return _ORMJoin(self, right, onclause, True)
+
+
+def join(left, right, onclause=None, isouter=False, join_to_left=None):
+    """Produce an inner join between left and right clauses.
+
+    :func:`.orm.join` is an extension to the core join interface
+    provided by :func:`.sql.expression.join()`, where the
+    left and right selectables may be not only core selectable
+    objects such as :class:`.Table`, but also mapped classes or
+    :class:`.AliasedClass` instances.   The "on" clause can
+    be a SQL expression, or an attribute or string name
+    referencing a configured :func:`.relationship`.
+
+    :func:`.orm.join` is not commonly needed in modern usage,
+    as its functionality is encapsulated within that of the
+    :meth:`.Query.join` method, which features a
+    significant amount of automation beyond :func:`.orm.join`
+    by itself.  Explicit usage of :func:`.orm.join`
+    with :class:`.Query` involves usage of the
+    :meth:`.Query.select_from` method, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import join
+        session.query(User).\\
+            select_from(join(User, Address, User.addresses)).\\
+            filter(Address.email_address=='foo@bar.com')
+
+    In modern SQLAlchemy the above join can be written more
+    succinctly as::
+
+        session.query(User).\\
+                join(User.addresses).\\
+                filter(Address.email_address=='foo@bar.com')
+
+    See :meth:`.Query.join` for information on modern usage
+    of ORM level joins.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8.1 - the ``join_to_left`` parameter
+       is no longer used, and is deprecated.
+
+    """
+    return _ORMJoin(left, right, onclause, isouter)
+
+
+def outerjoin(left, right, onclause=None, join_to_left=None):
+    """Produce a left outer join between left and right clauses.
+
+    This is the "outer join" version of the :func:`.orm.join` function,
+    featuring the same behavior except that an OUTER JOIN is generated.
+    See that function's documentation for other usage details.
+
+    """
+    return _ORMJoin(left, right, onclause, True)
+
+
+def with_parent(instance, prop):
+    """Create filtering criterion that relates this query's primary entity
+    to the given related instance, using established :func:`.relationship()`
+    configuration.
+
+    The SQL rendered is the same as that rendered when a lazy loader
+    would fire off from the given parent on that attribute, meaning
+    that the appropriate state is taken from the parent object in
+    Python without the need to render joins to the parent table
+    in the rendered statement.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.6.4
+        This method accepts parent instances in all
+        persistence states, including transient, persistent, and detached.
+        Only the requisite primary key/foreign key attributes need to
+        be populated.  Previous versions didn't work with transient
+        instances.
+
+    :param instance:
+      An instance which has some :func:`.relationship`.
+
+    :param property:
+      String property name, or class-bound attribute, which indicates
+      what relationship from the instance should be used to reconcile the
+      parent/child relationship.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(prop, util.string_types):
+        mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+        prop = getattr(mapper.class_, prop).property
+    elif isinstance(prop, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+        prop = prop.property
+
+    return prop.compare(operators.eq,
+                        instance,
+                        value_is_parent=True)
+
+
+def has_identity(object):
+    """Return True if the given object has a database
+    identity.
+
+    This typically corresponds to the object being
+    in either the persistent or detached state.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.was_deleted`
+
+    """
+    state = attributes.instance_state(object)
+    return state.has_identity
+
+
+def was_deleted(object):
+    """Return True if the given object was deleted
+    within a session flush.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.0
+
+    """
+
+    state = attributes.instance_state(object)
+    return state.deleted
+
+
+def randomize_unitofwork():
+    """Use random-ordering sets within the unit of work in order
+    to detect unit of work sorting issues.
+
+    This is a utility function that can be used to help reproduce
+    inconsistent unit of work sorting issues.   For example,
+    if two kinds of objects A and B are being inserted, and
+    B has a foreign key reference to A - the A must be inserted first.
+    However, if there is no relationship between A and B, the unit of work
+    won't know to perform this sorting, and an operation may or may not
+    fail, depending on how the ordering works out.   Since Python sets
+    and dictionaries have non-deterministic ordering, such an issue may
+    occur on some runs and not on others, and in practice it tends to
+    have a great dependence on the state of the interpreter.  This leads
+    to so-called "heisenbugs" where changing entirely irrelevant aspects
+    of the test program still cause the failure behavior to change.
+
+    By calling ``randomize_unitofwork()`` when a script first runs, the
+    ordering of a key series of sets within the unit of work implementation
+    are randomized, so that the script can be minimized down to the
+    fundamental mapping and operation that's failing, while still reproducing
+    the issue on at least some runs.
+
+    This utility is also available when running the test suite via the
+    ``--reversetop`` flag.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.1 created a standalone version of the
+       ``--reversetop`` feature.
+
+    """
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import unitofwork, session, mapper, dependency
+    from sqlalchemy.util import topological
+    from sqlalchemy.testing.util import RandomSet
+    topological.set = unitofwork.set = session.set = mapper.set = \
+        dependency.set = RandomSet
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d26bbf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1271 @@
+# sqlalchemy/pool.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+"""Connection pooling for DB-API connections.
+
+Provides a number of connection pool implementations for a variety of
+usage scenarios and thread behavior requirements imposed by the
+application, DB-API or database itself.
+
+Also provides a DB-API 2.0 connection proxying mechanism allowing
+regular DB-API connect() methods to be transparently managed by a
+SQLAlchemy connection pool.
+"""
+
+import time
+import traceback
+import weakref
+
+from . import exc, log, event, interfaces, util
+from .util import queue as sqla_queue
+from .util import threading, memoized_property, \
+    chop_traceback
+
+from collections import deque
+proxies = {}
+
+
+def manage(module, **params):
+    """Return a proxy for a DB-API module that automatically
+    pools connections.
+
+    Given a DB-API 2.0 module and pool management parameters, returns
+    a proxy for the module that will automatically pool connections,
+    creating new connection pools for each distinct set of connection
+    arguments sent to the decorated module's connect() function.
+
+    :param module: a DB-API 2.0 database module
+
+    :param poolclass: the class used by the pool module to provide
+      pooling.  Defaults to :class:`.QueuePool`.
+
+    :param \*\*params: will be passed through to *poolclass*
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return proxies[module]
+    except KeyError:
+        return proxies.setdefault(module, _DBProxy(module, **params))
+
+
+def clear_managers():
+    """Remove all current DB-API 2.0 managers.
+
+    All pools and connections are disposed.
+    """
+
+    for manager in proxies.values():
+        manager.close()
+    proxies.clear()
+
+reset_rollback = util.symbol('reset_rollback')
+reset_commit = util.symbol('reset_commit')
+reset_none = util.symbol('reset_none')
+
+
+class _ConnDialect(object):
+
+    """partial implementation of :class:`.Dialect`
+    which provides DBAPI connection methods.
+
+    When a :class:`.Pool` is combined with an :class:`.Engine`,
+    the :class:`.Engine` replaces this with its own
+    :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+    """
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.rollback()
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.commit()
+
+    def do_close(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.close()
+
+
+class Pool(log.Identified):
+
+    """Abstract base class for connection pools."""
+
+    _dialect = _ConnDialect()
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 creator, recycle=-1, echo=None,
+                 use_threadlocal=False,
+                 logging_name=None,
+                 reset_on_return=True,
+                 listeners=None,
+                 events=None,
+                 _dispatch=None,
+                 _dialect=None):
+        """
+        Construct a Pool.
+
+        :param creator: a callable function that returns a DB-API
+          connection object.  The function will be called with
+          parameters.
+
+        :param recycle: If set to non -1, number of seconds between
+          connection recycling, which means upon checkout, if this
+          timeout is surpassed the connection will be closed and
+          replaced with a newly opened connection. Defaults to -1.
+
+        :param logging_name:  String identifier which will be used within
+          the "name" field of logging records generated within the
+          "sqlalchemy.pool" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the object's
+          id.
+
+        :param echo: If True, connections being pulled and retrieved
+          from the pool will be logged to the standard output, as well
+          as pool sizing information.  Echoing can also be achieved by
+          enabling logging for the "sqlalchemy.pool"
+          namespace. Defaults to False.
+
+        :param use_threadlocal: If set to True, repeated calls to
+          :meth:`connect` within the same application thread will be
+          guaranteed to return the same connection object, if one has
+          already been retrieved from the pool and has not been
+          returned yet.  Offers a slight performance advantage at the
+          cost of individual transactions by default.  The
+          :meth:`.Pool.unique_connection` method is provided to return
+          a consistenty unique connection to bypass this behavior
+          when the flag is set.
+
+          .. warning::  The :paramref:`.Pool.use_threadlocal` flag
+             **does not affect the behavior** of :meth:`.Engine.connect`.
+             :meth:`.Engine.connect` makes use of the
+             :meth:`.Pool.unique_connection` method which **does not use thread
+             local context**.  To produce a :class:`.Connection` which refers
+             to the :meth:`.Pool.connect` method, use
+             :meth:`.Engine.contextual_connect`.
+
+             Note that other SQLAlchemy connectivity systems such as
+             :meth:`.Engine.execute` as well as the orm
+             :class:`.Session` make use of
+             :meth:`.Engine.contextual_connect` internally, so these functions
+             are compatible with the :paramref:`.Pool.use_threadlocal` setting.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`threadlocal_strategy` - contains detail on the
+            "threadlocal" engine strategy, which provides a more comprehensive
+            approach to "threadlocal" connectivity for the specific
+            use case of using :class:`.Engine` and :class:`.Connection` objects
+            directly.
+
+        :param reset_on_return: Determine steps to take on
+          connections as they are returned to the pool.
+          reset_on_return can have any of these values:
+
+          * ``"rollback"`` - call rollback() on the connection,
+            to release locks and transaction resources.
+            This is the default value.  The vast majority
+            of use cases should leave this value set.
+          * ``True`` - same as 'rollback', this is here for
+            backwards compatibility.
+          * ``"commit"`` - call commit() on the connection,
+            to release locks and transaction resources.
+            A commit here may be desirable for databases that
+            cache query plans if a commit is emitted,
+            such as Microsoft SQL Server.  However, this
+            value is more dangerous than 'rollback' because
+            any data changes present on the transaction
+            are committed unconditionally.
+          * ``None`` - don't do anything on the connection.
+            This setting should only be made on a database
+            that has no transaction support at all,
+            namely MySQL MyISAM.   By not doing anything,
+            performance can be improved.   This
+            setting should **never be selected** for a
+            database that supports transactions,
+            as it will lead to deadlocks and stale
+            state.
+          * ``False`` - same as None, this is here for
+            backwards compatibility.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.7.6
+              :paramref:`.Pool.reset_on_return` accepts ``"rollback"``
+              and ``"commit"`` arguments.
+
+        :param events: a list of 2-tuples, each of the form
+         ``(callable, target)`` which will be passed to :func:`.event.listen`
+         upon construction.   Provided here so that event listeners
+         can be assigned via :func:`.create_engine` before dialect-level
+         listeners are applied.
+
+        :param listeners: Deprecated.  A list of
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.interfaces.PoolListener`-like objects or
+          dictionaries of callables that receive events when DB-API
+          connections are created, checked out and checked in to the
+          pool.  This has been superseded by
+          :func:`~sqlalchemy.event.listen`.
+
+        """
+        if logging_name:
+            self.logging_name = self._orig_logging_name = logging_name
+        else:
+            self._orig_logging_name = None
+
+        log.instance_logger(self, echoflag=echo)
+        self._threadconns = threading.local()
+        self._creator = creator
+        self._recycle = recycle
+        self._invalidate_time = 0
+        self._use_threadlocal = use_threadlocal
+        if reset_on_return in ('rollback', True, reset_rollback):
+            self._reset_on_return = reset_rollback
+        elif reset_on_return in (None, False, reset_none):
+            self._reset_on_return = reset_none
+        elif reset_on_return in ('commit', reset_commit):
+            self._reset_on_return = reset_commit
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid value for 'reset_on_return': %r"
+                % reset_on_return)
+
+        self.echo = echo
+        if _dispatch:
+            self.dispatch._update(_dispatch, only_propagate=False)
+        if _dialect:
+            self._dialect = _dialect
+        if events:
+            for fn, target in events:
+                event.listen(self, target, fn)
+        if listeners:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The 'listeners' argument to Pool (and "
+                "create_engine()) is deprecated.  Use event.listen().")
+            for l in listeners:
+                self.add_listener(l)
+
+    def _close_connection(self, connection):
+        self.logger.debug("Closing connection %r", connection)
+        try:
+            self._dialect.do_close(connection)
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except:
+            self.logger.error("Exception closing connection %r",
+                              connection, exc_info=True)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        2.7, "Pool.add_listener is deprecated.  Use event.listen()")
+    def add_listener(self, listener):
+        """Add a :class:`.PoolListener`-like object to this pool.
+
+        ``listener`` may be an object that implements some or all of
+        PoolListener, or a dictionary of callables containing implementations
+        of some or all of the named methods in PoolListener.
+
+        """
+        interfaces.PoolListener._adapt_listener(self, listener)
+
+    def unique_connection(self):
+        """Produce a DBAPI connection that is not referenced by any
+        thread-local context.
+
+        This method is equivalent to :meth:`.Pool.connect` when the
+        :paramref:`.Pool.use_threadlocal` flag is not set to True.
+        When :paramref:`.Pool.use_threadlocal` is True, the
+        :meth:`.Pool.unique_connection` method provides a means of bypassing
+        the threadlocal context.
+
+        """
+        return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self)
+
+    def _create_connection(self):
+        """Called by subclasses to create a new ConnectionRecord."""
+
+        return _ConnectionRecord(self)
+
+    def _invalidate(self, connection, exception=None):
+        """Mark all connections established within the generation
+        of the given connection as invalidated.
+
+        If this pool's last invalidate time is before when the given
+        connection was created, update the timestamp til now.  Otherwise,
+        no action is performed.
+
+        Connections with a start time prior to this pool's invalidation
+        time will be recycled upon next checkout.
+        """
+        rec = getattr(connection, "_connection_record", None)
+        if not rec or self._invalidate_time < rec.starttime:
+            self._invalidate_time = time.time()
+        if getattr(connection, 'is_valid', False):
+            connection.invalidate(exception)
+
+    def recreate(self):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Pool`, of the same class as this one
+        and configured with identical creation arguments.
+
+        This method is used in conjunection with :meth:`dispose`
+        to close out an entire :class:`.Pool` and create a new one in
+        its place.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        """Dispose of this pool.
+
+        This method leaves the possibility of checked-out connections
+        remaining open, as it only affects connections that are
+        idle in the pool.
+
+        See also the :meth:`Pool.recreate` method.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def connect(self):
+        """Return a DBAPI connection from the pool.
+
+        The connection is instrumented such that when its
+        ``close()`` method is called, the connection will be returned to
+        the pool.
+
+        """
+        if not self._use_threadlocal:
+            return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self)
+
+        try:
+            rec = self._threadconns.current()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if rec is not None:
+                return rec._checkout_existing()
+
+        return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self, self._threadconns)
+
+    def _return_conn(self, record):
+        """Given a _ConnectionRecord, return it to the :class:`.Pool`.
+
+        This method is called when an instrumented DBAPI connection
+        has its ``close()`` method called.
+
+        """
+        if self._use_threadlocal:
+            try:
+                del self._threadconns.current
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+        self._do_return_conn(record)
+
+    def _do_get(self):
+        """Implementation for :meth:`get`, supplied by subclasses."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, conn):
+        """Implementation for :meth:`return_conn`, supplied by subclasses."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def status(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _ConnectionRecord(object):
+
+    """Internal object which maintains an individual DBAPI connection
+    referenced by a :class:`.Pool`.
+
+    The :class:`._ConnectionRecord` object always exists for any particular
+    DBAPI connection whether or not that DBAPI connection has been
+    "checked out".  This is in contrast to the :class:`._ConnectionFairy`
+    which is only a public facade to the DBAPI connection while it is checked
+    out.
+
+    A :class:`._ConnectionRecord` may exist for a span longer than that
+    of a single DBAPI connection.  For example, if the
+    :meth:`._ConnectionRecord.invalidate`
+    method is called, the DBAPI connection associated with this
+    :class:`._ConnectionRecord`
+    will be discarded, but the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` may be used again,
+    in which case a new DBAPI connection is produced when the :class:`.Pool`
+    next uses this record.
+
+    The :class:`._ConnectionRecord` is delivered along with connection
+    pool events, including :meth:`.PoolEvents.connect` and
+    :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkout`, however :class:`._ConnectionRecord` still
+    remains an internal object whose API and internals may change.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`._ConnectionFairy`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pool):
+        self.__pool = pool
+        self.connection = self.__connect()
+        self.finalize_callback = deque()
+
+        pool.dispatch.first_connect.\
+            for_modify(pool.dispatch).\
+            exec_once(self.connection, self)
+        pool.dispatch.connect(self.connection, self)
+
+    connection = None
+    """A reference to the actual DBAPI connection being tracked.
+
+    May be ``None`` if this :class:`._ConnectionRecord` has been marked
+    as invalidated; a new DBAPI connection may replace it if the owning
+    pool calls upon this :class:`._ConnectionRecord` to reconnect.
+
+    """
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        """The ``.info`` dictionary associated with the DBAPI connection.
+
+        This dictionary is shared among the :attr:`._ConnectionFairy.info`
+        and :attr:`.Connection.info` accessors.
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def checkout(cls, pool):
+        rec = pool._do_get()
+        try:
+            dbapi_connection = rec.get_connection()
+        except:
+            rec.checkin()
+            raise
+        fairy = _ConnectionFairy(dbapi_connection, rec)
+        rec.fairy_ref = weakref.ref(
+            fairy,
+            lambda ref: _finalize_fairy and
+            _finalize_fairy(
+                dbapi_connection,
+                rec, pool, ref, pool._echo)
+        )
+        _refs.add(rec)
+        if pool._echo:
+            pool.logger.debug("Connection %r checked out from pool",
+                              dbapi_connection)
+        return fairy
+
+    def checkin(self):
+        self.fairy_ref = None
+        connection = self.connection
+        pool = self.__pool
+        while self.finalize_callback:
+            finalizer = self.finalize_callback.pop()
+            finalizer(connection)
+        if pool.dispatch.checkin:
+            pool.dispatch.checkin(connection, self)
+        pool._return_conn(self)
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.connection is not None:
+            self.__close()
+
+    def invalidate(self, e=None):
+        """Invalidate the DBAPI connection held by this :class:`._ConnectionRecord`.
+
+        This method is called for all connection invalidations, including
+        when the :meth:`._ConnectionFairy.invalidate` or
+        :meth:`.Connection.invalidate` methods are called, as well as when any
+        so-called "automatic invalidation" condition occurs.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+        """
+        # already invalidated
+        if self.connection is None:
+            return
+        self.__pool.dispatch.invalidate(self.connection, self, e)
+        if e is not None:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "Invalidate connection %r (reason: %s:%s)",
+                self.connection, e.__class__.__name__, e)
+        else:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "Invalidate connection %r", self.connection)
+        self.__close()
+        self.connection = None
+
+    def get_connection(self):
+        recycle = False
+        if self.connection is None:
+            self.connection = self.__connect()
+            self.info.clear()
+            if self.__pool.dispatch.connect:
+                self.__pool.dispatch.connect(self.connection, self)
+        elif self.__pool._recycle > -1 and \
+                time.time() - self.starttime > self.__pool._recycle:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "Connection %r exceeded timeout; recycling",
+                self.connection)
+            recycle = True
+        elif self.__pool._invalidate_time > self.starttime:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "Connection %r invalidated due to pool invalidation; " +
+                "recycling",
+                self.connection
+            )
+            recycle = True
+
+        if recycle:
+            self.__close()
+            self.connection = self.__connect()
+            self.info.clear()
+            if self.__pool.dispatch.connect:
+                self.__pool.dispatch.connect(self.connection, self)
+        return self.connection
+
+    def __close(self):
+        self.__pool._close_connection(self.connection)
+
+    def __connect(self):
+        try:
+            self.starttime = time.time()
+            connection = self.__pool._creator()
+            self.__pool.logger.debug("Created new connection %r", connection)
+            return connection
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.__pool.logger.debug("Error on connect(): %s", e)
+            raise
+
+
+def _finalize_fairy(connection, connection_record,
+                    pool, ref, echo, fairy=None):
+    """Cleanup for a :class:`._ConnectionFairy` whether or not it's already
+    been garbage collected.
+
+    """
+    _refs.discard(connection_record)
+
+    if ref is not None and \
+            connection_record.fairy_ref is not ref:
+        return
+
+    if connection is not None:
+        if connection_record and echo:
+            pool.logger.debug("Connection %r being returned to pool",
+                              connection)
+
+        try:
+            fairy = fairy or _ConnectionFairy(connection, connection_record)
+            assert fairy.connection is connection
+            fairy._reset(pool, echo)
+
+            # Immediately close detached instances
+            if not connection_record:
+                pool._close_connection(connection)
+        except Exception as e:
+            pool.logger.error(
+                "Exception during reset or similar", exc_info=True)
+            if connection_record:
+                connection_record.invalidate(e=e)
+            if isinstance(e, (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt)):
+                raise
+
+    if connection_record:
+        connection_record.checkin()
+
+
+_refs = set()
+
+
+class _ConnectionFairy(object):
+
+    """Proxies a DBAPI connection and provides return-on-dereference
+    support.
+
+    This is an internal object used by the :class:`.Pool` implementation
+    to provide context management to a DBAPI connection delivered by
+    that :class:`.Pool`.
+
+    The name "fairy" is inspired by the fact that the
+    :class:`._ConnectionFairy` object's lifespan is transitory, as it lasts
+    only for the length of a specific DBAPI connection being checked out from
+    the pool, and additionally that as a transparent proxy, it is mostly
+    invisible.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`._ConnectionRecord`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        self.connection = dbapi_connection
+        self._connection_record = connection_record
+
+    connection = None
+    """A reference to the actual DBAPI connection being tracked."""
+
+    _connection_record = None
+    """A reference to the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` object associated
+    with the DBAPI connection.
+
+    This is currently an internal accessor which is subject to change.
+
+    """
+
+    _reset_agent = None
+    """Refer to an object with a ``.commit()`` and ``.rollback()`` method;
+    if non-None, the "reset-on-return" feature will call upon this object
+    rather than directly against the dialect-level do_rollback() and
+    do_commit() methods.
+
+    In practice, a :class:`.Connection` assigns a :class:`.Transaction` object
+    to this variable when one is in scope so that the :class:`.Transaction`
+    takes the job of committing or rolling back on return if
+    :meth:`.Connection.close` is called while the :class:`.Transaction`
+    still exists.
+
+    This is essentially an "event handler" of sorts but is simplified as an
+    instance variable both for performance/simplicity as well as that there
+    can only be one "reset agent" at a time.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _checkout(cls, pool, threadconns=None, fairy=None):
+        if not fairy:
+            fairy = _ConnectionRecord.checkout(pool)
+
+            fairy._pool = pool
+            fairy._counter = 0
+            fairy._echo = pool._should_log_debug()
+
+            if threadconns is not None:
+                threadconns.current = weakref.ref(fairy)
+
+        if fairy.connection is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This connection is closed")
+        fairy._counter += 1
+
+        if not pool.dispatch.checkout or fairy._counter != 1:
+            return fairy
+
+        # Pool listeners can trigger a reconnection on checkout
+        attempts = 2
+        while attempts > 0:
+            try:
+                pool.dispatch.checkout(fairy.connection,
+                                       fairy._connection_record,
+                                       fairy)
+                return fairy
+            except exc.DisconnectionError as e:
+                pool.logger.info(
+                    "Disconnection detected on checkout: %s", e)
+                fairy._connection_record.invalidate(e)
+                fairy.connection = fairy._connection_record.get_connection()
+                attempts -= 1
+
+        pool.logger.info("Reconnection attempts exhausted on checkout")
+        fairy.invalidate()
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This connection is closed")
+
+    def _checkout_existing(self):
+        return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self._pool, fairy=self)
+
+    def _checkin(self):
+        _finalize_fairy(self.connection, self._connection_record,
+                        self._pool, None, self._echo, fairy=self)
+        self.connection = None
+        self._connection_record = None
+
+    _close = _checkin
+
+    def _reset(self, pool, echo):
+        if pool.dispatch.reset:
+            pool.dispatch.reset(self, self._connection_record)
+        if pool._reset_on_return is reset_rollback:
+            if echo:
+                pool.logger.debug("Connection %s rollback-on-return%s",
+                                  self.connection,
+                                  ", via agent"
+                                  if self._reset_agent else "")
+            if self._reset_agent:
+                self._reset_agent.rollback()
+            else:
+                pool._dialect.do_rollback(self)
+        elif pool._reset_on_return is reset_commit:
+            if echo:
+                pool.logger.debug("Connection %s commit-on-return%s",
+                                  self.connection,
+                                  ", via agent"
+                                  if self._reset_agent else "")
+            if self._reset_agent:
+                self._reset_agent.commit()
+            else:
+                pool._dialect.do_commit(self)
+
+    @property
+    def _logger(self):
+        return self._pool.logger
+
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self):
+        """Return True if this :class:`._ConnectionFairy` still refers
+        to an active DBAPI connection."""
+
+        return self.connection is not None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        """Info dictionary associated with the underlying DBAPI connection
+        referred to by this :class:`.ConnectionFairy`, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with the connection.
+
+        The data here will follow along with the DBAPI connection including
+        after it is returned to the connection pool and used again
+        in subsequent instances of :class:`._ConnectionFairy`.  It is shared
+        with the :attr:`._ConnectionRecord.info` and :attr:`.Connection.info`
+        accessors.
+
+        """
+        return self._connection_record.info
+
+    def invalidate(self, e=None):
+        """Mark this connection as invalidated.
+
+        This method can be called directly, and is also called as a result
+        of the :meth:`.Connection.invalidate` method.   When invoked,
+        the DBAPI connection is immediately closed and discarded from
+        further use by the pool.  The invalidation mechanism proceeds
+        via the :meth:`._ConnectionRecord.invalidate` internal method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+        """
+
+        if self.connection is None:
+            util.warn("Can't invalidate an already-closed connection.")
+            return
+        if self._connection_record:
+            self._connection_record.invalidate(e=e)
+        self.connection = None
+        self._checkin()
+
+    def cursor(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Return a new DBAPI cursor for the underlying connection.
+
+        This method is a proxy for the ``connection.cursor()`` DBAPI
+        method.
+
+        """
+        return self.connection.cursor(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.connection, key)
+
+    def detach(self):
+        """Separate this connection from its Pool.
+
+        This means that the connection will no longer be returned to the
+        pool when closed, and will instead be literally closed.  The
+        containing ConnectionRecord is separated from the DB-API connection,
+        and will create a new connection when next used.
+
+        Note that any overall connection limiting constraints imposed by a
+        Pool implementation may be violated after a detach, as the detached
+        connection is removed from the pool's knowledge and control.
+        """
+
+        if self._connection_record is not None:
+            _refs.remove(self._connection_record)
+            self._connection_record.fairy_ref = None
+            self._connection_record.connection = None
+            # TODO: should this be _return_conn?
+            self._pool._do_return_conn(self._connection_record)
+            self.info = self.info.copy()
+            self._connection_record = None
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._counter -= 1
+        if self._counter == 0:
+            self._checkin()
+
+
+class SingletonThreadPool(Pool):
+
+    """A Pool that maintains one connection per thread.
+
+    Maintains one connection per each thread, never moving a connection to a
+    thread other than the one which it was created in.
+
+    Options are the same as those of :class:`.Pool`, as well as:
+
+    :param pool_size: The number of threads in which to maintain connections
+        at once.  Defaults to five.
+
+    :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` is used by the SQLite dialect
+    automatically when a memory-based database is used.
+    See :ref:`sqlite_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, creator, pool_size=5, **kw):
+        kw['use_threadlocal'] = True
+        Pool.__init__(self, creator, **kw)
+        self._conn = threading.local()
+        self._all_conns = set()
+        self.size = pool_size
+
+    def recreate(self):
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(self._creator,
+                              pool_size=self.size,
+                              recycle=self._recycle,
+                              echo=self.echo,
+                              logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+                              use_threadlocal=self._use_threadlocal,
+                              reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+                              _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+                              _dialect=self._dialect)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        """Dispose of this pool."""
+
+        for conn in self._all_conns:
+            try:
+                conn.close()
+            except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                raise
+            except:
+                # pysqlite won't even let you close a conn from a thread
+                # that didn't create it
+                pass
+
+        self._all_conns.clear()
+
+    def _cleanup(self):
+        while len(self._all_conns) >= self.size:
+            c = self._all_conns.pop()
+            c.close()
+
+    def status(self):
+        return "SingletonThreadPool id:%d size: %d" % \
+            (id(self), len(self._all_conns))
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, conn):
+        pass
+
+    def _do_get(self):
+        try:
+            c = self._conn.current()
+            if c:
+                return c
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        c = self._create_connection()
+        self._conn.current = weakref.ref(c)
+        if len(self._all_conns) >= self.size:
+            self._cleanup()
+        self._all_conns.add(c)
+        return c
+
+
+class QueuePool(Pool):
+
+    """A :class:`.Pool` that imposes a limit on the number of open connections.
+
+    :class:`.QueuePool` is the default pooling implementation used for
+    all :class:`.Engine` objects, unless the SQLite dialect is in use.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, creator, pool_size=5, max_overflow=10, timeout=30,
+                 **kw):
+        """
+        Construct a QueuePool.
+
+        :param creator: a callable function that returns a DB-API
+          connection object, same as that of :paramref:`.Pool.creator`.
+
+        :param pool_size: The size of the pool to be maintained,
+          defaults to 5. This is the largest number of connections that
+          will be kept persistently in the pool. Note that the pool
+          begins with no connections; once this number of connections
+          is requested, that number of connections will remain.
+          ``pool_size`` can be set to 0 to indicate no size limit; to
+          disable pooling, use a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.NullPool`
+          instead.
+
+        :param max_overflow: The maximum overflow size of the
+          pool. When the number of checked-out connections reaches the
+          size set in pool_size, additional connections will be
+          returned up to this limit. When those additional connections
+          are returned to the pool, they are disconnected and
+          discarded. It follows then that the total number of
+          simultaneous connections the pool will allow is pool_size +
+          `max_overflow`, and the total number of "sleeping"
+          connections the pool will allow is pool_size. `max_overflow`
+          can be set to -1 to indicate no overflow limit; no limit
+          will be placed on the total number of concurrent
+          connections. Defaults to 10.
+
+        :param timeout: The number of seconds to wait before giving up
+          on returning a connection. Defaults to 30.
+
+        :param \**kw: Other keyword arguments including
+        :paramref:`.Pool.recycle`, :paramref:`.Pool.echo`,
+        :paramref:`.Pool.reset_on_return` and others are passed to the
+        :class:`.Pool` constructor.
+
+        """
+        Pool.__init__(self, creator, **kw)
+        self._pool = sqla_queue.Queue(pool_size)
+        self._overflow = 0 - pool_size
+        self._max_overflow = max_overflow
+        self._timeout = timeout
+        self._overflow_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, conn):
+        try:
+            self._pool.put(conn, False)
+        except sqla_queue.Full:
+            try:
+                conn.close()
+            finally:
+                self._dec_overflow()
+
+    def _do_get(self):
+        use_overflow = self._max_overflow > -1
+
+        try:
+            wait = use_overflow and self._overflow >= self._max_overflow
+            return self._pool.get(wait, self._timeout)
+        except sqla_queue.Empty:
+            if use_overflow and self._overflow >= self._max_overflow:
+                if not wait:
+                    return self._do_get()
+                else:
+                    raise exc.TimeoutError(
+                        "QueuePool limit of size %d overflow %d reached, "
+                        "connection timed out, timeout %d" %
+                        (self.size(), self.overflow(), self._timeout))
+
+            if self._inc_overflow():
+                try:
+                    return self._create_connection()
+                except:
+                    self._dec_overflow()
+                    raise
+            else:
+                return self._do_get()
+
+    def _inc_overflow(self):
+        if self._max_overflow == -1:
+            self._overflow += 1
+            return True
+        with self._overflow_lock:
+            if self._overflow < self._max_overflow:
+                self._overflow += 1
+                return True
+            else:
+                return False
+
+    def _dec_overflow(self):
+        if self._max_overflow == -1:
+            self._overflow -= 1
+            return True
+        with self._overflow_lock:
+            self._overflow -= 1
+            return True
+
+    def recreate(self):
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(self._creator, pool_size=self._pool.maxsize,
+                              max_overflow=self._max_overflow,
+                              timeout=self._timeout,
+                              recycle=self._recycle, echo=self.echo,
+                              logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+                              use_threadlocal=self._use_threadlocal,
+                              reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+                              _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+                              _dialect=self._dialect)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        while True:
+            try:
+                conn = self._pool.get(False)
+                conn.close()
+            except sqla_queue.Empty:
+                break
+
+        self._overflow = 0 - self.size()
+        self.logger.info("Pool disposed. %s", self.status())
+
+    def status(self):
+        return "Pool size: %d  Connections in pool: %d "\
+            "Current Overflow: %d Current Checked out "\
+            "connections: %d" % (self.size(),
+                                 self.checkedin(),
+                                 self.overflow(),
+                                 self.checkedout())
+
+    def size(self):
+        return self._pool.maxsize
+
+    def checkedin(self):
+        return self._pool.qsize()
+
+    def overflow(self):
+        return self._overflow
+
+    def checkedout(self):
+        return self._pool.maxsize - self._pool.qsize() + self._overflow
+
+
+class NullPool(Pool):
+
+    """A Pool which does not pool connections.
+
+    Instead it literally opens and closes the underlying DB-API connection
+    per each connection open/close.
+
+    Reconnect-related functions such as ``recycle`` and connection
+    invalidation are not supported by this Pool implementation, since
+    no connections are held persistently.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+        :class:`.NullPool` is used by the SQlite dialect automatically
+        when a file-based database is used. See :ref:`sqlite_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    def status(self):
+        return "NullPool"
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, conn):
+        conn.close()
+
+    def _do_get(self):
+        return self._create_connection()
+
+    def recreate(self):
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+
+        return self.__class__(self._creator,
+                              recycle=self._recycle,
+                              echo=self.echo,
+                              logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+                              use_threadlocal=self._use_threadlocal,
+                              reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+                              _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+                              _dialect=self._dialect)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class StaticPool(Pool):
+
+    """A Pool of exactly one connection, used for all requests.
+
+    Reconnect-related functions such as ``recycle`` and connection
+    invalidation (which is also used to support auto-reconnect) are not
+    currently supported by this Pool implementation but may be implemented
+    in a future release.
+
+    """
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def _conn(self):
+        return self._creator()
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def connection(self):
+        return _ConnectionRecord(self)
+
+    def status(self):
+        return "StaticPool"
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        if '_conn' in self.__dict__:
+            self._conn.close()
+            self._conn = None
+
+    def recreate(self):
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(creator=self._creator,
+                              recycle=self._recycle,
+                              use_threadlocal=self._use_threadlocal,
+                              reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+                              echo=self.echo,
+                              logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+                              _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+                              _dialect=self._dialect)
+
+    def _create_connection(self):
+        return self._conn
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, conn):
+        pass
+
+    def _do_get(self):
+        return self.connection
+
+
+class AssertionPool(Pool):
+
+    """A :class:`.Pool` that allows at most one checked out connection at
+    any given time.
+
+    This will raise an exception if more than one connection is checked out
+    at a time.  Useful for debugging code that is using more connections
+    than desired.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+        :class:`.AssertionPool` also logs a traceback of where
+        the original connection was checked out, and reports
+        this in the assertion error raised.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        self._conn = None
+        self._checked_out = False
+        self._store_traceback = kw.pop('store_traceback', True)
+        self._checkout_traceback = None
+        Pool.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def status(self):
+        return "AssertionPool"
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, conn):
+        if not self._checked_out:
+            raise AssertionError("connection is not checked out")
+        self._checked_out = False
+        assert conn is self._conn
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        self._checked_out = False
+        if self._conn:
+            self._conn.close()
+
+    def recreate(self):
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(self._creator, echo=self.echo,
+                              logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+                              _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+                              _dialect=self._dialect)
+
+    def _do_get(self):
+        if self._checked_out:
+            if self._checkout_traceback:
+                suffix = ' at:\n%s' % ''.join(
+                    chop_traceback(self._checkout_traceback))
+            else:
+                suffix = ''
+            raise AssertionError("connection is already checked out" + suffix)
+
+        if not self._conn:
+            self._conn = self._create_connection()
+
+        self._checked_out = True
+        if self._store_traceback:
+            self._checkout_traceback = traceback.format_stack()
+        return self._conn
+
+
+class _DBProxy(object):
+
+    """Layers connection pooling behavior on top of a standard DB-API module.
+
+    Proxies a DB-API 2.0 connect() call to a connection pool keyed to the
+    specific connect parameters. Other functions and attributes are delegated
+    to the underlying DB-API module.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, module, poolclass=QueuePool, **kw):
+        """Initializes a new proxy.
+
+        module
+          a DB-API 2.0 module
+
+        poolclass
+          a Pool class, defaulting to QueuePool
+
+        Other parameters are sent to the Pool object's constructor.
+
+        """
+
+        self.module = module
+        self.kw = kw
+        self.poolclass = poolclass
+        self.pools = {}
+        self._create_pool_mutex = threading.Lock()
+
+    def close(self):
+        for key in list(self.pools):
+            del self.pools[key]
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        self.close()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.module, key)
+
+    def get_pool(self, *args, **kw):
+        key = self._serialize(*args, **kw)
+        try:
+            return self.pools[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            self._create_pool_mutex.acquire()
+            try:
+                if key not in self.pools:
+                    kw.pop('sa_pool_key', None)
+                    pool = self.poolclass(
+                        lambda: self.module.connect(*args, **kw), **self.kw)
+                    self.pools[key] = pool
+                    return pool
+                else:
+                    return self.pools[key]
+            finally:
+                self._create_pool_mutex.release()
+
+    def connect(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Activate a connection to the database.
+
+        Connect to the database using this DBProxy's module and the given
+        connect arguments.  If the arguments match an existing pool, the
+        connection will be returned from the pool's current thread-local
+        connection instance, or if there is no thread-local connection
+        instance it will be checked out from the set of pooled connections.
+
+        If the pool has no available connections and allows new connections
+        to be created, a new database connection will be made.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.get_pool(*args, **kw).connect()
+
+    def dispose(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Dispose the pool referenced by the given connect arguments."""
+
+        key = self._serialize(*args, **kw)
+        try:
+            del self.pools[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def _serialize(self, *args, **kw):
+        if "sa_pool_key" in kw:
+            return kw['sa_pool_key']
+
+        return tuple(
+            list(args) +
+            [(k, kw[k]) for k in sorted(kw)]
+        )
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/processors.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/processors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3794b01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/processors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# sqlalchemy/processors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2010-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+# Copyright (C) 2010 Gaetan de Menten gdementen@gmail.com
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""defines generic type conversion functions, as used in bind and result
+processors.
+
+They all share one common characteristic: None is passed through unchanged.
+
+"""
+
+import codecs
+import re
+import datetime
+from . import util
+
+
+def str_to_datetime_processor_factory(regexp, type_):
+    rmatch = regexp.match
+    # Even on python2.6 datetime.strptime is both slower than this code
+    # and it does not support microseconds.
+    has_named_groups = bool(regexp.groupindex)
+
+    def process(value):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            try:
+                m = rmatch(value)
+            except TypeError:
+                raise ValueError("Couldn't parse %s string '%r' "
+                                 "- value is not a string." %
+                                 (type_.__name__, value))
+            if m is None:
+                raise ValueError("Couldn't parse %s string: "
+                                 "'%s'" % (type_.__name__, value))
+            if has_named_groups:
+                groups = m.groupdict(0)
+                return type_(**dict(list(zip(
+                    iter(groups.keys()),
+                    list(map(int, iter(groups.values())))
+                ))))
+            else:
+                return type_(*list(map(int, m.groups(0))))
+    return process
+
+
+def boolean_to_int(value):
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return int(value)
+
+
+def py_fallback():
+    def to_unicode_processor_factory(encoding, errors=None):
+        decoder = codecs.getdecoder(encoding)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                # decoder returns a tuple: (value, len). Simply dropping the
+                # len part is safe: it is done that way in the normal
+                # 'xx'.decode(encoding) code path.
+                return decoder(value, errors)[0]
+        return process
+
+    def to_conditional_unicode_processor_factory(encoding, errors=None):
+        decoder = codecs.getdecoder(encoding)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, util.text_type):
+                return value
+            else:
+                # decoder returns a tuple: (value, len). Simply dropping the
+                # len part is safe: it is done that way in the normal
+                # 'xx'.decode(encoding) code path.
+                return decoder(value, errors)[0]
+        return process
+
+    def to_decimal_processor_factory(target_class, scale):
+        fstring = "%%.%df" % scale
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return target_class(fstring % value)
+        return process
+
+    def to_float(value):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return float(value)
+
+    def to_str(value):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return str(value)
+
+    def int_to_boolean(value):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return value and True or False
+
+    DATETIME_RE = re.compile(
+        "(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+) (\d+):(\d+):(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?")
+    TIME_RE = re.compile("(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?")
+    DATE_RE = re.compile("(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)")
+
+    str_to_datetime = str_to_datetime_processor_factory(DATETIME_RE,
+                                                        datetime.datetime)
+    str_to_time = str_to_datetime_processor_factory(TIME_RE, datetime.time)
+    str_to_date = str_to_datetime_processor_factory(DATE_RE, datetime.date)
+    return locals()
+
+try:
+    from sqlalchemy.cprocessors import UnicodeResultProcessor, \
+        DecimalResultProcessor, \
+        to_float, to_str, int_to_boolean, \
+        str_to_datetime, str_to_time, \
+        str_to_date
+
+    def to_unicode_processor_factory(encoding, errors=None):
+        if errors is not None:
+            return UnicodeResultProcessor(encoding, errors).process
+        else:
+            return UnicodeResultProcessor(encoding).process
+
+    def to_conditional_unicode_processor_factory(encoding, errors=None):
+        if errors is not None:
+            return UnicodeResultProcessor(encoding, errors).conditional_process
+        else:
+            return UnicodeResultProcessor(encoding).conditional_process
+
+    def to_decimal_processor_factory(target_class, scale):
+        # Note that the scale argument is not taken into account for integer
+        # values in the C implementation while it is in the Python one.
+        # For example, the Python implementation might return
+        # Decimal('5.00000') whereas the C implementation will
+        # return Decimal('5'). These are equivalent of course.
+        return DecimalResultProcessor(target_class, "%%.%df" % scale).process
+
+except ImportError:
+    globals().update(py_fallback())
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/schema.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b6ad19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Compatibility namespace for sqlalchemy.sql.schema and related.
+
+"""
+
+from .sql.base import (
+    SchemaVisitor
+    )
+
+
+from .sql.schema import (
+    CheckConstraint,
+    Column,
+    ColumnDefault,
+    Constraint,
+    DefaultClause,
+    DefaultGenerator,
+    FetchedValue,
+    ForeignKey,
+    ForeignKeyConstraint,
+    Index,
+    MetaData,
+    PassiveDefault,
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint,
+    SchemaItem,
+    Sequence,
+    Table,
+    ThreadLocalMetaData,
+    UniqueConstraint,
+    _get_table_key,
+    ColumnCollectionConstraint,
+    )
+
+
+from .sql.naming import conv
+
+
+from .sql.ddl import (
+    DDL,
+    CreateTable,
+    DropTable,
+    CreateSequence,
+    DropSequence,
+    CreateIndex,
+    DropIndex,
+    CreateSchema,
+    DropSchema,
+    _DropView,
+    CreateColumn,
+    AddConstraint,
+    DropConstraint,
+    DDLBase,
+    DDLElement,
+    _CreateDropBase,
+    _DDLCompiles
+)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d01385
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# sql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .expression import (
+    Alias,
+    ClauseElement,
+    ColumnCollection,
+    ColumnElement,
+    CompoundSelect,
+    Delete,
+    FromClause,
+    Insert,
+    Join,
+    Select,
+    Selectable,
+    TableClause,
+    Update,
+    alias,
+    and_,
+    asc,
+    between,
+    bindparam,
+    case,
+    cast,
+    collate,
+    column,
+    delete,
+    desc,
+    distinct,
+    except_,
+    except_all,
+    exists,
+    extract,
+    false,
+    False_,
+    func,
+    insert,
+    intersect,
+    intersect_all,
+    join,
+    label,
+    literal,
+    literal_column,
+    modifier,
+    not_,
+    null,
+    or_,
+    outerjoin,
+    outparam,
+    over,
+    select,
+    subquery,
+    table,
+    text,
+    true,
+    True_,
+    tuple_,
+    type_coerce,
+    union,
+    union_all,
+    update,
+)
+
+from .visitors import ClauseVisitor
+
+
+def __go(lcls):
+    global __all__
+    from .. import util as _sa_util
+
+    import inspect as _inspect
+
+    __all__ = sorted(name for name, obj in lcls.items()
+                     if not (name.startswith('_') or _inspect.ismodule(obj)))
+
+    from .annotation import _prepare_annotations, Annotated
+    from .elements import AnnotatedColumnElement, ClauseList
+    from .selectable import AnnotatedFromClause
+    _prepare_annotations(ColumnElement, AnnotatedColumnElement)
+    _prepare_annotations(FromClause, AnnotatedFromClause)
+    _prepare_annotations(ClauseList, Annotated)
+
+    _sa_util.dependencies.resolve_all("sqlalchemy.sql")
+
+    from . import naming
+
+__go(locals())
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02f5c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+# sql/annotation.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The :class:`.Annotated` class and related routines; creates hash-equivalent
+copies of SQL constructs which contain context-specific markers and
+associations.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import util
+from . import operators
+
+
+class Annotated(object):
+    """clones a ClauseElement and applies an 'annotations' dictionary.
+
+    Unlike regular clones, this clone also mimics __hash__() and
+    __cmp__() of the original element so that it takes its place
+    in hashed collections.
+
+    A reference to the original element is maintained, for the important
+    reason of keeping its hash value current.  When GC'ed, the
+    hash value may be reused, causing conflicts.
+
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args):
+        if not args:
+            # clone constructor
+            return object.__new__(cls)
+        else:
+            element, values = args
+            # pull appropriate subclass from registry of annotated
+            # classes
+            try:
+                cls = annotated_classes[element.__class__]
+            except KeyError:
+                cls = _new_annotation_type(element.__class__, cls)
+            return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self, element, values):
+        self.__dict__ = element.__dict__.copy()
+        self.__element = element
+        self._annotations = values
+
+    def _annotate(self, values):
+        _values = self._annotations.copy()
+        _values.update(values)
+        return self._with_annotations(_values)
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values):
+        clone = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        clone.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        clone._annotations = values
+        return clone
+
+    def _deannotate(self, values=None, clone=True):
+        if values is None:
+            return self.__element
+        else:
+            _values = self._annotations.copy()
+            for v in values:
+                _values.pop(v, None)
+            return self._with_annotations(_values)
+
+    def _compiler_dispatch(self, visitor, **kw):
+        return self.__element.__class__._compiler_dispatch(
+            self, visitor, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _constructor(self):
+        return self.__element._constructor
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        clone = self.__element._clone()
+        if clone is self.__element:
+            # detect immutable, don't change anything
+            return self
+        else:
+            # update the clone with any changes that have occurred
+            # to this object's __dict__.
+            clone.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+            return self.__class__(clone, self._annotations)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.__element)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(self.__element, operators.ColumnOperators):
+            return self.__element.__class__.__eq__(self, other)
+        else:
+            return hash(other) == hash(self)
+
+
+# hard-generate Annotated subclasses.  this technique
+# is used instead of on-the-fly types (i.e. type.__new__())
+# so that the resulting objects are pickleable.
+annotated_classes = {}
+
+
+def _deep_annotate(element, annotations, exclude=None):
+    """Deep copy the given ClauseElement, annotating each element
+    with the given annotations dictionary.
+
+    Elements within the exclude collection will be cloned but not annotated.
+
+    """
+    def clone(elem):
+        if exclude and \
+                hasattr(elem, 'proxy_set') and \
+                elem.proxy_set.intersection(exclude):
+            newelem = elem._clone()
+        elif annotations != elem._annotations:
+            newelem = elem._annotate(annotations)
+        else:
+            newelem = elem
+        newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone)
+        return newelem
+
+    if element is not None:
+        element = clone(element)
+    return element
+
+
+def _deep_deannotate(element, values=None):
+    """Deep copy the given element, removing annotations."""
+
+    cloned = util.column_dict()
+
+    def clone(elem):
+        # if a values dict is given,
+        # the elem must be cloned each time it appears,
+        # as there may be different annotations in source
+        # elements that are remaining.  if totally
+        # removing all annotations, can assume the same
+        # slate...
+        if values or elem not in cloned:
+            newelem = elem._deannotate(values=values, clone=True)
+            newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone)
+            if not values:
+                cloned[elem] = newelem
+            return newelem
+        else:
+            return cloned[elem]
+
+    if element is not None:
+        element = clone(element)
+    return element
+
+
+def _shallow_annotate(element, annotations):
+    """Annotate the given ClauseElement and copy its internals so that
+    internal objects refer to the new annotated object.
+
+    Basically used to apply a "dont traverse" annotation to a
+    selectable, without digging throughout the whole
+    structure wasting time.
+    """
+    element = element._annotate(annotations)
+    element._copy_internals()
+    return element
+
+
+def _new_annotation_type(cls, base_cls):
+    if issubclass(cls, Annotated):
+        return cls
+    elif cls in annotated_classes:
+        return annotated_classes[cls]
+
+    for super_ in cls.__mro__:
+        # check if an Annotated subclass more specific than
+        # the given base_cls is already registered, such
+        # as AnnotatedColumnElement.
+        if super_ in annotated_classes:
+            base_cls = annotated_classes[super_]
+            break
+
+    annotated_classes[cls] = anno_cls = type(
+        "Annotated%s" % cls.__name__,
+        (base_cls, cls), {})
+    globals()["Annotated%s" % cls.__name__] = anno_cls
+    return anno_cls
+
+
+def _prepare_annotations(target_hierarchy, base_cls):
+    stack = [target_hierarchy]
+    while stack:
+        cls = stack.pop()
+        stack.extend(cls.__subclasses__())
+
+        _new_annotation_type(cls, base_cls)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5358d95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,642 @@
+# sql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Foundational utilities common to many sql modules.
+
+"""
+
+
+from .. import util, exc
+import itertools
+from .visitors import ClauseVisitor
+import re
+import collections
+
+PARSE_AUTOCOMMIT = util.symbol('PARSE_AUTOCOMMIT')
+NO_ARG = util.symbol('NO_ARG')
+
+
+class Immutable(object):
+    """mark a ClauseElement as 'immutable' when expressions are cloned."""
+
+    def unique_params(self, *optionaldict, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Immutable objects do not support copying")
+
+    def params(self, *optionaldict, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Immutable objects do not support copying")
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        return self
+
+
+def _from_objects(*elements):
+    return itertools.chain(*[element._from_objects for element in elements])
+
+
+@util.decorator
+def _generative(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Mark a method as generative."""
+
+    self = args[0]._generate()
+    fn(self, *args[1:], **kw)
+    return self
+
+
+class _DialectArgView(collections.MutableMapping):
+    """A dictionary view of dialect-level arguments in the form
+    _.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, obj):
+        self.obj = obj
+
+    def _key(self, key):
+        try:
+            dialect, value_key = key.split("_", 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        else:
+            return dialect, value_key
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        dialect, value_key = self._key(key)
+
+        try:
+            opt = self.obj.dialect_options[dialect]
+        except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        else:
+            return opt[value_key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        try:
+            dialect, value_key = self._key(key)
+        except KeyError:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Keys must be of the form _")
+        else:
+            self.obj.dialect_options[dialect][value_key] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        dialect, value_key = self._key(key)
+        del self.obj.dialect_options[dialect][value_key]
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return sum(len(args._non_defaults) for args in
+                   self.obj.dialect_options.values())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (
+            util.safe_kwarg("%s_%s" % (dialect_name, value_name))
+            for dialect_name in self.obj.dialect_options
+            for value_name in
+            self.obj.dialect_options[dialect_name]._non_defaults
+        )
+
+
+class _DialectArgDict(collections.MutableMapping):
+    """A dictionary view of dialect-level arguments for a specific
+    dialect.
+
+    Maintains a separate collection of user-specified arguments
+    and dialect-specified default arguments.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._non_defaults = {}
+        self._defaults = {}
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(set(self._non_defaults).union(self._defaults))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(set(self._non_defaults).union(self._defaults))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key in self._non_defaults:
+            return self._non_defaults[key]
+        else:
+            return self._defaults[key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self._non_defaults[key] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._non_defaults[key]
+
+
+class DialectKWArgs(object):
+    """Establish the ability for a class to have dialect-specific arguments
+    with defaults and constructor validation.
+
+    The :class:`.DialectKWArgs` interacts with the
+    :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments` present on a dialect.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments`
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def argument_for(cls, dialect_name, argument_name, default):
+        """Add a new kind of dialect-specific keyword argument for this class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            Index.argument_for("mydialect", "length", None)
+
+            some_index = Index('a', 'b', mydialect_length=5)
+
+        The :meth:`.DialectKWArgs.argument_for` method is a per-argument
+        way adding extra arguments to the
+        :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments` dictionary. This
+        dictionary provides a list of argument names accepted by various
+        schema-level constructs on behalf of a dialect.
+
+        New dialects should typically specify this dictionary all at once as a
+        data member of the dialect class.  The use case for ad-hoc addition of
+        argument names is typically for end-user code that is also using
+        a custom compilation scheme which consumes the additional arguments.
+
+        :param dialect_name: name of a dialect.  The dialect must be
+         locatable, else a :class:`.NoSuchModuleError` is raised.   The
+         dialect must also include an existing
+         :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments` collection, indicating
+         that it participates in the keyword-argument validation and default
+         system, else :class:`.ArgumentError` is raised.  If the dialect does
+         not include this collection, then any keyword argument can be
+         specified on behalf of this dialect already.  All dialects packaged
+         within SQLAlchemy include this collection, however for third party
+         dialects, support may vary.
+
+        :param argument_name: name of the parameter.
+
+        :param default: default value of the parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.4
+
+        """
+
+        construct_arg_dictionary = DialectKWArgs._kw_registry[dialect_name]
+        if construct_arg_dictionary is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Dialect '%s' does have keyword-argument "
+                "validation and defaults enabled configured" %
+                dialect_name)
+        if cls not in construct_arg_dictionary:
+            construct_arg_dictionary[cls] = {}
+        construct_arg_dictionary[cls][argument_name] = default
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def dialect_kwargs(self):
+        """A collection of keyword arguments specified as dialect-specific
+        options to this construct.
+
+        The arguments are present here in their original ``_``
+        format.  Only arguments that were actually passed are included;
+        unlike the :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_options` collection, which
+        contains all options known by this dialect including defaults.
+
+        The collection is also writable; keys are accepted of the
+        form ``_`` where the value will be assembled
+        into the list of options.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9.4 The :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_kwargs`
+           collection is now writable.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_options` - nested dictionary form
+
+        """
+        return _DialectArgView(self)
+
+    @property
+    def kwargs(self):
+        """A synonym for :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_kwargs`."""
+        return self.dialect_kwargs
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.dialects")
+    def _kw_reg_for_dialect(dialects, dialect_name):
+        dialect_cls = dialects.registry.load(dialect_name)
+        if dialect_cls.construct_arguments is None:
+            return None
+        return dict(dialect_cls.construct_arguments)
+    _kw_registry = util.PopulateDict(_kw_reg_for_dialect)
+
+    def _kw_reg_for_dialect_cls(self, dialect_name):
+        construct_arg_dictionary = DialectKWArgs._kw_registry[dialect_name]
+        d = _DialectArgDict()
+
+        if construct_arg_dictionary is None:
+            d._defaults.update({"*": None})
+        else:
+            for cls in reversed(self.__class__.__mro__):
+                if cls in construct_arg_dictionary:
+                    d._defaults.update(construct_arg_dictionary[cls])
+        return d
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def dialect_options(self):
+        """A collection of keyword arguments specified as dialect-specific
+        options to this construct.
+
+        This is a two-level nested registry, keyed to ````
+        and ````.  For example, the ``postgresql_where``
+        argument would be locatable as::
+
+            arg = my_object.dialect_options['postgresql']['where']
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_kwargs` - flat dictionary form
+
+        """
+
+        return util.PopulateDict(
+            util.portable_instancemethod(self._kw_reg_for_dialect_cls)
+        )
+
+    def _validate_dialect_kwargs(self, kwargs):
+        # validate remaining kwargs that they all specify DB prefixes
+
+        if not kwargs:
+            return
+
+        for k in kwargs:
+            m = re.match('^(.+?)_(.+)$', k)
+            if not m:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Additional arguments should be "
+                    "named _, got '%s'" % k)
+            dialect_name, arg_name = m.group(1, 2)
+
+            try:
+                construct_arg_dictionary = self.dialect_options[dialect_name]
+            except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Can't validate argument %r; can't "
+                    "locate any SQLAlchemy dialect named %r" %
+                    (k, dialect_name))
+                self.dialect_options[dialect_name] = d = _DialectArgDict()
+                d._defaults.update({"*": None})
+                d._non_defaults[arg_name] = kwargs[k]
+            else:
+                if "*" not in construct_arg_dictionary and \
+                        arg_name not in construct_arg_dictionary:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Argument %r is not accepted by "
+                        "dialect %r on behalf of %r" % (
+                            k,
+                            dialect_name, self.__class__
+                        ))
+                else:
+                    construct_arg_dictionary[arg_name] = kwargs[k]
+
+
+class Generative(object):
+    """Allow a ClauseElement to generate itself via the
+    @_generative decorator.
+
+    """
+
+    def _generate(self):
+        s = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        s.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return s
+
+
+class Executable(Generative):
+    """Mark a ClauseElement as supporting execution.
+
+    :class:`.Executable` is a superclass for all "statement" types
+    of objects, including :func:`select`, :func:`delete`, :func:`update`,
+    :func:`insert`, :func:`text`.
+
+    """
+
+    supports_execution = True
+    _execution_options = util.immutabledict()
+    _bind = None
+
+    @_generative
+    def execution_options(self, **kw):
+        """ Set non-SQL options for the statement which take effect during
+        execution.
+
+        Execution options can be set on a per-statement or
+        per :class:`.Connection` basis.   Additionally, the
+        :class:`.Engine` and ORM :class:`~.orm.query.Query` objects provide
+        access to execution options which they in turn configure upon
+        connections.
+
+        The :meth:`execution_options` method is generative.  A new
+        instance of this statement is returned that contains the options::
+
+            statement = select([table.c.x, table.c.y])
+            statement = statement.execution_options(autocommit=True)
+
+        Note that only a subset of possible execution options can be applied
+        to a statement - these include "autocommit" and "stream_results",
+        but not "isolation_level" or "compiled_cache".
+        See :meth:`.Connection.execution_options` for a full list of
+        possible options.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.execution_options()`
+
+            :meth:`.Query.execution_options()`
+
+        """
+        if 'isolation_level' in kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "'isolation_level' execution option may only be specified "
+                "on Connection.execution_options(), or "
+                "per-engine using the isolation_level "
+                "argument to create_engine()."
+            )
+        if 'compiled_cache' in kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "'compiled_cache' execution option may only be specified "
+                "on Connection.execution_options(), not per statement."
+            )
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(kw)
+
+    def execute(self, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Compile and execute this :class:`.Executable`."""
+        e = self.bind
+        if e is None:
+            label = getattr(self, 'description', self.__class__.__name__)
+            msg = ('This %s is not directly bound to a Connection or Engine.'
+                   'Use the .execute() method of a Connection or Engine '
+                   'to execute this construct.' % label)
+            raise exc.UnboundExecutionError(msg)
+        return e._execute_clauseelement(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    def scalar(self, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Compile and execute this :class:`.Executable`, returning the
+        result's scalar representation.
+
+        """
+        return self.execute(*multiparams, **params).scalar()
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        """Returns the :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` to
+        which this :class:`.Executable` is bound, or None if none found.
+
+        This is a traversal which checks locally, then
+        checks among the "from" clauses of associated objects
+        until a bound engine or connection is found.
+
+        """
+        if self._bind is not None:
+            return self._bind
+
+        for f in _from_objects(self):
+            if f is self:
+                continue
+            engine = f.bind
+            if engine is not None:
+                return engine
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class SchemaEventTarget(object):
+    """Base class for elements that are the targets of :class:`.DDLEvents`
+    events.
+
+    This includes :class:`.SchemaItem` as well as :class:`.SchemaType`.
+
+    """
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent):
+        """Associate with this SchemaEvent's parent object."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _set_parent_with_dispatch(self, parent):
+        self.dispatch.before_parent_attach(self, parent)
+        self._set_parent(parent)
+        self.dispatch.after_parent_attach(self, parent)
+
+
+class SchemaVisitor(ClauseVisitor):
+    """Define the visiting for ``SchemaItem`` objects."""
+
+    __traverse_options__ = {'schema_visitor': True}
+
+
+class ColumnCollection(util.OrderedProperties):
+    """An ordered dictionary that stores a list of ColumnElement
+    instances.
+
+    Overrides the ``__eq__()`` method to produce SQL clauses between
+    sets of correlated columns.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(ColumnCollection, self).__init__()
+        self.__dict__['_all_col_set'] = util.column_set()
+        self.__dict__['_all_columns'] = []
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return repr([str(c) for c in self])
+
+    def replace(self, column):
+        """add the given column to this collection, removing unaliased
+           versions of this column  as well as existing columns with the
+           same key.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                t = Table('sometable', metadata, Column('col1', Integer))
+                t.columns.replace(Column('col1', Integer, key='columnone'))
+
+            will remove the original 'col1' from the collection, and add
+            the new column under the name 'columnname'.
+
+           Used by schema.Column to override columns during table reflection.
+
+        """
+        remove_col = None
+        if column.name in self and column.key != column.name:
+            other = self[column.name]
+            if other.name == other.key:
+                remove_col = other
+                self._all_col_set.remove(other)
+                del self._data[other.key]
+
+        if column.key in self._data:
+            remove_col = self._data[column.key]
+            self._all_col_set.remove(remove_col)
+
+        self._all_col_set.add(column)
+        self._data[column.key] = column
+        if remove_col is not None:
+            self._all_columns[:] = [column if c is remove_col
+                                    else c for c in self._all_columns]
+        else:
+            self._all_columns.append(column)
+
+    def add(self, column):
+        """Add a column to this collection.
+
+        The key attribute of the column will be used as the hash key
+        for this dictionary.
+
+        """
+        if not column.key:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't add unnamed column to column collection")
+        self[column.key] = column
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key, object):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        if key in self:
+
+            # this warning is primarily to catch select() statements
+            # which have conflicting column names in their exported
+            # columns collection
+
+            existing = self[key]
+            if not existing.shares_lineage(value):
+                util.warn('Column %r on table %r being replaced by '
+                          '%r, which has the same key.  Consider '
+                          'use_labels for select() statements.' %
+                          (key, getattr(existing, 'table', None), value))
+
+            # pop out memoized proxy_set as this
+            # operation may very well be occurring
+            # in a _make_proxy operation
+            util.memoized_property.reset(value, "proxy_set")
+
+        self._all_col_set.add(value)
+        self._all_columns.append(value)
+        self._data[key] = value
+
+    def clear(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def remove(self, column):
+        del self._data[column.key]
+        self._all_col_set.remove(column)
+        self._all_columns[:] = [
+            c for c in self._all_columns if c is not column]
+
+    def update(self, iter):
+        cols = list(iter)
+        self._all_columns.extend(
+            c for label, c in cols if c not in self._all_col_set)
+        self._all_col_set.update(c for label, c in cols)
+        self._data.update((label, c) for label, c in cols)
+
+    def extend(self, iter):
+        cols = list(iter)
+        self._all_columns.extend(c for c in cols if c not in
+                                 self._all_col_set)
+        self._all_col_set.update(cols)
+        self._data.update((c.key, c) for c in cols)
+
+    __hash__ = None
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+    def __eq__(self, elements, other):
+        l = []
+        for c in getattr(other, "_all_columns", other):
+            for local in self._all_columns:
+                if c.shares_lineage(local):
+                    l.append(c == local)
+        return elements.and_(*l)
+
+    def __contains__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, util.string_types):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("__contains__ requires a string argument")
+        return util.OrderedProperties.__contains__(self, other)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'_data': self.__dict__['_data'],
+                '_all_columns': self.__dict__['_all_columns']}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__dict__['_data'] = state['_data']
+        self.__dict__['_all_columns'] = state['_all_columns']
+        self.__dict__['_all_col_set'] = util.column_set(state['_all_columns'])
+
+    def contains_column(self, col):
+        # this has to be done via set() membership
+        return col in self._all_col_set
+
+    def as_immutable(self):
+        return ImmutableColumnCollection(
+            self._data, self._all_col_set, self._all_columns)
+
+
+class ImmutableColumnCollection(util.ImmutableProperties, ColumnCollection):
+    def __init__(self, data, colset, all_columns):
+        util.ImmutableProperties.__init__(self, data)
+        self.__dict__['_all_col_set'] = colset
+        self.__dict__['_all_columns'] = all_columns
+
+    extend = remove = util.ImmutableProperties._immutable
+
+
+class ColumnSet(util.ordered_column_set):
+    def contains_column(self, col):
+        return col in self
+
+    def extend(self, cols):
+        for col in cols:
+            self.add(col)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return list(self) + list(other)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+    def __eq__(self, elements, other):
+        l = []
+        for c in other:
+            for local in self:
+                if c.shares_lineage(local):
+                    l.append(c == local)
+        return elements.and_(*l)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(tuple(x for x in self))
+
+
+def _bind_or_error(schemaitem, msg=None):
+    bind = schemaitem.bind
+    if not bind:
+        name = schemaitem.__class__.__name__
+        label = getattr(schemaitem, 'fullname',
+                        getattr(schemaitem, 'name', None))
+        if label:
+            item = '%s object %r' % (name, label)
+        else:
+            item = '%s object' % name
+        if msg is None:
+            msg = "%s is not bound to an Engine or Connection.  "\
+                "Execution can not proceed without a database to execute "\
+                "against." % item
+        raise exc.UnboundExecutionError(msg)
+    return bind
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca03b62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3004 @@
+# sql/compiler.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Base SQL and DDL compiler implementations.
+
+Classes provided include:
+
+:class:`.compiler.SQLCompiler` - renders SQL
+strings
+
+:class:`.compiler.DDLCompiler` - renders DDL
+(data definition language) strings
+
+:class:`.compiler.GenericTypeCompiler` - renders
+type specification strings.
+
+To generate user-defined SQL strings, see
+:doc:`/ext/compiler`.
+
+"""
+
+import re
+from . import schema, sqltypes, operators, functions, \
+    util as sql_util, visitors, elements, selectable, base
+from .. import util, exc
+import decimal
+import itertools
+import operator
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set([
+    'all', 'analyse', 'analyze', 'and', 'any', 'array',
+    'as', 'asc', 'asymmetric', 'authorization', 'between',
+    'binary', 'both', 'case', 'cast', 'check', 'collate',
+    'column', 'constraint', 'create', 'cross', 'current_date',
+    'current_role', 'current_time', 'current_timestamp',
+    'current_user', 'default', 'deferrable', 'desc',
+    'distinct', 'do', 'else', 'end', 'except', 'false',
+    'for', 'foreign', 'freeze', 'from', 'full', 'grant',
+    'group', 'having', 'ilike', 'in', 'initially', 'inner',
+    'intersect', 'into', 'is', 'isnull', 'join', 'leading',
+    'left', 'like', 'limit', 'localtime', 'localtimestamp',
+    'natural', 'new', 'not', 'notnull', 'null', 'off', 'offset',
+    'old', 'on', 'only', 'or', 'order', 'outer', 'overlaps',
+    'placing', 'primary', 'references', 'right', 'select',
+    'session_user', 'set', 'similar', 'some', 'symmetric', 'table',
+    'then', 'to', 'trailing', 'true', 'union', 'unique', 'user',
+    'using', 'verbose', 'when', 'where'])
+
+LEGAL_CHARACTERS = re.compile(r'^[A-Z0-9_$]+$', re.I)
+ILLEGAL_INITIAL_CHARACTERS = set([str(x) for x in range(0, 10)]).union(['$'])
+
+BIND_PARAMS = re.compile(r'(? ',
+    operators.ge: ' >= ',
+    operators.eq: ' = ',
+    operators.concat_op: ' || ',
+    operators.match_op: ' MATCH ',
+    operators.in_op: ' IN ',
+    operators.notin_op: ' NOT IN ',
+    operators.comma_op: ', ',
+    operators.from_: ' FROM ',
+    operators.as_: ' AS ',
+    operators.is_: ' IS ',
+    operators.isnot: ' IS NOT ',
+    operators.collate: ' COLLATE ',
+
+    # unary
+    operators.exists: 'EXISTS ',
+    operators.distinct_op: 'DISTINCT ',
+    operators.inv: 'NOT ',
+
+    # modifiers
+    operators.desc_op: ' DESC',
+    operators.asc_op: ' ASC',
+    operators.nullsfirst_op: ' NULLS FIRST',
+    operators.nullslast_op: ' NULLS LAST',
+
+}
+
+FUNCTIONS = {
+    functions.coalesce: 'coalesce%(expr)s',
+    functions.current_date: 'CURRENT_DATE',
+    functions.current_time: 'CURRENT_TIME',
+    functions.current_timestamp: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP',
+    functions.current_user: 'CURRENT_USER',
+    functions.localtime: 'LOCALTIME',
+    functions.localtimestamp: 'LOCALTIMESTAMP',
+    functions.random: 'random%(expr)s',
+    functions.sysdate: 'sysdate',
+    functions.session_user: 'SESSION_USER',
+    functions.user: 'USER'
+}
+
+EXTRACT_MAP = {
+    'month': 'month',
+    'day': 'day',
+    'year': 'year',
+    'second': 'second',
+    'hour': 'hour',
+    'doy': 'doy',
+    'minute': 'minute',
+    'quarter': 'quarter',
+    'dow': 'dow',
+    'week': 'week',
+    'epoch': 'epoch',
+    'milliseconds': 'milliseconds',
+    'microseconds': 'microseconds',
+    'timezone_hour': 'timezone_hour',
+    'timezone_minute': 'timezone_minute'
+}
+
+COMPOUND_KEYWORDS = {
+    selectable.CompoundSelect.UNION: 'UNION',
+    selectable.CompoundSelect.UNION_ALL: 'UNION ALL',
+    selectable.CompoundSelect.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT',
+    selectable.CompoundSelect.EXCEPT_ALL: 'EXCEPT ALL',
+    selectable.CompoundSelect.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT',
+    selectable.CompoundSelect.INTERSECT_ALL: 'INTERSECT ALL'
+}
+
+
+class Compiled(object):
+
+    """Represent a compiled SQL or DDL expression.
+
+    The ``__str__`` method of the ``Compiled`` object should produce
+    the actual text of the statement.  ``Compiled`` objects are
+    specific to their underlying database dialect, and also may
+    or may not be specific to the columns referenced within a
+    particular set of bind parameters.  In no case should the
+    ``Compiled`` object be dependent on the actual values of those
+    bind parameters, even though it may reference those values as
+    defaults.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, statement, bind=None,
+                 compile_kwargs=util.immutabledict()):
+        """Construct a new ``Compiled`` object.
+
+        :param dialect: ``Dialect`` to compile against.
+
+        :param statement: ``ClauseElement`` to be compiled.
+
+        :param bind: Optional Engine or Connection to compile this
+          statement against.
+
+        :param compile_kwargs: additional kwargs that will be
+         passed to the initial call to :meth:`.Compiled.process`.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        """
+
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.bind = bind
+        if statement is not None:
+            self.statement = statement
+            self.can_execute = statement.supports_execution
+            self.string = self.process(self.statement, **compile_kwargs)
+
+    @util.deprecated("0.7", ":class:`.Compiled` objects now compile "
+                     "within the constructor.")
+    def compile(self):
+        """Produce the internal string representation of this element.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(self, connection, multiparams, params):
+        return connection._execute_compiled(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    @property
+    def sql_compiler(self):
+        """Return a Compiled that is capable of processing SQL expressions.
+
+        If this compiler is one, it would likely just return 'self'.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process(self, obj, **kwargs):
+        return obj._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Return the string text of the generated SQL or DDL."""
+
+        return self.string or ''
+
+    def construct_params(self, params=None):
+        """Return the bind params for this compiled object.
+
+        :param params: a dict of string/object pairs whose values will
+                       override bind values compiled in to the
+                       statement.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def params(self):
+        """Return the bind params for this compiled object."""
+        return self.construct_params()
+
+    def execute(self, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Execute this compiled object."""
+
+        e = self.bind
+        if e is None:
+            raise exc.UnboundExecutionError(
+                "This Compiled object is not bound to any Engine "
+                "or Connection.")
+        return e._execute_compiled(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    def scalar(self, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Execute this compiled object and return the result's
+        scalar value."""
+
+        return self.execute(*multiparams, **params).scalar()
+
+
+class TypeCompiler(object):
+
+    """Produces DDL specification for TypeEngine objects."""
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect):
+        self.dialect = dialect
+
+    def process(self, type_):
+        return type_._compiler_dispatch(self)
+
+
+class _CompileLabel(visitors.Visitable):
+
+    """lightweight label object which acts as an expression.Label."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'label'
+    __slots__ = 'element', 'name'
+
+    def __init__(self, col, name, alt_names=()):
+        self.element = col
+        self.name = name
+        self._alt_names = (col,) + alt_names
+
+    @property
+    def proxy_set(self):
+        return self.element.proxy_set
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.element.type
+
+
+class SQLCompiler(Compiled):
+
+    """Default implementation of Compiled.
+
+    Compiles ClauseElements into SQL strings.   Uses a similar visit
+    paradigm as visitors.ClauseVisitor but implements its own traversal.
+
+    """
+
+    extract_map = EXTRACT_MAP
+
+    compound_keywords = COMPOUND_KEYWORDS
+
+    isdelete = isinsert = isupdate = False
+    """class-level defaults which can be set at the instance
+    level to define if this Compiled instance represents
+    INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
+    """
+
+    returning = None
+    """holds the "returning" collection of columns if
+    the statement is CRUD and defines returning columns
+    either implicitly or explicitly
+    """
+
+    returning_precedes_values = False
+    """set to True classwide to generate RETURNING
+    clauses before the VALUES or WHERE clause (i.e. MSSQL)
+    """
+
+    render_table_with_column_in_update_from = False
+    """set to True classwide to indicate the SET clause
+    in a multi-table UPDATE statement should qualify
+    columns with the table name (i.e. MySQL only)
+    """
+
+    ansi_bind_rules = False
+    """SQL 92 doesn't allow bind parameters to be used
+    in the columns clause of a SELECT, nor does it allow
+    ambiguous expressions like "? = ?".  A compiler
+    subclass can set this flag to False if the target
+    driver/DB enforces this
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, statement, column_keys=None,
+                 inline=False, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a new ``DefaultCompiler`` object.
+
+        dialect
+          Dialect to be used
+
+        statement
+          ClauseElement to be compiled
+
+        column_keys
+          a list of column names to be compiled into an INSERT or UPDATE
+          statement.
+
+        """
+        self.column_keys = column_keys
+
+        # compile INSERT/UPDATE defaults/sequences inlined (no pre-
+        # execute)
+        self.inline = inline or getattr(statement, 'inline', False)
+
+        # a dictionary of bind parameter keys to BindParameter
+        # instances.
+        self.binds = {}
+
+        # a dictionary of BindParameter instances to "compiled" names
+        # that are actually present in the generated SQL
+        self.bind_names = util.column_dict()
+
+        # stack which keeps track of nested SELECT statements
+        self.stack = []
+
+        # relates label names in the final SQL to a tuple of local
+        # column/label name, ColumnElement object (if any) and
+        # TypeEngine. ResultProxy uses this for type processing and
+        # column targeting
+        self.result_map = {}
+
+        # true if the paramstyle is positional
+        self.positional = dialect.positional
+        if self.positional:
+            self.positiontup = []
+        self.bindtemplate = BIND_TEMPLATES[dialect.paramstyle]
+
+        self.ctes = None
+
+        # an IdentifierPreparer that formats the quoting of identifiers
+        self.preparer = dialect.identifier_preparer
+        self.label_length = dialect.label_length \
+            or dialect.max_identifier_length
+
+        # a map which tracks "anonymous" identifiers that are created on
+        # the fly here
+        self.anon_map = util.PopulateDict(self._process_anon)
+
+        # a map which tracks "truncated" names based on
+        # dialect.label_length or dialect.max_identifier_length
+        self.truncated_names = {}
+        Compiled.__init__(self, dialect, statement, **kwargs)
+
+        if self.positional and dialect.paramstyle == 'numeric':
+            self._apply_numbered_params()
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _init_cte_state(self):
+        """Initialize collections related to CTEs only if
+        a CTE is located, to save on the overhead of
+        these collections otherwise.
+
+        """
+        # collect CTEs to tack on top of a SELECT
+        self.ctes = util.OrderedDict()
+        self.ctes_by_name = {}
+        self.ctes_recursive = False
+        if self.positional:
+            self.cte_positional = {}
+
+    def _apply_numbered_params(self):
+        poscount = itertools.count(1)
+        self.string = re.sub(
+            r'\[_POSITION\]',
+            lambda m: str(util.next(poscount)),
+            self.string)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _bind_processors(self):
+        return dict(
+            (key, value) for key, value in
+            ((self.bind_names[bindparam],
+              bindparam.type._cached_bind_processor(self.dialect))
+             for bindparam in self.bind_names)
+            if value is not None
+        )
+
+    def is_subquery(self):
+        return len(self.stack) > 1
+
+    @property
+    def sql_compiler(self):
+        return self
+
+    def construct_params(self, params=None, _group_number=None, _check=True):
+        """return a dictionary of bind parameter keys and values"""
+
+        if params:
+            pd = {}
+            for bindparam, name in self.bind_names.items():
+                if bindparam.key in params:
+                    pd[name] = params[bindparam.key]
+                elif name in params:
+                    pd[name] = params[name]
+                elif _check and bindparam.required:
+                    if _group_number:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r, "
+                            "in parameter group %d" %
+                            (bindparam.key, _group_number))
+                    else:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r"
+                            % bindparam.key)
+                else:
+                    pd[name] = bindparam.effective_value
+            return pd
+        else:
+            pd = {}
+            for bindparam in self.bind_names:
+                if _check and bindparam.required:
+                    if _group_number:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r, "
+                            "in parameter group %d" %
+                            (bindparam.key, _group_number))
+                    else:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r"
+                            % bindparam.key)
+                pd[self.bind_names[bindparam]] = bindparam.effective_value
+            return pd
+
+    @property
+    def params(self):
+        """Return the bind param dictionary embedded into this
+        compiled object, for those values that are present."""
+        return self.construct_params(_check=False)
+
+    def default_from(self):
+        """Called when a SELECT statement has no froms, and no FROM clause is
+        to be appended.
+
+        Gives Oracle a chance to tack on a ``FROM DUAL`` to the string output.
+
+        """
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_grouping(self, grouping, asfrom=False, **kwargs):
+        return "(" + grouping.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs) + ")"
+
+    def visit_label(self, label,
+                    add_to_result_map=None,
+                    within_label_clause=False,
+                    within_columns_clause=False,
+                    render_label_as_label=None,
+                    **kw):
+        # only render labels within the columns clause
+        # or ORDER BY clause of a select.  dialect-specific compilers
+        # can modify this behavior.
+        render_label_with_as = (within_columns_clause and not
+                                within_label_clause)
+        render_label_only = render_label_as_label is label
+
+        if render_label_only or render_label_with_as:
+            if isinstance(label.name, elements._truncated_label):
+                labelname = self._truncated_identifier("colident", label.name)
+            else:
+                labelname = label.name
+
+        if render_label_with_as:
+            if add_to_result_map is not None:
+                add_to_result_map(
+                    labelname,
+                    label.name,
+                    (label, labelname, ) + label._alt_names,
+                    label.type
+                )
+
+            return label.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, within_columns_clause=True,
+                within_label_clause=True, **kw) + \
+                OPERATORS[operators.as_] + \
+                self.preparer.format_label(label, labelname)
+        elif render_label_only:
+            return self.preparer.format_label(label, labelname)
+        else:
+            return label.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, within_columns_clause=False, **kw)
+
+    def visit_column(self, column, add_to_result_map=None,
+                     include_table=True, **kwargs):
+        name = orig_name = column.name
+        if name is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError("Cannot compile Column object until "
+                                   "its 'name' is assigned.")
+
+        is_literal = column.is_literal
+        if not is_literal and isinstance(name, elements._truncated_label):
+            name = self._truncated_identifier("colident", name)
+
+        if add_to_result_map is not None:
+            add_to_result_map(
+                name,
+                orig_name,
+                (column, name, column.key),
+                column.type
+            )
+
+        if is_literal:
+            name = self.escape_literal_column(name)
+        else:
+            name = self.preparer.quote(name)
+
+        table = column.table
+        if table is None or not include_table or not table.named_with_column:
+            return name
+        else:
+            if table.schema:
+                schema_prefix = self.preparer.quote_schema(table.schema) + '.'
+            else:
+                schema_prefix = ''
+            tablename = table.name
+            if isinstance(tablename, elements._truncated_label):
+                tablename = self._truncated_identifier("alias", tablename)
+
+            return schema_prefix + \
+                self.preparer.quote(tablename) + \
+                "." + name
+
+    def escape_literal_column(self, text):
+        """provide escaping for the literal_column() construct."""
+
+        # TODO: some dialects might need different behavior here
+        return text.replace('%', '%%')
+
+    def visit_fromclause(self, fromclause, **kwargs):
+        return fromclause.name
+
+    def visit_index(self, index, **kwargs):
+        return index.name
+
+    def visit_typeclause(self, typeclause, **kwargs):
+        return self.dialect.type_compiler.process(typeclause.type)
+
+    def post_process_text(self, text):
+        return text
+
+    def visit_textclause(self, textclause, **kw):
+        def do_bindparam(m):
+            name = m.group(1)
+            if name in textclause._bindparams:
+                return self.process(textclause._bindparams[name], **kw)
+            else:
+                return self.bindparam_string(name, **kw)
+
+        # un-escape any \:params
+        return BIND_PARAMS_ESC.sub(
+            lambda m: m.group(1),
+            BIND_PARAMS.sub(
+                do_bindparam,
+                self.post_process_text(textclause.text))
+        )
+
+    def visit_text_as_from(self, taf, iswrapper=False,
+                           compound_index=0, force_result_map=False,
+                           asfrom=False,
+                           parens=True, **kw):
+
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+
+        populate_result_map = force_result_map or (
+            compound_index == 0 and (
+                toplevel or
+                entry['iswrapper']
+            )
+        )
+
+        if populate_result_map:
+            for c in taf.column_args:
+                self.process(c, within_columns_clause=True,
+                             add_to_result_map=self._add_to_result_map)
+
+        text = self.process(taf.element, **kw)
+        if asfrom and parens:
+            text = "(%s)" % text
+        return text
+
+    def visit_null(self, expr, **kw):
+        return 'NULL'
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return 'true'
+        else:
+            return "1"
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return 'false'
+        else:
+            return "0"
+
+    def visit_clauselist(self, clauselist, order_by_select=None, **kw):
+        if order_by_select is not None:
+            return self._order_by_clauselist(
+                clauselist, order_by_select, **kw)
+
+        sep = clauselist.operator
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = " "
+        else:
+            sep = OPERATORS[clauselist.operator]
+        return sep.join(
+            s for s in
+            (
+                c._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+                for c in clauselist.clauses)
+            if s)
+
+    def _order_by_clauselist(self, clauselist, order_by_select, **kw):
+        # look through raw columns collection for labels.
+        # note that its OK we aren't expanding tables and other selectables
+        # here; we can only add a label in the ORDER BY for an individual
+        # label expression in the columns clause.
+
+        raw_col = set(l._order_by_label_element.name
+                      for l in order_by_select._raw_columns
+                      if l._order_by_label_element is not None)
+
+        return ", ".join(
+            s for s in
+            (
+                c._compiler_dispatch(
+                    self,
+                    render_label_as_label=c._order_by_label_element if
+                    c._order_by_label_element is not None and
+                    c._order_by_label_element.name in raw_col
+                    else None,
+                    **kw)
+                for c in clauselist.clauses)
+            if s)
+
+    def visit_case(self, clause, **kwargs):
+        x = "CASE "
+        if clause.value is not None:
+            x += clause.value._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs) + " "
+        for cond, result in clause.whens:
+            x += "WHEN " + cond._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, **kwargs
+            ) + " THEN " + result._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, **kwargs) + " "
+        if clause.else_ is not None:
+            x += "ELSE " + clause.else_._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, **kwargs
+            ) + " "
+        x += "END"
+        return x
+
+    def visit_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
+        return "CAST(%s AS %s)" % \
+            (cast.clause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+             cast.typeclause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs))
+
+    def visit_over(self, over, **kwargs):
+        return "%s OVER (%s)" % (
+            over.func._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+            ' '.join(
+                '%s BY %s' % (word, clause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs))
+                for word, clause in (
+                    ('PARTITION', over.partition_by),
+                    ('ORDER', over.order_by)
+                )
+                if clause is not None and len(clause)
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kwargs):
+        field = self.extract_map.get(extract.field, extract.field)
+        return "EXTRACT(%s FROM %s)" % (
+            field, extract.expr._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs))
+
+    def visit_function(self, func, add_to_result_map=None, **kwargs):
+        if add_to_result_map is not None:
+            add_to_result_map(
+                func.name, func.name, (), func.type
+            )
+
+        disp = getattr(self, "visit_%s_func" % func.name.lower(), None)
+        if disp:
+            return disp(func, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            name = FUNCTIONS.get(func.__class__, func.name + "%(expr)s")
+            return ".".join(list(func.packagenames) + [name]) % \
+                {'expr': self.function_argspec(func, **kwargs)}
+
+    def visit_next_value_func(self, next_value, **kw):
+        return self.visit_sequence(next_value.sequence)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, sequence):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Dialect '%s' does not support sequence increments." %
+            self.dialect.name
+        )
+
+    def function_argspec(self, func, **kwargs):
+        return func.clause_expr._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_compound_select(self, cs, asfrom=False,
+                              parens=True, compound_index=0, **kwargs):
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+
+        self.stack.append(
+            {
+                'correlate_froms': entry['correlate_froms'],
+                'iswrapper': toplevel,
+                'asfrom_froms': entry['asfrom_froms']
+            })
+
+        keyword = self.compound_keywords.get(cs.keyword)
+
+        text = (" " + keyword + " ").join(
+            (c._compiler_dispatch(self,
+                                  asfrom=asfrom, parens=False,
+                                  compound_index=i, **kwargs)
+             for i, c in enumerate(cs.selects))
+        )
+
+        group_by = cs._group_by_clause._compiler_dispatch(
+            self, asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs)
+        if group_by:
+            text += " GROUP BY " + group_by
+
+        text += self.order_by_clause(cs, **kwargs)
+        text += (cs._limit is not None or cs._offset is not None) and \
+            self.limit_clause(cs) or ""
+
+        if self.ctes and \
+                compound_index == 0 and toplevel:
+            text = self._render_cte_clause() + text
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+        if asfrom and parens:
+            return "(" + text + ")"
+        else:
+            return text
+
+    def visit_unary(self, unary, **kw):
+        if unary.operator:
+            if unary.modifier:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "Unary expression does not support operator "
+                    "and modifier simultaneously")
+            disp = getattr(self, "visit_%s_unary_operator" %
+                           unary.operator.__name__, None)
+            if disp:
+                return disp(unary, unary.operator, **kw)
+            else:
+                return self._generate_generic_unary_operator(
+                    unary, OPERATORS[unary.operator], **kw)
+        elif unary.modifier:
+            disp = getattr(self, "visit_%s_unary_modifier" %
+                           unary.modifier.__name__, None)
+            if disp:
+                return disp(unary, unary.modifier, **kw)
+            else:
+                return self._generate_generic_unary_modifier(
+                    unary, OPERATORS[unary.modifier], **kw)
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Unary expression has no operator or modifier")
+
+    def visit_istrue_unary_operator(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return self.process(element.element, **kw)
+        else:
+            return "%s = 1" % self.process(element.element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_isfalse_unary_operator(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return "NOT %s" % self.process(element.element, **kw)
+        else:
+            return "%s = 0" % self.process(element.element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_binary(self, binary, **kw):
+        # don't allow "? = ?" to render
+        if self.ansi_bind_rules and \
+                isinstance(binary.left, elements.BindParameter) and \
+                isinstance(binary.right, elements.BindParameter):
+            kw['literal_binds'] = True
+
+        operator = binary.operator
+        disp = getattr(self, "visit_%s_binary" % operator.__name__, None)
+        if disp:
+            return disp(binary, operator, **kw)
+        else:
+            try:
+                opstring = OPERATORS[operator]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, operator)
+            else:
+                return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, opstring, **kw)
+
+    def visit_custom_op_binary(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            element, " " + operator.opstring + " ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_custom_op_unary_operator(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_unary_operator(
+            element, operator.opstring + " ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_custom_op_unary_modifier(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_unary_modifier(
+            element, " " + operator.opstring, **kw)
+
+    def _generate_generic_binary(self, binary, opstring, **kw):
+        return binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) + \
+            opstring + \
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def _generate_generic_unary_operator(self, unary, opstring, **kw):
+        return opstring + unary.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def _generate_generic_unary_modifier(self, unary, opstring, **kw):
+        return unary.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) + opstring
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _like_percent_literal(self):
+        return elements.literal_column("'%'", type_=sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+
+    def visit_contains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.__add__(binary.right).__add__(percent)
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_notcontains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.__add__(binary.right).__add__(percent)
+        return self.visit_notlike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_startswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.__radd__(
+            binary.right
+        )
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_notstartswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.__radd__(
+            binary.right
+        )
+        return self.visit_notlike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_endswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.__add__(binary.right)
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_notendswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.__add__(binary.right)
+        return self.visit_notlike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_like_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+
+        # TODO: use ternary here, not "and"/ "or"
+        return '%s LIKE %s' % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)) \
+            + (
+                ' ESCAPE ' +
+                self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+                if escape else ''
+        )
+
+    def visit_notlike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+        return '%s NOT LIKE %s' % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)) \
+            + (
+                ' ESCAPE ' +
+                self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+                if escape else ''
+        )
+
+    def visit_ilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+        return 'lower(%s) LIKE lower(%s)' % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)) \
+            + (
+                ' ESCAPE ' +
+                self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+                if escape else ''
+        )
+
+    def visit_notilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+        return 'lower(%s) NOT LIKE lower(%s)' % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)) \
+            + (
+                ' ESCAPE ' +
+                self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+                if escape else ''
+        )
+
+    def visit_between_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        symmetric = binary.modifiers.get("symmetric", False)
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary, " BETWEEN SYMMETRIC "
+            if symmetric else " BETWEEN ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_notbetween_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        symmetric = binary.modifiers.get("symmetric", False)
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary, " NOT BETWEEN SYMMETRIC "
+            if symmetric else " NOT BETWEEN ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_bindparam(self, bindparam, within_columns_clause=False,
+                        literal_binds=False,
+                        skip_bind_expression=False,
+                        **kwargs):
+        if not skip_bind_expression and bindparam.type._has_bind_expression:
+            bind_expression = bindparam.type.bind_expression(bindparam)
+            return self.process(bind_expression,
+                                skip_bind_expression=True)
+
+        if literal_binds or \
+            (within_columns_clause and
+                self.ansi_bind_rules):
+            if bindparam.value is None and bindparam.callable is None:
+                raise exc.CompileError("Bind parameter '%s' without a "
+                                       "renderable value not allowed here."
+                                       % bindparam.key)
+            return self.render_literal_bindparam(
+                bindparam, within_columns_clause=True, **kwargs)
+
+        name = self._truncate_bindparam(bindparam)
+
+        if name in self.binds:
+            existing = self.binds[name]
+            if existing is not bindparam:
+                if (existing.unique or bindparam.unique) and \
+                    not existing.proxy_set.intersection(
+                        bindparam.proxy_set):
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "Bind parameter '%s' conflicts with "
+                        "unique bind parameter of the same name" %
+                        bindparam.key
+                    )
+                elif existing._is_crud or bindparam._is_crud:
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "bindparam() name '%s' is reserved "
+                        "for automatic usage in the VALUES or SET "
+                        "clause of this "
+                        "insert/update statement.   Please use a "
+                        "name other than column name when using bindparam() "
+                        "with insert() or update() (for example, 'b_%s')." %
+                        (bindparam.key, bindparam.key)
+                    )
+
+        self.binds[bindparam.key] = self.binds[name] = bindparam
+
+        return self.bindparam_string(name, **kwargs)
+
+    def render_literal_bindparam(self, bindparam, **kw):
+        value = bindparam.effective_value
+        return self.render_literal_value(value, bindparam.type)
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        """Render the value of a bind parameter as a quoted literal.
+
+        This is used for statement sections that do not accept bind parameters
+        on the target driver/database.
+
+        This should be implemented by subclasses using the quoting services
+        of the DBAPI.
+
+        """
+
+        processor = type_._cached_literal_processor(self.dialect)
+        if processor:
+            return processor(value)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Don't know how to literal-quote value %r" % value)
+
+    def _truncate_bindparam(self, bindparam):
+        if bindparam in self.bind_names:
+            return self.bind_names[bindparam]
+
+        bind_name = bindparam.key
+        if isinstance(bind_name, elements._truncated_label):
+            bind_name = self._truncated_identifier("bindparam", bind_name)
+
+        # add to bind_names for translation
+        self.bind_names[bindparam] = bind_name
+
+        return bind_name
+
+    def _truncated_identifier(self, ident_class, name):
+        if (ident_class, name) in self.truncated_names:
+            return self.truncated_names[(ident_class, name)]
+
+        anonname = name.apply_map(self.anon_map)
+
+        if len(anonname) > self.label_length:
+            counter = self.truncated_names.get(ident_class, 1)
+            truncname = anonname[0:max(self.label_length - 6, 0)] + \
+                "_" + hex(counter)[2:]
+            self.truncated_names[ident_class] = counter + 1
+        else:
+            truncname = anonname
+        self.truncated_names[(ident_class, name)] = truncname
+        return truncname
+
+    def _anonymize(self, name):
+        return name % self.anon_map
+
+    def _process_anon(self, key):
+        (ident, derived) = key.split(' ', 1)
+        anonymous_counter = self.anon_map.get(derived, 1)
+        self.anon_map[derived] = anonymous_counter + 1
+        return derived + "_" + str(anonymous_counter)
+
+    def bindparam_string(self, name, positional_names=None, **kw):
+        if self.positional:
+            if positional_names is not None:
+                positional_names.append(name)
+            else:
+                self.positiontup.append(name)
+        return self.bindtemplate % {'name': name}
+
+    def visit_cte(self, cte, asfrom=False, ashint=False,
+                  fromhints=None,
+                  **kwargs):
+        self._init_cte_state()
+
+        if isinstance(cte.name, elements._truncated_label):
+            cte_name = self._truncated_identifier("alias", cte.name)
+        else:
+            cte_name = cte.name
+
+        if cte_name in self.ctes_by_name:
+            existing_cte = self.ctes_by_name[cte_name]
+            # we've generated a same-named CTE that we are enclosed in,
+            # or this is the same CTE.  just return the name.
+            if cte in existing_cte._restates or cte is existing_cte:
+                return self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_name)
+            elif existing_cte in cte._restates:
+                # we've generated a same-named CTE that is
+                # enclosed in us - we take precedence, so
+                # discard the text for the "inner".
+                del self.ctes[existing_cte]
+            else:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "Multiple, unrelated CTEs found with "
+                    "the same name: %r" %
+                    cte_name)
+
+        self.ctes_by_name[cte_name] = cte
+
+        if cte._cte_alias is not None:
+            orig_cte = cte._cte_alias
+            if orig_cte not in self.ctes:
+                self.visit_cte(orig_cte)
+            cte_alias_name = cte._cte_alias.name
+            if isinstance(cte_alias_name, elements._truncated_label):
+                cte_alias_name = self._truncated_identifier(
+                    "alias", cte_alias_name)
+        else:
+            orig_cte = cte
+            cte_alias_name = None
+        if not cte_alias_name and cte not in self.ctes:
+            if cte.recursive:
+                self.ctes_recursive = True
+            text = self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_name)
+            if cte.recursive:
+                if isinstance(cte.original, selectable.Select):
+                    col_source = cte.original
+                elif isinstance(cte.original, selectable.CompoundSelect):
+                    col_source = cte.original.selects[0]
+                else:
+                    assert False
+                recur_cols = [c for c in
+                              util.unique_list(col_source.inner_columns)
+                              if c is not None]
+
+                text += "(%s)" % (", ".join(
+                    self.preparer.format_column(ident)
+                    for ident in recur_cols))
+
+            if self.positional:
+                kwargs['positional_names'] = self.cte_positional[cte] = []
+
+            text += " AS \n" + \
+                cte.original._compiler_dispatch(
+                    self, asfrom=True, **kwargs
+                )
+
+            self.ctes[cte] = text
+
+        if asfrom:
+            if cte_alias_name:
+                text = self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_alias_name)
+                text += " AS " + cte_name
+            else:
+                return self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_name)
+            return text
+
+    def visit_alias(self, alias, asfrom=False, ashint=False,
+                    iscrud=False,
+                    fromhints=None, **kwargs):
+        if asfrom or ashint:
+            if isinstance(alias.name, elements._truncated_label):
+                alias_name = self._truncated_identifier("alias", alias.name)
+            else:
+                alias_name = alias.name
+
+        if ashint:
+            return self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name)
+        elif asfrom:
+            ret = alias.original._compiler_dispatch(self,
+                                                    asfrom=True, **kwargs) + \
+                " AS " + \
+                self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name)
+
+            if fromhints and alias in fromhints:
+                ret = self.format_from_hint_text(ret, alias,
+                                                 fromhints[alias], iscrud)
+
+            return ret
+        else:
+            return alias.original._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def _add_to_result_map(self, keyname, name, objects, type_):
+        if not self.dialect.case_sensitive:
+            keyname = keyname.lower()
+
+        if keyname in self.result_map:
+            # conflicting keyname, just double up the list
+            # of objects.  this will cause an "ambiguous name"
+            # error if an attempt is made by the result set to
+            # access.
+            e_name, e_obj, e_type = self.result_map[keyname]
+            self.result_map[keyname] = e_name, e_obj + objects, e_type
+        else:
+            self.result_map[keyname] = name, objects, type_
+
+    def _label_select_column(self, select, column,
+                             populate_result_map,
+                             asfrom, column_clause_args,
+                             name=None,
+                             within_columns_clause=True):
+        """produce labeled columns present in a select()."""
+
+        if column.type._has_column_expression and \
+                populate_result_map:
+            col_expr = column.type.column_expression(column)
+            add_to_result_map = lambda keyname, name, objects, type_: \
+                self._add_to_result_map(
+                    keyname, name,
+                    objects + (column,), type_)
+        else:
+            col_expr = column
+            if populate_result_map:
+                add_to_result_map = self._add_to_result_map
+            else:
+                add_to_result_map = None
+
+        if not within_columns_clause:
+            result_expr = col_expr
+        elif isinstance(column, elements.Label):
+            if col_expr is not column:
+                result_expr = _CompileLabel(
+                    col_expr,
+                    column.name,
+                    alt_names=(column.element,)
+                )
+            else:
+                result_expr = col_expr
+
+        elif select is not None and name:
+            result_expr = _CompileLabel(
+                col_expr,
+                name,
+                alt_names=(column._key_label,)
+            )
+
+        elif \
+            asfrom and \
+            isinstance(column, elements.ColumnClause) and \
+            not column.is_literal and \
+            column.table is not None and \
+                not isinstance(column.table, selectable.Select):
+            result_expr = _CompileLabel(col_expr,
+                                        elements._as_truncated(column.name),
+                                        alt_names=(column.key,))
+        elif not isinstance(column,
+                            (elements.UnaryExpression, elements.TextClause)) \
+                and (not hasattr(column, 'name') or
+                     isinstance(column, functions.Function)):
+            result_expr = _CompileLabel(col_expr, column.anon_label)
+        elif col_expr is not column:
+            # TODO: are we sure "column" has a .name and .key here ?
+            # assert isinstance(column, elements.ColumnClause)
+            result_expr = _CompileLabel(col_expr,
+                                        elements._as_truncated(column.name),
+                                        alt_names=(column.key,))
+        else:
+            result_expr = col_expr
+
+        column_clause_args.update(
+            within_columns_clause=within_columns_clause,
+            add_to_result_map=add_to_result_map
+        )
+        return result_expr._compiler_dispatch(
+            self,
+            **column_clause_args
+        )
+
+    def format_from_hint_text(self, sqltext, table, hint, iscrud):
+        hinttext = self.get_from_hint_text(table, hint)
+        if hinttext:
+            sqltext += " " + hinttext
+        return sqltext
+
+    def get_select_hint_text(self, byfroms):
+        return None
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return None
+
+    def get_crud_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return None
+
+    def _transform_select_for_nested_joins(self, select):
+        """Rewrite any "a JOIN (b JOIN c)" expression as
+        "a JOIN (select * from b JOIN c) AS anon", to support
+        databases that can't parse a parenthesized join correctly
+        (i.e. sqlite the main one).
+
+        """
+        cloned = {}
+        column_translate = [{}]
+
+        def visit(element, **kw):
+            if element in column_translate[-1]:
+                return column_translate[-1][element]
+
+            elif element in cloned:
+                return cloned[element]
+
+            newelem = cloned[element] = element._clone()
+
+            if newelem.is_selectable and newelem._is_join and \
+                    isinstance(newelem.right, selectable.FromGrouping):
+
+                newelem._reset_exported()
+                newelem.left = visit(newelem.left, **kw)
+
+                right = visit(newelem.right, **kw)
+
+                selectable_ = selectable.Select(
+                    [right.element],
+                    use_labels=True).alias()
+
+                for c in selectable_.c:
+                    c._key_label = c.key
+                    c._label = c.name
+
+                translate_dict = dict(
+                    zip(newelem.right.element.c, selectable_.c)
+                )
+
+                # translating from both the old and the new
+                # because different select() structures will lead us
+                # to traverse differently
+                translate_dict[right.element.left] = selectable_
+                translate_dict[right.element.right] = selectable_
+                translate_dict[newelem.right.element.left] = selectable_
+                translate_dict[newelem.right.element.right] = selectable_
+
+                # propagate translations that we've gained
+                # from nested visit(newelem.right) outwards
+                # to the enclosing select here.  this happens
+                # only when we have more than one level of right
+                # join nesting, i.e. "a JOIN (b JOIN (c JOIN d))"
+                for k, v in list(column_translate[-1].items()):
+                    if v in translate_dict:
+                        # remarkably, no current ORM tests (May 2013)
+                        # hit this condition, only test_join_rewriting
+                        # does.
+                        column_translate[-1][k] = translate_dict[v]
+
+                column_translate[-1].update(translate_dict)
+
+                newelem.right = selectable_
+
+                newelem.onclause = visit(newelem.onclause, **kw)
+
+            elif newelem._is_from_container:
+                # if we hit an Alias, CompoundSelect or ScalarSelect, put a
+                # marker in the stack.
+                kw['transform_clue'] = 'select_container'
+                newelem._copy_internals(clone=visit, **kw)
+            elif newelem.is_selectable and newelem._is_select:
+                barrier_select = kw.get('transform_clue', None) == \
+                    'select_container'
+                # if we're still descended from an
+                # Alias/CompoundSelect/ScalarSelect, we're
+                # in a FROM clause, so start with a new translate collection
+                if barrier_select:
+                    column_translate.append({})
+                kw['transform_clue'] = 'inside_select'
+                newelem._copy_internals(clone=visit, **kw)
+                if barrier_select:
+                    del column_translate[-1]
+            else:
+                newelem._copy_internals(clone=visit, **kw)
+
+            return newelem
+
+        return visit(select)
+
+    def _transform_result_map_for_nested_joins(
+            self, select, transformed_select):
+        inner_col = dict((c._key_label, c) for
+                         c in transformed_select.inner_columns)
+
+        d = dict(
+            (inner_col[c._key_label], c)
+            for c in select.inner_columns
+        )
+        for key, (name, objs, typ) in list(self.result_map.items()):
+            objs = tuple([d.get(col, col) for col in objs])
+            self.result_map[key] = (name, objs, typ)
+
+    _default_stack_entry = util.immutabledict([
+        ('iswrapper', False),
+        ('correlate_froms', frozenset()),
+        ('asfrom_froms', frozenset())
+    ])
+
+    def _display_froms_for_select(self, select, asfrom):
+        # utility method to help external dialects
+        # get the correct from list for a select.
+        # specifically the oracle dialect needs this feature
+        # right now.
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+
+        correlate_froms = entry['correlate_froms']
+        asfrom_froms = entry['asfrom_froms']
+
+        if asfrom:
+            froms = select._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms.difference(
+                    asfrom_froms),
+                implicit_correlate_froms=())
+        else:
+            froms = select._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms,
+                implicit_correlate_froms=asfrom_froms)
+        return froms
+
+    def visit_select(self, select, asfrom=False, parens=True,
+                     iswrapper=False, fromhints=None,
+                     compound_index=0,
+                     force_result_map=False,
+                     nested_join_translation=False,
+                     **kwargs):
+
+        needs_nested_translation = \
+            select.use_labels and \
+            not nested_join_translation and \
+            not self.stack and \
+            not self.dialect.supports_right_nested_joins
+
+        if needs_nested_translation:
+            transformed_select = self._transform_select_for_nested_joins(
+                select)
+            text = self.visit_select(
+                transformed_select, asfrom=asfrom, parens=parens,
+                iswrapper=iswrapper, fromhints=fromhints,
+                compound_index=compound_index,
+                force_result_map=force_result_map,
+                nested_join_translation=True, **kwargs
+            )
+
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+
+        populate_result_map = force_result_map or (
+            compound_index == 0 and (
+                toplevel or
+                entry['iswrapper']
+            )
+        )
+
+        if needs_nested_translation:
+            if populate_result_map:
+                self._transform_result_map_for_nested_joins(
+                    select, transformed_select)
+            return text
+
+        correlate_froms = entry['correlate_froms']
+        asfrom_froms = entry['asfrom_froms']
+
+        if asfrom:
+            froms = select._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms.difference(
+                    asfrom_froms),
+                implicit_correlate_froms=())
+        else:
+            froms = select._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms,
+                implicit_correlate_froms=asfrom_froms)
+
+        new_correlate_froms = set(selectable._from_objects(*froms))
+        all_correlate_froms = new_correlate_froms.union(correlate_froms)
+
+        new_entry = {
+            'asfrom_froms': new_correlate_froms,
+            'iswrapper': iswrapper,
+            'correlate_froms': all_correlate_froms
+        }
+        self.stack.append(new_entry)
+
+        column_clause_args = kwargs.copy()
+        column_clause_args.update({
+            'within_label_clause': False,
+            'within_columns_clause': False
+        })
+
+        text = "SELECT "  # we're off to a good start !
+
+        if select._hints:
+            byfrom = dict([
+                (from_, hinttext % {
+                    'name': from_._compiler_dispatch(
+                        self, ashint=True)
+                })
+                for (from_, dialect), hinttext in
+                select._hints.items()
+                if dialect in ('*', self.dialect.name)
+            ])
+            hint_text = self.get_select_hint_text(byfrom)
+            if hint_text:
+                text += hint_text + " "
+
+        if select._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(
+                select, select._prefixes, **kwargs)
+
+        text += self.get_select_precolumns(select)
+
+        # the actual list of columns to print in the SELECT column list.
+        inner_columns = [
+            c for c in [
+                self._label_select_column(select,
+                                          column,
+                                          populate_result_map, asfrom,
+                                          column_clause_args,
+                                          name=name)
+                for name, column in select._columns_plus_names
+            ]
+            if c is not None
+        ]
+
+        text += ', '.join(inner_columns)
+
+        if froms:
+            text += " \nFROM "
+
+            if select._hints:
+                text += ', '.join(
+                    [f._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True,
+                                          fromhints=byfrom, **kwargs)
+                     for f in froms])
+            else:
+                text += ', '.join(
+                    [f._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True, **kwargs)
+                     for f in froms])
+        else:
+            text += self.default_from()
+
+        if select._whereclause is not None:
+            t = select._whereclause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+            if t:
+                text += " \nWHERE " + t
+
+        if select._group_by_clause.clauses:
+            group_by = select._group_by_clause._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, **kwargs)
+            if group_by:
+                text += " GROUP BY " + group_by
+
+        if select._having is not None:
+            t = select._having._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+            if t:
+                text += " \nHAVING " + t
+
+        if select._order_by_clause.clauses:
+            if self.dialect.supports_simple_order_by_label:
+                order_by_select = select
+            else:
+                order_by_select = None
+
+            text += self.order_by_clause(
+                select, order_by_select=order_by_select, **kwargs)
+
+        if select._limit is not None or select._offset is not None:
+            text += self.limit_clause(select)
+
+        if select._for_update_arg is not None:
+            text += self.for_update_clause(select)
+
+        if self.ctes and \
+                compound_index == 0 and toplevel:
+            text = self._render_cte_clause() + text
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        if asfrom and parens:
+            return "(" + text + ")"
+        else:
+            return text
+
+    def _generate_prefixes(self, stmt, prefixes, **kw):
+        clause = " ".join(
+            prefix._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+            for prefix, dialect_name in prefixes
+            if dialect_name is None or
+            dialect_name == self.dialect.name
+        )
+        if clause:
+            clause += " "
+        return clause
+
+    def _render_cte_clause(self):
+        if self.positional:
+            self.positiontup = sum([
+                self.cte_positional[cte]
+                for cte in self.ctes], []) + \
+                self.positiontup
+        cte_text = self.get_cte_preamble(self.ctes_recursive) + " "
+        cte_text += ", \n".join(
+            [txt for txt in self.ctes.values()]
+        )
+        cte_text += "\n "
+        return cte_text
+
+    def get_cte_preamble(self, recursive):
+        if recursive:
+            return "WITH RECURSIVE"
+        else:
+            return "WITH"
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select):
+        """Called when building a ``SELECT`` statement, position is just
+        before column list.
+
+        """
+        return select._distinct and "DISTINCT " or ""
+
+    def order_by_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        order_by = select._order_by_clause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+        if order_by:
+            return " ORDER BY " + order_by
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select):
+        return " FOR UPDATE"
+
+    def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "RETURNING is not supported by this "
+            "dialect's statement compiler.")
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select):
+        text = ""
+        if select._limit is not None:
+            text += "\n LIMIT " + self.process(elements.literal(select._limit))
+        if select._offset is not None:
+            if select._limit is None:
+                text += "\n LIMIT -1"
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(elements.literal(select._offset))
+        return text
+
+    def visit_table(self, table, asfrom=False, iscrud=False, ashint=False,
+                    fromhints=None, **kwargs):
+        if asfrom or ashint:
+            if getattr(table, "schema", None):
+                ret = self.preparer.quote_schema(table.schema) + \
+                    "." + self.preparer.quote(table.name)
+            else:
+                ret = self.preparer.quote(table.name)
+            if fromhints and table in fromhints:
+                ret = self.format_from_hint_text(ret, table,
+                                                 fromhints[table], iscrud)
+            return ret
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def visit_join(self, join, asfrom=False, **kwargs):
+        return (
+            join.left._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True, **kwargs) +
+            (join.isouter and " LEFT OUTER JOIN " or " JOIN ") +
+            join.right._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True, **kwargs) +
+            " ON " +
+            join.onclause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+        )
+
+    def visit_insert(self, insert_stmt, **kw):
+        self.isinsert = True
+        colparams = self._get_colparams(insert_stmt, **kw)
+
+        if not colparams and \
+                not self.dialect.supports_default_values and \
+                not self.dialect.supports_empty_insert:
+            raise exc.CompileError("The '%s' dialect with current database "
+                                   "version settings does not support empty "
+                                   "inserts." %
+                                   self.dialect.name)
+
+        if insert_stmt._has_multi_parameters:
+            if not self.dialect.supports_multivalues_insert:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "The '%s' dialect with current database "
+                    "version settings does not support "
+                    "in-place multirow inserts." %
+                    self.dialect.name)
+            colparams_single = colparams[0]
+        else:
+            colparams_single = colparams
+
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        supports_default_values = self.dialect.supports_default_values
+
+        text = "INSERT "
+
+        if insert_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(insert_stmt,
+                                            insert_stmt._prefixes, **kw)
+
+        text += "INTO "
+        table_text = preparer.format_table(insert_stmt.table)
+
+        if insert_stmt._hints:
+            dialect_hints = dict([
+                (table, hint_text)
+                for (table, dialect), hint_text in
+                insert_stmt._hints.items()
+                if dialect in ('*', self.dialect.name)
+            ])
+            if insert_stmt.table in dialect_hints:
+                table_text = self.format_from_hint_text(
+                    table_text,
+                    insert_stmt.table,
+                    dialect_hints[insert_stmt.table],
+                    True
+                )
+
+        text += table_text
+
+        if colparams_single or not supports_default_values:
+            text += " (%s)" % ', '.join([preparer.format_column(c[0])
+                                         for c in colparams_single])
+
+        if self.returning or insert_stmt._returning:
+            self.returning = self.returning or insert_stmt._returning
+            returning_clause = self.returning_clause(
+                insert_stmt, self.returning)
+
+            if self.returning_precedes_values:
+                text += " " + returning_clause
+
+        if insert_stmt.select is not None:
+            text += " %s" % self.process(insert_stmt.select, **kw)
+        elif not colparams and supports_default_values:
+            text += " DEFAULT VALUES"
+        elif insert_stmt._has_multi_parameters:
+            text += " VALUES %s" % (
+                ", ".join(
+                    "(%s)" % (
+                        ', '.join(c[1] for c in colparam_set)
+                    )
+                    for colparam_set in colparams
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            text += " VALUES (%s)" % \
+                ', '.join([c[1] for c in colparams])
+
+        if self.returning and not self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + returning_clause
+
+        return text
+
+    def update_limit_clause(self, update_stmt):
+        """Provide a hook for MySQL to add LIMIT to the UPDATE"""
+        return None
+
+    def update_tables_clause(self, update_stmt, from_table,
+                             extra_froms, **kw):
+        """Provide a hook to override the initial table clause
+        in an UPDATE statement.
+
+        MySQL overrides this.
+
+        """
+        return from_table._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True,
+                                             iscrud=True, **kw)
+
+    def update_from_clause(self, update_stmt,
+                           from_table, extra_froms,
+                           from_hints,
+                           **kw):
+        """Provide a hook to override the generation of an
+        UPDATE..FROM clause.
+
+        MySQL and MSSQL override this.
+
+        """
+        return "FROM " + ', '.join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True,
+                                 fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in extra_froms)
+
+    def visit_update(self, update_stmt, **kw):
+        self.stack.append(
+            {'correlate_froms': set([update_stmt.table]),
+             "iswrapper": False,
+             "asfrom_froms": set([update_stmt.table])})
+
+        self.isupdate = True
+
+        extra_froms = update_stmt._extra_froms
+
+        text = "UPDATE "
+
+        if update_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(update_stmt,
+                                            update_stmt._prefixes, **kw)
+
+        table_text = self.update_tables_clause(update_stmt, update_stmt.table,
+                                               extra_froms, **kw)
+
+        colparams = self._get_colparams(update_stmt, **kw)
+
+        if update_stmt._hints:
+            dialect_hints = dict([
+                (table, hint_text)
+                for (table, dialect), hint_text in
+                update_stmt._hints.items()
+                if dialect in ('*', self.dialect.name)
+            ])
+            if update_stmt.table in dialect_hints:
+                table_text = self.format_from_hint_text(
+                    table_text,
+                    update_stmt.table,
+                    dialect_hints[update_stmt.table],
+                    True
+                )
+        else:
+            dialect_hints = None
+
+        text += table_text
+
+        text += ' SET '
+        include_table = extra_froms and \
+            self.render_table_with_column_in_update_from
+        text += ', '.join(
+            c[0]._compiler_dispatch(self,
+                                    include_table=include_table) +
+            '=' + c[1] for c in colparams
+        )
+
+        if self.returning or update_stmt._returning:
+            if not self.returning:
+                self.returning = update_stmt._returning
+            if self.returning_precedes_values:
+                text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                    update_stmt, self.returning)
+
+        if extra_froms:
+            extra_from_text = self.update_from_clause(
+                update_stmt,
+                update_stmt.table,
+                extra_froms,
+                dialect_hints, **kw)
+            if extra_from_text:
+                text += " " + extra_from_text
+
+        if update_stmt._whereclause is not None:
+            t = self.process(update_stmt._whereclause)
+            if t:
+                text += " WHERE " + t
+
+        limit_clause = self.update_limit_clause(update_stmt)
+        if limit_clause:
+            text += " " + limit_clause
+
+        if self.returning and not self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                update_stmt, self.returning)
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def _create_crud_bind_param(self, col, value, required=False, name=None):
+        if name is None:
+            name = col.key
+        bindparam = elements.BindParameter(name, value,
+                                           type_=col.type, required=required)
+        bindparam._is_crud = True
+        return bindparam._compiler_dispatch(self)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _key_getters_for_crud_column(self):
+        if self.isupdate and self.statement._extra_froms:
+            # when extra tables are present, refer to the columns
+            # in those extra tables as table-qualified, including in
+            # dictionaries and when rendering bind param names.
+            # the "main" table of the statement remains unqualified,
+            # allowing the most compatibility with a non-multi-table
+            # statement.
+            _et = set(self.statement._extra_froms)
+
+            def _column_as_key(key):
+                str_key = elements._column_as_key(key)
+                if hasattr(key, 'table') and key.table in _et:
+                    return (key.table.name, str_key)
+                else:
+                    return str_key
+
+            def _getattr_col_key(col):
+                if col.table in _et:
+                    return (col.table.name, col.key)
+                else:
+                    return col.key
+
+            def _col_bind_name(col):
+                if col.table in _et:
+                    return "%s_%s" % (col.table.name, col.key)
+                else:
+                    return col.key
+
+        else:
+            _column_as_key = elements._column_as_key
+            _getattr_col_key = _col_bind_name = operator.attrgetter("key")
+
+        return _column_as_key, _getattr_col_key, _col_bind_name
+
+    def _get_colparams(self, stmt, **kw):
+        """create a set of tuples representing column/string pairs for use
+        in an INSERT or UPDATE statement.
+
+        Also generates the Compiled object's postfetch, prefetch, and
+        returning column collections, used for default handling and ultimately
+        populating the ResultProxy's prefetch_cols() and postfetch_cols()
+        collections.
+
+        """
+
+        self.postfetch = []
+        self.prefetch = []
+        self.returning = []
+
+        # no parameters in the statement, no parameters in the
+        # compiled params - return binds for all columns
+        if self.column_keys is None and stmt.parameters is None:
+            return [
+                (c, self._create_crud_bind_param(c,
+                                                 None, required=True))
+                for c in stmt.table.columns
+            ]
+
+        if stmt._has_multi_parameters:
+            stmt_parameters = stmt.parameters[0]
+        else:
+            stmt_parameters = stmt.parameters
+
+        # getters - these are normally just column.key,
+        # but in the case of mysql multi-table update, the rules for
+        # .key must conditionally take tablename into account
+        _column_as_key, _getattr_col_key, _col_bind_name = \
+            self._key_getters_for_crud_column
+
+        # if we have statement parameters - set defaults in the
+        # compiled params
+        if self.column_keys is None:
+            parameters = {}
+        else:
+            parameters = dict((_column_as_key(key), REQUIRED)
+                              for key in self.column_keys
+                              if not stmt_parameters or
+                              key not in stmt_parameters)
+
+        # create a list of column assignment clauses as tuples
+        values = []
+
+        if stmt_parameters is not None:
+            for k, v in stmt_parameters.items():
+                colkey = _column_as_key(k)
+                if colkey is not None:
+                    parameters.setdefault(colkey, v)
+                else:
+                    # a non-Column expression on the left side;
+                    # add it to values() in an "as-is" state,
+                    # coercing right side to bound param
+                    if elements._is_literal(v):
+                        v = self.process(
+                            elements.BindParameter(None, v, type_=k.type),
+                            **kw)
+                    else:
+                        v = self.process(v.self_group(), **kw)
+
+                    values.append((k, v))
+
+        need_pks = self.isinsert and \
+            not self.inline and \
+            not stmt._returning
+
+        implicit_returning = need_pks and \
+            self.dialect.implicit_returning and \
+            stmt.table.implicit_returning
+
+        if self.isinsert:
+            implicit_return_defaults = (implicit_returning and
+                                        stmt._return_defaults)
+        elif self.isupdate:
+            implicit_return_defaults = (self.dialect.implicit_returning and
+                                        stmt.table.implicit_returning and
+                                        stmt._return_defaults)
+        else:
+            implicit_return_defaults = False
+
+        if implicit_return_defaults:
+            if stmt._return_defaults is True:
+                implicit_return_defaults = set(stmt.table.c)
+            else:
+                implicit_return_defaults = set(stmt._return_defaults)
+
+        postfetch_lastrowid = need_pks and self.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid
+
+        check_columns = {}
+
+        # special logic that only occurs for multi-table UPDATE
+        # statements
+        if self.isupdate and stmt._extra_froms and stmt_parameters:
+            normalized_params = dict(
+                (elements._clause_element_as_expr(c), param)
+                for c, param in stmt_parameters.items()
+            )
+            affected_tables = set()
+            for t in stmt._extra_froms:
+                for c in t.c:
+                    if c in normalized_params:
+                        affected_tables.add(t)
+                        check_columns[_getattr_col_key(c)] = c
+                        value = normalized_params[c]
+                        if elements._is_literal(value):
+                            value = self._create_crud_bind_param(
+                                c, value, required=value is REQUIRED,
+                                name=_col_bind_name(c))
+                        else:
+                            self.postfetch.append(c)
+                            value = self.process(value.self_group(), **kw)
+                        values.append((c, value))
+            # determine tables which are actually
+            # to be updated - process onupdate and
+            # server_onupdate for these
+            for t in affected_tables:
+                for c in t.c:
+                    if c in normalized_params:
+                        continue
+                    elif (c.onupdate is not None and not
+                          c.onupdate.is_sequence):
+                        if c.onupdate.is_clause_element:
+                            values.append(
+                                (c, self.process(
+                                    c.onupdate.arg.self_group(),
+                                    **kw)
+                                 )
+                            )
+                            self.postfetch.append(c)
+                        else:
+                            values.append(
+                                (c, self._create_crud_bind_param(
+                                    c, None, name=_col_bind_name(c)
+                                )
+                                )
+                            )
+                            self.prefetch.append(c)
+                    elif c.server_onupdate is not None:
+                        self.postfetch.append(c)
+
+        if self.isinsert and stmt.select_names:
+            # for an insert from select, we can only use names that
+            # are given, so only select for those names.
+            cols = (stmt.table.c[_column_as_key(name)]
+                    for name in stmt.select_names)
+        else:
+            # iterate through all table columns to maintain
+            # ordering, even for those cols that aren't included
+            cols = stmt.table.columns
+
+        for c in cols:
+            col_key = _getattr_col_key(c)
+            if col_key in parameters and col_key not in check_columns:
+                value = parameters.pop(col_key)
+                if elements._is_literal(value):
+                    value = self._create_crud_bind_param(
+                        c, value, required=value is REQUIRED,
+                        name=_col_bind_name(c)
+                        if not stmt._has_multi_parameters
+                        else "%s_0" % _col_bind_name(c)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    if isinstance(value, elements.BindParameter) and \
+                            value.type._isnull:
+                        value = value._clone()
+                        value.type = c.type
+
+                    if c.primary_key and implicit_returning:
+                        self.returning.append(c)
+                        value = self.process(value.self_group(), **kw)
+                    elif implicit_return_defaults and \
+                            c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                        self.returning.append(c)
+                        value = self.process(value.self_group(), **kw)
+                    else:
+                        self.postfetch.append(c)
+                        value = self.process(value.self_group(), **kw)
+                values.append((c, value))
+
+            elif self.isinsert:
+                if c.primary_key and \
+                        need_pks and \
+                        (
+                            implicit_returning or
+                            not postfetch_lastrowid or
+                            c is not stmt.table._autoincrement_column
+                        ):
+
+                    if implicit_returning:
+                        if c.default is not None:
+                            if c.default.is_sequence:
+                                if self.dialect.supports_sequences and \
+                                    (not c.default.optional or
+                                     not self.dialect.sequences_optional):
+                                    proc = self.process(c.default, **kw)
+                                    values.append((c, proc))
+                                self.returning.append(c)
+                            elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+                                values.append(
+                                    (c, self.process(
+                                        c.default.arg.self_group(), **kw))
+                                )
+                                self.returning.append(c)
+                            else:
+                                values.append(
+                                    (c, self._create_crud_bind_param(c, None))
+                                )
+                                self.prefetch.append(c)
+                        else:
+                            self.returning.append(c)
+                    else:
+                        if (
+                                (c.default is not None and
+                                 (not c.default.is_sequence or
+                                     self.dialect.supports_sequences)) or
+                                c is stmt.table._autoincrement_column and
+                                (self.dialect.supports_sequences or
+                                 self.dialect.
+                                 preexecute_autoincrement_sequences)
+                        ):
+
+                            values.append(
+                                (c, self._create_crud_bind_param(c, None))
+                            )
+
+                            self.prefetch.append(c)
+
+                elif c.default is not None:
+                    if c.default.is_sequence:
+                        if self.dialect.supports_sequences and \
+                            (not c.default.optional or
+                             not self.dialect.sequences_optional):
+                            proc = self.process(c.default, **kw)
+                            values.append((c, proc))
+                            if implicit_return_defaults and \
+                                    c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                                self.returning.append(c)
+                            elif not c.primary_key:
+                                self.postfetch.append(c)
+                    elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+                        values.append(
+                            (c, self.process(
+                                c.default.arg.self_group(), **kw))
+                        )
+
+                        if implicit_return_defaults and \
+                                c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                            self.returning.append(c)
+                        elif not c.primary_key:
+                            # don't add primary key column to postfetch
+                            self.postfetch.append(c)
+                    else:
+                        values.append(
+                            (c, self._create_crud_bind_param(c, None))
+                        )
+                        self.prefetch.append(c)
+                elif c.server_default is not None:
+                    if implicit_return_defaults and \
+                            c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                        self.returning.append(c)
+                    elif not c.primary_key:
+                        self.postfetch.append(c)
+                elif implicit_return_defaults and \
+                        c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                    self.returning.append(c)
+
+            elif self.isupdate:
+                if c.onupdate is not None and not c.onupdate.is_sequence:
+                    if c.onupdate.is_clause_element:
+                        values.append(
+                            (c, self.process(
+                                c.onupdate.arg.self_group(), **kw))
+                        )
+                        if implicit_return_defaults and \
+                                c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                            self.returning.append(c)
+                        else:
+                            self.postfetch.append(c)
+                    else:
+                        values.append(
+                            (c, self._create_crud_bind_param(c, None))
+                        )
+                        self.prefetch.append(c)
+                elif c.server_onupdate is not None:
+                    if implicit_return_defaults and \
+                            c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                        self.returning.append(c)
+                    else:
+                        self.postfetch.append(c)
+                elif implicit_return_defaults and \
+                        c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                    self.returning.append(c)
+
+        if parameters and stmt_parameters:
+            check = set(parameters).intersection(
+                _column_as_key(k) for k in stmt.parameters
+            ).difference(check_columns)
+            if check:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "Unconsumed column names: %s" %
+                    (", ".join("%s" % c for c in check))
+                )
+
+        if stmt._has_multi_parameters:
+            values_0 = values
+            values = [values]
+
+            values.extend(
+                [
+                    (
+                        c,
+                        (self._create_crud_bind_param(
+                            c, row[c.key],
+                            name="%s_%d" % (c.key, i + 1)
+                        ) if elements._is_literal(row[c.key])
+                            else self.process(
+                            row[c.key].self_group(), **kw))
+                        if c.key in row else param
+                    )
+                    for (c, param) in values_0
+                ]
+                for i, row in enumerate(stmt.parameters[1:])
+            )
+
+        return values
+
+    def visit_delete(self, delete_stmt, **kw):
+        self.stack.append({'correlate_froms': set([delete_stmt.table]),
+                           "iswrapper": False,
+                           "asfrom_froms": set([delete_stmt.table])})
+        self.isdelete = True
+
+        text = "DELETE "
+
+        if delete_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(delete_stmt,
+                                            delete_stmt._prefixes, **kw)
+
+        text += "FROM "
+        table_text = delete_stmt.table._compiler_dispatch(
+            self, asfrom=True, iscrud=True)
+
+        if delete_stmt._hints:
+            dialect_hints = dict([
+                (table, hint_text)
+                for (table, dialect), hint_text in
+                delete_stmt._hints.items()
+                if dialect in ('*', self.dialect.name)
+            ])
+            if delete_stmt.table in dialect_hints:
+                table_text = self.format_from_hint_text(
+                    table_text,
+                    delete_stmt.table,
+                    dialect_hints[delete_stmt.table],
+                    True
+                )
+
+        else:
+            dialect_hints = None
+
+        text += table_text
+
+        if delete_stmt._returning:
+            self.returning = delete_stmt._returning
+            if self.returning_precedes_values:
+                text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                    delete_stmt, delete_stmt._returning)
+
+        if delete_stmt._whereclause is not None:
+            t = delete_stmt._whereclause._compiler_dispatch(self)
+            if t:
+                text += " WHERE " + t
+
+        if self.returning and not self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                delete_stmt, delete_stmt._returning)
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt):
+        return "SAVEPOINT %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt)
+
+    def visit_rollback_to_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt):
+        return "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT %s" % \
+            self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt)
+
+    def visit_release_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt):
+        return "RELEASE SAVEPOINT %s" % \
+            self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt)
+
+
+class DDLCompiler(Compiled):
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def sql_compiler(self):
+        return self.dialect.statement_compiler(self.dialect, None)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type_compiler(self):
+        return self.dialect.type_compiler
+
+    @property
+    def preparer(self):
+        return self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+
+    def construct_params(self, params=None):
+        return None
+
+    def visit_ddl(self, ddl, **kwargs):
+        # table events can substitute table and schema name
+        context = ddl.context
+        if isinstance(ddl.target, schema.Table):
+            context = context.copy()
+
+            preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+            path = preparer.format_table_seq(ddl.target)
+            if len(path) == 1:
+                table, sch = path[0], ''
+            else:
+                table, sch = path[-1], path[0]
+
+            context.setdefault('table', table)
+            context.setdefault('schema', sch)
+            context.setdefault('fullname', preparer.format_table(ddl.target))
+
+        return self.sql_compiler.post_process_text(ddl.statement % context)
+
+    def visit_create_schema(self, create):
+        schema = self.preparer.format_schema(create.element)
+        return "CREATE SCHEMA " + schema
+
+    def visit_drop_schema(self, drop):
+        schema = self.preparer.format_schema(drop.element)
+        text = "DROP SCHEMA " + schema
+        if drop.cascade:
+            text += " CASCADE"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_create_table(self, create):
+        table = create.element
+        preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+
+        text = "\n" + " ".join(['CREATE'] +
+                               table._prefixes +
+                               ['TABLE',
+                                preparer.format_table(table),
+                                "("])
+        separator = "\n"
+
+        # if only one primary key, specify it along with the column
+        first_pk = False
+        for create_column in create.columns:
+            column = create_column.element
+            try:
+                processed = self.process(create_column,
+                                         first_pk=column.primary_key
+                                         and not first_pk)
+                if processed is not None:
+                    text += separator
+                    separator = ", \n"
+                    text += "\t" + processed
+                if column.primary_key:
+                    first_pk = True
+            except exc.CompileError as ce:
+                util.raise_from_cause(
+                    exc.CompileError(
+                        util.u("(in table '%s', column '%s'): %s") %
+                        (table.description, column.name, ce.args[0])
+                    ))
+
+        const = self.create_table_constraints(table)
+        if const:
+            text += ", \n\t" + const
+
+        text += "\n)%s\n\n" % self.post_create_table(table)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_create_column(self, create, first_pk=False):
+        column = create.element
+
+        if column.system:
+            return None
+
+        text = self.get_column_specification(
+            column,
+            first_pk=first_pk
+        )
+        const = " ".join(self.process(constraint)
+                         for constraint in column.constraints)
+        if const:
+            text += " " + const
+
+        return text
+
+    def create_table_constraints(self, table):
+
+        # On some DB order is significant: visit PK first, then the
+        # other constraints (engine.ReflectionTest.testbasic failed on FB2)
+        constraints = []
+        if table.primary_key:
+            constraints.append(table.primary_key)
+
+        constraints.extend([c for c in table._sorted_constraints
+                            if c is not table.primary_key])
+
+        return ", \n\t".join(p for p in
+                             (self.process(constraint)
+                              for constraint in constraints
+                              if (
+                                 constraint._create_rule is None or
+                                 constraint._create_rule(self))
+                                 and (
+                                 not self.dialect.supports_alter or
+                                 not getattr(constraint, 'use_alter', False)
+                             )) if p is not None
+                             )
+
+    def visit_drop_table(self, drop):
+        return "\nDROP TABLE " + self.preparer.format_table(drop.element)
+
+    def visit_drop_view(self, drop):
+        return "\nDROP VIEW " + self.preparer.format_table(drop.element)
+
+    def _verify_index_table(self, index):
+        if index.table is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError("Index '%s' is not associated "
+                                   "with any table." % index.name)
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create, include_schema=False,
+                           include_table_schema=True):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+        text += "INDEX %s ON %s (%s)" \
+            % (
+                self._prepared_index_name(index,
+                                          include_schema=include_schema),
+                preparer.format_table(index.table,
+                                      use_schema=include_table_schema),
+                ', '.join(
+                    self.sql_compiler.process(
+                        expr, include_table=False, literal_binds=True) for
+                    expr in index.expressions)
+            )
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop):
+        index = drop.element
+        return "\nDROP INDEX " + self._prepared_index_name(
+            index, include_schema=True)
+
+    def _prepared_index_name(self, index, include_schema=False):
+        if include_schema and index.table is not None and index.table.schema:
+            schema = index.table.schema
+            schema_name = self.preparer.quote_schema(schema)
+        else:
+            schema_name = None
+
+        ident = index.name
+        if isinstance(ident, elements._truncated_label):
+            max_ = self.dialect.max_index_name_length or \
+                self.dialect.max_identifier_length
+            if len(ident) > max_:
+                ident = ident[0:max_ - 8] + \
+                    "_" + util.md5_hex(ident)[-4:]
+        else:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(ident)
+
+        index_name = self.preparer.quote(ident)
+
+        if schema_name:
+            index_name = schema_name + "." + index_name
+        return index_name
+
+    def visit_add_constraint(self, create):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s ADD %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element.table),
+            self.process(create.element)
+        )
+
+    def visit_create_sequence(self, create):
+        text = "CREATE SEQUENCE %s" % \
+            self.preparer.format_sequence(create.element)
+        if create.element.increment is not None:
+            text += " INCREMENT BY %d" % create.element.increment
+        if create.element.start is not None:
+            text += " START WITH %d" % create.element.start
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_sequence(self, drop):
+        return "DROP SEQUENCE %s" % \
+            self.preparer.format_sequence(drop.element)
+
+    def visit_drop_constraint(self, drop):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s DROP CONSTRAINT %s%s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(drop.element.table),
+            self.preparer.format_constraint(drop.element),
+            drop.cascade and " CASCADE" or ""
+        )
+
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column) + " " + \
+            self.dialect.type_compiler.process(column.type)
+        default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+        if default is not None:
+            colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        if not column.nullable:
+            colspec += " NOT NULL"
+        return colspec
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        return ''
+
+    def get_column_default_string(self, column):
+        if isinstance(column.server_default, schema.DefaultClause):
+            if isinstance(column.server_default.arg, util.string_types):
+                return "'%s'" % column.server_default.arg
+            else:
+                return self.sql_compiler.process(column.server_default.arg)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def visit_check_constraint(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "CHECK (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(constraint.sqltext,
+                                                         include_table=False,
+                                                         literal_binds=True)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_column_check_constraint(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "CHECK (%s)" % constraint.sqltext
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ''
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "PRIMARY KEY "
+        text += "(%s)" % ', '.join(self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+                                   for c in constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        remote_table = list(constraint._elements.values())[0].column.table
+        text += "FOREIGN KEY(%s) REFERENCES %s (%s)" % (
+            ', '.join(preparer.quote(f.parent.name)
+                      for f in constraint._elements.values()),
+            self.define_constraint_remote_table(
+                constraint, remote_table, preparer),
+            ', '.join(preparer.quote(f.column.name)
+                      for f in constraint._elements.values())
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_match(constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_cascades(constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_remote_table(self, constraint, table, preparer):
+        """Format the remote table clause of a CREATE CONSTRAINT clause."""
+
+        return preparer.format_table(table)
+
+    def visit_unique_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ''
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "UNIQUE (%s)" % (
+                ', '.join(self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+                          for c in constraint))
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_cascades(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.ondelete is not None:
+            text += " ON DELETE %s" % constraint.ondelete
+        if constraint.onupdate is not None:
+            text += " ON UPDATE %s" % constraint.onupdate
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_deferrability(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.deferrable is not None:
+            if constraint.deferrable:
+                text += " DEFERRABLE"
+            else:
+                text += " NOT DEFERRABLE"
+        if constraint.initially is not None:
+            text += " INITIALLY %s" % constraint.initially
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_match(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.match is not None:
+            text += " MATCH %s" % constraint.match
+        return text
+
+
+class GenericTypeCompiler(TypeCompiler):
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_):
+        return "FLOAT"
+
+    def visit_REAL(self, type_):
+        return "REAL"
+
+    def visit_NUMERIC(self, type_):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return "NUMERIC"
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return "NUMERIC(%(precision)s)" % \
+                {'precision': type_.precision}
+        else:
+            return "NUMERIC(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" % \
+                {'precision': type_.precision,
+                 'scale': type_.scale}
+
+    def visit_DECIMAL(self, type_):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return "DECIMAL"
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return "DECIMAL(%(precision)s)" % \
+                {'precision': type_.precision}
+        else:
+            return "DECIMAL(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" % \
+                {'precision': type_.precision,
+                 'scale': type_.scale}
+
+    def visit_INTEGER(self, type_):
+        return "INTEGER"
+
+    def visit_SMALLINT(self, type_):
+        return "SMALLINT"
+
+    def visit_BIGINT(self, type_):
+        return "BIGINT"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_):
+        return 'TIMESTAMP'
+
+    def visit_DATETIME(self, type_):
+        return "DATETIME"
+
+    def visit_DATE(self, type_):
+        return "DATE"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_):
+        return "TIME"
+
+    def visit_CLOB(self, type_):
+        return "CLOB"
+
+    def visit_NCLOB(self, type_):
+        return "NCLOB"
+
+    def _render_string_type(self, type_, name):
+
+        text = name
+        if type_.length:
+            text += "(%d)" % type_.length
+        if type_.collation:
+            text += ' COLLATE "%s"' % type_.collation
+        return text
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "CHAR")
+
+    def visit_NCHAR(self, type_):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "NCHAR")
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "VARCHAR")
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "NVARCHAR")
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "TEXT")
+
+    def visit_BLOB(self, type_):
+        return "BLOB"
+
+    def visit_BINARY(self, type_):
+        return "BINARY" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "")
+
+    def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_):
+        return "VARBINARY" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "")
+
+    def visit_BOOLEAN(self, type_):
+        return "BOOLEAN"
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_)
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_BOOLEAN(type_)
+
+    def visit_time(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_TIME(type_)
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_DATETIME(type_)
+
+    def visit_date(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_DATE(type_)
+
+    def visit_big_integer(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_BIGINT(type_)
+
+    def visit_small_integer(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_SMALLINT(type_)
+
+    def visit_integer(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_INTEGER(type_)
+
+    def visit_real(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_REAL(type_)
+
+    def visit_float(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_FLOAT(type_)
+
+    def visit_numeric(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_NUMERIC(type_)
+
+    def visit_string(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_)
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_)
+
+    def visit_text(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_TEXT(type_)
+
+    def visit_unicode_text(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_TEXT(type_)
+
+    def visit_enum(self, type_):
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_)
+
+    def visit_null(self, type_):
+        raise exc.CompileError("Can't generate DDL for %r; "
+                               "did you forget to specify a "
+                               "type on this Column?" % type_)
+
+    def visit_type_decorator(self, type_):
+        return self.process(type_.type_engine(self.dialect))
+
+    def visit_user_defined(self, type_):
+        return type_.get_col_spec()
+
+
+class IdentifierPreparer(object):
+
+    """Handle quoting and case-folding of identifiers based on options."""
+
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    legal_characters = LEGAL_CHARACTERS
+
+    illegal_initial_characters = ILLEGAL_INITIAL_CHARACTERS
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, initial_quote='"',
+                 final_quote=None, escape_quote='"', omit_schema=False):
+        """Construct a new ``IdentifierPreparer`` object.
+
+        initial_quote
+          Character that begins a delimited identifier.
+
+        final_quote
+          Character that ends a delimited identifier. Defaults to
+          `initial_quote`.
+
+        omit_schema
+          Prevent prepending schema name. Useful for databases that do
+          not support schemae.
+        """
+
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.initial_quote = initial_quote
+        self.final_quote = final_quote or self.initial_quote
+        self.escape_quote = escape_quote
+        self.escape_to_quote = self.escape_quote * 2
+        self.omit_schema = omit_schema
+        self._strings = {}
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        """Escape an identifier.
+
+        Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent
+        escaping behavior.
+        """
+
+        return value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+
+    def _unescape_identifier(self, value):
+        """Canonicalize an escaped identifier.
+
+        Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent
+        unescaping behavior that reverses _escape_identifier.
+        """
+
+        return value.replace(self.escape_to_quote, self.escape_quote)
+
+    def quote_identifier(self, value):
+        """Quote an identifier.
+
+        Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent
+        quoting behavior.
+        """
+
+        return self.initial_quote + \
+            self._escape_identifier(value) + \
+            self.final_quote
+
+    def _requires_quotes(self, value):
+        """Return True if the given identifier requires quoting."""
+        lc_value = value.lower()
+        return (lc_value in self.reserved_words
+                or value[0] in self.illegal_initial_characters
+                or not self.legal_characters.match(util.text_type(value))
+                or (lc_value != value))
+
+    def quote_schema(self, schema, force=None):
+        """Conditionally quote a schema.
+
+        Subclasses can override this to provide database-dependent
+        quoting behavior for schema names.
+
+        the 'force' flag should be considered deprecated.
+
+        """
+        return self.quote(schema, force)
+
+    def quote(self, ident, force=None):
+        """Conditionally quote an identifier.
+
+        the 'force' flag should be considered deprecated.
+        """
+
+        force = getattr(ident, "quote", None)
+
+        if force is None:
+            if ident in self._strings:
+                return self._strings[ident]
+            else:
+                if self._requires_quotes(ident):
+                    self._strings[ident] = self.quote_identifier(ident)
+                else:
+                    self._strings[ident] = ident
+                return self._strings[ident]
+        elif force:
+            return self.quote_identifier(ident)
+        else:
+            return ident
+
+    def format_sequence(self, sequence, use_schema=True):
+        name = self.quote(sequence.name)
+        if (not self.omit_schema and use_schema and
+                sequence.schema is not None):
+            name = self.quote_schema(sequence.schema) + "." + name
+        return name
+
+    def format_label(self, label, name=None):
+        return self.quote(name or label.name)
+
+    def format_alias(self, alias, name=None):
+        return self.quote(name or alias.name)
+
+    def format_savepoint(self, savepoint, name=None):
+        return self.quote(name or savepoint.ident)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.naming")
+    def format_constraint(self, naming, constraint):
+        if isinstance(constraint.name, elements._defer_name):
+            name = naming._constraint_name_for_table(
+                constraint, constraint.table)
+            if name:
+                return self.quote(name)
+            elif isinstance(constraint.name, elements._defer_none_name):
+                return None
+        return self.quote(constraint.name)
+
+    def format_table(self, table, use_schema=True, name=None):
+        """Prepare a quoted table and schema name."""
+
+        if name is None:
+            name = table.name
+        result = self.quote(name)
+        if not self.omit_schema and use_schema \
+                and getattr(table, "schema", None):
+            result = self.quote_schema(table.schema) + "." + result
+        return result
+
+    def format_schema(self, name, quote=None):
+        """Prepare a quoted schema name."""
+
+        return self.quote(name, quote)
+
+    def format_column(self, column, use_table=False,
+                      name=None, table_name=None):
+        """Prepare a quoted column name."""
+
+        if name is None:
+            name = column.name
+        if not getattr(column, 'is_literal', False):
+            if use_table:
+                return self.format_table(
+                    column.table, use_schema=False,
+                    name=table_name) + "." + self.quote(name)
+            else:
+                return self.quote(name)
+        else:
+            # literal textual elements get stuck into ColumnClause a lot,
+            # which shouldn't get quoted
+
+            if use_table:
+                return self.format_table(
+                    column.table, use_schema=False,
+                    name=table_name) + '.' + name
+            else:
+                return name
+
+    def format_table_seq(self, table, use_schema=True):
+        """Format table name and schema as a tuple."""
+
+        # Dialects with more levels in their fully qualified references
+        # ('database', 'owner', etc.) could override this and return
+        # a longer sequence.
+
+        if not self.omit_schema and use_schema and \
+                getattr(table, 'schema', None):
+            return (self.quote_schema(table.schema),
+                    self.format_table(table, use_schema=False))
+        else:
+            return (self.format_table(table, use_schema=False), )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _r_identifiers(self):
+        initial, final, escaped_final = \
+            [re.escape(s) for s in
+             (self.initial_quote, self.final_quote,
+              self._escape_identifier(self.final_quote))]
+        r = re.compile(
+            r'(?:'
+            r'(?:%(initial)s((?:%(escaped)s|[^%(final)s])+)%(final)s'
+            r'|([^\.]+))(?=\.|$))+' %
+            {'initial': initial,
+             'final': final,
+             'escaped': escaped_final})
+        return r
+
+    def unformat_identifiers(self, identifiers):
+        """Unpack 'schema.table.column'-like strings into components."""
+
+        r = self._r_identifiers
+        return [self._unescape_identifier(i)
+                for i in [a or b for a, b in r.findall(identifiers)]]
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f2c448
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,868 @@
+# sql/ddl.py
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""
+Provides the hierarchy of DDL-defining schema items as well as routines
+to invoke them for a create/drop call.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import util
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .visitors import traverse
+from .base import Executable, _generative, SchemaVisitor, _bind_or_error
+from ..util import topological
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+
+
+class _DDLCompiles(ClauseElement):
+    def _compiler(self, dialect, **kw):
+        """Return a compiler appropriate for this ClauseElement, given a
+        Dialect."""
+
+        return dialect.ddl_compiler(dialect, self, **kw)
+
+
+class DDLElement(Executable, _DDLCompiles):
+    """Base class for DDL expression constructs.
+
+    This class is the base for the general purpose :class:`.DDL` class,
+    as well as the various create/drop clause constructs such as
+    :class:`.CreateTable`, :class:`.DropTable`, :class:`.AddConstraint`,
+    etc.
+
+    :class:`.DDLElement` integrates closely with SQLAlchemy events,
+    introduced in :ref:`event_toplevel`.  An instance of one is
+    itself an event receiving callable::
+
+        event.listen(
+            users,
+            'after_create',
+            AddConstraint(constraint).execute_if(dialect='postgresql')
+        )
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.DDL`
+
+        :class:`.DDLEvents`
+
+        :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        :ref:`schema_ddl_sequences`
+
+    """
+
+    _execution_options = Executable.\
+        _execution_options.union({'autocommit': True})
+
+    target = None
+    on = None
+    dialect = None
+    callable_ = None
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(self, connection, multiparams, params):
+        return connection._execute_ddl(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    def execute(self, bind=None, target=None):
+        """Execute this DDL immediately.
+
+        Executes the DDL statement in isolation using the supplied
+        :class:`.Connectable` or
+        :class:`.Connectable` assigned to the ``.bind``
+        property, if not supplied. If the DDL has a conditional ``on``
+        criteria, it will be invoked with None as the event.
+
+        :param bind:
+          Optional, an ``Engine`` or ``Connection``. If not supplied, a valid
+          :class:`.Connectable` must be present in the
+          ``.bind`` property.
+
+        :param target:
+          Optional, defaults to None.  The target SchemaItem for the
+          execute call.  Will be passed to the ``on`` callable if any,
+          and may also provide string expansion data for the
+          statement. See ``execute_at`` for more information.
+
+        """
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+
+        if self._should_execute(target, bind):
+            return bind.execute(self.against(target))
+        else:
+            bind.engine.logger.info(
+                "DDL execution skipped, criteria not met.")
+
+    @util.deprecated("0.7", "See :class:`.DDLEvents`, as well as "
+                     ":meth:`.DDLElement.execute_if`.")
+    def execute_at(self, event_name, target):
+        """Link execution of this DDL to the DDL lifecycle of a SchemaItem.
+
+        Links this ``DDLElement`` to a ``Table`` or ``MetaData`` instance,
+        executing it when that schema item is created or dropped. The DDL
+        statement will be executed using the same Connection and transactional
+        context as the Table create/drop itself. The ``.bind`` property of
+        this statement is ignored.
+
+        :param event:
+          One of the events defined in the schema item's ``.ddl_events``;
+          e.g. 'before-create', 'after-create', 'before-drop' or 'after-drop'
+
+        :param target:
+          The Table or MetaData instance for which this DDLElement will
+          be associated with.
+
+        A DDLElement instance can be linked to any number of schema items.
+
+        ``execute_at`` builds on the ``append_ddl_listener`` interface of
+        :class:`.MetaData` and :class:`.Table` objects.
+
+        Caveat: Creating or dropping a Table in isolation will also trigger
+        any DDL set to ``execute_at`` that Table's MetaData.  This may change
+        in a future release.
+
+        """
+
+        def call_event(target, connection, **kw):
+            if self._should_execute_deprecated(event_name,
+                                               target, connection, **kw):
+                return connection.execute(self.against(target))
+
+        event.listen(target, "" + event_name.replace('-', '_'), call_event)
+
+    @_generative
+    def against(self, target):
+        """Return a copy of this DDL against a specific schema item."""
+
+        self.target = target
+
+    @_generative
+    def execute_if(self, dialect=None, callable_=None, state=None):
+        """Return a callable that will execute this
+        DDLElement conditionally.
+
+        Used to provide a wrapper for event listening::
+
+            event.listen(
+                        metadata,
+                        'before_create',
+                        DDL("my_ddl").execute_if(dialect='postgresql')
+                    )
+
+        :param dialect: May be a string, tuple or a callable
+          predicate.  If a string, it will be compared to the name of the
+          executing database dialect::
+
+            DDL('something').execute_if(dialect='postgresql')
+
+          If a tuple, specifies multiple dialect names::
+
+            DDL('something').execute_if(dialect=('postgresql', 'mysql'))
+
+        :param callable_: A callable, which will be invoked with
+          four positional arguments as well as optional keyword
+          arguments:
+
+            :ddl:
+              This DDL element.
+
+            :target:
+              The :class:`.Table` or :class:`.MetaData` object which is the
+              target of this event. May be None if the DDL is executed
+              explicitly.
+
+            :bind:
+              The :class:`.Connection` being used for DDL execution
+
+            :tables:
+              Optional keyword argument - a list of Table objects which are to
+              be created/ dropped within a MetaData.create_all() or drop_all()
+              method call.
+
+            :state:
+              Optional keyword argument - will be the ``state`` argument
+              passed to this function.
+
+            :checkfirst:
+             Keyword argument, will be True if the 'checkfirst' flag was
+             set during the call to ``create()``, ``create_all()``,
+             ``drop()``, ``drop_all()``.
+
+          If the callable returns a true value, the DDL statement will be
+          executed.
+
+        :param state: any value which will be passed to the callable\_
+          as the ``state`` keyword argument.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.DDLEvents`
+
+            :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        """
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.callable_ = callable_
+        self.state = state
+
+    def _should_execute(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        if self.on is not None and \
+                not self._should_execute_deprecated(None, target, bind, **kw):
+            return False
+
+        if isinstance(self.dialect, util.string_types):
+            if self.dialect != bind.engine.name:
+                return False
+        elif isinstance(self.dialect, (tuple, list, set)):
+            if bind.engine.name not in self.dialect:
+                return False
+        if (self.callable_ is not None and
+                not self.callable_(self, target, bind,
+                                   state=self.state, **kw)):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def _should_execute_deprecated(self, event, target, bind, **kw):
+        if self.on is None:
+            return True
+        elif isinstance(self.on, util.string_types):
+            return self.on == bind.engine.name
+        elif isinstance(self.on, (tuple, list, set)):
+            return bind.engine.name in self.on
+        else:
+            return self.on(self, event, target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def __call__(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        """Execute the DDL as a ddl_listener."""
+
+        if self._should_execute(target, bind, **kw):
+            return bind.execute(self.against(target))
+
+    def _check_ddl_on(self, on):
+        if (on is not None and
+            (not isinstance(on, util.string_types + (tuple, list, set)) and
+             not util.callable(on))):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Expected the name of a database dialect, a tuple "
+                "of names, or a callable for "
+                "'on' criteria, got type '%s'." % type(on).__name__)
+
+    def bind(self):
+        if self._bind:
+            return self._bind
+
+    def _set_bind(self, bind):
+        self._bind = bind
+    bind = property(bind, _set_bind)
+
+    def _generate(self):
+        s = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        s.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return s
+
+
+class DDL(DDLElement):
+    """A literal DDL statement.
+
+    Specifies literal SQL DDL to be executed by the database.  DDL objects
+    function as DDL event listeners, and can be subscribed to those events
+    listed in :class:`.DDLEvents`, using either :class:`.Table` or
+    :class:`.MetaData` objects as targets.   Basic templating support allows
+    a single DDL instance to handle repetitive tasks for multiple tables.
+
+    Examples::
+
+      from sqlalchemy import event, DDL
+
+      tbl = Table('users', metadata, Column('uid', Integer))
+      event.listen(tbl, 'before_create', DDL('DROP TRIGGER users_trigger'))
+
+      spow = DDL('ALTER TABLE %(table)s SET secretpowers TRUE')
+      event.listen(tbl, 'after_create', spow.execute_if(dialect='somedb'))
+
+      drop_spow = DDL('ALTER TABLE users SET secretpowers FALSE')
+      connection.execute(drop_spow)
+
+    When operating on Table events, the following ``statement``
+    string substitions are available::
+
+      %(table)s  - the Table name, with any required quoting applied
+      %(schema)s - the schema name, with any required quoting applied
+      %(fullname)s - the Table name including schema, quoted if needed
+
+    The DDL's "context", if any, will be combined with the standard
+    substitutions noted above.  Keys present in the context will override
+    the standard substitutions.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ddl"
+
+    def __init__(self, statement, on=None, context=None, bind=None):
+        """Create a DDL statement.
+
+        :param statement:
+          A string or unicode string to be executed.  Statements will be
+          processed with Python's string formatting operator.  See the
+          ``context`` argument and the ``execute_at`` method.
+
+          A literal '%' in a statement must be escaped as '%%'.
+
+          SQL bind parameters are not available in DDL statements.
+
+        :param on:
+          .. deprecated:: 0.7
+            See :meth:`.DDLElement.execute_if`.
+
+          Optional filtering criteria.  May be a string, tuple or a callable
+          predicate.  If a string, it will be compared to the name of the
+          executing database dialect::
+
+            DDL('something', on='postgresql')
+
+          If a tuple, specifies multiple dialect names::
+
+            DDL('something', on=('postgresql', 'mysql'))
+
+          If a callable, it will be invoked with four positional arguments
+          as well as optional keyword arguments:
+
+            :ddl:
+              This DDL element.
+
+            :event:
+              The name of the event that has triggered this DDL, such as
+              'after-create' Will be None if the DDL is executed explicitly.
+
+            :target:
+              The ``Table`` or ``MetaData`` object which is the target of
+              this event. May be None if the DDL is executed explicitly.
+
+            :connection:
+              The ``Connection`` being used for DDL execution
+
+            :tables:
+              Optional keyword argument - a list of Table objects which are to
+              be created/ dropped within a MetaData.create_all() or drop_all()
+              method call.
+
+
+          If the callable returns a true value, the DDL statement will be
+          executed.
+
+        :param context:
+          Optional dictionary, defaults to None.  These values will be
+          available for use in string substitutions on the DDL statement.
+
+        :param bind:
+          Optional. A :class:`.Connectable`, used by
+          default when ``execute()`` is invoked without a bind argument.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.DDLEvents`
+
+            :mod:`sqlalchemy.event`
+
+        """
+
+        if not isinstance(statement, util.string_types):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Expected a string or unicode SQL statement, got '%r'" %
+                statement)
+
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.context = context or {}
+
+        self._check_ddl_on(on)
+        self.on = on
+        self._bind = bind
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s@%s; %s>' % (
+            type(self).__name__, id(self),
+            ', '.join([repr(self.statement)] +
+                      ['%s=%r' % (key, getattr(self, key))
+                       for key in ('on', 'context')
+                       if getattr(self, key)]))
+
+
+class _CreateDropBase(DDLElement):
+    """Base class for DDL constructs that represent CREATE and DROP or
+    equivalents.
+
+    The common theme of _CreateDropBase is a single
+    ``element`` attribute which refers to the element
+    to be created or dropped.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, element, on=None, bind=None):
+        self.element = element
+        self._check_ddl_on(on)
+        self.on = on
+        self.bind = bind
+
+    def _create_rule_disable(self, compiler):
+        """Allow disable of _create_rule using a callable.
+
+        Pass to _create_rule using
+        util.portable_instancemethod(self._create_rule_disable)
+        to retain serializability.
+
+        """
+        return False
+
+
+class CreateSchema(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE SCHEMA statement.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7.4
+
+    The argument here is the string name of the schema.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_schema"
+
+    def __init__(self, name, quote=None, **kw):
+        """Create a new :class:`.CreateSchema` construct."""
+
+        self.quote = quote
+        super(CreateSchema, self).__init__(name, **kw)
+
+
+class DropSchema(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP SCHEMA statement.
+
+    The argument here is the string name of the schema.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7.4
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_schema"
+
+    def __init__(self, name, quote=None, cascade=False, **kw):
+        """Create a new :class:`.DropSchema` construct."""
+
+        self.quote = quote
+        self.cascade = cascade
+        super(DropSchema, self).__init__(name, **kw)
+
+
+class CreateTable(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE TABLE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_table"
+
+    def __init__(self, element, on=None, bind=None):
+        """Create a :class:`.CreateTable` construct.
+
+        :param element: a :class:`.Table` that's the subject
+         of the CREATE
+        :param on: See the description for 'on' in :class:`.DDL`.
+        :param bind: See the description for 'bind' in :class:`.DDL`.
+
+        """
+        super(CreateTable, self).__init__(element, on=on, bind=bind)
+        self.columns = [CreateColumn(column)
+                        for column in element.columns
+                        ]
+
+
+class _DropView(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Semi-public 'DROP VIEW' construct.
+
+    Used by the test suite for dialect-agnostic drops of views.
+    This object will eventually be part of a public "view" API.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_view"
+
+
+class CreateColumn(_DDLCompiles):
+    """Represent a :class:`.Column` as rendered in a CREATE TABLE statement,
+    via the :class:`.CreateTable` construct.
+
+    This is provided to support custom column DDL within the generation
+    of CREATE TABLE statements, by using the
+    compiler extension documented in :ref:`sqlalchemy.ext.compiler_toplevel`
+    to extend :class:`.CreateColumn`.
+
+    Typical integration is to examine the incoming :class:`.Column`
+    object, and to redirect compilation if a particular flag or condition
+    is found::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import schema
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+        @compiles(schema.CreateColumn)
+        def compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+            column = element.element
+
+            if "special" not in column.info:
+                return compiler.visit_create_column(element, **kw)
+
+            text = "%s SPECIAL DIRECTIVE %s" % (
+                    column.name,
+                    compiler.type_compiler.process(column.type)
+                )
+            default = compiler.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                text += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+            if not column.nullable:
+                text += " NOT NULL"
+
+            if column.constraints:
+                text += " ".join(
+                            compiler.process(const)
+                            for const in column.constraints)
+            return text
+
+    The above construct can be applied to a :class:`.Table` as follows::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import Table, Metadata, Column, Integer, String
+        from sqlalchemy import schema
+
+        metadata = MetaData()
+
+        table = Table('mytable', MetaData(),
+                Column('x', Integer, info={"special":True}, primary_key=True),
+                Column('y', String(50)),
+                Column('z', String(20), info={"special":True})
+            )
+
+        metadata.create_all(conn)
+
+    Above, the directives we've added to the :attr:`.Column.info` collection
+    will be detected by our custom compilation scheme::
+
+        CREATE TABLE mytable (
+                x SPECIAL DIRECTIVE INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                y VARCHAR(50),
+                z SPECIAL DIRECTIVE VARCHAR(20),
+            PRIMARY KEY (x)
+        )
+
+    The :class:`.CreateColumn` construct can also be used to skip certain
+    columns when producing a ``CREATE TABLE``.  This is accomplished by
+    creating a compilation rule that conditionally returns ``None``.
+    This is essentially how to produce the same effect as using the
+    ``system=True`` argument on :class:`.Column`, which marks a column
+    as an implicitly-present "system" column.
+
+    For example, suppose we wish to produce a :class:`.Table` which skips
+    rendering of the Postgresql ``xmin`` column against the Postgresql
+    backend, but on other backends does render it, in anticipation of a
+    triggered rule.  A conditional compilation rule could skip this name only
+    on Postgresql::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateColumn
+
+        @compiles(CreateColumn, "postgresql")
+        def skip_xmin(element, compiler, **kw):
+            if element.element.name == 'xmin':
+                return None
+            else:
+                return compiler.visit_create_column(element, **kw)
+
+
+        my_table = Table('mytable', metadata,
+                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('xmin', Integer)
+                )
+
+    Above, a :class:`.CreateTable` construct will generate a ``CREATE TABLE``
+    which only includes the ``id`` column in the string; the ``xmin`` column
+    will be omitted, but only against the Postgresql backend.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.3 The :class:`.CreateColumn` construct supports
+       skipping of columns by returning ``None`` from a custom compilation
+       rule.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8 The :class:`.CreateColumn` construct was added
+       to support custom column creation styles.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'create_column'
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        self.element = element
+
+
+class DropTable(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP TABLE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_table"
+
+
+class CreateSequence(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE SEQUENCE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_sequence"
+
+
+class DropSequence(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP SEQUENCE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_sequence"
+
+
+class CreateIndex(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE INDEX statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_index"
+
+
+class DropIndex(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP INDEX statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_index"
+
+
+class AddConstraint(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent an ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "add_constraint"
+
+    def __init__(self, element, *args, **kw):
+        super(AddConstraint, self).__init__(element, *args, **kw)
+        element._create_rule = util.portable_instancemethod(
+            self._create_rule_disable)
+
+
+class DropConstraint(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent an ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_constraint"
+
+    def __init__(self, element, cascade=False, **kw):
+        self.cascade = cascade
+        super(DropConstraint, self).__init__(element, **kw)
+        element._create_rule = util.portable_instancemethod(
+            self._create_rule_disable)
+
+
+class DDLBase(SchemaVisitor):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+
+
+class SchemaGenerator(DDLBase):
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, connection, checkfirst=False,
+                 tables=None, **kwargs):
+        super(SchemaGenerator, self).__init__(connection, **kwargs)
+        self.checkfirst = checkfirst
+        self.tables = tables
+        self.preparer = dialect.identifier_preparer
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.memo = {}
+
+    def _can_create_table(self, table):
+        self.dialect.validate_identifier(table.name)
+        if table.schema:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(table.schema)
+        return not self.checkfirst or \
+            not self.dialect.has_table(self.connection,
+                                       table.name, schema=table.schema)
+
+    def _can_create_sequence(self, sequence):
+        return self.dialect.supports_sequences and \
+            (
+                (not self.dialect.sequences_optional or
+                 not sequence.optional) and
+                (
+                    not self.checkfirst or
+                    not self.dialect.has_sequence(
+                        self.connection,
+                        sequence.name,
+                        schema=sequence.schema)
+                )
+            )
+
+    def visit_metadata(self, metadata):
+        if self.tables is not None:
+            tables = self.tables
+        else:
+            tables = list(metadata.tables.values())
+        collection = [t for t in sort_tables(tables)
+                      if self._can_create_table(t)]
+        seq_coll = [s for s in metadata._sequences.values()
+                    if s.column is None and self._can_create_sequence(s)]
+
+        metadata.dispatch.before_create(metadata, self.connection,
+                                        tables=collection,
+                                        checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+                                        _ddl_runner=self)
+
+        for seq in seq_coll:
+            self.traverse_single(seq, create_ok=True)
+
+        for table in collection:
+            self.traverse_single(table, create_ok=True)
+
+        metadata.dispatch.after_create(metadata, self.connection,
+                                       tables=collection,
+                                       checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+                                       _ddl_runner=self)
+
+    def visit_table(self, table, create_ok=False):
+        if not create_ok and not self._can_create_table(table):
+            return
+
+        table.dispatch.before_create(table, self.connection,
+                                     checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+                                     _ddl_runner=self)
+
+        for column in table.columns:
+            if column.default is not None:
+                self.traverse_single(column.default)
+
+        self.connection.execute(CreateTable(table))
+
+        if hasattr(table, 'indexes'):
+            for index in table.indexes:
+                self.traverse_single(index)
+
+        table.dispatch.after_create(table, self.connection,
+                                    checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+                                    _ddl_runner=self)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, sequence, create_ok=False):
+        if not create_ok and not self._can_create_sequence(sequence):
+            return
+        self.connection.execute(CreateSequence(sequence))
+
+    def visit_index(self, index):
+        self.connection.execute(CreateIndex(index))
+
+
+class SchemaDropper(DDLBase):
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, connection, checkfirst=False,
+                 tables=None, **kwargs):
+        super(SchemaDropper, self).__init__(connection, **kwargs)
+        self.checkfirst = checkfirst
+        self.tables = tables
+        self.preparer = dialect.identifier_preparer
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.memo = {}
+
+    def visit_metadata(self, metadata):
+        if self.tables is not None:
+            tables = self.tables
+        else:
+            tables = list(metadata.tables.values())
+
+        collection = [
+            t
+            for t in reversed(sort_tables(tables))
+            if self._can_drop_table(t)
+        ]
+
+        seq_coll = [
+            s
+            for s in metadata._sequences.values()
+            if s.column is None and self._can_drop_sequence(s)
+        ]
+
+        metadata.dispatch.before_drop(
+            metadata, self.connection, tables=collection,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst, _ddl_runner=self)
+
+        for table in collection:
+            self.traverse_single(table, drop_ok=True)
+
+        for seq in seq_coll:
+            self.traverse_single(seq, drop_ok=True)
+
+        metadata.dispatch.after_drop(
+            metadata, self.connection, tables=collection,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst, _ddl_runner=self)
+
+    def _can_drop_table(self, table):
+        self.dialect.validate_identifier(table.name)
+        if table.schema:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(table.schema)
+        return not self.checkfirst or self.dialect.has_table(
+            self.connection, table.name, schema=table.schema)
+
+    def _can_drop_sequence(self, sequence):
+        return self.dialect.supports_sequences and \
+            ((not self.dialect.sequences_optional or
+              not sequence.optional) and
+                (not self.checkfirst or
+                 self.dialect.has_sequence(
+                     self.connection,
+                     sequence.name,
+                     schema=sequence.schema))
+             )
+
+    def visit_index(self, index):
+        self.connection.execute(DropIndex(index))
+
+    def visit_table(self, table, drop_ok=False):
+        if not drop_ok and not self._can_drop_table(table):
+            return
+
+        table.dispatch.before_drop(table, self.connection,
+                                   checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+                                   _ddl_runner=self)
+
+        for column in table.columns:
+            if column.default is not None:
+                self.traverse_single(column.default)
+
+        self.connection.execute(DropTable(table))
+
+        table.dispatch.after_drop(table, self.connection,
+                                  checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+                                  _ddl_runner=self)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, sequence, drop_ok=False):
+        if not drop_ok and not self._can_drop_sequence(sequence):
+            return
+        self.connection.execute(DropSequence(sequence))
+
+
+def sort_tables(tables, skip_fn=None, extra_dependencies=None):
+    """sort a collection of Table objects in order of
+                their foreign-key dependency."""
+
+    tables = list(tables)
+    tuples = []
+    if extra_dependencies is not None:
+        tuples.extend(extra_dependencies)
+
+    def visit_foreign_key(fkey):
+        if fkey.use_alter:
+            return
+        elif skip_fn and skip_fn(fkey):
+            return
+        parent_table = fkey.column.table
+        if parent_table in tables:
+            child_table = fkey.parent.table
+            if parent_table is not child_table:
+                tuples.append((parent_table, child_table))
+
+    for table in tables:
+        traverse(table,
+                 {'schema_visitor': True},
+                 {'foreign_key': visit_foreign_key})
+
+        tuples.extend(
+            [parent, table] for parent in table._extra_dependencies
+        )
+
+    return list(topological.sort(tuples, tables))
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/default_comparator.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/default_comparator.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f53e29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/default_comparator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+# sql/default_comparator.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Default implementation of SQL comparison operations.
+"""
+
+from .. import exc, util
+from . import operators
+from . import type_api
+from .elements import BindParameter, True_, False_, BinaryExpression, \
+    Null, _const_expr, _clause_element_as_expr, \
+    ClauseList, ColumnElement, TextClause, UnaryExpression, \
+    collate, _is_literal, _literal_as_text, ClauseElement, and_, or_
+from .selectable import SelectBase, Alias, Selectable, ScalarSelect
+
+
+class _DefaultColumnComparator(operators.ColumnOperators):
+    """Defines comparison and math operations.
+
+    See :class:`.ColumnOperators` and :class:`.Operators` for descriptions
+    of all operations.
+
+    """
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.expr.type
+
+    def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+        o = self.operators[op.__name__]
+        return o[0](self, self.expr, op, *(other + o[1:]), **kwargs)
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+        o = self.operators[op.__name__]
+        return o[0](self, self.expr, op, other,
+                    reverse=True, *o[1:], **kwargs)
+
+    def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+        """evaluate the return type of   ,
+        and apply any adaptations to the given operator.
+
+        This method determines the type of a resulting binary expression
+        given two source types and an operator.   For example, two
+        :class:`.Column` objects, both of the type :class:`.Integer`, will
+        produce a :class:`.BinaryExpression` that also has the type
+        :class:`.Integer` when compared via the addition (``+``) operator.
+        However, using the addition operator with an :class:`.Integer`
+        and a :class:`.Date` object will produce a :class:`.Date`, assuming
+        "days delta" behavior by the database (in reality, most databases
+        other than Postgresql don't accept this particular operation).
+
+        The method returns a tuple of the form , .
+        The resulting operator and type will be those applied to the
+        resulting :class:`.BinaryExpression` as the final operator and the
+        right-hand side of the expression.
+
+        Note that only a subset of operators make usage of
+        :meth:`._adapt_expression`,
+        including math operators and user-defined operators, but not
+        boolean comparison or special SQL keywords like MATCH or BETWEEN.
+
+        """
+        return op, other_comparator.type
+
+    def _boolean_compare(self, expr, op, obj, negate=None, reverse=False,
+                         _python_is_types=(util.NoneType, bool),
+                         **kwargs):
+
+        if isinstance(obj, _python_is_types + (Null, True_, False_)):
+
+            # allow x ==/!= True/False to be treated as a literal.
+            # this comes out to "== / != true/false" or "1/0" if those
+            # constants aren't supported and works on all platforms
+            if op in (operators.eq, operators.ne) and \
+                    isinstance(obj, (bool, True_, False_)):
+                return BinaryExpression(expr,
+                                        _literal_as_text(obj),
+                                        op,
+                                        type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE,
+                                        negate=negate, modifiers=kwargs)
+            else:
+                # all other None/True/False uses IS, IS NOT
+                if op in (operators.eq, operators.is_):
+                    return BinaryExpression(expr, _const_expr(obj),
+                                            operators.is_,
+                                            negate=operators.isnot)
+                elif op in (operators.ne, operators.isnot):
+                    return BinaryExpression(expr, _const_expr(obj),
+                                            operators.isnot,
+                                            negate=operators.is_)
+                else:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Only '=', '!=', 'is_()', 'isnot()' operators can "
+                        "be used with None/True/False")
+        else:
+            obj = self._check_literal(expr, op, obj)
+
+        if reverse:
+            return BinaryExpression(obj,
+                                    expr,
+                                    op,
+                                    type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE,
+                                    negate=negate, modifiers=kwargs)
+        else:
+            return BinaryExpression(expr,
+                                    obj,
+                                    op,
+                                    type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE,
+                                    negate=negate, modifiers=kwargs)
+
+    def _binary_operate(self, expr, op, obj, reverse=False, result_type=None,
+                        **kw):
+        obj = self._check_literal(expr, op, obj)
+
+        if reverse:
+            left, right = obj, expr
+        else:
+            left, right = expr, obj
+
+        if result_type is None:
+            op, result_type = left.comparator._adapt_expression(
+                op, right.comparator)
+
+        return BinaryExpression(left, right, op, type_=result_type)
+
+    def _conjunction_operate(self, expr, op, other, **kw):
+        if op is operators.and_:
+            return and_(expr, other)
+        elif op is operators.or_:
+            return or_(expr, other)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _scalar(self, expr, op, fn, **kw):
+        return fn(expr)
+
+    def _in_impl(self, expr, op, seq_or_selectable, negate_op, **kw):
+        seq_or_selectable = _clause_element_as_expr(seq_or_selectable)
+
+        if isinstance(seq_or_selectable, ScalarSelect):
+            return self._boolean_compare(expr, op, seq_or_selectable,
+                                         negate=negate_op)
+        elif isinstance(seq_or_selectable, SelectBase):
+
+            # TODO: if we ever want to support (x, y, z) IN (select x,
+            # y, z from table), we would need a multi-column version of
+            # as_scalar() to produce a multi- column selectable that
+            # does not export itself as a FROM clause
+
+            return self._boolean_compare(
+                expr, op, seq_or_selectable.as_scalar(),
+                negate=negate_op, **kw)
+        elif isinstance(seq_or_selectable, (Selectable, TextClause)):
+            return self._boolean_compare(expr, op, seq_or_selectable,
+                                         negate=negate_op, **kw)
+        elif isinstance(seq_or_selectable, ClauseElement):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                'in_() accepts'
+                ' either a list of expressions '
+                'or a selectable: %r' % seq_or_selectable)
+
+        # Handle non selectable arguments as sequences
+        args = []
+        for o in seq_or_selectable:
+            if not _is_literal(o):
+                if not isinstance(o, operators.ColumnOperators):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        'in_() accepts'
+                        ' either a list of expressions '
+                        'or a selectable: %r' % o)
+            elif o is None:
+                o = Null()
+            else:
+                o = expr._bind_param(op, o)
+            args.append(o)
+        if len(args) == 0:
+
+            # Special case handling for empty IN's, behave like
+            # comparison against zero row selectable.  We use != to
+            # build the contradiction as it handles NULL values
+            # appropriately, i.e. "not (x IN ())" should not return NULL
+            # values for x.
+
+            util.warn('The IN-predicate on "%s" was invoked with an '
+                      'empty sequence. This results in a '
+                      'contradiction, which nonetheless can be '
+                      'expensive to evaluate.  Consider alternative '
+                      'strategies for improved performance.' % expr)
+            if op is operators.in_op:
+                return expr != expr
+            else:
+                return expr == expr
+
+        return self._boolean_compare(expr, op,
+                                     ClauseList(*args).self_group(against=op),
+                                     negate=negate_op)
+
+    def _unsupported_impl(self, expr, op, *arg, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Operator '%s' is not supported on "
+                                  "this expression" % op.__name__)
+
+    def _inv_impl(self, expr, op, **kw):
+        """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__inv__`."""
+        if hasattr(expr, 'negation_clause'):
+            return expr.negation_clause
+        else:
+            return expr._negate()
+
+    def _neg_impl(self, expr, op, **kw):
+        """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__neg__`."""
+        return UnaryExpression(expr, operator=operators.neg)
+
+    def _match_impl(self, expr, op, other, **kw):
+        """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.match`."""
+        return self._boolean_compare(
+            expr, operators.match_op,
+            self._check_literal(
+                expr, operators.match_op, other),
+            **kw)
+
+    def _distinct_impl(self, expr, op, **kw):
+        """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.distinct`."""
+        return UnaryExpression(expr, operator=operators.distinct_op,
+                               type_=expr.type)
+
+    def _between_impl(self, expr, op, cleft, cright, **kw):
+        """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.between`."""
+        return BinaryExpression(
+            expr,
+            ClauseList(
+                self._check_literal(expr, operators.and_, cleft),
+                self._check_literal(expr, operators.and_, cright),
+                operator=operators.and_,
+                group=False, group_contents=False),
+            op,
+            negate=operators.notbetween_op
+            if op is operators.between_op
+            else operators.between_op,
+            modifiers=kw)
+
+    def _collate_impl(self, expr, op, other, **kw):
+        return collate(expr, other)
+
+    # a mapping of operators with the method they use, along with
+    # their negated operator for comparison operators
+    operators = {
+        "and_": (_conjunction_operate,),
+        "or_": (_conjunction_operate,),
+        "inv": (_inv_impl,),
+        "add": (_binary_operate,),
+        "mul": (_binary_operate,),
+        "sub": (_binary_operate,),
+        "div": (_binary_operate,),
+        "mod": (_binary_operate,),
+        "truediv": (_binary_operate,),
+        "custom_op": (_binary_operate,),
+        "concat_op": (_binary_operate,),
+        "lt": (_boolean_compare, operators.ge),
+        "le": (_boolean_compare, operators.gt),
+        "ne": (_boolean_compare, operators.eq),
+        "gt": (_boolean_compare, operators.le),
+        "ge": (_boolean_compare, operators.lt),
+        "eq": (_boolean_compare, operators.ne),
+        "like_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.notlike_op),
+        "ilike_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.notilike_op),
+        "notlike_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.like_op),
+        "notilike_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.ilike_op),
+        "contains_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.notcontains_op),
+        "startswith_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.notstartswith_op),
+        "endswith_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.notendswith_op),
+        "desc_op": (_scalar, UnaryExpression._create_desc),
+        "asc_op": (_scalar, UnaryExpression._create_asc),
+        "nullsfirst_op": (_scalar, UnaryExpression._create_nullsfirst),
+        "nullslast_op": (_scalar, UnaryExpression._create_nullslast),
+        "in_op": (_in_impl, operators.notin_op),
+        "notin_op": (_in_impl, operators.in_op),
+        "is_": (_boolean_compare, operators.is_),
+        "isnot": (_boolean_compare, operators.isnot),
+        "collate": (_collate_impl,),
+        "match_op": (_match_impl,),
+        "distinct_op": (_distinct_impl,),
+        "between_op": (_between_impl, ),
+        "notbetween_op": (_between_impl, ),
+        "neg": (_neg_impl,),
+        "getitem": (_unsupported_impl,),
+        "lshift": (_unsupported_impl,),
+        "rshift": (_unsupported_impl,),
+    }
+
+    def _check_literal(self, expr, operator, other):
+        if isinstance(other, (ColumnElement, TextClause)):
+            if isinstance(other, BindParameter) and \
+                    other.type._isnull:
+                other = other._clone()
+                other.type = expr.type
+            return other
+        elif hasattr(other, '__clause_element__'):
+            other = other.__clause_element__()
+        elif isinstance(other, type_api.TypeEngine.Comparator):
+            other = other.expr
+
+        if isinstance(other, (SelectBase, Alias)):
+            return other.as_scalar()
+        elif not isinstance(other, (ColumnElement, TextClause)):
+            return expr._bind_param(operator, other)
+        else:
+            return other
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/dml.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/dml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7e033d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/dml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,774 @@
+# sql/dml.py
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""
+Provide :class:`.Insert`, :class:`.Update` and :class:`.Delete`.
+
+"""
+
+from .base import Executable, _generative, _from_objects, DialectKWArgs
+from .elements import ClauseElement, _literal_as_text, Null, and_, _clone
+from .selectable import _interpret_as_from, _interpret_as_select, HasPrefixes
+from .. import util
+from .. import exc
+
+
+class UpdateBase(DialectKWArgs, HasPrefixes, Executable, ClauseElement):
+    """Form the base for ``INSERT``, ``UPDATE``, and ``DELETE`` statements.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'update_base'
+
+    _execution_options = \
+        Executable._execution_options.union({'autocommit': True})
+    _hints = util.immutabledict()
+    _prefixes = ()
+
+    def _process_colparams(self, parameters):
+        def process_single(p):
+            if isinstance(p, (list, tuple)):
+                return dict(
+                    (c.key, pval)
+                    for c, pval in zip(self.table.c, p)
+                )
+            else:
+                return p
+
+        if (isinstance(parameters, (list, tuple)) and parameters and
+                isinstance(parameters[0], (list, tuple, dict))):
+
+            if not self._supports_multi_parameters:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "This construct does not support "
+                    "multiple parameter sets.")
+
+            return [process_single(p) for p in parameters], True
+        else:
+            return process_single(parameters), False
+
+    def params(self, *arg, **kw):
+        """Set the parameters for the statement.
+
+        This method raises ``NotImplementedError`` on the base class,
+        and is overridden by :class:`.ValuesBase` to provide the
+        SET/VALUES clause of UPDATE and INSERT.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "params() is not supported for INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements."
+            " To set the values for an INSERT or UPDATE statement, use"
+            " stmt.values(**parameters).")
+
+    def bind(self):
+        """Return a 'bind' linked to this :class:`.UpdateBase`
+        or a :class:`.Table` associated with it.
+
+        """
+        return self._bind or self.table.bind
+
+    def _set_bind(self, bind):
+        self._bind = bind
+    bind = property(bind, _set_bind)
+
+    @_generative
+    def returning(self, *cols):
+        """Add a :term:`RETURNING` or equivalent clause to this statement.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            stmt = table.update().\\
+                      where(table.c.data == 'value').\\
+                      values(status='X').\\
+                      returning(table.c.server_flag,
+                                table.c.updated_timestamp)
+
+            for server_flag, updated_timestamp in connection.execute(stmt):
+                print(server_flag, updated_timestamp)
+
+        The given collection of column expressions should be derived from
+        the table that is
+        the target of the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.  While :class:`.Column`
+        objects are typical, the elements can also be expressions::
+
+            stmt = table.insert().returning(
+                (table.c.first_name + " " + table.c.last_name).
+                label('fullname'))
+
+        Upon compilation, a RETURNING clause, or database equivalent,
+        will be rendered within the statement.   For INSERT and UPDATE,
+        the values are the newly inserted/updated values.  For DELETE,
+        the values are those of the rows which were deleted.
+
+        Upon execution, the values of the columns to be returned are made
+        available via the result set and can be iterated using
+        :meth:`.ResultProxy.fetchone` and similar.   For DBAPIs which do not
+        natively support returning values (i.e. cx_oracle), SQLAlchemy will
+        approximate this behavior at the result level so that a reasonable
+        amount of behavioral neutrality is provided.
+
+        Note that not all databases/DBAPIs
+        support RETURNING.   For those backends with no support,
+        an exception is raised upon compilation and/or execution.
+        For those who do support it, the functionality across backends
+        varies greatly, including restrictions on executemany()
+        and other statements which return multiple rows. Please
+        read the documentation notes for the database in use in
+        order to determine the availability of RETURNING.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+          :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` - an alternative method tailored
+          towards efficient fetching of server-side defaults and triggers
+          for single-row INSERTs or UPDATEs.
+
+
+        """
+        self._returning = cols
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_hint(self, text, selectable=None, dialect_name="*"):
+        """Add a table hint for a single table to this
+        INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statement.
+
+        .. note::
+
+         :meth:`.UpdateBase.with_hint` currently applies only to
+         Microsoft SQL Server.  For MySQL INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE hints, use
+         :meth:`.UpdateBase.prefix_with`.
+
+        The text of the hint is rendered in the appropriate
+        location for the database backend in use, relative
+        to the :class:`.Table` that is the subject of this
+        statement, or optionally to that of the given
+        :class:`.Table` passed as the ``selectable`` argument.
+
+        The ``dialect_name`` option will limit the rendering of a particular
+        hint to a particular backend. Such as, to add a hint
+        that only takes effect for SQL Server::
+
+            mytable.insert().with_hint("WITH (PAGLOCK)", dialect_name="mssql")
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+        :param text: Text of the hint.
+        :param selectable: optional :class:`.Table` that specifies
+         an element of the FROM clause within an UPDATE or DELETE
+         to be the subject of the hint - applies only to certain backends.
+        :param dialect_name: defaults to ``*``, if specified as the name
+         of a particular dialect, will apply these hints only when
+         that dialect is in use.
+         """
+        if selectable is None:
+            selectable = self.table
+
+        self._hints = self._hints.union(
+            {(selectable, dialect_name): text})
+
+
+class ValuesBase(UpdateBase):
+    """Supplies support for :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` to
+    INSERT and UPDATE constructs."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'values_base'
+
+    _supports_multi_parameters = False
+    _has_multi_parameters = False
+    select = None
+
+    def __init__(self, table, values, prefixes):
+        self.table = _interpret_as_from(table)
+        self.parameters, self._has_multi_parameters = \
+            self._process_colparams(values)
+        if prefixes:
+            self._setup_prefixes(prefixes)
+
+    @_generative
+    def values(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """specify a fixed VALUES clause for an INSERT statement, or the SET
+        clause for an UPDATE.
+
+        Note that the :class:`.Insert` and :class:`.Update` constructs support
+        per-execution time formatting of the VALUES and/or SET clauses,
+        based on the arguments passed to :meth:`.Connection.execute`.
+        However, the :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` method can be used to "fix" a
+        particular set of parameters into the statement.
+
+        Multiple calls to :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` will produce a new
+        construct, each one with the parameter list modified to include
+        the new parameters sent.  In the typical case of a single
+        dictionary of parameters, the newly passed keys will replace
+        the same keys in the previous construct.  In the case of a list-based
+        "multiple values" construct, each new list of values is extended
+        onto the existing list of values.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: key value pairs representing the string key
+          of a :class:`.Column` mapped to the value to be rendered into the
+          VALUES or SET clause::
+
+                users.insert().values(name="some name")
+
+                users.update().where(users.c.id==5).values(name="some name")
+
+        :param \*args: Alternatively, a dictionary, tuple or list
+         of dictionaries or tuples can be passed as a single positional
+         argument in order to form the VALUES or
+         SET clause of the statement.  The single dictionary form
+         works the same as the kwargs form::
+
+            users.insert().values({"name": "some name"})
+
+         If a tuple is passed, the tuple should contain the same number
+         of columns as the target :class:`.Table`::
+
+            users.insert().values((5, "some name"))
+
+         The :class:`.Insert` construct also supports multiply-rendered VALUES
+         construct, for those backends which support this SQL syntax
+         (SQLite, Postgresql, MySQL).  This mode is indicated by passing a
+         list of one or more dictionaries/tuples::
+
+            users.insert().values([
+                                {"name": "some name"},
+                                {"name": "some other name"},
+                                {"name": "yet another name"},
+                            ])
+
+         In the case of an :class:`.Update`
+         construct, only the single dictionary/tuple form is accepted,
+         else an exception is raised.  It is also an exception case to
+         attempt to mix the single-/multiple- value styles together,
+         either through multiple :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` calls
+         or by sending a list + kwargs at the same time.
+
+         .. note::
+
+             Passing a multiple values list is *not* the same
+             as passing a multiple values list to the
+             :meth:`.Connection.execute` method.  Passing a list of parameter
+             sets to :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` produces a construct of this
+             form::
+
+                INSERT INTO table (col1, col2, col3) VALUES
+                                (col1_0, col2_0, col3_0),
+                                (col1_1, col2_1, col3_1),
+                                ...
+
+             whereas a multiple list passed to :meth:`.Connection.execute`
+             has the effect of using the DBAPI
+             `executemany() `_
+             method, which provides a high-performance system of invoking
+             a single-row INSERT statement many times against a series
+             of parameter sets.   The "executemany" style is supported by
+             all database backends, as it does not depend on a special SQL
+             syntax.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.8
+             Support for multiple-VALUES INSERT statements.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inserts_and_updates` - SQL Expression
+            Language Tutorial
+
+            :func:`~.expression.insert` - produce an ``INSERT`` statement
+
+            :func:`~.expression.update` - produce an ``UPDATE`` statement
+
+        """
+        if self.select is not None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This construct already inserts from a SELECT")
+        if self._has_multi_parameters and kwargs:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This construct already has multiple parameter sets.")
+
+        if args:
+            if len(args) > 1:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Only a single dictionary/tuple or list of "
+                    "dictionaries/tuples is accepted positionally.")
+            v = args[0]
+        else:
+            v = {}
+
+        if self.parameters is None:
+            self.parameters, self._has_multi_parameters = \
+                self._process_colparams(v)
+        else:
+            if self._has_multi_parameters:
+                self.parameters = list(self.parameters)
+                p, self._has_multi_parameters = self._process_colparams(v)
+                if not self._has_multi_parameters:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't mix single-values and multiple values "
+                        "formats in one statement")
+
+                self.parameters.extend(p)
+            else:
+                self.parameters = self.parameters.copy()
+                p, self._has_multi_parameters = self._process_colparams(v)
+                if self._has_multi_parameters:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't mix single-values and multiple values "
+                        "formats in one statement")
+                self.parameters.update(p)
+
+        if kwargs:
+            if self._has_multi_parameters:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't pass kwargs and multiple parameter sets "
+                    "simultaenously")
+            else:
+                self.parameters.update(kwargs)
+
+    @_generative
+    def return_defaults(self, *cols):
+        """Make use of a :term:`RETURNING` clause for the purpose
+        of fetching server-side expressions and defaults.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = table.insert().values(data='newdata').return_defaults()
+
+            result = connection.execute(stmt)
+
+            server_created_at = result.returned_defaults['created_at']
+
+        When used against a backend that supports RETURNING, all column
+        values generated by SQL expression or server-side-default will be
+        added to any existing RETURNING clause, provided that
+        :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` is not used simultaneously.  The column
+        values will then be available on the result using the
+        :attr:`.ResultProxy.returned_defaults` accessor as a dictionary,
+        referring to values keyed to the :class:`.Column` object as well as
+        its ``.key``.
+
+        This method differs from :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` in these ways:
+
+        1. :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` is only intended for use with
+           an INSERT or an UPDATE statement that matches exactly one row.
+           While the RETURNING construct in the general sense supports
+           multiple rows for a multi-row UPDATE or DELETE statement, or for
+           special cases of INSERT that return multiple rows (e.g. INSERT from
+           SELECT, multi-valued VALUES clause),
+           :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` is intended only for an
+           "ORM-style" single-row INSERT/UPDATE statement.  The row returned
+           by the statement is also consumed implcitly when
+           :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` is used.  By contrast,
+           :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` leaves the RETURNING result-set
+           intact with a collection of any number of rows.
+
+        2. It is compatible with the existing logic to fetch auto-generated
+           primary key values, also known as "implicit returning".  Backends
+           that support RETURNING will automatically make use of RETURNING in
+           order to fetch the value of newly generated primary keys; while the
+           :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` method circumvents this behavior,
+           :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` leaves it intact.
+
+        3. It can be called against any backend.  Backends that don't support
+           RETURNING will skip the usage of the feature, rather than raising
+           an exception.  The return value of
+           :attr:`.ResultProxy.returned_defaults` will be ``None``
+
+        :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` is used by the ORM to provide
+        an efficient implementation for the ``eager_defaults`` feature of
+        :func:`.mapper`.
+
+        :param cols: optional list of column key names or :class:`.Column`
+         objects.  If omitted, all column expressions evaulated on the server
+         are added to the returning list.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning`
+
+            :attr:`.ResultProxy.returned_defaults`
+
+        """
+        self._return_defaults = cols or True
+
+
+class Insert(ValuesBase):
+    """Represent an INSERT construct.
+
+    The :class:`.Insert` object is created using the
+    :func:`~.expression.insert()` function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`coretutorial_insert_expressions`
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'insert'
+
+    _supports_multi_parameters = True
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 table,
+                 values=None,
+                 inline=False,
+                 bind=None,
+                 prefixes=None,
+                 returning=None,
+                 return_defaults=False,
+                 **dialect_kw):
+        """Construct an :class:`.Insert` object.
+
+        Similar functionality is available via the
+        :meth:`~.TableClause.insert` method on
+        :class:`~.schema.Table`.
+
+        :param table: :class:`.TableClause` which is the subject of the
+         insert.
+
+        :param values: collection of values to be inserted; see
+         :meth:`.Insert.values` for a description of allowed formats here.
+         Can be omitted entirely; a :class:`.Insert` construct will also
+         dynamically render the VALUES clause at execution time based on
+         the parameters passed to :meth:`.Connection.execute`.
+
+        :param inline: if True, SQL defaults will be compiled 'inline' into
+         the statement and not pre-executed.
+
+        If both `values` and compile-time bind parameters are present, the
+        compile-time bind parameters override the information specified
+        within `values` on a per-key basis.
+
+        The keys within `values` can be either
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column` objects or their string
+        identifiers. Each key may reference one of:
+
+        * a literal data value (i.e. string, number, etc.);
+        * a Column object;
+        * a SELECT statement.
+
+        If a ``SELECT`` statement is specified which references this
+        ``INSERT`` statement's table, the statement will be correlated
+        against the ``INSERT`` statement.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`coretutorial_insert_expressions` - SQL Expression Tutorial
+
+            :ref:`inserts_and_updates` - SQL Expression Tutorial
+
+        """
+        ValuesBase.__init__(self, table, values, prefixes)
+        self._bind = bind
+        self.select = self.select_names = None
+        self.inline = inline
+        self._returning = returning
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
+        self._return_defaults = return_defaults
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        if self.select is not None:
+            return self.select,
+        else:
+            return ()
+
+    @_generative
+    def from_select(self, names, select):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Insert` construct which represents
+        an ``INSERT...FROM SELECT`` statement.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            sel = select([table1.c.a, table1.c.b]).where(table1.c.c > 5)
+            ins = table2.insert().from_select(['a', 'b'], sel)
+
+        :param names: a sequence of string column names or :class:`.Column`
+         objects representing the target columns.
+        :param select: a :func:`.select` construct, :class:`.FromClause`
+         or other construct which resolves into a :class:`.FromClause`,
+         such as an ORM :class:`.Query` object, etc.  The order of
+         columns returned from this FROM clause should correspond to the
+         order of columns sent as the ``names`` parameter;  while this
+         is not checked before passing along to the database, the database
+         would normally raise an exception if these column lists don't
+         correspond.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           Depending on backend, it may be necessary for the :class:`.Insert`
+           statement to be constructed using the ``inline=True`` flag; this
+           flag will prevent the implicit usage of ``RETURNING`` when the
+           ``INSERT`` statement is rendered, which isn't supported on a
+           backend such as Oracle in conjunction with an ``INSERT..SELECT``
+           combination::
+
+             sel = select([table1.c.a, table1.c.b]).where(table1.c.c > 5)
+             ins = table2.insert(inline=True).from_select(['a', 'b'], sel)
+
+        .. note::
+
+           A SELECT..INSERT construct in SQL has no VALUES clause.  Therefore
+           :class:`.Column` objects which utilize Python-side defaults
+           (e.g. as described at :ref:`metadata_defaults_toplevel`)
+           will **not** take effect when using :meth:`.Insert.from_select`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.3
+
+        """
+        if self.parameters:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This construct already inserts value expressions")
+
+        self.parameters, self._has_multi_parameters = \
+            self._process_colparams(dict((n, Null()) for n in names))
+
+        self.select_names = names
+        self.select = _interpret_as_select(select)
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        # TODO: coverage
+        self.parameters = self.parameters.copy()
+        if self.select is not None:
+            self.select = _clone(self.select)
+
+
+class Update(ValuesBase):
+    """Represent an Update construct.
+
+    The :class:`.Update` object is created using the :func:`update()`
+    function.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'update'
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 table,
+                 whereclause=None,
+                 values=None,
+                 inline=False,
+                 bind=None,
+                 prefixes=None,
+                 returning=None,
+                 return_defaults=False,
+                 **dialect_kw):
+        """Construct an :class:`.Update` object.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import update
+
+            stmt = update(users).where(users.c.id==5).\\
+                    values(name='user #5')
+
+        Similar functionality is available via the
+        :meth:`~.TableClause.update` method on
+        :class:`.Table`::
+
+            stmt = users.update().\\
+                        where(users.c.id==5).\\
+                        values(name='user #5')
+
+        :param table: A :class:`.Table` object representing the database
+         table to be updated.
+
+        :param whereclause: Optional SQL expression describing the ``WHERE``
+         condition of the ``UPDATE`` statement.   Modern applications
+         may prefer to use the generative :meth:`~Update.where()`
+         method to specify the ``WHERE`` clause.
+
+         The WHERE clause can refer to multiple tables.
+         For databases which support this, an ``UPDATE FROM`` clause will
+         be generated, or on MySQL, a multi-table update.  The statement
+         will fail on databases that don't have support for multi-table
+         update statements.  A SQL-standard method of referring to
+         additional tables in the WHERE clause is to use a correlated
+         subquery::
+
+            users.update().values(name='ed').where(
+                    users.c.name==select([addresses.c.email_address]).\\
+                                where(addresses.c.user_id==users.c.id).\\
+                                as_scalar()
+                    )
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.7.4
+             The WHERE clause can refer to multiple tables.
+
+        :param values:
+          Optional dictionary which specifies the ``SET`` conditions of the
+          ``UPDATE``.  If left as ``None``, the ``SET``
+          conditions are determined from those parameters passed to the
+          statement during the execution and/or compilation of the
+          statement.   When compiled standalone without any parameters,
+          the ``SET`` clause generates for all columns.
+
+          Modern applications may prefer to use the generative
+          :meth:`.Update.values` method to set the values of the
+          UPDATE statement.
+
+        :param inline:
+          if True, SQL defaults present on :class:`.Column` objects via
+          the ``default`` keyword will be compiled 'inline' into the statement
+          and not pre-executed.  This means that their values will not
+          be available in the dictionary returned from
+          :meth:`.ResultProxy.last_updated_params`.
+
+        If both ``values`` and compile-time bind parameters are present, the
+        compile-time bind parameters override the information specified
+        within ``values`` on a per-key basis.
+
+        The keys within ``values`` can be either :class:`.Column`
+        objects or their string identifiers (specifically the "key" of the
+        :class:`.Column`, normally but not necessarily equivalent to
+        its "name").  Normally, the
+        :class:`.Column` objects used here are expected to be
+        part of the target :class:`.Table` that is the table
+        to be updated.  However when using MySQL, a multiple-table
+        UPDATE statement can refer to columns from any of
+        the tables referred to in the WHERE clause.
+
+        The values referred to in ``values`` are typically:
+
+        * a literal data value (i.e. string, number, etc.)
+        * a SQL expression, such as a related :class:`.Column`,
+          a scalar-returning :func:`.select` construct,
+          etc.
+
+        When combining :func:`.select` constructs within the values
+        clause of an :func:`.update` construct,
+        the subquery represented by the :func:`.select` should be
+        *correlated* to the parent table, that is, providing criterion
+        which links the table inside the subquery to the outer table
+        being updated::
+
+            users.update().values(
+                    name=select([addresses.c.email_address]).\\
+                            where(addresses.c.user_id==users.c.id).\\
+                            as_scalar()
+                )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inserts_and_updates` - SQL Expression
+            Language Tutorial
+
+
+        """
+        ValuesBase.__init__(self, table, values, prefixes)
+        self._bind = bind
+        self._returning = returning
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(whereclause)
+        else:
+            self._whereclause = None
+        self.inline = inline
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
+        self._return_defaults = return_defaults
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        if self._whereclause is not None:
+            return self._whereclause,
+        else:
+            return ()
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        # TODO: coverage
+        self._whereclause = clone(self._whereclause, **kw)
+        self.parameters = self.parameters.copy()
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, whereclause):
+        """return a new update() construct with the given expression added to
+        its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        """
+        if self._whereclause is not None:
+            self._whereclause = and_(self._whereclause,
+                                     _literal_as_text(whereclause))
+        else:
+            self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(whereclause)
+
+    @property
+    def _extra_froms(self):
+        # TODO: this could be made memoized
+        # if the memoization is reset on each generative call.
+        froms = []
+        seen = set([self.table])
+
+        if self._whereclause is not None:
+            for item in _from_objects(self._whereclause):
+                if not seen.intersection(item._cloned_set):
+                    froms.append(item)
+                seen.update(item._cloned_set)
+
+        return froms
+
+
+class Delete(UpdateBase):
+    """Represent a DELETE construct.
+
+    The :class:`.Delete` object is created using the :func:`delete()`
+    function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'delete'
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 table,
+                 whereclause=None,
+                 bind=None,
+                 returning=None,
+                 prefixes=None,
+                 **dialect_kw):
+        """Construct :class:`.Delete` object.
+
+        Similar functionality is available via the
+        :meth:`~.TableClause.delete` method on
+        :class:`~.schema.Table`.
+
+        :param table: The table to be updated.
+
+        :param whereclause: A :class:`.ClauseElement` describing the ``WHERE``
+          condition of the ``UPDATE`` statement. Note that the
+          :meth:`~Delete.where()` generative method may be used instead.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`deletes` - SQL Expression Tutorial
+
+        """
+        self._bind = bind
+        self.table = _interpret_as_from(table)
+        self._returning = returning
+
+        if prefixes:
+            self._setup_prefixes(prefixes)
+
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(whereclause)
+        else:
+            self._whereclause = None
+
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        if self._whereclause is not None:
+            return self._whereclause,
+        else:
+            return ()
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, whereclause):
+        """Add the given WHERE clause to a newly returned delete construct."""
+
+        if self._whereclause is not None:
+            self._whereclause = and_(self._whereclause,
+                                     _literal_as_text(whereclause))
+        else:
+            self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(whereclause)
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        # TODO: coverage
+        self._whereclause = clone(self._whereclause, **kw)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6114460
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3577 @@
+# sql/elements.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Core SQL expression elements, including :class:`.ClauseElement`,
+:class:`.ColumnElement`, and derived classes.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .. import util, exc, inspection
+from . import type_api
+from . import operators
+from .visitors import Visitable, cloned_traverse, traverse
+from .annotation import Annotated
+import itertools
+from .base import Executable, PARSE_AUTOCOMMIT, Immutable, NO_ARG
+from .base import _generative, Generative
+
+import re
+import operator
+
+
+def _clone(element, **kw):
+    return element._clone()
+
+
+def collate(expression, collation):
+    """Return the clause ``expression COLLATE collation``.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        collate(mycolumn, 'utf8_bin')
+
+    produces::
+
+        mycolumn COLLATE utf8_bin
+
+    """
+
+    expr = _literal_as_binds(expression)
+    return BinaryExpression(
+        expr,
+        _literal_as_text(collation),
+        operators.collate, type_=expr.type)
+
+
+def between(expr, lower_bound, upper_bound, symmetric=False):
+    """Produce a ``BETWEEN`` predicate clause.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import between
+        stmt = select([users_table]).where(between(users_table.c.id, 5, 7))
+
+    Would produce SQL resembling::
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE id BETWEEN :id_1 AND :id_2
+
+    The :func:`.between` function is a standalone version of the
+    :meth:`.ColumnElement.between` method available on all
+    SQL expressions, as in::
+
+        stmt = select([users_table]).where(users_table.c.id.between(5, 7))
+
+    All arguments passed to :func:`.between`, including the left side
+    column expression, are coerced from Python scalar values if a
+    the value is not a :class:`.ColumnElement` subclass.   For example,
+    three fixed values can be compared as in::
+
+        print(between(5, 3, 7))
+
+    Which would produce::
+
+        :param_1 BETWEEN :param_2 AND :param_3
+
+    :param expr: a column expression, typically a :class:`.ColumnElement`
+     instance or alternatively a Python scalar expression to be coerced
+     into a column expression, serving as the left side of the ``BETWEEN``
+     expression.
+
+    :param lower_bound: a column or Python scalar expression serving as the
+     lower bound of the right side of the ``BETWEEN`` expression.
+
+    :param upper_bound: a column or Python scalar expression serving as the
+     upper bound of the right side of the ``BETWEEN`` expression.
+
+    :param symmetric: if True, will render " BETWEEN SYMMETRIC ". Note
+     that not all databases support this syntax.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.9.5
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.ColumnElement.between`
+
+    """
+    expr = _literal_as_binds(expr)
+    return expr.between(lower_bound, upper_bound, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+
+def literal(value, type_=None):
+    """Return a literal clause, bound to a bind parameter.
+
+    Literal clauses are created automatically when non-
+    :class:`.ClauseElement` objects (such as strings, ints, dates, etc.) are
+    used in a comparison operation with a :class:`.ColumnElement` subclass,
+    such as a :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column` object.  Use this function
+    to force the generation of a literal clause, which will be created as a
+    :class:`BindParameter` with a bound value.
+
+    :param value: the value to be bound. Can be any Python object supported by
+        the underlying DB-API, or is translatable via the given type argument.
+
+    :param type\_: an optional :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine` which
+        will provide bind-parameter translation for this literal.
+
+    """
+    return BindParameter(None, value, type_=type_, unique=True)
+
+
+def type_coerce(expression, type_):
+    """Associate a SQL expression with a particular type, without rendering
+    ``CAST``.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import type_coerce
+
+        stmt = select([type_coerce(log_table.date_string, StringDateTime())])
+
+    The above construct will produce SQL that is usually otherwise unaffected
+    by the :func:`.type_coerce` call::
+
+        SELECT date_string FROM log
+
+    However, when result rows are fetched, the ``StringDateTime`` type
+    will be applied to result rows on behalf of the ``date_string`` column.
+
+    A type that features bound-value handling will also have that behavior
+    take effect when literal values or :func:`.bindparam` constructs are
+    passed to :func:`.type_coerce` as targets.
+    For example, if a type implements the :meth:`.TypeEngine.bind_expression`
+    method or :meth:`.TypeEngine.bind_processor` method or equivalent,
+    these functions will take effect at statement compilation/execution time
+    when a literal value is passed, as in::
+
+        # bound-value handling of MyStringType will be applied to the
+        # literal value "some string"
+        stmt = select([type_coerce("some string", MyStringType)])
+
+    :func:`.type_coerce` is similar to the :func:`.cast` function,
+    except that it does not render the ``CAST`` expression in the resulting
+    statement.
+
+    :param expression: A SQL expression, such as a :class:`.ColumnElement`
+     expression or a Python string which will be coerced into a bound literal
+     value.
+
+    :param type_: A :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance indicating
+     the type to which the expression is coerced.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.cast`
+
+    """
+    type_ = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+
+    if hasattr(expression, '__clause_element__'):
+        return type_coerce(expression.__clause_element__(), type_)
+    elif isinstance(expression, BindParameter):
+        bp = expression._clone()
+        bp.type = type_
+        return bp
+    elif not isinstance(expression, Visitable):
+        if expression is None:
+            return Null()
+        else:
+            return literal(expression, type_=type_)
+    else:
+        return Label(None, expression, type_=type_)
+
+
+def outparam(key, type_=None):
+    """Create an 'OUT' parameter for usage in functions (stored procedures),
+    for databases which support them.
+
+    The ``outparam`` can be used like a regular function parameter.
+    The "output" value will be available from the
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.ResultProxy` object via its ``out_parameters``
+    attribute, which returns a dictionary containing the values.
+
+    """
+    return BindParameter(
+        key, None, type_=type_, unique=False, isoutparam=True)
+
+
+def not_(clause):
+    """Return a negation of the given clause, i.e. ``NOT(clause)``.
+
+    The ``~`` operator is also overloaded on all
+    :class:`.ColumnElement` subclasses to produce the
+    same result.
+
+    """
+    return operators.inv(_literal_as_binds(clause))
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class ClauseElement(Visitable):
+    """Base class for elements of a programmatically constructed SQL
+    expression.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'clause'
+
+    _annotations = {}
+    supports_execution = False
+    _from_objects = []
+    bind = None
+    _is_clone_of = None
+    is_selectable = False
+    is_clause_element = True
+
+    _order_by_label_element = None
+    _is_from_container = False
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        """Create a shallow copy of this ClauseElement.
+
+        This method may be used by a generative API.  Its also used as
+        part of the "deep" copy afforded by a traversal that combines
+        the _copy_internals() method.
+
+        """
+        c = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        c.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        ClauseElement._cloned_set._reset(c)
+        ColumnElement.comparator._reset(c)
+
+        # this is a marker that helps to "equate" clauses to each other
+        # when a Select returns its list of FROM clauses.  the cloning
+        # process leaves around a lot of remnants of the previous clause
+        # typically in the form of column expressions still attached to the
+        # old table.
+        c._is_clone_of = self
+
+        return c
+
+    @property
+    def _constructor(self):
+        """return the 'constructor' for this ClauseElement.
+
+        This is for the purposes for creating a new object of
+        this type.   Usually, its just the element's __class__.
+        However, the "Annotated" version of the object overrides
+        to return the class of its proxied element.
+
+        """
+        return self.__class__
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _cloned_set(self):
+        """Return the set consisting all cloned ancestors of this
+        ClauseElement.
+
+        Includes this ClauseElement.  This accessor tends to be used for
+        FromClause objects to identify 'equivalent' FROM clauses, regardless
+        of transformative operations.
+
+        """
+        s = util.column_set()
+        f = self
+        while f is not None:
+            s.add(f)
+            f = f._is_clone_of
+        return s
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        d.pop('_is_clone_of', None)
+        return d
+
+    def _annotate(self, values):
+        """return a copy of this ClauseElement with annotations
+        updated by the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        return Annotated(self, values)
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values):
+        """return a copy of this ClauseElement with annotations
+        replaced by the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        return Annotated(self, values)
+
+    def _deannotate(self, values=None, clone=False):
+        """return a copy of this :class:`.ClauseElement` with annotations
+        removed.
+
+        :param values: optional tuple of individual values
+         to remove.
+
+        """
+        if clone:
+            # clone is used when we are also copying
+            # the expression for a deep deannotation
+            return self._clone()
+        else:
+            # if no clone, since we have no annotations we return
+            # self
+            return self
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(self, connection, multiparams, params):
+        return connection._execute_clauseelement(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    def unique_params(self, *optionaldict, **kwargs):
+        """Return a copy with :func:`bindparam()` elements replaced.
+
+        Same functionality as ``params()``, except adds `unique=True`
+        to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be
+        used.
+
+        """
+        return self._params(True, optionaldict, kwargs)
+
+    def params(self, *optionaldict, **kwargs):
+        """Return a copy with :func:`bindparam()` elements replaced.
+
+        Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with :func:`bindparam()`
+        elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary::
+
+          >>> clause = column('x') + bindparam('foo')
+          >>> print clause.compile().params
+          {'foo':None}
+          >>> print clause.params({'foo':7}).compile().params
+          {'foo':7}
+
+        """
+        return self._params(False, optionaldict, kwargs)
+
+    def _params(self, unique, optionaldict, kwargs):
+        if len(optionaldict) == 1:
+            kwargs.update(optionaldict[0])
+        elif len(optionaldict) > 1:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "params() takes zero or one positional dictionary argument")
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bind):
+            if bind.key in kwargs:
+                bind.value = kwargs[bind.key]
+                bind.required = False
+            if unique:
+                bind._convert_to_unique()
+        return cloned_traverse(self, {}, {'bindparam': visit_bindparam})
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        """Compare this ClauseElement to the given ClauseElement.
+
+        Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a
+        straight identity comparison.
+
+        \**kw are arguments consumed by subclass compare() methods and
+        may be used to modify the criteria for comparison.
+        (see :class:`.ColumnElement`)
+
+        """
+        return self is other
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        """Reassign internal elements to be clones of themselves.
+
+        Called during a copy-and-traverse operation on newly
+        shallow-copied elements to create a deep copy.
+
+        The given clone function should be used, which may be applying
+        additional transformations to the element (i.e. replacement
+        traversal, cloned traversal, annotations).
+
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        """Return immediate child elements of this :class:`.ClauseElement`.
+
+        This is used for visit traversal.
+
+        \**kwargs may contain flags that change the collection that is
+        returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to
+        cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a
+        different context (such as schema-level collections instead of
+        clause-level).
+
+        """
+        return []
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        """Apply a 'grouping' to this :class:`.ClauseElement`.
+
+        This method is overridden by subclasses to return a
+        "grouping" construct, i.e. parenthesis.   In particular
+        it's used by "binary" expressions to provide a grouping
+        around themselves when placed into a larger expression,
+        as well as by :func:`.select` constructs when placed into
+        the FROM clause of another :func:`.select`.  (Note that
+        subqueries should be normally created using the
+        :meth:`.Select.alias` method, as many platforms require
+        nested SELECT statements to be named).
+
+        As expressions are composed together, the application of
+        :meth:`self_group` is automatic - end-user code should never
+        need to use this method directly.  Note that SQLAlchemy's
+        clause constructs take operator precedence into account -
+        so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in
+        an expression like ``x OR (y AND z)`` - AND takes precedence
+        over OR.
+
+        The base :meth:`self_group` method of :class:`.ClauseElement`
+        just returns self.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.engine.default")
+    def compile(self, default, bind=None, dialect=None, **kw):
+        """Compile this SQL expression.
+
+        The return value is a :class:`~.Compiled` object.
+        Calling ``str()`` or ``unicode()`` on the returned value will yield a
+        string representation of the result. The
+        :class:`~.Compiled` object also can return a
+        dictionary of bind parameter names and values
+        using the ``params`` accessor.
+
+        :param bind: An ``Engine`` or ``Connection`` from which a
+            ``Compiled`` will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over
+            this :class:`.ClauseElement`'s bound engine, if any.
+
+        :param column_keys: Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of
+            column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the
+            compiled statement. If ``None``, all columns from the target table
+            object are rendered.
+
+        :param dialect: A ``Dialect`` instance from which a ``Compiled``
+            will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over the `bind`
+            argument as well as this :class:`.ClauseElement`'s bound engine,
+            if any.
+
+        :param inline: Used for INSERT statements, for a dialect which does
+            not support inline retrieval of newly generated primary key
+            columns, will force the expression used to create the new primary
+            key value to be rendered inline within the INSERT statement's
+            VALUES clause. This typically refers to Sequence execution but may
+            also refer to any server-side default generation function
+            associated with a primary key `Column`.
+
+        :param compile_kwargs: optional dictionary of additional parameters
+            that will be passed through to the compiler within all "visit"
+            methods.  This allows any custom flag to be passed through to
+            a custom compilation construct, for example.  It is also used
+            for the case of passing the ``literal_binds`` flag through::
+
+                from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select
+
+                t = table('t', column('x'))
+
+                s = select([t]).where(t.c.x == 5)
+
+                print s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True})
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_sql_expression_string`
+
+        """
+
+        if not dialect:
+            if bind:
+                dialect = bind.dialect
+            elif self.bind:
+                dialect = self.bind.dialect
+                bind = self.bind
+            else:
+                dialect = default.DefaultDialect()
+        return self._compiler(dialect, bind=bind, **kw)
+
+    def _compiler(self, dialect, **kw):
+        """Return a compiler appropriate for this ClauseElement, given a
+        Dialect."""
+
+        return dialect.statement_compiler(dialect, self, **kw)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if util.py3k:
+            return str(self.compile())
+        else:
+            return unicode(self.compile()).encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        """'and' at the ClauseElement level.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.9.5 - conjunctions are intended to be
+           at the :class:`.ColumnElement`. level
+
+        """
+        return and_(self, other)
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        """'or' at the ClauseElement level.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.9.5 - conjunctions are intended to be
+           at the :class:`.ColumnElement`. level
+
+        """
+        return or_(self, other)
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        if hasattr(self, 'negation_clause'):
+            return self.negation_clause
+        else:
+            return self._negate()
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            self.self_group(against=operators.inv),
+            operator=operators.inv,
+            negate=None)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        raise TypeError("Boolean value of this clause is not defined")
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        friendly = getattr(self, 'description', None)
+        if friendly is None:
+            return object.__repr__(self)
+        else:
+            return '<%s.%s at 0x%x; %s>' % (
+                self.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, id(self), friendly)
+
+
+class ColumnElement(operators.ColumnOperators, ClauseElement):
+    """Represent a column-oriented SQL expression suitable for usage in the
+    "columns" clause, WHERE clause etc. of a statement.
+
+    While the most familiar kind of :class:`.ColumnElement` is the
+    :class:`.Column` object, :class:`.ColumnElement` serves as the basis
+    for any unit that may be present in a SQL expression, including
+    the expressions themselves, SQL functions, bound parameters,
+    literal expressions, keywords such as ``NULL``, etc.
+    :class:`.ColumnElement` is the ultimate base class for all such elements.
+
+    A wide variety of SQLAlchemy Core functions work at the SQL expression
+    level, and are intended to accept instances of :class:`.ColumnElement` as
+    arguments.  These functions will typically document that they accept a
+    "SQL expression" as an argument.  What this means in terms of SQLAlchemy
+    usually refers to an input which is either already in the form of a
+    :class:`.ColumnElement` object, or a value which can be **coerced** into
+    one.  The coercion rules followed by most, but not all, SQLAlchemy Core
+    functions with regards to SQL expressions are as follows:
+
+        * a literal Python value, such as a string, integer or floating
+          point value, boolean, datetime, ``Decimal`` object, or virtually
+          any other Python object, will be coerced into a "literal bound
+          value".  This generally means that a :func:`.bindparam` will be
+          produced featuring the given value embedded into the construct; the
+          resulting :class:`.BindParameter` object is an instance of
+          :class:`.ColumnElement`.  The Python value will ultimately be sent
+          to the DBAPI at execution time as a paramterized argument to the
+          ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` methods, after SQLAlchemy
+          type-specific converters (e.g. those provided by any associated
+          :class:`.TypeEngine` objects) are applied to the value.
+
+        * any special object value, typically ORM-level constructs, which
+          feature a method called ``__clause_element__()``.  The Core
+          expression system looks for this method when an object of otherwise
+          unknown type is passed to a function that is looking to coerce the
+          argument into a :class:`.ColumnElement` expression.  The
+          ``__clause_element__()`` method, if present, should return a
+          :class:`.ColumnElement` instance.  The primary use of
+          ``__clause_element__()`` within SQLAlchemy is that of class-bound
+          attributes on ORM-mapped classes; a ``User`` class which contains a
+          mapped attribute named ``.name`` will have a method
+          ``User.name.__clause_element__()`` which when invoked returns the
+          :class:`.Column` called ``name`` associated with the mapped table.
+
+        * The Python ``None`` value is typically interpreted as ``NULL``,
+          which in SQLAlchemy Core produces an instance of :func:`.null`.
+
+    A :class:`.ColumnElement` provides the ability to generate new
+    :class:`.ColumnElement`
+    objects using Python expressions.  This means that Python operators
+    such as ``==``, ``!=`` and ``<`` are overloaded to mimic SQL operations,
+    and allow the instantiation of further :class:`.ColumnElement` instances
+    which are composed from other, more fundamental :class:`.ColumnElement`
+    objects.  For example, two :class:`.ColumnClause` objects can be added
+    together with the addition operator ``+`` to produce
+    a :class:`.BinaryExpression`.
+    Both :class:`.ColumnClause` and :class:`.BinaryExpression` are subclasses
+    of :class:`.ColumnElement`::
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+        >>> column('a') + column('b')
+        
+        >>> print column('a') + column('b')
+        a + b
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.Column`
+
+        :func:`.expression.column`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'column'
+    primary_key = False
+    foreign_keys = []
+    _label = None
+    _key_label = key = None
+    _alt_names = ()
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        if (against in (operators.and_, operators.or_, operators._asbool) and
+                self.type._type_affinity
+                is type_api.BOOLEANTYPE._type_affinity):
+            return AsBoolean(self, operators.istrue, operators.isfalse)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        if self.type._type_affinity is type_api.BOOLEANTYPE._type_affinity:
+            return AsBoolean(self, operators.isfalse, operators.istrue)
+        else:
+            return super(ColumnElement, self)._negate()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def comparator(self):
+        return self.type.comparator_factory(self)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return getattr(self.comparator, key)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                'Neither %r object nor %r object has an attribute %r' % (
+                    type(self).__name__,
+                    type(self.comparator).__name__,
+                    key)
+            )
+
+    def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+        return op(self.comparator, *other, **kwargs)
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+        return op(other, self.comparator, **kwargs)
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj):
+        return BindParameter(None, obj,
+                             _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                             _compared_to_type=self.type, unique=True)
+
+    @property
+    def expression(self):
+        """Return a column expression.
+
+        Part of the inspection interface; returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self):
+        return (self, )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def base_columns(self):
+        return util.column_set(c for c in self.proxy_set
+                               if not hasattr(c, '_proxies'))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def proxy_set(self):
+        s = util.column_set([self])
+        if hasattr(self, '_proxies'):
+            for c in self._proxies:
+                s.update(c.proxy_set)
+        return s
+
+    def shares_lineage(self, othercolumn):
+        """Return True if the given :class:`.ColumnElement`
+        has a common ancestor to this :class:`.ColumnElement`."""
+
+        return bool(self.proxy_set.intersection(othercolumn.proxy_set))
+
+    def _compare_name_for_result(self, other):
+        """Return True if the given column element compares to this one
+        when targeting within a result row."""
+
+        return hasattr(other, 'name') and hasattr(self, 'name') and \
+            other.name == self.name
+
+    def _make_proxy(
+            self, selectable, name=None, name_is_truncatable=False, **kw):
+        """Create a new :class:`.ColumnElement` representing this
+        :class:`.ColumnElement` as it appears in the select list of a
+        descending selectable.
+
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = self.anon_label
+            if self.key:
+                key = self.key
+            else:
+                try:
+                    key = str(self)
+                except exc.UnsupportedCompilationError:
+                    key = self.anon_label
+
+        else:
+            key = name
+        co = ColumnClause(
+            _as_truncated(name) if name_is_truncatable else name,
+            type_=getattr(self, 'type', None),
+            _selectable=selectable
+        )
+        co._proxies = [self]
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            co._is_clone_of = \
+                selectable._is_clone_of.columns.get(key)
+        selectable._columns[key] = co
+        return co
+
+    def compare(self, other, use_proxies=False, equivalents=None, **kw):
+        """Compare this ColumnElement to another.
+
+        Special arguments understood:
+
+        :param use_proxies: when True, consider two columns that
+          share a common base column as equivalent (i.e. shares_lineage())
+
+        :param equivalents: a dictionary of columns as keys mapped to sets
+          of columns. If the given "other" column is present in this
+          dictionary, if any of the columns in the corresponding set() pass
+          the comparison test, the result is True. This is used to expand the
+          comparison to other columns that may be known to be equivalent to
+          this one via foreign key or other criterion.
+
+        """
+        to_compare = (other, )
+        if equivalents and other in equivalents:
+            to_compare = equivalents[other].union(to_compare)
+
+        for oth in to_compare:
+            if use_proxies and self.shares_lineage(oth):
+                return True
+            elif hash(oth) == hash(self):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def label(self, name):
+        """Produce a column label, i.e. `` AS ``.
+
+        This is a shortcut to the :func:`~.expression.label` function.
+
+        if 'name' is None, an anonymous label name will be generated.
+
+        """
+        return Label(name, self, self.type)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def anon_label(self):
+        """provides a constant 'anonymous label' for this ColumnElement.
+
+        This is a label() expression which will be named at compile time.
+        The same label() is returned each time anon_label is called so
+        that expressions can reference anon_label multiple times, producing
+        the same label name at compile time.
+
+        the compiler uses this function automatically at compile time
+        for expressions that are known to be 'unnamed' like binary
+        expressions and function calls.
+
+        """
+        return _anonymous_label(
+            '%%(%d %s)s' % (id(self), getattr(self, 'name', 'anon'))
+        )
+
+
+class BindParameter(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a "bound expression".
+
+    :class:`.BindParameter` is invoked explicitly using the
+    :func:`.bindparam` function, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+
+        stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                    where(users_table.c.name == bindparam('username'))
+
+    Detailed discussion of how :class:`.BindParameter` is used is
+    at :func:`.bindparam`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.bindparam`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'bindparam'
+
+    _is_crud = False
+
+    def __init__(self, key, value=NO_ARG, type_=None,
+                 unique=False, required=NO_ARG,
+                 quote=None, callable_=None,
+                 isoutparam=False,
+                 _compared_to_operator=None,
+                 _compared_to_type=None):
+        """Produce a "bound expression".
+
+        The return value is an instance of :class:`.BindParameter`; this
+        is a :class:`.ColumnElement` subclass which represents a so-called
+        "placeholder" value in a SQL expression, the value of which is
+        supplied at the point at which the statement in executed against a
+        database connection.
+
+        In SQLAlchemy, the :func:`.bindparam` construct has
+        the ability to carry along the actual value that will be ultimately
+        used at expression time.  In this way, it serves not just as
+        a "placeholder" for eventual population, but also as a means of
+        representing so-called "unsafe" values which should not be rendered
+        directly in a SQL statement, but rather should be passed along
+        to the :term:`DBAPI` as values which need to be correctly escaped
+        and potentially handled for type-safety.
+
+        When using :func:`.bindparam` explicitly, the use case is typically
+        one of traditional deferment of parameters; the :func:`.bindparam`
+        construct accepts a name which can then be referred to at execution
+        time::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        where(users_table.c.name == bindparam('username'))
+
+        The above statement, when rendered, will produce SQL similar to::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE name = :username
+
+        In order to populate the value of ``:username`` above, the value
+        would typically be applied at execution time to a method
+        like :meth:`.Connection.execute`::
+
+            result = connection.execute(stmt, username='wendy')
+
+        Explicit use of :func:`.bindparam` is also common when producing
+        UPDATE or DELETE statements that are to be invoked multiple times,
+        where the WHERE criterion of the statement is to change on each
+        invocation, such as::
+
+            stmt = (users_table.update().
+                    where(user_table.c.name == bindparam('username')).
+                    values(fullname=bindparam('fullname'))
+                    )
+
+            connection.execute(
+                stmt, [{"username": "wendy", "fullname": "Wendy Smith"},
+                       {"username": "jack", "fullname": "Jack Jones"},
+                       ]
+            )
+
+        SQLAlchemy's Core expression system makes wide use of
+        :func:`.bindparam` in an implicit sense.   It is typical that Python
+        literal values passed to virtually all SQL expression functions are
+        coerced into fixed :func:`.bindparam` constructs.  For example, given
+        a comparison operation such as::
+
+            expr = users_table.c.name == 'Wendy'
+
+        The above expression will produce a :class:`.BinaryExpression`
+        construct, where the left side is the :class:`.Column` object
+        representing the ``name`` column, and the right side is a
+        :class:`.BindParameter` representing the literal value::
+
+            print(repr(expr.right))
+            BindParameter('%(4327771088 name)s', 'Wendy', type_=String())
+
+        The expression above will render SQL such as::
+
+            user.name = :name_1
+
+        Where the ``:name_1`` parameter name is an anonymous name.  The
+        actual string ``Wendy`` is not in the rendered string, but is carried
+        along where it is later used within statement execution.  If we
+        invoke a statement like the following::
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).where(users_table.c.name == 'Wendy')
+            result = connection.execute(stmt)
+
+        We would see SQL logging output as::
+
+            SELECT "user".id, "user".name
+            FROM "user"
+            WHERE "user".name = %(name_1)s
+            {'name_1': 'Wendy'}
+
+        Above, we see that ``Wendy`` is passed as a parameter to the database,
+        while the placeholder ``:name_1`` is rendered in the appropriate form
+        for the target database, in this case the Postgresql database.
+
+        Similarly, :func:`.bindparam` is invoked automatically
+        when working with :term:`CRUD` statements as far as the "VALUES"
+        portion is concerned.   The :func:`.insert` construct produces an
+        ``INSERT`` expression which will, at statement execution time,
+        generate bound placeholders based on the arguments passed, as in::
+
+            stmt = users_table.insert()
+            result = connection.execute(stmt, name='Wendy')
+
+        The above will produce SQL output as::
+
+            INSERT INTO "user" (name) VALUES (%(name)s)
+            {'name': 'Wendy'}
+
+        The :class:`.Insert` construct, at compilation/execution time,
+        rendered a single :func:`.bindparam` mirroring the column
+        name ``name`` as a result of the single ``name`` parameter
+        we passed to the :meth:`.Connection.execute` method.
+
+        :param key:
+          the key (e.g. the name) for this bind param.
+          Will be used in the generated
+          SQL statement for dialects that use named parameters.  This
+          value may be modified when part of a compilation operation,
+          if other :class:`BindParameter` objects exist with the same
+          key, or if its length is too long and truncation is
+          required.
+
+        :param value:
+          Initial value for this bind param.  Will be used at statement
+          execution time as the value for this parameter passed to the
+          DBAPI, if no other value is indicated to the statement execution
+          method for this particular parameter name.  Defaults to ``None``.
+
+        :param callable\_:
+          A callable function that takes the place of "value".  The function
+          will be called at statement execution time to determine the
+          ultimate value.   Used for scenarios where the actual bind
+          value cannot be determined at the point at which the clause
+          construct is created, but embedded bind values are still desirable.
+
+        :param type\_:
+          A :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance representing an optional
+          datatype for this :func:`.bindparam`.  If not passed, a type
+          may be determined automatically for the bind, based on the given
+          value; for example, trivial Python types such as ``str``,
+          ``int``, ``bool``
+          may result in the :class:`.String`, :class:`.Integer` or
+          :class:`.Boolean` types being autoamtically selected.
+
+          The type of a :func:`.bindparam` is significant especially in that
+          the type will apply pre-processing to the value before it is
+          passed to the database.  For example, a :func:`.bindparam` which
+          refers to a datetime value, and is specified as holding the
+          :class:`.DateTime` type, may apply conversion needed to the
+          value (such as stringification on SQLite) before passing the value
+          to the database.
+
+        :param unique:
+          if True, the key name of this :class:`.BindParameter` will be
+          modified if another :class:`.BindParameter` of the same name
+          already has been located within the containing
+          expression.  This flag is used generally by the internals
+          when producing so-called "anonymous" bound expressions, it
+          isn't generally applicable to explicitly-named :func:`.bindparam`
+          constructs.
+
+        :param required:
+          If ``True``, a value is required at execution time.  If not passed,
+          it defaults to ``True`` if neither :paramref:`.bindparam.value`
+          or :paramref:`.bindparam.callable` were passed.  If either of these
+          parameters are present, then :paramref:`.bindparam.required`
+          defaults to ``False``.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.8 If the ``required`` flag is not specified,
+             it will be set automatically to ``True`` or ``False`` depending
+             on whether or not the ``value`` or ``callable`` parameters
+             were specified.
+
+        :param quote:
+          True if this parameter name requires quoting and is not
+          currently known as a SQLAlchemy reserved word; this currently
+          only applies to the Oracle backend, where bound names must
+          sometimes be quoted.
+
+        :param isoutparam:
+          if True, the parameter should be treated like a stored procedure
+          "OUT" parameter.  This applies to backends such as Oracle which
+          support OUT parameters.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`coretutorial_bind_param`
+
+            :ref:`coretutorial_insert_expressions`
+
+            :func:`.outparam`
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(key, ColumnClause):
+            type_ = key.type
+            key = key.name
+        if required is NO_ARG:
+            required = (value is NO_ARG and callable_ is None)
+        if value is NO_ARG:
+            value = None
+
+        if quote is not None:
+            key = quoted_name(key, quote)
+
+        if unique:
+            self.key = _anonymous_label('%%(%d %s)s' % (id(self), key
+                                                        or 'param'))
+        else:
+            self.key = key or _anonymous_label('%%(%d param)s'
+                                               % id(self))
+
+        # identifying key that won't change across
+        # clones, used to identify the bind's logical
+        # identity
+        self._identifying_key = self.key
+
+        # key that was passed in the first place, used to
+        # generate new keys
+        self._orig_key = key or 'param'
+
+        self.unique = unique
+        self.value = value
+        self.callable = callable_
+        self.isoutparam = isoutparam
+        self.required = required
+        if type_ is None:
+            if _compared_to_type is not None:
+                self.type = \
+                    _compared_to_type.coerce_compared_value(
+                        _compared_to_operator, value)
+            else:
+                self.type = type_api._type_map.get(type(value),
+                                                   type_api.NULLTYPE)
+        elif isinstance(type_, type):
+            self.type = type_()
+        else:
+            self.type = type_
+
+    def _with_value(self, value):
+        """Return a copy of this :class:`.BindParameter` with the given value
+        set.
+        """
+        cloned = self._clone()
+        cloned.value = value
+        cloned.callable = None
+        cloned.required = False
+        if cloned.type is type_api.NULLTYPE:
+            cloned.type = type_api._type_map.get(type(value),
+                                                 type_api.NULLTYPE)
+        return cloned
+
+    @property
+    def effective_value(self):
+        """Return the value of this bound parameter,
+        taking into account if the ``callable`` parameter
+        was set.
+
+        The ``callable`` value will be evaluated
+        and returned if present, else ``value``.
+
+        """
+        if self.callable:
+            return self.callable()
+        else:
+            return self.value
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        c = ClauseElement._clone(self)
+        if self.unique:
+            c.key = _anonymous_label('%%(%d %s)s' % (id(c), c._orig_key
+                                                     or 'param'))
+        return c
+
+    def _convert_to_unique(self):
+        if not self.unique:
+            self.unique = True
+            self.key = _anonymous_label(
+                '%%(%d %s)s' % (id(self), self._orig_key or 'param'))
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        """Compare this :class:`BindParameter` to the given
+        clause."""
+
+        return isinstance(other, BindParameter) \
+            and self.type._compare_type_affinity(other.type) \
+            and self.value == other.value
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        """execute a deferred value for serialization purposes."""
+
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        v = self.value
+        if self.callable:
+            v = self.callable()
+            d['callable'] = None
+        d['value'] = v
+        return d
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'BindParameter(%r, %r, type_=%r)' % (self.key,
+                                                    self.value, self.type)
+
+
+class TypeClause(ClauseElement):
+    """Handle a type keyword in a SQL statement.
+
+    Used by the ``Case`` statement.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'typeclause'
+
+    def __init__(self, type):
+        self.type = type
+
+
+class TextClause(Executable, ClauseElement):
+    """Represent a literal SQL text fragment.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        t = text("SELECT * FROM users")
+        result = connection.execute(t)
+
+
+    The :class:`.Text` construct is produced using the :func:`.text`
+    function; see that function for full documentation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.text`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'textclause'
+
+    _bind_params_regex = re.compile(r'(?``
+          to specify bind parameters; they will be compiled to their
+          engine-specific format.
+
+        :param autocommit:
+          Deprecated.  Use .execution_options(autocommit=)
+          to set the autocommit option.
+
+        :param bind:
+          an optional connection or engine to be used for this text query.
+
+        :param bindparams:
+          Deprecated.  A list of :func:`.bindparam` instances used to
+          provide information about parameters embedded in the statement.
+          This argument now invokes the :meth:`.TextClause.bindparams`
+          method on the construct before returning it.  E.g.::
+
+              stmt = text("SELECT * FROM table WHERE id=:id",
+                        bindparams=[bindparam('id', value=5, type_=Integer)])
+
+          Is equivalent to::
+
+              stmt = text("SELECT * FROM table WHERE id=:id").\\
+                        bindparams(bindparam('id', value=5, type_=Integer))
+
+          .. deprecated:: 0.9.0 the :meth:`.TextClause.bindparams` method
+             supersedes the ``bindparams`` argument to :func:`.text`.
+
+        :param typemap:
+          Deprecated.  A dictionary mapping the names of columns
+          represented in the columns clause of a ``SELECT`` statement
+          to type objects,
+          which will be used to perform post-processing on columns within
+          the result set.  This parameter now invokes the
+          :meth:`.TextClause.columns` method, which returns a
+          :class:`.TextAsFrom` construct that gains a ``.c`` collection and
+          can be embedded in other expressions.  E.g.::
+
+              stmt = text("SELECT * FROM table",
+                            typemap={'id': Integer, 'name': String},
+                        )
+
+          Is equivalent to::
+
+              stmt = text("SELECT * FROM table").columns(id=Integer,
+                                                         name=String)
+
+          Or alternatively::
+
+              from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+              stmt = text("SELECT * FROM table").columns(
+                                    column('id', Integer),
+                                    column('name', String)
+                                )
+
+          .. deprecated:: 0.9.0 the :meth:`.TextClause.columns` method
+             supersedes the ``typemap`` argument to :func:`.text`.
+
+        """
+        stmt = TextClause(text, bind=bind)
+        if bindparams:
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(*bindparams)
+        if typemap:
+            stmt = stmt.columns(**typemap)
+        if autocommit is not None:
+            util.warn_deprecated('autocommit on text() is deprecated.  '
+                                 'Use .execution_options(autocommit=True)')
+            stmt = stmt.execution_options(autocommit=autocommit)
+
+        return stmt
+
+    @_generative
+    def bindparams(self, *binds, **names_to_values):
+        """Establish the values and/or types of bound parameters within
+        this :class:`.TextClause` construct.
+
+        Given a text construct such as::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import text
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE name=:name "
+                        "AND timestamp=:timestamp")
+
+        the :meth:`.TextClause.bindparams` method can be used to establish
+        the initial value of ``:name`` and ``:timestamp``,
+        using simple keyword arguments::
+
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(name='jack',
+                        timestamp=datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5))
+
+        Where above, new :class:`.BindParameter` objects
+        will be generated with the names ``name`` and ``timestamp``, and
+        values of ``jack`` and ``datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5)``,
+        respectively.  The types will be
+        inferred from the values given, in this case :class:`.String` and
+        :class:`.DateTime`.
+
+        When specific typing behavior is needed, the positional ``*binds``
+        argument can be used in which to specify :func:`.bindparam` constructs
+        directly.  These constructs must include at least the ``key``
+        argument, then an optional value and type::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(
+                            bindparam('name', value='jack', type_=String),
+                            bindparam('timestamp', type_=DateTime)
+                        )
+
+        Above, we specified the type of :class:`.DateTime` for the
+        ``timestamp`` bind, and the type of :class:`.String` for the ``name``
+        bind.  In the case of ``name`` we also set the default value of
+        ``"jack"``.
+
+        Additional bound parameters can be supplied at statement execution
+        time, e.g.::
+
+            result = connection.execute(stmt,
+                        timestamp=datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5))
+
+        The :meth:`.TextClause.bindparams` method can be called repeatedly,
+        where it will re-use existing :class:`.BindParameter` objects to add
+        new information.  For example, we can call
+        :meth:`.TextClause.bindparams` first with typing information, and a
+        second time with value information, and it will be combined::
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE name=:name "
+                        "AND timestamp=:timestamp")
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(
+                bindparam('name', type_=String),
+                bindparam('timestamp', type_=DateTime)
+            )
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(
+                name='jack',
+                timestamp=datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5)
+            )
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 The :meth:`.TextClause.bindparams` method
+           supersedes the argument ``bindparams`` passed to
+           :func:`~.expression.text`.
+
+
+        """
+        self._bindparams = new_params = self._bindparams.copy()
+
+        for bind in binds:
+            try:
+                existing = new_params[bind.key]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "This text() construct doesn't define a "
+                    "bound parameter named %r" % bind.key)
+            else:
+                new_params[existing.key] = bind
+
+        for key, value in names_to_values.items():
+            try:
+                existing = new_params[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "This text() construct doesn't define a "
+                    "bound parameter named %r" % key)
+            else:
+                new_params[key] = existing._with_value(value)
+
+    @util.dependencies('sqlalchemy.sql.selectable')
+    def columns(self, selectable, *cols, **types):
+        """Turn this :class:`.TextClause` object into a :class:`.TextAsFrom`
+        object that can be embedded into another statement.
+
+        This function essentially bridges the gap between an entirely
+        textual SELECT statement and the SQL expression language concept
+        of a "selectable"::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.sql import column, text
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name FROM some_table")
+            stmt = stmt.columns(column('id'), column('name')).alias('st')
+
+            stmt = select([mytable]).\\
+                    select_from(
+                        mytable.join(stmt, mytable.c.name == stmt.c.name)
+                    ).where(stmt.c.id > 5)
+
+        Above, we used untyped :func:`.column` elements.  These can also have
+        types specified, which will impact how the column behaves in
+        expressions as well as determining result set behavior::
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name, timestamp FROM some_table")
+            stmt = stmt.columns(
+                        column('id', Integer),
+                        column('name', Unicode),
+                        column('timestamp', DateTime)
+                    )
+
+            for id, name, timestamp in connection.execute(stmt):
+                print(id, name, timestamp)
+
+        Keyword arguments allow just the names and types of columns to be
+        specified, where the :func:`.column` elements will be generated
+        automatically::
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name, timestamp FROM some_table")
+            stmt = stmt.columns(
+                        id=Integer,
+                        name=Unicode,
+                        timestamp=DateTime
+                    )
+
+            for id, name, timestamp in connection.execute(stmt):
+                print(id, name, timestamp)
+
+        The :meth:`.TextClause.columns` method provides a direct
+        route to calling :meth:`.FromClause.alias` as well as
+        :meth:`.SelectBase.cte` against a textual SELECT statement::
+
+            stmt = stmt.columns(id=Integer, name=String).cte('st')
+
+            stmt = select([sometable]).where(sometable.c.id == stmt.c.id)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 :func:`.text` can now be converted into a
+           fully featured "selectable" construct using the
+           :meth:`.TextClause.columns` method.  This method supersedes the
+           ``typemap`` argument to :func:`.text`.
+
+        """
+
+        input_cols = [
+            ColumnClause(col.key, types.pop(col.key))
+            if col.key in types
+            else col
+            for col in cols
+        ] + [ColumnClause(key, type_) for key, type_ in types.items()]
+        return selectable.TextAsFrom(self, input_cols)
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    @property
+    def comparator(self):
+        return self.type.comparator_factory(self)
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        if against is operators.in_op:
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self._bindparams = dict((b.key, clone(b, **kw))
+                                for b in self._bindparams.values())
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return list(self._bindparams.values())
+
+    def compare(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, TextClause) and other.text == self.text
+
+
+class Null(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent the NULL keyword in a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`.Null` is accessed as a constant via the
+    :func:`.null` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'null'
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _singleton(cls):
+        """Return a constant :class:`.Null` construct."""
+
+        return NULL
+
+    def compare(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, Null)
+
+
+class False_(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent the ``false`` keyword, or equivalent, in a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`.False_` is accessed as a constant via the
+    :func:`.false` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'false'
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        return TRUE
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _singleton(cls):
+        """Return a constant :class:`.False_` construct.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import false
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(false())
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE false
+
+        A backend which does not support true/false constants will render as
+        an expression against 1 or 0::
+
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(false())
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE 0 = 1
+
+        The :func:`.true` and :func:`.false` constants also feature
+        "short circuit" operation within an :func:`.and_` or :func:`.or_`
+        conjunction::
+
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(or_(t.c.x > 5, true()))
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE true
+
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(and_(t.c.x > 5, false()))
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE false
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9 :func:`.true` and :func:`.false` feature
+           better integrated behavior within conjunctions and on dialects
+           that don't support true/false constants.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.true`
+
+        """
+
+        return FALSE
+
+    def compare(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, False_)
+
+
+class True_(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent the ``true`` keyword, or equivalent, in a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`.True_` is accessed as a constant via the
+    :func:`.true` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'true'
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        return FALSE
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _ifnone(cls, other):
+        if other is None:
+            return cls._singleton()
+        else:
+            return other
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _singleton(cls):
+        """Return a constant :class:`.True_` construct.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import true
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(true())
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE true
+
+        A backend which does not support true/false constants will render as
+        an expression against 1 or 0::
+
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(true())
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE 1 = 1
+
+        The :func:`.true` and :func:`.false` constants also feature
+        "short circuit" operation within an :func:`.and_` or :func:`.or_`
+        conjunction::
+
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(or_(t.c.x > 5, true()))
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE true
+
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(and_(t.c.x > 5, false()))
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE false
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9 :func:`.true` and :func:`.false` feature
+           better integrated behavior within conjunctions and on dialects
+           that don't support true/false constants.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.false`
+
+        """
+
+        return TRUE
+
+    def compare(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, True_)
+
+NULL = Null()
+FALSE = False_()
+TRUE = True_()
+
+
+class ClauseList(ClauseElement):
+    """Describe a list of clauses, separated by an operator.
+
+    By default, is comma-separated, such as a column listing.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'clauselist'
+
+    def __init__(self, *clauses, **kwargs):
+        self.operator = kwargs.pop('operator', operators.comma_op)
+        self.group = kwargs.pop('group', True)
+        self.group_contents = kwargs.pop('group_contents', True)
+        if self.group_contents:
+            self.clauses = [
+                _literal_as_text(clause).self_group(against=self.operator)
+                for clause in clauses]
+        else:
+            self.clauses = [
+                _literal_as_text(clause)
+                for clause in clauses]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.clauses)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self):
+        return iter(self)
+
+    def append(self, clause):
+        if self.group_contents:
+            self.clauses.append(_literal_as_text(clause).
+                                self_group(against=self.operator))
+        else:
+            self.clauses.append(_literal_as_text(clause))
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.clauses = [clone(clause, **kw) for clause in self.clauses]
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.clauses
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return list(itertools.chain(*[c._from_objects for c in self.clauses]))
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        if self.group and operators.is_precedent(self.operator, against):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        """Compare this :class:`.ClauseList` to the given :class:`.ClauseList`,
+        including a comparison of all the clause items.
+
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, ClauseList) and len(self.clauses) == 1:
+            return self.clauses[0].compare(other, **kw)
+        elif isinstance(other, ClauseList) and \
+                len(self.clauses) == len(other.clauses):
+            for i in range(0, len(self.clauses)):
+                if not self.clauses[i].compare(other.clauses[i], **kw):
+                    return False
+            else:
+                return self.operator == other.operator
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class BooleanClauseList(ClauseList, ColumnElement):
+    __visit_name__ = 'clauselist'
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "BooleanClauseList has a private constructor")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct(cls, operator, continue_on, skip_on, *clauses, **kw):
+        convert_clauses = []
+
+        clauses = util.coerce_generator_arg(clauses)
+        for clause in clauses:
+            clause = _literal_as_text(clause)
+
+            if isinstance(clause, continue_on):
+                continue
+            elif isinstance(clause, skip_on):
+                return clause.self_group(against=operators._asbool)
+
+            convert_clauses.append(clause)
+
+        if len(convert_clauses) == 1:
+            return convert_clauses[0].self_group(against=operators._asbool)
+        elif not convert_clauses and clauses:
+            return clauses[0].self_group(against=operators._asbool)
+
+        convert_clauses = [c.self_group(against=operator)
+                           for c in convert_clauses]
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.clauses = convert_clauses
+        self.group = True
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.group_contents = True
+        self.type = type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def and_(cls, *clauses):
+        """Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``AND``.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import and_
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).where(
+                            and_(
+                                users_table.c.name == 'wendy',
+                                users_table.c.enrolled == True
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        The :func:`.and_` conjunction is also available using the
+        Python ``&`` operator (though note that compound expressions
+        need to be parenthesized in order to function with Python
+        operator precedence behavior)::
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).where(
+                            (users_table.c.name == 'wendy') &
+                            (users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+                        )
+
+        The :func:`.and_` operation is also implicit in some cases;
+        the :meth:`.Select.where` method for example can be invoked multiple
+        times against a statement, which will have the effect of each
+        clause being combined using :func:`.and_`::
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        where(users_table.c.name == 'wendy').\\
+                        where(users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.or_`
+
+        """
+        return cls._construct(operators.and_, True_, False_, *clauses)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def or_(cls, *clauses):
+        """Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``OR``.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import or_
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).where(
+                            or_(
+                                users_table.c.name == 'wendy',
+                                users_table.c.name == 'jack'
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        The :func:`.or_` conjunction is also available using the
+        Python ``|`` operator (though note that compound expressions
+        need to be parenthesized in order to function with Python
+        operator precedence behavior)::
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).where(
+                            (users_table.c.name == 'wendy') |
+                            (users_table.c.name == 'jack')
+                        )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.and_`
+
+        """
+        return cls._construct(operators.or_, False_, True_, *clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self):
+        return (self, )
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        if not self.clauses:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super(BooleanClauseList, self).self_group(against=against)
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        return ClauseList._negate(self)
+
+
+and_ = BooleanClauseList.and_
+or_ = BooleanClauseList.or_
+
+
+class Tuple(ClauseList, ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a SQL tuple."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *clauses, **kw):
+        """Return a :class:`.Tuple`.
+
+        Main usage is to produce a composite IN construct::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import tuple_
+
+            tuple_(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).in_(
+                [(1, 2), (5, 12), (10, 19)]
+            )
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            The composite IN construct is not supported by all backends,
+            and is currently known to work on Postgresql and MySQL,
+            but not SQLite.   Unsupported backends will raise
+            a subclass of :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.DBAPIError` when such
+            an expression is invoked.
+
+        """
+
+        clauses = [_literal_as_binds(c) for c in clauses]
+        self._type_tuple = [arg.type for arg in clauses]
+        self.type = kw.pop('type_', self._type_tuple[0]
+                           if self._type_tuple else type_api.NULLTYPE)
+
+        super(Tuple, self).__init__(*clauses, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self):
+        return (self, )
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj):
+        return Tuple(*[
+            BindParameter(None, o, _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                          _compared_to_type=type_, unique=True)
+            for o, type_ in zip(obj, self._type_tuple)
+        ]).self_group()
+
+
+class Case(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a ``CASE`` expression.
+
+    :class:`.Case` is produced using the :func:`.case` factory function,
+    as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import case
+
+        stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                    where(
+                        case(
+                            [
+                                (users_table.c.name == 'wendy', 'W'),
+                                (users_table.c.name == 'jack', 'J')
+                            ],
+                            else_='E'
+                        )
+                    )
+
+    Details on :class:`.Case` usage is at :func:`.case`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.case`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'case'
+
+    def __init__(self, whens, value=None, else_=None):
+        """Produce a ``CASE`` expression.
+
+        The ``CASE`` construct in SQL is a conditional object that
+        acts somewhat analogously to an "if/then" construct in other
+        languages.  It returns an instance of :class:`.Case`.
+
+        :func:`.case` in its usual form is passed a list of "when"
+        constructs, that is, a list of conditions and results as tuples::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import case
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        where(
+                            case(
+                                [
+                                    (users_table.c.name == 'wendy', 'W'),
+                                    (users_table.c.name == 'jack', 'J')
+                                ],
+                                else_='E'
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        The above statement will produce SQL resembling::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user
+            WHERE CASE
+                WHEN (name = :name_1) THEN :param_1
+                WHEN (name = :name_2) THEN :param_2
+                ELSE :param_3
+            END
+
+        When simple equality expressions of several values against a single
+        parent column are needed, :func:`.case` also has a "shorthand" format
+        used via the
+        :paramref:`.case.value` parameter, which is passed a column
+        expression to be compared.  In this form, the :paramref:`.case.whens`
+        parameter is passed as a dictionary containing expressions to be
+        compared against keyed to result expressions.  The statement below is
+        equivalent to the preceding statement::
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        where(
+                            case(
+                                {"wendy": "W", "jack": "J"},
+                                value=users_table.c.name,
+                                else_='E'
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        The values which are accepted as result values in
+        :paramref:`.case.whens` as well as with :paramref:`.case.else_` are
+        coerced from Python literals into :func:`.bindparam` constructs.
+        SQL expressions, e.g. :class:`.ColumnElement` constructs, are accepted
+        as well.  To coerce a literal string expression into a constant
+        expression rendered inline, use the :func:`.literal_column` construct,
+        as in::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import case, literal_column
+
+            case(
+                [
+                    (
+                        orderline.c.qty > 100,
+                        literal_column("'greaterthan100'")
+                    ),
+                    (
+                        orderline.c.qty > 10,
+                        literal_column("'greaterthan10'")
+                    )
+                ],
+                else_=literal_column("'lessthan10'")
+            )
+
+        The above will render the given constants without using bound
+        parameters for the result values (but still for the comparison
+        values), as in::
+
+            CASE
+                WHEN (orderline.qty > :qty_1) THEN 'greaterthan100'
+                WHEN (orderline.qty > :qty_2) THEN 'greaterthan10'
+                ELSE 'lessthan10'
+            END
+
+        :param whens: The criteria to be compared against,
+         :paramref:`.case.whens` accepts two different forms, based on
+         whether or not :paramref:`.case.value` is used.
+
+         In the first form, it accepts a list of 2-tuples; each 2-tuple
+         consists of ``(, )``, where the SQL
+         expression is a boolean expression and "value" is a resulting value,
+         e.g.::
+
+            case([
+                (users_table.c.name == 'wendy', 'W'),
+                (users_table.c.name == 'jack', 'J')
+            ])
+
+         In the second form, it accepts a Python dictionary of comparison
+         values mapped to a resulting value; this form requires
+         :paramref:`.case.value` to be present, and values will be compared
+         using the ``==`` operator, e.g.::
+
+            case(
+                {"wendy": "W", "jack": "J"},
+                value=users_table.c.name
+            )
+
+        :param value: An optional SQL expression which will be used as a
+          fixed "comparison point" for candidate values within a dictionary
+          passed to :paramref:`.case.whens`.
+
+        :param else\_: An optional SQL expression which will be the evaluated
+          result of the ``CASE`` construct if all expressions within
+          :paramref:`.case.whens` evaluate to false.  When omitted, most
+          databases will produce a result of NULL if none of the "when"
+          expressions evaulate to true.
+
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            whens = util.dictlike_iteritems(whens)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        if value is not None:
+            whenlist = [
+                (_literal_as_binds(c).self_group(),
+                 _literal_as_binds(r)) for (c, r) in whens
+            ]
+        else:
+            whenlist = [
+                (_no_literals(c).self_group(),
+                 _literal_as_binds(r)) for (c, r) in whens
+            ]
+
+        if whenlist:
+            type_ = list(whenlist[-1])[-1].type
+        else:
+            type_ = None
+
+        if value is None:
+            self.value = None
+        else:
+            self.value = _literal_as_binds(value)
+
+        self.type = type_
+        self.whens = whenlist
+        if else_ is not None:
+            self.else_ = _literal_as_binds(else_)
+        else:
+            self.else_ = None
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        if self.value is not None:
+            self.value = clone(self.value, **kw)
+        self.whens = [(clone(x, **kw), clone(y, **kw))
+                      for x, y in self.whens]
+        if self.else_ is not None:
+            self.else_ = clone(self.else_, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        if self.value is not None:
+            yield self.value
+        for x, y in self.whens:
+            yield x
+            yield y
+        if self.else_ is not None:
+            yield self.else_
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return list(itertools.chain(*[x._from_objects for x in
+                                      self.get_children()]))
+
+
+def literal_column(text, type_=None):
+    """Return a textual column expression, as would be in the columns
+    clause of a ``SELECT`` statement.
+
+    The object returned supports further expressions in the same way as any
+    other column object, including comparison, math and string operations.
+    The type\_ parameter is important to determine proper expression behavior
+    (such as, '+' means string concatenation or numerical addition based on
+    the type).
+
+    :param text: the text of the expression; can be any SQL expression.
+      Quoting rules will not be applied. To specify a column-name expression
+      which should be subject to quoting rules, use the :func:`column`
+      function.
+
+    :param type\_: an optional :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`
+      object which will
+      provide result-set translation and additional expression semantics for
+      this column. If left as None the type will be NullType.
+
+    """
+    return ColumnClause(text, type_=type_, is_literal=True)
+
+
+class Cast(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a ``CAST`` expression.
+
+    :class:`.Cast` is produced using the :func:`.cast` factory function,
+    as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import cast, Numeric
+
+        stmt = select([
+                    cast(product_table.c.unit_price, Numeric(10, 4))
+                ])
+
+    Details on :class:`.Cast` usage is at :func:`.cast`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.cast`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'cast'
+
+    def __init__(self, expression, type_):
+        """Produce a ``CAST`` expression.
+
+        :func:`.cast` returns an instance of :class:`.Cast`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import cast, Numeric
+
+            stmt = select([
+                        cast(product_table.c.unit_price, Numeric(10, 4))
+                    ])
+
+        The above statement will produce SQL resembling::
+
+            SELECT CAST(unit_price AS NUMERIC(10, 4)) FROM product
+
+        The :func:`.cast` function performs two distinct functions when
+        used.  The first is that it renders the ``CAST`` expression within
+        the resulting SQL string.  The second is that it associates the given
+        type (e.g. :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance) with the column
+        expression on the Python side, which means the expression will take
+        on the expression operator behavior associated with that type,
+        as well as the bound-value handling and result-row-handling behavior
+        of the type.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 :func:`.cast` now applies the given type
+           to the expression such that it takes effect on the bound-value,
+           e.g. the Python-to-database direction, in addition to the
+           result handling, e.g. database-to-Python, direction.
+
+        An alternative to :func:`.cast` is the :func:`.type_coerce` function.
+        This function performs the second task of associating an expression
+        with a specific type, but does not render the ``CAST`` expression
+        in SQL.
+
+        :param expression: A SQL expression, such as a :class:`.ColumnElement`
+         expression or a Python string which will be coerced into a bound
+         literal value.
+
+        :param type_: A :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance indicating
+         the type to which the ``CAST`` should apply.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.type_coerce` - Python-side type coercion without emitting
+            CAST.
+
+        """
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+        self.clause = _literal_as_binds(expression, type_=self.type)
+        self.typeclause = TypeClause(self.type)
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.clause = clone(self.clause, **kw)
+        self.typeclause = clone(self.typeclause, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.clause, self.typeclause
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.clause._from_objects
+
+
+class Extract(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a SQL EXTRACT clause, ``extract(field FROM expr)``."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'extract'
+
+    def __init__(self, field, expr, **kwargs):
+        """Return a :class:`.Extract` construct.
+
+        This is typically available as :func:`.extract`
+        as well as ``func.extract`` from the
+        :data:`.func` namespace.
+
+        """
+        self.type = type_api.INTEGERTYPE
+        self.field = field
+        self.expr = _literal_as_binds(expr, None)
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.expr = clone(self.expr, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.expr,
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.expr._from_objects
+
+
+class UnaryExpression(ColumnElement):
+    """Define a 'unary' expression.
+
+    A unary expression has a single column expression
+    and an operator.  The operator can be placed on the left
+    (where it is called the 'operator') or right (where it is called the
+    'modifier') of the column expression.
+
+    :class:`.UnaryExpression` is the basis for several unary operators
+    including those used by :func:`.desc`, :func:`.asc`, :func:`.distinct`,
+    :func:`.nullsfirst` and :func:`.nullslast`.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'unary'
+
+    def __init__(self, element, operator=None, modifier=None,
+                 type_=None, negate=None):
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.modifier = modifier
+        self.element = element.self_group(
+            against=self.operator or self.modifier)
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+        self.negate = negate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_nullsfirst(cls, column):
+        """Produce the ``NULLS FIRST`` modifier for an ``ORDER BY`` expression.
+
+        :func:`.nullsfirst` is intended to modify the expression produced
+        by :func:`.asc` or :func:`.desc`, and indicates how NULL values
+        should be handled when they are encountered during ordering::
+
+
+            from sqlalchemy import desc, nullsfirst
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        order_by(nullsfirst(desc(users_table.c.name)))
+
+        The SQL expression from the above would resemble::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name DESC NULLS FIRST
+
+        Like :func:`.asc` and :func:`.desc`, :func:`.nullsfirst` is typically
+        invoked from the column expression itself using
+        :meth:`.ColumnElement.nullsfirst`, rather than as its standalone
+        function version, as in::
+
+            stmt = (select([users_table]).
+                    order_by(users_table.c.name.desc().nullsfirst())
+                    )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.asc`
+
+            :func:`.desc`
+
+            :func:`.nullslast`
+
+            :meth:`.Select.order_by`
+
+        """
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            _literal_as_text(column), modifier=operators.nullsfirst_op)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_nullslast(cls, column):
+        """Produce the ``NULLS LAST`` modifier for an ``ORDER BY`` expression.
+
+        :func:`.nullslast` is intended to modify the expression produced
+        by :func:`.asc` or :func:`.desc`, and indicates how NULL values
+        should be handled when they are encountered during ordering::
+
+
+            from sqlalchemy import desc, nullslast
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        order_by(nullslast(desc(users_table.c.name)))
+
+        The SQL expression from the above would resemble::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name DESC NULLS LAST
+
+        Like :func:`.asc` and :func:`.desc`, :func:`.nullslast` is typically
+        invoked from the column expression itself using
+        :meth:`.ColumnElement.nullslast`, rather than as its standalone
+        function version, as in::
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        order_by(users_table.c.name.desc().nullslast())
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.asc`
+
+            :func:`.desc`
+
+            :func:`.nullsfirst`
+
+            :meth:`.Select.order_by`
+
+        """
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            _literal_as_text(column), modifier=operators.nullslast_op)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_desc(cls, column):
+        """Produce a descending ``ORDER BY`` clause element.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import desc
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).order_by(desc(users_table.c.name))
+
+        will produce SQL as::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name DESC
+
+        The :func:`.desc` function is a standalone version of the
+        :meth:`.ColumnElement.desc` method available on all SQL expressions,
+        e.g.::
+
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).order_by(users_table.c.name.desc())
+
+        :param column: A :class:`.ColumnElement` (e.g. scalar SQL expression)
+         with which to apply the :func:`.desc` operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.asc`
+
+            :func:`.nullsfirst`
+
+            :func:`.nullslast`
+
+            :meth:`.Select.order_by`
+
+        """
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            _literal_as_text(column), modifier=operators.desc_op)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_asc(cls, column):
+        """Produce an ascending ``ORDER BY`` clause element.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import asc
+            stmt = select([users_table]).order_by(asc(users_table.c.name))
+
+        will produce SQL as::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name ASC
+
+        The :func:`.asc` function is a standalone version of the
+        :meth:`.ColumnElement.asc` method available on all SQL expressions,
+        e.g.::
+
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).order_by(users_table.c.name.asc())
+
+        :param column: A :class:`.ColumnElement` (e.g. scalar SQL expression)
+         with which to apply the :func:`.asc` operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.desc`
+
+            :func:`.nullsfirst`
+
+            :func:`.nullslast`
+
+            :meth:`.Select.order_by`
+
+        """
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            _literal_as_text(column), modifier=operators.asc_op)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_distinct(cls, expr):
+        """Produce an column-expression-level unary ``DISTINCT`` clause.
+
+        This applies the ``DISTINCT`` keyword to an individual column
+        expression, and is typically contained within an aggregate function,
+        as in::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import distinct, func
+            stmt = select([func.count(distinct(users_table.c.name))])
+
+        The above would produce an expression resembling::
+
+            SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT name) FROM user
+
+        The :func:`.distinct` function is also available as a column-level
+        method, e.g. :meth:`.ColumnElement.distinct`, as in::
+
+            stmt = select([func.count(users_table.c.name.distinct())])
+
+        The :func:`.distinct` operator is different from the
+        :meth:`.Select.distinct` method of :class:`.Select`,
+        which produces a ``SELECT`` statement
+        with ``DISTINCT`` applied to the result set as a whole,
+        e.g. a ``SELECT DISTINCT`` expression.  See that method for further
+        information.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnElement.distinct`
+
+            :meth:`.Select.distinct`
+
+            :data:`.func`
+
+        """
+        expr = _literal_as_binds(expr)
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            expr, operator=operators.distinct_op, type_=expr.type)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _order_by_label_element(self):
+        if self.modifier in (operators.desc_op, operators.asc_op):
+            return self.element._order_by_label_element
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.element = clone(self.element, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.element,
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        """Compare this :class:`UnaryExpression` against the given
+        :class:`.ClauseElement`."""
+
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, UnaryExpression) and
+            self.operator == other.operator and
+            self.modifier == other.modifier and
+            self.element.compare(other.element, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        if self.negate is not None:
+            return UnaryExpression(
+                self.element,
+                operator=self.negate,
+                negate=self.operator,
+                modifier=self.modifier,
+                type_=self.type)
+        else:
+            return ClauseElement._negate(self)
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        if self.operator and operators.is_precedent(self.operator, against):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class AsBoolean(UnaryExpression):
+
+    def __init__(self, element, operator, negate):
+        self.element = element
+        self.type = type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.negate = negate
+        self.modifier = None
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        return self
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        return self.element._negate()
+
+
+class BinaryExpression(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent an expression that is ``LEFT  RIGHT``.
+
+    A :class:`.BinaryExpression` is generated automatically
+    whenever two column expressions are used in a Python binary expression::
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+        >>> column('a') + column('b')
+        
+        >>> print column('a') + column('b')
+        a + b
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'binary'
+
+    def __init__(self, left, right, operator, type_=None,
+                 negate=None, modifiers=None):
+        # allow compatibility with libraries that
+        # refer to BinaryExpression directly and pass strings
+        if isinstance(operator, util.string_types):
+            operator = operators.custom_op(operator)
+        self._orig = (left, right)
+        self.left = left.self_group(against=operator)
+        self.right = right.self_group(against=operator)
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+        self.negate = negate
+
+        if modifiers is None:
+            self.modifiers = {}
+        else:
+            self.modifiers = modifiers
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        if self.operator in (operator.eq, operator.ne):
+            return self.operator(hash(self._orig[0]), hash(self._orig[1]))
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Boolean value of this clause is not defined")
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    @property
+    def is_comparison(self):
+        return operators.is_comparison(self.operator)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.left._from_objects + self.right._from_objects
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.left = clone(self.left, **kw)
+        self.right = clone(self.right, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.left, self.right
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        """Compare this :class:`BinaryExpression` against the
+        given :class:`BinaryExpression`."""
+
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, BinaryExpression) and
+            self.operator == other.operator and
+            (
+                self.left.compare(other.left, **kw) and
+                self.right.compare(other.right, **kw) or
+                (
+                    operators.is_commutative(self.operator) and
+                    self.left.compare(other.right, **kw) and
+                    self.right.compare(other.left, **kw)
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        if operators.is_precedent(self.operator, against):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        if self.negate is not None:
+            return BinaryExpression(
+                self.left,
+                self.right,
+                self.negate,
+                negate=self.operator,
+                type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE,
+                modifiers=self.modifiers)
+        else:
+            return super(BinaryExpression, self)._negate()
+
+
+class Grouping(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a grouping within a column expression"""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'grouping'
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        self.element = element
+        self.type = getattr(element, 'type', type_api.NULLTYPE)
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def _label(self):
+        return getattr(self.element, '_label', None) or self.anon_label
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.element = clone(self.element, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.element,
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        return getattr(self.element, attr)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'element': self.element, 'type': self.type}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.element = state['element']
+        self.type = state['type']
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        return isinstance(other, Grouping) and \
+            self.element.compare(other.element)
+
+
+class Over(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent an OVER clause.
+
+    This is a special operator against a so-called
+    "window" function, as well as any aggregate function,
+    which produces results relative to the result set
+    itself.  It's supported only by certain database
+    backends.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'over'
+
+    order_by = None
+    partition_by = None
+
+    def __init__(self, func, partition_by=None, order_by=None):
+        """Produce an :class:`.Over` object against a function.
+
+        Used against aggregate or so-called "window" functions,
+        for database backends that support window functions.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import over
+            over(func.row_number(), order_by='x')
+
+        Would produce "ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY x)".
+
+        :param func: a :class:`.FunctionElement` construct, typically
+         generated by :data:`~.expression.func`.
+        :param partition_by: a column element or string, or a list
+         of such, that will be used as the PARTITION BY clause
+         of the OVER construct.
+        :param order_by: a column element or string, or a list
+         of such, that will be used as the ORDER BY clause
+         of the OVER construct.
+
+        This function is also available from the :data:`~.expression.func`
+        construct itself via the :meth:`.FunctionElement.over` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+
+        """
+        self.func = func
+        if order_by is not None:
+            self.order_by = ClauseList(*util.to_list(order_by))
+        if partition_by is not None:
+            self.partition_by = ClauseList(*util.to_list(partition_by))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.func.type
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return [c for c in
+                (self.func, self.partition_by, self.order_by)
+                if c is not None]
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.func = clone(self.func, **kw)
+        if self.partition_by is not None:
+            self.partition_by = clone(self.partition_by, **kw)
+        if self.order_by is not None:
+            self.order_by = clone(self.order_by, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return list(itertools.chain(
+            *[c._from_objects for c in
+                (self.func, self.partition_by, self.order_by)
+              if c is not None]
+        ))
+
+
+class Label(ColumnElement):
+    """Represents a column label (AS).
+
+    Represent a label, as typically applied to any column-level
+    element using the ``AS`` sql keyword.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'label'
+
+    def __init__(self, name, element, type_=None):
+        """Return a :class:`Label` object for the
+        given :class:`.ColumnElement`.
+
+        A label changes the name of an element in the columns clause of a
+        ``SELECT`` statement, typically via the ``AS`` SQL keyword.
+
+        This functionality is more conveniently available via the
+        :meth:`.ColumnElement.label` method on :class:`.ColumnElement`.
+
+        :param name: label name
+
+        :param obj: a :class:`.ColumnElement`.
+
+        """
+        while isinstance(element, Label):
+            element = element.element
+        if name:
+            self.name = name
+        else:
+            self.name = _anonymous_label(
+                '%%(%d %s)s' % (id(self), getattr(element, 'name', 'anon'))
+            )
+        self.key = self._label = self._key_label = self.name
+        self._element = element
+        self._type = type_
+        self._proxies = [element]
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.name, self._element, self._type)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _order_by_label_element(self):
+        return self
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return type_api.to_instance(
+            self._type or getattr(self._element, 'type', None)
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def element(self):
+        return self._element.self_group(against=operators.as_)
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        sub_element = self._element.self_group(against=against)
+        if sub_element is not self._element:
+            return Label(self.name,
+                         sub_element,
+                         type_=self._type)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    @property
+    def primary_key(self):
+        return self.element.primary_key
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys(self):
+        return self.element.foreign_keys
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.element,
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.element = clone(self.element, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def _make_proxy(self, selectable, name=None, **kw):
+        e = self.element._make_proxy(selectable,
+                                     name=name if name else self.name)
+        e._proxies.append(self)
+        if self._type is not None:
+            e.type = self._type
+        return e
+
+
+class ColumnClause(Immutable, ColumnElement):
+    """Represents a column expression from any textual string.
+
+    The :class:`.ColumnClause`, a lightweight analogue to the
+    :class:`.Column` class, is typically invoked using the
+    :func:`.column` function, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+
+        id, name = column("id"), column("name")
+        stmt = select([id, name]).select_from("user")
+
+    The above statement would produce SQL like::
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user
+
+    :class:`.ColumnClause` is the immediate superclass of the schema-specific
+    :class:`.Column` object.  While the :class:`.Column` class has all the
+    same capabilities as :class:`.ColumnClause`, the :class:`.ColumnClause`
+    class is usable by itself in those cases where behavioral requirements
+    are limited to simple SQL expression generation.  The object has none of
+    the associations with schema-level metadata or with execution-time
+    behavior that :class:`.Column` does, so in that sense is a "lightweight"
+    version of :class:`.Column`.
+
+    Full details on :class:`.ColumnClause` usage is at :func:`.column`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.column`
+
+        :class:`.Column`
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'column'
+
+    onupdate = default = server_default = server_onupdate = None
+
+    _memoized_property = util.group_expirable_memoized_property()
+
+    def __init__(self, text, type_=None, is_literal=False, _selectable=None):
+        """Produce a :class:`.ColumnClause` object.
+
+        The :class:`.ColumnClause` is a lightweight analogue to the
+        :class:`.Column` class.  The :func:`.column` function can
+        be invoked with just a name alone, as in::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+
+            id, name = column("id"), column("name")
+            stmt = select([id, name]).select_from("user")
+
+        The above statement would produce SQL like::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user
+
+        Once constructed, :func:`.column` may be used like any other SQL
+        expression element such as within :func:`.select` constructs::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+
+            id, name = column("id"), column("name")
+            stmt = select([id, name]).select_from("user")
+
+        The text handled by :func:`.column` is assumed to be handled
+        like the name of a database column; if the string contains mixed case,
+        special characters, or matches a known reserved word on the target
+        backend, the column expression will render using the quoting
+        behavior determined by the backend.  To produce a textual SQL
+        expression that is rendered exactly without any quoting,
+        use :func:`.literal_column` instead, or pass ``True`` as the
+        value of :paramref:`.column.is_literal`.   Additionally, full SQL
+        statements are best handled using the :func:`.text` construct.
+
+        :func:`.column` can be used in a table-like
+        fashion by combining it with the :func:`.table` function
+        (which is the lightweight analogue to :class:`.Table`) to produce
+        a working table construct with minimal boilerplate::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column
+
+            user = table("user",
+                    column("id"),
+                    column("name"),
+                    column("description"),
+            )
+
+            stmt = select([user.c.description]).where(user.c.name == 'wendy')
+
+        A :func:`.column` / :func:`.table` construct like that illustrated
+        above can be created in an
+        ad-hoc fashion and is not associated with any
+        :class:`.schema.MetaData`, DDL, or events, unlike its
+        :class:`.Table` counterpart.
+
+        :param text: the text of the element.
+
+        :param type: :class:`.types.TypeEngine` object which can associate
+          this :class:`.ColumnClause` with a type.
+
+        :param is_literal: if True, the :class:`.ColumnClause` is assumed to
+          be an exact expression that will be delivered to the output with no
+          quoting rules applied regardless of case sensitive settings. the
+          :func:`.literal_column()` function essentially invokes
+          :func:`.column` while passing ``is_literal=True``.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.Column`
+
+            :func:`.literal_column`
+
+            :func:`.text`
+
+            :ref:`metadata_toplevel`
+
+        """
+
+        self.key = self.name = text
+        self.table = _selectable
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+        self.is_literal = is_literal
+
+    def _compare_name_for_result(self, other):
+        if self.is_literal or \
+                self.table is None or self.table._textual or \
+                not hasattr(other, 'proxy_set') or (
+                    isinstance(other, ColumnClause) and
+                    (other.is_literal or
+                     other.table is None or
+                     other.table._textual)
+                ):
+            return (hasattr(other, 'name') and self.name == other.name) or \
+                (hasattr(other, '_label') and self._label == other._label)
+        else:
+            return other.proxy_set.intersection(self.proxy_set)
+
+    def _get_table(self):
+        return self.__dict__['table']
+
+    def _set_table(self, table):
+        self._memoized_property.expire_instance(self)
+        self.__dict__['table'] = table
+    table = property(_get_table, _set_table)
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        t = self.table
+        if t is not None:
+            return [t]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def description(self):
+        if util.py3k:
+            return self.name
+        else:
+            return self.name.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def _key_label(self):
+        if self.key != self.name:
+            return self._gen_label(self.key)
+        else:
+            return self._label
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def _label(self):
+        return self._gen_label(self.name)
+
+    def _gen_label(self, name):
+        t = self.table
+
+        if self.is_literal:
+            return None
+
+        elif t is not None and t.named_with_column:
+            if getattr(t, 'schema', None):
+                label = t.schema.replace('.', '_') + "_" + \
+                    t.name + "_" + name
+            else:
+                label = t.name + "_" + name
+
+            # propagate name quoting rules for labels.
+            if getattr(name, "quote", None) is not None:
+                if isinstance(label, quoted_name):
+                    label.quote = name.quote
+                else:
+                    label = quoted_name(label, name.quote)
+            elif getattr(t.name, "quote", None) is not None:
+                # can't get this situation to occur, so let's
+                # assert false on it for now
+                assert not isinstance(label, quoted_name)
+                label = quoted_name(label, t.name.quote)
+
+            # ensure the label name doesn't conflict with that
+            # of an existing column
+            if label in t.c:
+                _label = label
+                counter = 1
+                while _label in t.c:
+                    _label = label + "_" + str(counter)
+                    counter += 1
+                label = _label
+
+            return _as_truncated(label)
+
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj):
+        return BindParameter(self.name, obj,
+                             _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                             _compared_to_type=self.type,
+                             unique=True)
+
+    def _make_proxy(self, selectable, name=None, attach=True,
+                    name_is_truncatable=False, **kw):
+        # propagate the "is_literal" flag only if we are keeping our name,
+        # otherwise its considered to be a label
+        is_literal = self.is_literal and (name is None or name == self.name)
+        c = self._constructor(
+            _as_truncated(name or self.name) if
+            name_is_truncatable else
+            (name or self.name),
+            type_=self.type,
+            _selectable=selectable,
+            is_literal=is_literal
+        )
+        if name is None:
+            c.key = self.key
+        c._proxies = [self]
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            c._is_clone_of = \
+                selectable._is_clone_of.columns.get(c.key)
+
+        if attach:
+            selectable._columns[c.key] = c
+        return c
+
+
+class _IdentifiedClause(Executable, ClauseElement):
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'identified'
+    _execution_options = \
+        Executable._execution_options.union({'autocommit': False})
+
+    def __init__(self, ident):
+        self.ident = ident
+
+
+class SavepointClause(_IdentifiedClause):
+    __visit_name__ = 'savepoint'
+
+
+class RollbackToSavepointClause(_IdentifiedClause):
+    __visit_name__ = 'rollback_to_savepoint'
+
+
+class ReleaseSavepointClause(_IdentifiedClause):
+    __visit_name__ = 'release_savepoint'
+
+
+class quoted_name(util.text_type):
+    """Represent a SQL identifier combined with quoting preferences.
+
+    :class:`.quoted_name` is a Python unicode/str subclass which
+    represents a particular identifier name along with a
+    ``quote`` flag.  This ``quote`` flag, when set to
+    ``True`` or ``False``, overrides automatic quoting behavior
+    for this identifier in order to either unconditionally quote
+    or to not quote the name.  If left at its default of ``None``,
+    quoting behavior is applied to the identifier on a per-backend basis
+    based on an examination of the token itself.
+
+    A :class:`.quoted_name` object with ``quote=True`` is also
+    prevented from being modified in the case of a so-called
+    "name normalize" option.  Certain database backends, such as
+    Oracle, Firebird, and DB2 "normalize" case-insensitive names
+    as uppercase.  The SQLAlchemy dialects for these backends
+    convert from SQLAlchemy's lower-case-means-insensitive convention
+    to the upper-case-means-insensitive conventions of those backends.
+    The ``quote=True`` flag here will prevent this conversion from occurring
+    to support an identifier that's quoted as all lower case against
+    such a backend.
+
+    The :class:`.quoted_name` object is normally created automatically
+    when specifying the name for key schema constructs such as
+    :class:`.Table`, :class:`.Column`, and others.  The class can also be
+    passed explicitly as the name to any function that receives a name which
+    can be quoted.  Such as to use the :meth:`.Engine.has_table` method with
+    an unconditionally quoted name::
+
+        from sqlaclchemy import create_engine
+        from sqlalchemy.sql.elements import quoted_name
+
+        engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://some_dsn")
+        engine.has_table(quoted_name("some_table", True))
+
+    The above logic will run the "has table" logic against the Oracle backend,
+    passing the name exactly as ``"some_table"`` without converting to
+    upper case.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, value, quote):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        # experimental - don't bother with quoted_name
+        # if quote flag is None.  doesn't seem to make any dent
+        # in performance however
+        # elif not sprcls and quote is None:
+        #   return value
+        elif isinstance(value, cls) and (
+            quote is None or value.quote == quote
+        ):
+            return value
+        self = super(quoted_name, cls).__new__(cls, value)
+        self.quote = quote
+        return self
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return quoted_name, (util.text_type(self), self.quote)
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def lower(self):
+        if self.quote:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return util.text_type(self).lower()
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def upper(self):
+        if self.quote:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return util.text_type(self).upper()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        backslashed = self.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
+        if not util.py2k:
+            backslashed = backslashed.decode('ascii')
+        return "'%s'" % backslashed
+
+
+class _truncated_label(quoted_name):
+    """A unicode subclass used to identify symbolic "
+    "names that may require truncation."""
+
+    def __new__(cls, value, quote=None):
+        quote = getattr(value, "quote", quote)
+        # return super(_truncated_label, cls).__new__(cls, value, quote, True)
+        return super(_truncated_label, cls).__new__(cls, value, quote)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (util.text_type(self), self.quote)
+
+    def apply_map(self, map_):
+        return self
+
+
+class conv(_truncated_label):
+    """Mark a string indicating that a name has already been converted
+    by a naming convention.
+
+    This is a string subclass that indicates a name that should not be
+    subject to any further naming conventions.
+
+    E.g. when we create a :class:`.Constraint` using a naming convention
+    as follows::
+
+        m = MetaData(naming_convention={
+            "ck": "ck_%(table_name)s_%(constraint_name)s"
+        })
+        t = Table('t', m, Column('x', Integer),
+                        CheckConstraint('x > 5', name='x5'))
+
+    The name of the above constraint will be rendered as ``"ck_t_x5"``.
+    That is, the existing name ``x5`` is used in the naming convention as the
+    ``constraint_name`` token.
+
+    In some situations, such as in migration scripts, we may be rendering
+    the above :class:`.CheckConstraint` with a name that's already been
+    converted.  In order to make sure the name isn't double-modified, the
+    new name is applied using the :func:`.schema.conv` marker.  We can
+    use this explicitly as follows::
+
+
+        m = MetaData(naming_convention={
+            "ck": "ck_%(table_name)s_%(constraint_name)s"
+        })
+        t = Table('t', m, Column('x', Integer),
+                        CheckConstraint('x > 5', name=conv('ck_t_x5')))
+
+    Where above, the :func:`.schema.conv` marker indicates that the constraint
+    name here is final, and the name will render as ``"ck_t_x5"`` and not
+    ``"ck_t_ck_t_x5"``
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions`
+
+    """
+
+
+class _defer_name(_truncated_label):
+    """mark a name as 'deferred' for the purposes of automated name
+    generation.
+
+    """
+    def __new__(cls, value):
+        if value is None:
+            return _NONE_NAME
+        elif isinstance(value, conv):
+            return value
+        else:
+            return super(_defer_name, cls).__new__(cls, value)
+
+
+class _defer_none_name(_defer_name):
+    """indicate a 'deferred' name that was ultimately the value None."""
+
+_NONE_NAME = _defer_none_name("_unnamed_")
+
+# for backwards compatibility in case
+# someone is re-implementing the
+# _truncated_identifier() sequence in a custom
+# compiler
+_generated_label = _truncated_label
+
+
+class _anonymous_label(_truncated_label):
+    """A unicode subclass used to identify anonymously
+    generated names."""
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return _anonymous_label(
+            quoted_name(
+                util.text_type.__add__(self, util.text_type(other)),
+                self.quote)
+        )
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        return _anonymous_label(
+            quoted_name(
+                util.text_type.__add__(util.text_type(other), self),
+                self.quote)
+        )
+
+    def apply_map(self, map_):
+        if self.quote is not None:
+            # preserve quoting only if necessary
+            return quoted_name(self % map_, self.quote)
+        else:
+            # else skip the constructor call
+            return self % map_
+
+
+def _as_truncated(value):
+    """coerce the given value to :class:`._truncated_label`.
+
+    Existing :class:`._truncated_label` and
+    :class:`._anonymous_label` objects are passed
+    unchanged.
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(value, _truncated_label):
+        return value
+    else:
+        return _truncated_label(value)
+
+
+def _string_or_unprintable(element):
+    if isinstance(element, util.string_types):
+        return element
+    else:
+        try:
+            return str(element)
+        except:
+            return "unprintable element %r" % element
+
+
+def _expand_cloned(elements):
+    """expand the given set of ClauseElements to be the set of all 'cloned'
+    predecessors.
+
+    """
+    return itertools.chain(*[x._cloned_set for x in elements])
+
+
+def _select_iterables(elements):
+    """expand tables into individual columns in the
+    given list of column expressions.
+
+    """
+    return itertools.chain(*[c._select_iterable for c in elements])
+
+
+def _cloned_intersection(a, b):
+    """return the intersection of sets a and b, counting
+    any overlap between 'cloned' predecessors.
+
+    The returned set is in terms of the entities present within 'a'.
+
+    """
+    all_overlap = set(_expand_cloned(a)).intersection(_expand_cloned(b))
+    return set(elem for elem in a
+               if all_overlap.intersection(elem._cloned_set))
+
+
+def _cloned_difference(a, b):
+    all_overlap = set(_expand_cloned(a)).intersection(_expand_cloned(b))
+    return set(elem for elem in a
+               if not all_overlap.intersection(elem._cloned_set))
+
+
+def _labeled(element):
+    if not hasattr(element, 'name'):
+        return element.label(None)
+    else:
+        return element
+
+
+def _is_column(col):
+    """True if ``col`` is an instance of :class:`.ColumnElement`."""
+
+    return isinstance(col, ColumnElement)
+
+
+def _find_columns(clause):
+    """locate Column objects within the given expression."""
+
+    cols = util.column_set()
+    traverse(clause, {}, {'column': cols.add})
+    return cols
+
+
+# there is some inconsistency here between the usage of
+# inspect() vs. checking for Visitable and __clause_element__.
+# Ideally all functions here would derive from inspect(),
+# however the inspect() versions add significant callcount
+# overhead for critical functions like _interpret_as_column_or_from().
+# Generally, the column-based functions are more performance critical
+# and are fine just checking for __clause_element__().  It is only
+# _interpret_as_from() where we'd like to be able to receive ORM entities
+# that have no defined namespace, hence inspect() is needed there.
+
+
+def _column_as_key(element):
+    if isinstance(element, util.string_types):
+        return element
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        element = element.__clause_element__()
+    try:
+        return element.key
+    except AttributeError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _clause_element_as_expr(element):
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        return element.__clause_element__()
+    else:
+        return element
+
+
+def _literal_as_text(element):
+    if isinstance(element, Visitable):
+        return element
+    elif hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        return element.__clause_element__()
+    elif isinstance(element, util.string_types):
+        return TextClause(util.text_type(element))
+    elif isinstance(element, (util.NoneType, bool)):
+        return _const_expr(element)
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "SQL expression object or string expected."
+        )
+
+
+def _no_literals(element):
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        return element.__clause_element__()
+    elif not isinstance(element, Visitable):
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("Ambiguous literal: %r.  Use the 'text()' "
+                                "function to indicate a SQL expression "
+                                "literal, or 'literal()' to indicate a "
+                                "bound value." % element)
+    else:
+        return element
+
+
+def _is_literal(element):
+    return not isinstance(element, Visitable) and \
+        not hasattr(element, '__clause_element__')
+
+
+def _only_column_elements_or_none(element, name):
+    if element is None:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return _only_column_elements(element, name)
+
+
+def _only_column_elements(element, name):
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        element = element.__clause_element__()
+    if not isinstance(element, ColumnElement):
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Column-based expression object expected for argument "
+            "'%s'; got: '%s', type %s" % (name, element, type(element)))
+    return element
+
+
+def _literal_as_binds(element, name=None, type_=None):
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        return element.__clause_element__()
+    elif not isinstance(element, Visitable):
+        if element is None:
+            return Null()
+        else:
+            return BindParameter(name, element, type_=type_, unique=True)
+    else:
+        return element
+
+
+def _interpret_as_column_or_from(element):
+    if isinstance(element, Visitable):
+        return element
+    elif hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        return element.__clause_element__()
+
+    insp = inspection.inspect(element, raiseerr=False)
+    if insp is None:
+        if isinstance(element, (util.NoneType, bool)):
+            return _const_expr(element)
+    elif hasattr(insp, "selectable"):
+        return insp.selectable
+
+    return ColumnClause(str(element), is_literal=True)
+
+
+def _const_expr(element):
+    if isinstance(element, (Null, False_, True_)):
+        return element
+    elif element is None:
+        return Null()
+    elif element is False:
+        return False_()
+    elif element is True:
+        return True_()
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Expected None, False, or True"
+        )
+
+
+def _type_from_args(args):
+    for a in args:
+        if not a.type._isnull:
+            return a.type
+    else:
+        return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+
+def _corresponding_column_or_error(fromclause, column,
+                                   require_embedded=False):
+    c = fromclause.corresponding_column(column,
+                                        require_embedded=require_embedded)
+    if c is None:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Given column '%s', attached to table '%s', "
+            "failed to locate a corresponding column from table '%s'"
+            %
+            (column,
+             getattr(column, 'table', None),
+             fromclause.description)
+        )
+    return c
+
+
+class AnnotatedColumnElement(Annotated):
+    def __init__(self, element, values):
+        Annotated.__init__(self, element, values)
+        ColumnElement.comparator._reset(self)
+        for attr in ('name', 'key', 'table'):
+            if self.__dict__.get(attr, False) is None:
+                self.__dict__.pop(attr)
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values):
+        clone = super(AnnotatedColumnElement, self)._with_annotations(values)
+        ColumnElement.comparator._reset(clone)
+        return clone
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def name(self):
+        """pull 'name' from parent, if not present"""
+        return self._Annotated__element.name
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def table(self):
+        """pull 'table' from parent, if not present"""
+        return self._Annotated__element.table
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def key(self):
+        """pull 'key' from parent, if not present"""
+        return self._Annotated__element.key
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        return self._Annotated__element.info
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def anon_label(self):
+        return self._Annotated__element.anon_label
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/expression.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/expression.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd57f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/expression.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# sql/expression.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines the public namespace for SQL expression constructs.
+
+Prior to version 0.9, this module contained all of "elements", "dml",
+"default_comparator" and "selectable".   The module was broken up
+and most "factory" functions were moved to be grouped with their associated
+class.
+
+"""
+
+__all__ = [
+    'Alias', 'ClauseElement', 'ColumnCollection', 'ColumnElement',
+    'CompoundSelect', 'Delete', 'FromClause', 'Insert', 'Join', 'Select',
+    'Selectable', 'TableClause', 'Update', 'alias', 'and_', 'asc', 'between',
+    'bindparam', 'case', 'cast', 'column', 'delete', 'desc', 'distinct',
+    'except_', 'except_all', 'exists', 'extract', 'func', 'modifier',
+    'collate', 'insert', 'intersect', 'intersect_all', 'join', 'label',
+    'literal', 'literal_column', 'not_', 'null', 'nullsfirst', 'nullslast',
+    'or_', 'outparam', 'outerjoin', 'over', 'select', 'subquery',
+    'table', 'text',
+    'tuple_', 'type_coerce', 'union', 'union_all', 'update']
+
+
+from .visitors import Visitable
+from .functions import func, modifier, FunctionElement, Function
+from ..util.langhelpers import public_factory
+from .elements import ClauseElement, ColumnElement,\
+    BindParameter, UnaryExpression, BooleanClauseList, \
+    Label, Cast, Case, ColumnClause, TextClause, Over, Null, \
+    True_, False_, BinaryExpression, Tuple, TypeClause, Extract, \
+    Grouping, not_, \
+    collate, literal_column, between,\
+    literal, outparam, type_coerce, ClauseList
+
+from .elements import SavepointClause, RollbackToSavepointClause, \
+    ReleaseSavepointClause
+
+from .base import ColumnCollection, Generative, Executable, \
+    PARSE_AUTOCOMMIT
+
+from .selectable import Alias, Join, Select, Selectable, TableClause, \
+    CompoundSelect, CTE, FromClause, FromGrouping, SelectBase, \
+    alias, GenerativeSelect, \
+    subquery, HasPrefixes, Exists, ScalarSelect, TextAsFrom
+
+
+from .dml import Insert, Update, Delete, UpdateBase, ValuesBase
+
+# factory functions - these pull class-bound constructors and classmethods
+# from SQL elements and selectables into public functions.  This allows
+# the functions to be available in the sqlalchemy.sql.* namespace and
+# to be auto-cross-documenting from the function to the class itself.
+
+and_ = public_factory(BooleanClauseList.and_, ".expression.and_")
+or_ = public_factory(BooleanClauseList.or_, ".expression.or_")
+bindparam = public_factory(BindParameter, ".expression.bindparam")
+select = public_factory(Select, ".expression.select")
+text = public_factory(TextClause._create_text, ".expression.text")
+table = public_factory(TableClause, ".expression.table")
+column = public_factory(ColumnClause, ".expression.column")
+over = public_factory(Over, ".expression.over")
+label = public_factory(Label, ".expression.label")
+case = public_factory(Case, ".expression.case")
+cast = public_factory(Cast, ".expression.cast")
+extract = public_factory(Extract, ".expression.extract")
+tuple_ = public_factory(Tuple, ".expression.tuple_")
+except_ = public_factory(CompoundSelect._create_except, ".expression.except_")
+except_all = public_factory(
+    CompoundSelect._create_except_all, ".expression.except_all")
+intersect = public_factory(
+    CompoundSelect._create_intersect, ".expression.intersect")
+intersect_all = public_factory(
+    CompoundSelect._create_intersect_all, ".expression.intersect_all")
+union = public_factory(CompoundSelect._create_union, ".expression.union")
+union_all = public_factory(
+    CompoundSelect._create_union_all, ".expression.union_all")
+exists = public_factory(Exists, ".expression.exists")
+nullsfirst = public_factory(
+    UnaryExpression._create_nullsfirst, ".expression.nullsfirst")
+nullslast = public_factory(
+    UnaryExpression._create_nullslast, ".expression.nullslast")
+asc = public_factory(UnaryExpression._create_asc, ".expression.asc")
+desc = public_factory(UnaryExpression._create_desc, ".expression.desc")
+distinct = public_factory(
+    UnaryExpression._create_distinct, ".expression.distinct")
+true = public_factory(True_._singleton, ".expression.true")
+false = public_factory(False_._singleton, ".expression.false")
+null = public_factory(Null._singleton, ".expression.null")
+join = public_factory(Join._create_join, ".expression.join")
+outerjoin = public_factory(Join._create_outerjoin, ".expression.outerjoin")
+insert = public_factory(Insert, ".expression.insert")
+update = public_factory(Update, ".expression.update")
+delete = public_factory(Delete, ".expression.delete")
+
+
+# internal functions still being called from tests and the ORM,
+# these might be better off in some other namespace
+from .base import _from_objects
+from .elements import _literal_as_text, _clause_element_as_expr,\
+    _is_column, _labeled, _only_column_elements, _string_or_unprintable, \
+    _truncated_label, _clone, _cloned_difference, _cloned_intersection,\
+    _column_as_key, _literal_as_binds, _select_iterables, \
+    _corresponding_column_or_error
+from .selectable import _interpret_as_from
+
+
+# old names for compatibility
+_Executable = Executable
+_BindParamClause = BindParameter
+_Label = Label
+_SelectBase = SelectBase
+_BinaryExpression = BinaryExpression
+_Cast = Cast
+_Null = Null
+_False = False_
+_True = True_
+_TextClause = TextClause
+_UnaryExpression = UnaryExpression
+_Case = Case
+_Tuple = Tuple
+_Over = Over
+_Generative = Generative
+_TypeClause = TypeClause
+_Extract = Extract
+_Exists = Exists
+_Grouping = Grouping
+_FromGrouping = FromGrouping
+_ScalarSelect = ScalarSelect
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/functions.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11e7583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+# sql/functions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""SQL function API, factories, and built-in functions.
+
+"""
+from . import sqltypes, schema
+from .base import Executable
+from .elements import ClauseList, Cast, Extract, _literal_as_binds, \
+    literal_column, _type_from_args, ColumnElement, _clone,\
+    Over, BindParameter
+from .selectable import FromClause, Select
+
+from . import operators
+from .visitors import VisitableType
+from .. import util
+from . import annotation
+
+_registry = util.defaultdict(dict)
+
+
+def register_function(identifier, fn, package="_default"):
+    """Associate a callable with a particular func. name.
+
+    This is normally called by _GenericMeta, but is also
+    available by itself so that a non-Function construct
+    can be associated with the :data:`.func` accessor (i.e.
+    CAST, EXTRACT).
+
+    """
+    reg = _registry[package]
+    reg[identifier] = fn
+
+
+class FunctionElement(Executable, ColumnElement, FromClause):
+    """Base for SQL function-oriented constructs.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.Function` - named SQL function.
+
+        :data:`.func` - namespace which produces registered or ad-hoc
+        :class:`.Function` instances.
+
+        :class:`.GenericFunction` - allows creation of registered function
+        types.
+
+    """
+
+    packagenames = ()
+
+    def __init__(self, *clauses, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+        """
+        args = [_literal_as_binds(c, self.name) for c in clauses]
+        self.clause_expr = ClauseList(
+            operator=operators.comma_op,
+            group_contents=True, *args).\
+            self_group()
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(self, connection, multiparams, params):
+        return connection._execute_function(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    @property
+    def columns(self):
+        """Fulfill the 'columns' contract of :class:`.ColumnElement`.
+
+        Returns a single-element list consisting of this object.
+
+        """
+        return [self]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def clauses(self):
+        """Return the underlying :class:`.ClauseList` which contains
+        the arguments for this :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        """
+        return self.clause_expr.element
+
+    def over(self, partition_by=None, order_by=None):
+        """Produce an OVER clause against this function.
+
+        Used against aggregate or so-called "window" functions,
+        for database backends that support window functions.
+
+        The expression::
+
+            func.row_number().over(order_by='x')
+
+        is shorthand for::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import over
+            over(func.row_number(), order_by='x')
+
+        See :func:`~.expression.over` for a full description.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+
+        """
+        return Over(self, partition_by=partition_by, order_by=order_by)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.clauses._from_objects
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.clause_expr,
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.clause_expr = clone(self.clause_expr, **kw)
+        self._reset_exported()
+        FunctionElement.clauses._reset(self)
+
+    def select(self):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.select` construct
+        against this :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        This is shorthand for::
+
+            s = select([function_element])
+
+        """
+        s = Select([self])
+        if self._execution_options:
+            s = s.execution_options(**self._execution_options)
+        return s
+
+    def scalar(self):
+        """Execute this :class:`.FunctionElement` against an embedded
+        'bind' and return a scalar value.
+
+        This first calls :meth:`~.FunctionElement.select` to
+        produce a SELECT construct.
+
+        Note that :class:`.FunctionElement` can be passed to
+        the :meth:`.Connectable.scalar` method of :class:`.Connection`
+        or :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        """
+        return self.select().execute().scalar()
+
+    def execute(self):
+        """Execute this :class:`.FunctionElement` against an embedded
+        'bind'.
+
+        This first calls :meth:`~.FunctionElement.select` to
+        produce a SELECT construct.
+
+        Note that :class:`.FunctionElement` can be passed to
+        the :meth:`.Connectable.execute` method of :class:`.Connection`
+        or :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        """
+        return self.select().execute()
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj):
+        return BindParameter(None, obj, _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                             _compared_to_type=self.type, unique=True)
+
+
+class _FunctionGenerator(object):
+    """Generate :class:`.Function` objects based on getattr calls."""
+
+    def __init__(self, **opts):
+        self.__names = []
+        self.opts = opts
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        # passthru __ attributes; fixes pydoc
+        if name.startswith('__'):
+            try:
+                return self.__dict__[name]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise AttributeError(name)
+
+        elif name.endswith('_'):
+            name = name[0:-1]
+        f = _FunctionGenerator(**self.opts)
+        f.__names = list(self.__names) + [name]
+        return f
+
+    def __call__(self, *c, **kwargs):
+        o = self.opts.copy()
+        o.update(kwargs)
+
+        tokens = len(self.__names)
+
+        if tokens == 2:
+            package, fname = self.__names
+        elif tokens == 1:
+            package, fname = "_default", self.__names[0]
+        else:
+            package = None
+
+        if package is not None:
+            func = _registry[package].get(fname)
+            if func is not None:
+                return func(*c, **o)
+
+        return Function(self.__names[-1],
+                        packagenames=self.__names[0:-1], *c, **o)
+
+
+func = _FunctionGenerator()
+"""Generate SQL function expressions.
+
+   :data:`.func` is a special object instance which generates SQL
+   functions based on name-based attributes, e.g.::
+
+        >>> print func.count(1)
+        count(:param_1)
+
+   The element is a column-oriented SQL element like any other, and is
+   used in that way::
+
+        >>> print select([func.count(table.c.id)])
+        SELECT count(sometable.id) FROM sometable
+
+   Any name can be given to :data:`.func`. If the function name is unknown to
+   SQLAlchemy, it will be rendered exactly as is. For common SQL functions
+   which SQLAlchemy is aware of, the name may be interpreted as a *generic
+   function* which will be compiled appropriately to the target database::
+
+        >>> print func.current_timestamp()
+        CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+
+   To call functions which are present in dot-separated packages,
+   specify them in the same manner::
+
+        >>> print func.stats.yield_curve(5, 10)
+        stats.yield_curve(:yield_curve_1, :yield_curve_2)
+
+   SQLAlchemy can be made aware of the return type of functions to enable
+   type-specific lexical and result-based behavior. For example, to ensure
+   that a string-based function returns a Unicode value and is similarly
+   treated as a string in expressions, specify
+   :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.Unicode` as the type:
+
+        >>> print func.my_string(u'hi', type_=Unicode) + ' ' + \
+        ... func.my_string(u'there', type_=Unicode)
+        my_string(:my_string_1) || :my_string_2 || my_string(:my_string_3)
+
+   The object returned by a :data:`.func` call is usually an instance of
+   :class:`.Function`.
+   This object meets the "column" interface, including comparison and labeling
+   functions.  The object can also be passed the :meth:`~.Connectable.execute`
+   method of a :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine`, where it will be
+   wrapped inside of a SELECT statement first::
+
+        print connection.execute(func.current_timestamp()).scalar()
+
+   In a few exception cases, the :data:`.func` accessor
+   will redirect a name to a built-in expression such as :func:`.cast`
+   or :func:`.extract`, as these names have well-known meaning
+   but are not exactly the same as "functions" from a SQLAlchemy
+   perspective.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 0.8 :data:`.func` can return non-function expression
+      constructs for common quasi-functional names like :func:`.cast`
+      and :func:`.extract`.
+
+   Functions which are interpreted as "generic" functions know how to
+   calculate their return type automatically. For a listing of known generic
+   functions, see :ref:`generic_functions`.
+
+   .. note::
+
+        The :data:`.func` construct has only limited support for calling
+        standalone "stored procedures", especially those with special
+        parameterization concerns.
+
+        See the section :ref:`stored_procedures` for details on how to use
+        the DBAPI-level ``callproc()`` method for fully traditional stored
+        procedures.
+
+"""
+
+modifier = _FunctionGenerator(group=False)
+
+
+class Function(FunctionElement):
+    """Describe a named SQL function.
+
+    See the superclass :class:`.FunctionElement` for a description
+    of public methods.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :data:`.func` - namespace which produces registered or ad-hoc
+        :class:`.Function` instances.
+
+        :class:`.GenericFunction` - allows creation of registered function
+        types.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'function'
+
+    def __init__(self, name, *clauses, **kw):
+        """Construct a :class:`.Function`.
+
+        The :data:`.func` construct is normally used to construct
+        new :class:`.Function` instances.
+
+        """
+        self.packagenames = kw.pop('packagenames', None) or []
+        self.name = name
+        self._bind = kw.get('bind', None)
+        self.type = sqltypes.to_instance(kw.get('type_', None))
+
+        FunctionElement.__init__(self, *clauses, **kw)
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj):
+        return BindParameter(self.name, obj,
+                             _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                             _compared_to_type=self.type,
+                             unique=True)
+
+
+class _GenericMeta(VisitableType):
+    def __init__(cls, clsname, bases, clsdict):
+        if annotation.Annotated not in cls.__mro__:
+            cls.name = name = clsdict.get('name', clsname)
+            cls.identifier = identifier = clsdict.get('identifier', name)
+            package = clsdict.pop('package', '_default')
+            # legacy
+            if '__return_type__' in clsdict:
+                cls.type = clsdict['__return_type__']
+            register_function(identifier, cls, package)
+        super(_GenericMeta, cls).__init__(clsname, bases, clsdict)
+
+
+class GenericFunction(util.with_metaclass(_GenericMeta, Function)):
+    """Define a 'generic' function.
+
+    A generic function is a pre-established :class:`.Function`
+    class that is instantiated automatically when called
+    by name from the :data:`.func` attribute.    Note that
+    calling any name from :data:`.func` has the effect that
+    a new :class:`.Function` instance is created automatically,
+    given that name.  The primary use case for defining
+    a :class:`.GenericFunction` class is so that a function
+    of a particular name may be given a fixed return type.
+    It can also include custom argument parsing schemes as well
+    as additional methods.
+
+    Subclasses of :class:`.GenericFunction` are automatically
+    registered under the name of the class.  For
+    example, a user-defined function ``as_utc()`` would
+    be available immediately::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql.functions import GenericFunction
+        from sqlalchemy.types import DateTime
+
+        class as_utc(GenericFunction):
+            type = DateTime
+
+        print select([func.as_utc()])
+
+    User-defined generic functions can be organized into
+    packages by specifying the "package" attribute when defining
+    :class:`.GenericFunction`.   Third party libraries
+    containing many functions may want to use this in order
+    to avoid name conflicts with other systems.   For example,
+    if our ``as_utc()`` function were part of a package
+    "time"::
+
+        class as_utc(GenericFunction):
+            type = DateTime
+            package = "time"
+
+    The above function would be available from :data:`.func`
+    using the package name ``time``::
+
+        print select([func.time.as_utc()])
+
+    A final option is to allow the function to be accessed
+    from one name in :data:`.func` but to render as a different name.
+    The ``identifier`` attribute will override the name used to
+    access the function as loaded from :data:`.func`, but will retain
+    the usage of ``name`` as the rendered name::
+
+        class GeoBuffer(GenericFunction):
+            type = Geometry
+            package = "geo"
+            name = "ST_Buffer"
+            identifier = "buffer"
+
+    The above function will render as follows::
+
+        >>> print func.geo.buffer()
+        ST_Buffer()
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8 :class:`.GenericFunction` now supports
+       automatic registration of new functions as well as package
+       and custom naming support.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8 The attribute name ``type`` is used
+       to specify the function's return type at the class level.
+       Previously, the name ``__return_type__`` was used.  This
+       name is still recognized for backwards-compatibility.
+
+    """
+
+    coerce_arguments = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        parsed_args = kwargs.pop('_parsed_args', None)
+        if parsed_args is None:
+            parsed_args = [_literal_as_binds(c) for c in args]
+        self.packagenames = []
+        self._bind = kwargs.get('bind', None)
+        self.clause_expr = ClauseList(
+            operator=operators.comma_op,
+            group_contents=True, *parsed_args).self_group()
+        self.type = sqltypes.to_instance(
+            kwargs.pop("type_", None) or getattr(self, 'type', None))
+
+register_function("cast", Cast)
+register_function("extract", Extract)
+
+
+class next_value(GenericFunction):
+    """Represent the 'next value', given a :class:`.Sequence`
+    as its single argument.
+
+    Compiles into the appropriate function on each backend,
+    or will raise NotImplementedError if used on a backend
+    that does not provide support for sequences.
+
+    """
+    type = sqltypes.Integer()
+    name = "next_value"
+
+    def __init__(self, seq, **kw):
+        assert isinstance(seq, schema.Sequence), \
+            "next_value() accepts a Sequence object as input."
+        self._bind = kw.get('bind', None)
+        self.sequence = seq
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return []
+
+
+class AnsiFunction(GenericFunction):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        GenericFunction.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ReturnTypeFromArgs(GenericFunction):
+    """Define a function whose return type is the same as its arguments."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        args = [_literal_as_binds(c) for c in args]
+        kwargs.setdefault('type_', _type_from_args(args))
+        kwargs['_parsed_args'] = args
+        GenericFunction.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class coalesce(ReturnTypeFromArgs):
+    pass
+
+
+class max(ReturnTypeFromArgs):
+    pass
+
+
+class min(ReturnTypeFromArgs):
+    pass
+
+
+class sum(ReturnTypeFromArgs):
+    pass
+
+
+class now(GenericFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime
+
+
+class concat(GenericFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.String
+
+
+class char_length(GenericFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.Integer
+
+    def __init__(self, arg, **kwargs):
+        GenericFunction.__init__(self, arg, **kwargs)
+
+
+class random(GenericFunction):
+    pass
+
+
+class count(GenericFunction):
+    """The ANSI COUNT aggregate function.  With no arguments,
+    emits COUNT \*.
+
+    """
+    type = sqltypes.Integer
+
+    def __init__(self, expression=None, **kwargs):
+        if expression is None:
+            expression = literal_column('*')
+        GenericFunction.__init__(self, expression, **kwargs)
+
+
+class current_date(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.Date
+
+
+class current_time(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.Time
+
+
+class current_timestamp(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime
+
+
+class current_user(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.String
+
+
+class localtime(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime
+
+
+class localtimestamp(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime
+
+
+class session_user(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.String
+
+
+class sysdate(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime
+
+
+class user(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.String
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/naming.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/naming.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e57418
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/naming.py
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# sqlalchemy/naming.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Establish constraint and index naming conventions.
+
+
+"""
+
+from .schema import Constraint, ForeignKeyConstraint, PrimaryKeyConstraint, \
+    UniqueConstraint, CheckConstraint, Index, Table, Column
+from .. import event, events
+from .. import exc
+from .elements import _truncated_label, _defer_name, _defer_none_name, conv
+import re
+
+
+class ConventionDict(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, const, table, convention):
+        self.const = const
+        self._is_fk = isinstance(const, ForeignKeyConstraint)
+        self.table = table
+        self.convention = convention
+        self._const_name = const.name
+
+    def _key_table_name(self):
+        return self.table.name
+
+    def _column_X(self, idx):
+        if self._is_fk:
+            fk = self.const.elements[idx]
+            return fk.parent
+        else:
+            return list(self.const.columns)[idx]
+
+    def _key_constraint_name(self):
+        if isinstance(self._const_name, (type(None), _defer_none_name)):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Naming convention including "
+                "%(constraint_name)s token requires that "
+                "constraint is explicitly named."
+            )
+        if not isinstance(self._const_name, conv):
+            self.const.name = None
+        return self._const_name
+
+    def _key_column_X_name(self, idx):
+        return self._column_X(idx).name
+
+    def _key_column_X_label(self, idx):
+        return self._column_X(idx)._label
+
+    def _key_referred_table_name(self):
+        fk = self.const.elements[0]
+        refs = fk.target_fullname.split(".")
+        if len(refs) == 3:
+            refschema, reftable, refcol = refs
+        else:
+            reftable, refcol = refs
+        return reftable
+
+    def _key_referred_column_X_name(self, idx):
+        fk = self.const.elements[idx]
+        refs = fk.target_fullname.split(".")
+        if len(refs) == 3:
+            refschema, reftable, refcol = refs
+        else:
+            reftable, refcol = refs
+        return refcol
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key in self.convention:
+            return self.convention[key](self.const, self.table)
+        elif hasattr(self, '_key_%s' % key):
+            return getattr(self, '_key_%s' % key)()
+        else:
+            col_template = re.match(r".*_?column_(\d+)_.+", key)
+            if col_template:
+                idx = col_template.group(1)
+                attr = "_key_" + key.replace(idx, "X")
+                idx = int(idx)
+                if hasattr(self, attr):
+                    return getattr(self, attr)(idx)
+        raise KeyError(key)
+
+_prefix_dict = {
+    Index: "ix",
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint: "pk",
+    CheckConstraint: "ck",
+    UniqueConstraint: "uq",
+    ForeignKeyConstraint: "fk"
+}
+
+
+def _get_convention(dict_, key):
+
+    for super_ in key.__mro__:
+        if super_ in _prefix_dict and _prefix_dict[super_] in dict_:
+            return dict_[_prefix_dict[super_]]
+        elif super_ in dict_:
+            return dict_[super_]
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _constraint_name_for_table(const, table):
+    metadata = table.metadata
+    convention = _get_convention(metadata.naming_convention, type(const))
+
+    if isinstance(const.name, conv):
+        return const.name
+    elif convention is not None and (
+        const.name is None or not isinstance(const.name, conv) and
+            "constraint_name" in convention
+    ):
+        return conv(
+            convention % ConventionDict(const, table,
+                                        metadata.naming_convention)
+        )
+    elif isinstance(convention, _defer_none_name):
+        return None
+
+
+@event.listens_for(Constraint, "after_parent_attach")
+@event.listens_for(Index, "after_parent_attach")
+def _constraint_name(const, table):
+    if isinstance(table, Column):
+        # for column-attached constraint, set another event
+        # to link the column attached to the table as this constraint
+        # associated with the table.
+        event.listen(table, "after_parent_attach",
+                     lambda col, table: _constraint_name(const, table)
+                     )
+    elif isinstance(table, Table):
+        if isinstance(const.name, (conv, _defer_name)):
+            return
+
+        newname = _constraint_name_for_table(const, table)
+        if newname is not None:
+            const.name = newname
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/operators.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/operators.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9453563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/operators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,884 @@
+# sql/operators.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines operators used in SQL expressions."""
+
+from .. import util
+
+
+from operator import (
+    and_, or_, inv, add, mul, sub, mod, truediv, lt, le, ne, gt, ge, eq, neg,
+    getitem, lshift, rshift
+)
+
+if util.py2k:
+    from operator import div
+else:
+    div = truediv
+
+
+class Operators(object):
+    """Base of comparison and logical operators.
+
+    Implements base methods
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.operate` and
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.reverse_operate`, as well as
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.__and__`,
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.__or__`,
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.__invert__`.
+
+    Usually is used via its most common subclass
+    :class:`.ColumnOperators`.
+
+    """
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``&`` operator.
+
+        When used with SQL expressions, results in an
+        AND operation, equivalent to
+        :func:`~.expression.and_`, that is::
+
+            a & b
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import and_
+            and_(a, b)
+
+        Care should be taken when using ``&`` regarding
+        operator precedence; the ``&`` operator has the highest precedence.
+        The operands should be enclosed in parenthesis if they contain
+        further sub expressions::
+
+            (a == 2) & (b == 4)
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(and_, other)
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``|`` operator.
+
+        When used with SQL expressions, results in an
+        OR operation, equivalent to
+        :func:`~.expression.or_`, that is::
+
+            a | b
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import or_
+            or_(a, b)
+
+        Care should be taken when using ``|`` regarding
+        operator precedence; the ``|`` operator has the highest precedence.
+        The operands should be enclosed in parenthesis if they contain
+        further sub expressions::
+
+            (a == 2) | (b == 4)
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(or_, other)
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        """Implement the ``~`` operator.
+
+        When used with SQL expressions, results in a
+        NOT operation, equivalent to
+        :func:`~.expression.not_`, that is::
+
+            ~a
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import not_
+            not_(a)
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(inv)
+
+    def op(self, opstring, precedence=0, is_comparison=False):
+        """produce a generic operator function.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+          somecolumn.op("*")(5)
+
+        produces::
+
+          somecolumn * 5
+
+        This function can also be used to make bitwise operators explicit. For
+        example::
+
+          somecolumn.op('&')(0xff)
+
+        is a bitwise AND of the value in ``somecolumn``.
+
+        :param operator: a string which will be output as the infix operator
+          between this element and the expression passed to the
+          generated function.
+
+        :param precedence: precedence to apply to the operator, when
+         parenthesizing expressions.  A lower number will cause the expression
+         to be parenthesized when applied against another operator with
+         higher precedence.  The default value of ``0`` is lower than all
+         operators except for the comma (``,``) and ``AS`` operators.
+         A value of 100 will be higher or equal to all operators, and -100
+         will be lower than or equal to all operators.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.8 - added the 'precedence' argument.
+
+        :param is_comparison: if True, the operator will be considered as a
+         "comparison" operator, that is which evaulates to a boolean
+         true/false value, like ``==``, ``>``, etc.  This flag should be set
+         so that ORM relationships can establish that the operator is a
+         comparison operator when used in a custom join condition.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.2 - added the
+            :paramref:`.Operators.op.is_comparison` flag.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`types_operators`
+
+            :ref:`relationship_custom_operator`
+
+        """
+        operator = custom_op(opstring, precedence, is_comparison)
+
+        def against(other):
+            return operator(self, other)
+        return against
+
+    def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+        """Operate on an argument.
+
+        This is the lowest level of operation, raises
+        :class:`NotImplementedError` by default.
+
+        Overriding this on a subclass can allow common
+        behavior to be applied to all operations.
+        For example, overriding :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+        to apply ``func.lower()`` to the left and right
+        side::
+
+            class MyComparator(ColumnOperators):
+                def operate(self, op, other):
+                    return op(func.lower(self), func.lower(other))
+
+        :param op:  Operator callable.
+        :param \*other: the 'other' side of the operation. Will
+         be a single scalar for most operations.
+        :param \**kwargs: modifiers.  These may be passed by special
+         operators such as :meth:`ColumnOperators.contains`.
+
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(str(op))
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+        """Reverse operate on an argument.
+
+        Usage is the same as :meth:`operate`.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(str(op))
+
+
+class custom_op(object):
+    """Represent a 'custom' operator.
+
+    :class:`.custom_op` is normally instantitated when the
+    :meth:`.ColumnOperators.op` method is used to create a
+    custom operator callable.  The class can also be used directly
+    when programmatically constructing expressions.   E.g.
+    to represent the "factorial" operation::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import UnaryExpression
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import operators
+        from sqlalchemy import Numeric
+
+        unary = UnaryExpression(table.c.somecolumn,
+                modifier=operators.custom_op("!"),
+                type_=Numeric)
+
+    """
+    __name__ = 'custom_op'
+
+    def __init__(self, opstring, precedence=0, is_comparison=False):
+        self.opstring = opstring
+        self.precedence = precedence
+        self.is_comparison = is_comparison
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, custom_op) and \
+            other.opstring == self.opstring
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __call__(self, left, right, **kw):
+        return left.operate(self, right, **kw)
+
+
+class ColumnOperators(Operators):
+    """Defines boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+    :class:`.ColumnElement` expressions.
+
+    By default, all methods call down to
+    :meth:`.operate` or :meth:`.reverse_operate`,
+    passing in the appropriate operator function from the
+    Python builtin ``operator`` module or
+    a SQLAlchemy-specific operator function from
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.expression.operators`.   For example
+    the ``__eq__`` function::
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return self.operate(operators.eq, other)
+
+    Where ``operators.eq`` is essentially::
+
+        def eq(a, b):
+            return a == b
+
+    The core column expression unit :class:`.ColumnElement`
+    overrides :meth:`.Operators.operate` and others
+    to return further :class:`.ColumnElement` constructs,
+    so that the ``==`` operation above is replaced by a clause
+    construct.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :ref:`types_operators`
+
+    :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+    :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+    :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+    """
+
+    timetuple = None
+    """Hack, allows datetime objects to be compared on the LHS."""
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``<`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a < b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(lt, other)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``<=`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a <= b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(le, other)
+
+    __hash__ = Operators.__hash__
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``==`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a = b``.
+        If the target is ``None``, produces ``a IS NULL``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(eq, other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``!=`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a != b``.
+        If the target is ``None``, produces ``a IS NOT NULL``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(ne, other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``>`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a > b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(gt, other)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``>=`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a >= b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(ge, other)
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        """Implement the ``-`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``-a``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(neg)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        """Implement the [] operator.
+
+        This can be used by some database-specific types
+        such as Postgresql ARRAY and HSTORE.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(getitem, index)
+
+    def __lshift__(self, other):
+        """implement the << operator.
+
+        Not used by SQLAlchemy core, this is provided
+        for custom operator systems which want to use
+        << as an extension point.
+        """
+        return self.operate(lshift, other)
+
+    def __rshift__(self, other):
+        """implement the >> operator.
+
+        Not used by SQLAlchemy core, this is provided
+        for custom operator systems which want to use
+        >> as an extension point.
+        """
+        return self.operate(rshift, other)
+
+    def concat(self, other):
+        """Implement the 'concat' operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a || b``,
+        or uses the ``concat()`` operator on MySQL.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(concat_op, other)
+
+    def like(self, other, escape=None):
+        """Implement the ``like`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a LIKE other``.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            select([sometable]).where(sometable.c.column.like("%foobar%"))
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared
+        :param escape: optional escape character, renders the ``ESCAPE``
+          keyword, e.g.::
+
+            somecolumn.like("foo/%bar", escape="/")
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.ilike`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(like_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    def ilike(self, other, escape=None):
+        """Implement the ``ilike`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a ILIKE other``.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            select([sometable]).where(sometable.c.column.ilike("%foobar%"))
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared
+        :param escape: optional escape character, renders the ``ESCAPE``
+          keyword, e.g.::
+
+            somecolumn.ilike("foo/%bar", escape="/")
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(ilike_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    def in_(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``in`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a IN other``.
+        "other" may be a tuple/list of column expressions,
+        or a :func:`~.expression.select` construct.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(in_op, other)
+
+    def notin_(self, other):
+        """implement the ``NOT IN`` operator.
+
+        This is equivalent to using negation with
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_`, i.e. ``~x.in_(y)``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(notin_op, other)
+
+    def notlike(self, other, escape=None):
+        """implement the ``NOT LIKE`` operator.
+
+        This is equivalent to using negation with
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`, i.e. ``~x.like(y)``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(notlike_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    def notilike(self, other, escape=None):
+        """implement the ``NOT ILIKE`` operator.
+
+        This is equivalent to using negation with
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.ilike`, i.e. ``~x.ilike(y)``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.ilike`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(notilike_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    def is_(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``IS`` operator.
+
+        Normally, ``IS`` is generated automatically when comparing to a
+        value of ``None``, which resolves to ``NULL``.  However, explicit
+        usage of ``IS`` may be desirable if comparing to boolean values
+        on certain platforms.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.9
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`.ColumnOperators.isnot`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(is_, other)
+
+    def isnot(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``IS NOT`` operator.
+
+        Normally, ``IS NOT`` is generated automatically when comparing to a
+        value of ``None``, which resolves to ``NULL``.  However, explicit
+        usage of ``IS NOT`` may be desirable if comparing to boolean values
+        on certain platforms.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.9
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`.ColumnOperators.is_`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(isnot, other)
+
+    def startswith(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """Implement the ``startwith`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``LIKE '%'``
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(startswith_op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def endswith(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """Implement the 'endswith' operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``LIKE '%'``
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(endswith_op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """Implement the 'contains' operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``LIKE '%%'``
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(contains_op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def match(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """Implements a database-specific 'match' operator.
+
+        :meth:`~.ColumnOperators.match` attempts to resolve to
+        a MATCH-like function or operator provided by the backend.
+        Examples include:
+
+        * Postgresql - renders ``x @@ to_tsquery(y)``
+        * MySQL - renders ``MATCH (x) AGAINST (y IN BOOLEAN MODE)``
+        * Oracle - renders ``CONTAINS(x, y)``
+        * other backends may provide special implementations;
+          some backends such as SQLite have no support.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(match_op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def desc(self):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.desc` clause against the
+        parent object."""
+        return self.operate(desc_op)
+
+    def asc(self):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.asc` clause against the
+        parent object."""
+        return self.operate(asc_op)
+
+    def nullsfirst(self):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.nullsfirst` clause against the
+        parent object."""
+        return self.operate(nullsfirst_op)
+
+    def nullslast(self):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.nullslast` clause against the
+        parent object."""
+        return self.operate(nullslast_op)
+
+    def collate(self, collation):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.collate` clause against
+        the parent object, given the collation string."""
+        return self.operate(collate, collation)
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``+`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__add__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(add, other)
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``-`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__sub__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(sub, other)
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``*`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__mul__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(mul, other)
+
+    def __rdiv__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``/`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__div__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(div, other)
+
+    def between(self, cleft, cright, symmetric=False):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.between` clause against
+        the parent object, given the lower and upper range.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(between_op, cleft, cright, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+    def distinct(self):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.distinct` clause against the
+        parent object.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(distinct_op)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``+`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a + b``
+        if the parent object has non-string affinity.
+        If the parent object has a string affinity,
+        produces the concatenation operator, ``a || b`` -
+        see :meth:`.ColumnOperators.concat`.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(add, other)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``-`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a - b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(sub, other)
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``*`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a * b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(mul, other)
+
+    def __div__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``/`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a / b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(div, other)
+
+    def __mod__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``%`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a % b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(mod, other)
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``//`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a / b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(truediv, other)
+
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``//`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__truediv__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(truediv, other)
+
+
+def from_():
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def as_():
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def exists():
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def istrue(a):
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def isfalse(a):
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def is_(a, b):
+    return a.is_(b)
+
+
+def isnot(a, b):
+    return a.isnot(b)
+
+
+def collate(a, b):
+    return a.collate(b)
+
+
+def op(a, opstring, b):
+    return a.op(opstring)(b)
+
+
+def like_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.like(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def notlike_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.notlike(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def ilike_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.ilike(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def notilike_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.notilike(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def between_op(a, b, c, symmetric=False):
+    return a.between(b, c, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+
+def notbetween_op(a, b, c, symmetric=False):
+    return a.notbetween(b, c, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+
+def in_op(a, b):
+    return a.in_(b)
+
+
+def notin_op(a, b):
+    return a.notin_(b)
+
+
+def distinct_op(a):
+    return a.distinct()
+
+
+def startswith_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.startswith(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def notstartswith_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return ~a.startswith(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def endswith_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.endswith(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def notendswith_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return ~a.endswith(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def contains_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.contains(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def notcontains_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return ~a.contains(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def match_op(a, b, **kw):
+    return a.match(b, **kw)
+
+
+def comma_op(a, b):
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def concat_op(a, b):
+    return a.concat(b)
+
+
+def desc_op(a):
+    return a.desc()
+
+
+def asc_op(a):
+    return a.asc()
+
+
+def nullsfirst_op(a):
+    return a.nullsfirst()
+
+
+def nullslast_op(a):
+    return a.nullslast()
+
+
+_commutative = set([eq, ne, add, mul])
+
+_comparison = set([eq, ne, lt, gt, ge, le, between_op, like_op])
+
+
+def is_comparison(op):
+    return op in _comparison or \
+        isinstance(op, custom_op) and op.is_comparison
+
+
+def is_commutative(op):
+    return op in _commutative
+
+
+def is_ordering_modifier(op):
+    return op in (asc_op, desc_op,
+                  nullsfirst_op, nullslast_op)
+
+_associative = _commutative.union([concat_op, and_, or_])
+
+_natural_self_precedent = _associative.union([getitem])
+"""Operators where if we have (a op b) op c, we don't want to
+parenthesize (a op b).
+
+"""
+
+_asbool = util.symbol('_asbool', canonical=-10)
+_smallest = util.symbol('_smallest', canonical=-100)
+_largest = util.symbol('_largest', canonical=100)
+
+_PRECEDENCE = {
+    from_: 15,
+    getitem: 15,
+    mul: 8,
+    truediv: 8,
+    div: 8,
+    mod: 8,
+    neg: 8,
+    add: 7,
+    sub: 7,
+
+    concat_op: 6,
+    match_op: 6,
+
+    ilike_op: 6,
+    notilike_op: 6,
+    like_op: 6,
+    notlike_op: 6,
+    in_op: 6,
+    notin_op: 6,
+
+    is_: 6,
+    isnot: 6,
+
+    eq: 5,
+    ne: 5,
+    gt: 5,
+    lt: 5,
+    ge: 5,
+    le: 5,
+
+    between_op: 5,
+    notbetween_op: 5,
+    distinct_op: 5,
+    inv: 5,
+    istrue: 5,
+    isfalse: 5,
+    and_: 3,
+    or_: 2,
+    comma_op: -1,
+
+    desc_op: 3,
+    asc_op: 3,
+    collate: 4,
+
+    as_: -1,
+    exists: 0,
+    _asbool: -10,
+    _smallest: _smallest,
+    _largest: _largest
+}
+
+
+def is_precedent(operator, against):
+    if operator is against and operator in _natural_self_precedent:
+        return False
+    else:
+        return (_PRECEDENCE.get(operator,
+                                getattr(operator, 'precedence', _smallest)) <=
+                _PRECEDENCE.get(against,
+                                getattr(against, 'precedence', _largest)))
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/schema.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3af46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3444 @@
+# sql/schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The schema module provides the building blocks for database metadata.
+
+Each element within this module describes a database entity which can be
+created and dropped, or is otherwise part of such an entity.  Examples include
+tables, columns, sequences, and indexes.
+
+All entities are subclasses of :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.SchemaItem`, and as
+defined in this module they are intended to be agnostic of any vendor-specific
+constructs.
+
+A collection of entities are grouped into a unit called
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData`. MetaData serves as a logical grouping of
+schema elements, and can also be associated with an actual database connection
+such that operations involving the contained elements can contact the database
+as needed.
+
+Two of the elements here also build upon their "syntactic" counterparts, which
+are defined in :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.`, specifically
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` and :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column`.
+Since these objects are part of the SQL expression language, they are usable
+as components in SQL expressions.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import inspect
+from .. import exc, util, event, inspection
+from .base import SchemaEventTarget, DialectKWArgs
+from . import visitors
+from . import type_api
+from .base import _bind_or_error, ColumnCollection
+from .elements import ClauseElement, ColumnClause, _truncated_label, \
+    _as_truncated, TextClause, _literal_as_text,\
+    ColumnElement, _find_columns, quoted_name
+from .selectable import TableClause
+import collections
+import sqlalchemy
+from . import ddl
+import types
+
+RETAIN_SCHEMA = util.symbol('retain_schema')
+
+
+def _get_table_key(name, schema):
+    if schema is None:
+        return name
+    else:
+        return schema + "." + name
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class SchemaItem(SchemaEventTarget, visitors.Visitable):
+    """Base class for items that define a database schema."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'schema_item'
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(self, connection, multiparams, params):
+        return connection._execute_default(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    def _init_items(self, *args):
+        """Initialize the list of child items for this SchemaItem."""
+
+        for item in args:
+            if item is not None:
+                item._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        """used to allow SchemaVisitor access"""
+        return []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self)
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated('0.9', 'Use ``.name.quote``')
+    def quote(self):
+        """Return the value of the ``quote`` flag passed
+        to this schema object, for those schema items which
+        have a ``name`` field.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.name.quote
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        """Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with this :class:`.SchemaItem`.
+
+        The dictionary is automatically generated when first accessed.
+        It can also be specified in the constructor of some objects,
+        such as :class:`.Table` and :class:`.Column`.
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def _schema_item_copy(self, schema_item):
+        if 'info' in self.__dict__:
+            schema_item.info = self.info.copy()
+        schema_item.dispatch._update(self.dispatch)
+        return schema_item
+
+
+class Table(DialectKWArgs, SchemaItem, TableClause):
+    """Represent a table in a database.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        mytable = Table("mytable", metadata,
+                        Column('mytable_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                        Column('value', String(50))
+                   )
+
+    The :class:`.Table` object constructs a unique instance of itself based
+    on its name and optional schema name within the given
+    :class:`.MetaData` object. Calling the :class:`.Table`
+    constructor with the same name and same :class:`.MetaData` argument
+    a second time will return the *same* :class:`.Table` object - in this way
+    the :class:`.Table` constructor acts as a registry function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`metadata_describing` - Introduction to database metadata
+
+    Constructor arguments are as follows:
+
+    :param name: The name of this table as represented in the database.
+
+        The table name, along with the value of the ``schema`` parameter,
+        forms a key which uniquely identifies this :class:`.Table` within
+        the owning :class:`.MetaData` collection.
+        Additional calls to :class:`.Table` with the same name, metadata,
+        and schema name will return the same :class:`.Table` object.
+
+        Names which contain no upper case characters
+        will be treated as case insensitive names, and will not be quoted
+        unless they are a reserved word or contain special characters.
+        A name with any number of upper case characters is considered
+        to be case sensitive, and will be sent as quoted.
+
+        To enable unconditional quoting for the table name, specify the flag
+        ``quote=True`` to the constructor, or use the :class:`.quoted_name`
+        construct to specify the name.
+
+    :param metadata: a :class:`.MetaData` object which will contain this
+        table.  The metadata is used as a point of association of this table
+        with other tables which are referenced via foreign key.  It also
+        may be used to associate this table with a particular
+        :class:`.Connectable`.
+
+    :param \*args: Additional positional arguments are used primarily
+        to add the list of :class:`.Column` objects contained within this
+        table. Similar to the style of a CREATE TABLE statement, other
+        :class:`.SchemaItem` constructs may be added here, including
+        :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, and :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+    :param autoload: Defaults to False: the Columns for this table should
+        be reflected from the database. Usually there will be no Column
+        objects in the constructor if this property is set.
+
+    :param autoload_replace: If ``True``, when using ``autoload=True``
+        and ``extend_existing=True``,
+        replace ``Column`` objects already present in the ``Table`` that's
+        in the ``MetaData`` registry with
+        what's reflected.  Otherwise, all existing columns will be
+        excluded from the reflection process.    Note that this does
+        not impact ``Column`` objects specified in the same call to ``Table``
+        which includes ``autoload``, those always take precedence.
+        Defaults to ``True``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.5
+
+    :param autoload_with: If autoload==True, this is an optional Engine
+        or Connection instance to be used for the table reflection. If
+        ``None``, the underlying MetaData's bound connectable will be used.
+
+    :param extend_existing: When ``True``, indicates that if this
+        :class:`.Table` is already present in the given :class:`.MetaData`,
+        apply further arguments within the constructor to the existing
+        :class:`.Table`.
+
+        If ``extend_existing`` or ``keep_existing`` are not set, an error is
+        raised if additional table modifiers are specified when
+        the given :class:`.Table` is already present in the
+        :class:`.MetaData`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7.4
+            ``extend_existing`` will work in conjunction
+            with ``autoload=True`` to run a new reflection operation against
+            the database; new :class:`.Column` objects will be produced
+            from database metadata to replace those existing with the same
+            name, and additional :class:`.Column` objects not present
+            in the :class:`.Table` will be added.
+
+        As is always the case with ``autoload=True``, :class:`.Column`
+        objects can be specified in the same :class:`.Table` constructor,
+        which will take precedence.  I.e.::
+
+            Table("mytable", metadata,
+                        Column('y', Integer),
+                        extend_existing=True,
+                        autoload=True,
+                        autoload_with=engine
+                    )
+
+        The above will overwrite all columns within ``mytable`` which
+        are present in the database, except for ``y`` which will be used as is
+        from the above definition.   If the ``autoload_replace`` flag
+        is set to False, no existing columns will be replaced.
+
+    :param implicit_returning: True by default - indicates that
+        RETURNING can be used by default to fetch newly inserted primary key
+        values, for backends which support this.  Note that
+        create_engine() also provides an implicit_returning flag.
+
+    :param include_columns: A list of strings indicating a subset of
+        columns to be loaded via the ``autoload`` operation; table columns who
+        aren't present in this list will not be represented on the resulting
+        ``Table`` object. Defaults to ``None`` which indicates all columns
+        should be reflected.
+
+    :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+        :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+    :param keep_existing: When ``True``, indicates that if this Table
+        is already present in the given :class:`.MetaData`, ignore
+        further arguments within the constructor to the existing
+        :class:`.Table`, and return the :class:`.Table` object as
+        originally created. This is to allow a function that wishes
+        to define a new :class:`.Table` on first call, but on
+        subsequent calls will return the same :class:`.Table`,
+        without any of the declarations (particularly constraints)
+        being applied a second time. Also see extend_existing.
+
+        If extend_existing or keep_existing are not set, an error is
+        raised if additional table modifiers are specified when
+        the given :class:`.Table` is already present in the
+        :class:`.MetaData`.
+
+    :param listeners: A list of tuples of the form ``(, )``
+        which will be passed to :func:`.event.listen` upon construction.
+        This alternate hook to :func:`.event.listen` allows the establishment
+        of a listener function specific to this :class:`.Table` before
+        the "autoload" process begins.  Particularly useful for
+        the :meth:`.DDLEvents.column_reflect` event::
+
+            def listen_for_reflect(table, column_info):
+                "handle the column reflection event"
+                # ...
+
+            t = Table(
+                'sometable',
+                autoload=True,
+                listeners=[
+                    ('column_reflect', listen_for_reflect)
+                ])
+
+    :param mustexist: When ``True``, indicates that this Table must already
+        be present in the given :class:`.MetaData` collection, else
+        an exception is raised.
+
+    :param prefixes:
+        A list of strings to insert after CREATE in the CREATE TABLE
+        statement.  They will be separated by spaces.
+
+    :param quote: Force quoting of this table's name on or off, corresponding
+        to ``True`` or ``False``.  When left at its default of ``None``,
+        the column identifier will be quoted according to whether the name is
+        case sensitive (identifiers with at least one upper case character are
+        treated as case sensitive), or if it's a reserved word.  This flag
+        is only needed to force quoting of a reserved word which is not known
+        by the SQLAlchemy dialect.
+
+    :param quote_schema: same as 'quote' but applies to the schema identifier.
+
+    :param schema: The schema name for this table, which is required if
+        the table resides in a schema other than the default selected schema
+        for the engine's database connection.  Defaults to ``None``.
+
+        The quoting rules for the schema name are the same as those for the
+        ``name`` parameter, in that quoting is applied for reserved words or
+        case-sensitive names; to enable unconditional quoting for the
+        schema name, specify the flag
+        ``quote_schema=True`` to the constructor, or use the
+        :class:`.quoted_name` construct to specify the name.
+
+    :param useexisting: Deprecated.  Use extend_existing.
+
+    :param \**kw: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned above are
+        dialect specific, and passed in the form ``_``.
+        See the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
+        :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'table'
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
+        if not args:
+            # python3k pickle seems to call this
+            return object.__new__(cls)
+
+        try:
+            name, metadata, args = args[0], args[1], args[2:]
+        except IndexError:
+            raise TypeError("Table() takes at least two arguments")
+
+        schema = kw.get('schema', None)
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = metadata.schema
+        keep_existing = kw.pop('keep_existing', False)
+        extend_existing = kw.pop('extend_existing', False)
+        if 'useexisting' in kw:
+            msg = "useexisting is deprecated.  Use extend_existing."
+            util.warn_deprecated(msg)
+            if extend_existing:
+                msg = "useexisting is synonymous with extend_existing."
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(msg)
+            extend_existing = kw.pop('useexisting', False)
+
+        if keep_existing and extend_existing:
+            msg = "keep_existing and extend_existing are mutually exclusive."
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(msg)
+
+        mustexist = kw.pop('mustexist', False)
+        key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        if key in metadata.tables:
+            if not keep_existing and not extend_existing and bool(args):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Table '%s' is already defined for this MetaData "
+                    "instance.  Specify 'extend_existing=True' "
+                    "to redefine "
+                    "options and columns on an "
+                    "existing Table object." % key)
+            table = metadata.tables[key]
+            if extend_existing:
+                table._init_existing(*args, **kw)
+            return table
+        else:
+            if mustexist:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Table '%s' not defined" % (key))
+            table = object.__new__(cls)
+            table.dispatch.before_parent_attach(table, metadata)
+            metadata._add_table(name, schema, table)
+            try:
+                table._init(name, metadata, *args, **kw)
+                table.dispatch.after_parent_attach(table, metadata)
+                return table
+            except:
+                metadata._remove_table(name, schema)
+                raise
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated('0.9', 'Use ``table.schema.quote``')
+    def quote_schema(self):
+        """Return the value of the ``quote_schema`` flag passed
+        to this :class:`.Table`.
+        """
+
+        return self.schema.quote
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Constructor for :class:`~.schema.Table`.
+
+        This method is a no-op.   See the top-level
+        documentation for :class:`~.schema.Table`
+        for constructor arguments.
+
+        """
+        # __init__ is overridden to prevent __new__ from
+        # calling the superclass constructor.
+
+    def _init(self, name, metadata, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(Table, self).__init__(
+            quoted_name(name, kwargs.pop('quote', None)))
+        self.metadata = metadata
+
+        self.schema = kwargs.pop('schema', None)
+        if self.schema is None:
+            self.schema = metadata.schema
+        else:
+            quote_schema = kwargs.pop('quote_schema', None)
+            self.schema = quoted_name(self.schema, quote_schema)
+
+        self.indexes = set()
+        self.constraints = set()
+        self._columns = ColumnCollection()
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint()._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+        self.foreign_keys = set()
+        self._extra_dependencies = set()
+        if self.schema is not None:
+            self.fullname = "%s.%s" % (self.schema, self.name)
+        else:
+            self.fullname = self.name
+
+        autoload = kwargs.pop('autoload', False)
+        autoload_with = kwargs.pop('autoload_with', None)
+        # this argument is only used with _init_existing()
+        kwargs.pop('autoload_replace', True)
+        include_columns = kwargs.pop('include_columns', None)
+
+        self.implicit_returning = kwargs.pop('implicit_returning', True)
+
+        if 'info' in kwargs:
+            self.info = kwargs.pop('info')
+        if 'listeners' in kwargs:
+            listeners = kwargs.pop('listeners')
+            for evt, fn in listeners:
+                event.listen(self, evt, fn)
+
+        self._prefixes = kwargs.pop('prefixes', [])
+
+        self._extra_kwargs(**kwargs)
+
+        # load column definitions from the database if 'autoload' is defined
+        # we do it after the table is in the singleton dictionary to support
+        # circular foreign keys
+        if autoload:
+            self._autoload(metadata, autoload_with, include_columns)
+
+        # initialize all the column, etc. objects.  done after reflection to
+        # allow user-overrides
+        self._init_items(*args)
+
+    def _autoload(self, metadata, autoload_with, include_columns,
+                  exclude_columns=()):
+
+        if autoload_with:
+            autoload_with.run_callable(
+                autoload_with.dialect.reflecttable,
+                self, include_columns, exclude_columns
+            )
+        else:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(
+                metadata,
+                msg="No engine is bound to this Table's MetaData. "
+                "Pass an engine to the Table via "
+                "autoload_with=, "
+                "or associate the MetaData with an engine via "
+                "metadata.bind=")
+            bind.run_callable(
+                bind.dialect.reflecttable,
+                self, include_columns, exclude_columns
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def _sorted_constraints(self):
+        """Return the set of constraints as a list, sorted by creation
+        order.
+
+        """
+        return sorted(self.constraints, key=lambda c: c._creation_order)
+
+    def _init_existing(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        autoload = kwargs.pop('autoload', False)
+        autoload_with = kwargs.pop('autoload_with', None)
+        autoload_replace = kwargs.pop('autoload_replace', True)
+        schema = kwargs.pop('schema', None)
+        if schema and schema != self.schema:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't change schema of existing table from '%s' to '%s'",
+                (self.schema, schema))
+
+        include_columns = kwargs.pop('include_columns', None)
+
+        if include_columns is not None:
+            for c in self.c:
+                if c.name not in include_columns:
+                    self._columns.remove(c)
+
+        for key in ('quote', 'quote_schema'):
+            if key in kwargs:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't redefine 'quote' or 'quote_schema' arguments")
+
+        if 'info' in kwargs:
+            self.info = kwargs.pop('info')
+
+        if autoload:
+            if not autoload_replace:
+                exclude_columns = [c.name for c in self.c]
+            else:
+                exclude_columns = ()
+            self._autoload(
+                self.metadata, autoload_with,
+                include_columns, exclude_columns)
+
+        self._extra_kwargs(**kwargs)
+        self._init_items(*args)
+
+    def _extra_kwargs(self, **kwargs):
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(kwargs)
+
+    def _init_collections(self):
+        pass
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _autoincrement_column(self):
+        for col in self.primary_key:
+            if (col.autoincrement and col.type._type_affinity is not None and
+                    issubclass(col.type._type_affinity,
+                               type_api.INTEGERTYPE._type_affinity) and
+                    (not col.foreign_keys or
+                     col.autoincrement == 'ignore_fk') and
+                    isinstance(col.default, (type(None), Sequence)) and
+                    (col.server_default is None or
+                     col.server_default.reflected)):
+                return col
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        """Return the 'key' for this :class:`.Table`.
+
+        This value is used as the dictionary key within the
+        :attr:`.MetaData.tables` collection.   It is typically the same
+        as that of :attr:`.Table.name` for a table with no
+        :attr:`.Table.schema` set; otherwise it is typically of the form
+        ``schemaname.tablename``.
+
+        """
+        return _get_table_key(self.name, self.schema)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Table(%s)" % ', '.join(
+            [repr(self.name)] + [repr(self.metadata)] +
+            [repr(x) for x in self.columns] +
+            ["%s=%s" % (k, repr(getattr(self, k))) for k in ['schema']])
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return _get_table_key(self.description, self.schema)
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        """Return the connectable associated with this Table."""
+
+        return self.metadata and self.metadata.bind or None
+
+    def add_is_dependent_on(self, table):
+        """Add a 'dependency' for this Table.
+
+        This is another Table object which must be created
+        first before this one can, or dropped after this one.
+
+        Usually, dependencies between tables are determined via
+        ForeignKey objects.   However, for other situations that
+        create dependencies outside of foreign keys (rules, inheriting),
+        this method can manually establish such a link.
+
+        """
+        self._extra_dependencies.add(table)
+
+    def append_column(self, column):
+        """Append a :class:`~.schema.Column` to this :class:`~.schema.Table`.
+
+        The "key" of the newly added :class:`~.schema.Column`, i.e. the
+        value of its ``.key`` attribute, will then be available
+        in the ``.c`` collection of this :class:`~.schema.Table`, and the
+        column definition will be included in any CREATE TABLE, SELECT,
+        UPDATE, etc. statements generated from this :class:`~.schema.Table`
+        construct.
+
+        Note that this does **not** change the definition of the table
+        as it exists within any underlying database, assuming that
+        table has already been created in the database.   Relational
+        databases support the addition of columns to existing tables
+        using the SQL ALTER command, which would need to be
+        emitted for an already-existing table that doesn't contain
+        the newly added column.
+
+        """
+
+        column._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    def append_constraint(self, constraint):
+        """Append a :class:`~.schema.Constraint` to this
+        :class:`~.schema.Table`.
+
+        This has the effect of the constraint being included in any
+        future CREATE TABLE statement, assuming specific DDL creation
+        events have not been associated with the given
+        :class:`~.schema.Constraint` object.
+
+        Note that this does **not** produce the constraint within the
+        relational database automatically, for a table that already exists
+        in the database.   To add a constraint to an
+        existing relational database table, the SQL ALTER command must
+        be used.  SQLAlchemy also provides the
+        :class:`.AddConstraint` construct which can produce this SQL when
+        invoked as an executable clause.
+
+        """
+
+        constraint._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    def append_ddl_listener(self, event_name, listener):
+        """Append a DDL event listener to this ``Table``.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.7
+            See :class:`.DDLEvents`.
+
+        """
+
+        def adapt_listener(target, connection, **kw):
+            listener(event_name, target, connection)
+
+        event.listen(self, "" + event_name.replace('-', '_'), adapt_listener)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, metadata):
+        metadata._add_table(self.name, self.schema, self)
+        self.metadata = metadata
+
+    def get_children(self, column_collections=True,
+                     schema_visitor=False, **kw):
+        if not schema_visitor:
+            return TableClause.get_children(
+                self, column_collections=column_collections, **kw)
+        else:
+            if column_collections:
+                return list(self.columns)
+            else:
+                return []
+
+    def exists(self, bind=None):
+        """Return True if this table exists."""
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+
+        return bind.run_callable(bind.dialect.has_table,
+                                 self.name, schema=self.schema)
+
+    def create(self, bind=None, checkfirst=False):
+        """Issue a ``CREATE`` statement for this
+        :class:`.Table`, using the given :class:`.Connectable`
+        for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MetaData.create_all`.
+
+        """
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator,
+                          self,
+                          checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind=None, checkfirst=False):
+        """Issue a ``DROP`` statement for this
+        :class:`.Table`, using the given :class:`.Connectable`
+        for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MetaData.drop_all`.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper,
+                          self,
+                          checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def tometadata(self, metadata, schema=RETAIN_SCHEMA,
+                   referred_schema_fn=None):
+        """Return a copy of this :class:`.Table` associated with a different
+        :class:`.MetaData`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            m1 = MetaData()
+
+            user = Table('user', m1, Column('id', Integer, priamry_key=True))
+
+            m2 = MetaData()
+            user_copy = user.tometadata(m2)
+
+        :param metadata: Target :class:`.MetaData` object, into which the
+         new :class:`.Table` object will be created.
+
+        :param schema: optional string name indicating the target schema.
+         Defaults to the special symbol :attr:`.RETAIN_SCHEMA` which indicates
+         that no change to the schema name should be made in the new
+         :class:`.Table`.  If set to a string name, the new :class:`.Table`
+         will have this new name as the ``.schema``.  If set to ``None``, the
+         schema will be set to that of the schema set on the target
+         :class:`.MetaData`, which is typically ``None`` as well, unless
+         set explicitly::
+
+            m2 = MetaData(schema='newschema')
+
+            # user_copy_one will have "newschema" as the schema name
+            user_copy_one = user.tometadata(m2, schema=None)
+
+            m3 = MetaData()  # schema defaults to None
+
+            # user_copy_two will have None as the schema name
+            user_copy_two = user.tometadata(m3, schema=None)
+
+        :param referred_schema_fn: optional callable which can be supplied
+         in order to provide for the schema name that should be assigned
+         to the referenced table of a :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+         The callable accepts this parent :class:`.Table`, the
+         target schema that we are changing to, the
+         :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` object, and the existing
+         "target schema" of that constraint.  The function should return the
+         string schema name that should be applied.
+         E.g.::
+
+                def referred_schema_fn(table, to_schema,
+                                                constraint, referred_schema):
+                    if referred_schema == 'base_tables':
+                        return referred_schema
+                    else:
+                        return to_schema
+
+                new_table = table.tometadata(m2, schema="alt_schema",
+                                        referred_schema_fn=referred_schema_fn)
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+        """
+
+        if schema is RETAIN_SCHEMA:
+            schema = self.schema
+        elif schema is None:
+            schema = metadata.schema
+        key = _get_table_key(self.name, schema)
+        if key in metadata.tables:
+            util.warn("Table '%s' already exists within the given "
+                      "MetaData - not copying." % self.description)
+            return metadata.tables[key]
+
+        args = []
+        for c in self.columns:
+            args.append(c.copy(schema=schema))
+        table = Table(
+            self.name, metadata, schema=schema,
+            *args, **self.kwargs
+        )
+        for c in self.constraints:
+            if isinstance(c, ForeignKeyConstraint):
+                referred_schema = c._referred_schema
+                if referred_schema_fn:
+                    fk_constraint_schema = referred_schema_fn(
+                        self, schema, c, referred_schema)
+                else:
+                    fk_constraint_schema = (
+                        schema if referred_schema == self.schema else None)
+                table.append_constraint(
+                    c.copy(schema=fk_constraint_schema, target_table=table))
+
+            else:
+                table.append_constraint(
+                    c.copy(schema=schema, target_table=table))
+        for index in self.indexes:
+            # skip indexes that would be generated
+            # by the 'index' flag on Column
+            if len(index.columns) == 1 and \
+                    list(index.columns)[0].index:
+                continue
+            Index(index.name,
+                  unique=index.unique,
+                  *[table.c[col] for col in index.columns.keys()],
+                  **index.kwargs)
+        return self._schema_item_copy(table)
+
+
+class Column(SchemaItem, ColumnClause):
+    """Represents a column in a database table."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'column'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Construct a new ``Column`` object.
+
+        :param name: The name of this column as represented in the database.
+          This argument may be the first positional argument, or specified
+          via keyword.
+
+          Names which contain no upper case characters
+          will be treated as case insensitive names, and will not be quoted
+          unless they are a reserved word.  Names with any number of upper
+          case characters will be quoted and sent exactly.  Note that this
+          behavior applies even for databases which standardize upper
+          case names as case insensitive such as Oracle.
+
+          The name field may be omitted at construction time and applied
+          later, at any time before the Column is associated with a
+          :class:`.Table`.  This is to support convenient
+          usage within the :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` extension.
+
+        :param type\_: The column's type, indicated using an instance which
+          subclasses :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`.  If no arguments
+          are required for the type, the class of the type can be sent
+          as well, e.g.::
+
+            # use a type with arguments
+            Column('data', String(50))
+
+            # use no arguments
+            Column('level', Integer)
+
+          The ``type`` argument may be the second positional argument
+          or specified by keyword.
+
+          If the ``type`` is ``None`` or is omitted, it will first default to
+          the special type :class:`.NullType`.  If and when this
+          :class:`.Column` is made to refer to another column using
+          :class:`.ForeignKey` and/or :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`, the type
+          of the remote-referenced column will be copied to this column as
+          well, at the moment that the foreign key is resolved against that
+          remote :class:`.Column` object.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0
+            Support for propagation of type to a :class:`.Column` from its
+            :class:`.ForeignKey` object has been improved and should be
+            more reliable and timely.
+
+        :param \*args: Additional positional arguments include various
+          :class:`.SchemaItem` derived constructs which will be applied
+          as options to the column.  These include instances of
+          :class:`.Constraint`, :class:`.ForeignKey`, :class:`.ColumnDefault`,
+          and :class:`.Sequence`.  In some cases an equivalent keyword
+          argument is available such as ``server_default``, ``default``
+          and ``unique``.
+
+        :param autoincrement: This flag may be set to ``False`` to
+          indicate an integer primary key column that should not be
+          considered to be the "autoincrement" column, that is
+          the integer primary key column which generates values
+          implicitly upon INSERT and whose value is usually returned
+          via the DBAPI cursor.lastrowid attribute.   It defaults
+          to ``True`` to satisfy the common use case of a table
+          with a single integer primary key column.  If the table
+          has a composite primary key consisting of more than one
+          integer column, set this flag to True only on the
+          column that should be considered "autoincrement".
+
+          The setting *only* has an effect for columns which are:
+
+          * Integer derived (i.e. INT, SMALLINT, BIGINT).
+
+          * Part of the primary key
+
+          * Not refering to another column via :class:`.ForeignKey`, unless
+            the value is specified as ``'ignore_fk'``::
+
+                # turn on autoincrement for this column despite
+                # the ForeignKey()
+                Column('id', ForeignKey('other.id'),
+                            primary_key=True, autoincrement='ignore_fk')
+
+            It is typically not desirable to have "autoincrement" enabled
+            on such a column as its value intends to mirror that of a
+            primary key column elsewhere.
+
+          * have no server side or client side defaults (with the exception
+            of Postgresql SERIAL).
+
+          The setting has these two effects on columns that meet the
+          above criteria:
+
+          * DDL issued for the column will include database-specific
+            keywords intended to signify this column as an
+            "autoincrement" column, such as AUTO INCREMENT on MySQL,
+            SERIAL on Postgresql, and IDENTITY on MS-SQL.  It does
+            *not* issue AUTOINCREMENT for SQLite since this is a
+            special SQLite flag that is not required for autoincrementing
+            behavior.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`sqlite_autoincrement`
+
+          * The column will be considered to be available as
+            cursor.lastrowid or equivalent, for those dialects which
+            "post fetch" newly inserted identifiers after a row has
+            been inserted (SQLite, MySQL, MS-SQL).  It does not have
+            any effect in this regard for databases that use sequences
+            to generate primary key identifiers (i.e. Firebird, Postgresql,
+            Oracle).
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.7.4
+              ``autoincrement`` accepts a special value ``'ignore_fk'``
+              to indicate that autoincrementing status regardless of foreign
+              key references.  This applies to certain composite foreign key
+              setups, such as the one demonstrated in the ORM documentation
+              at :ref:`post_update`.
+
+        :param default: A scalar, Python callable, or
+            :class:`.ColumnElement` expression representing the
+            *default value* for this column, which will be invoked upon insert
+            if this column is otherwise not specified in the VALUES clause of
+            the insert. This is a shortcut to using :class:`.ColumnDefault` as
+            a positional argument; see that class for full detail on the
+            structure of the argument.
+
+            Contrast this argument to ``server_default`` which creates a
+            default generator on the database side.
+
+        :param doc: optional String that can be used by the ORM or similar
+            to document attributes.   This attribute does not render SQL
+            comments (a future attribute 'comment' will achieve that).
+
+        :param key: An optional string identifier which will identify this
+            ``Column`` object on the :class:`.Table`. When a key is provided,
+            this is the only identifier referencing the ``Column`` within the
+            application, including ORM attribute mapping; the ``name`` field
+            is used only when rendering SQL.
+
+        :param index: When ``True``, indicates that the column is indexed.
+            This is a shortcut for using a :class:`.Index` construct on the
+            table. To specify indexes with explicit names or indexes that
+            contain multiple columns, use the :class:`.Index` construct
+            instead.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param nullable: If set to the default of ``True``, indicates the
+            column will be rendered as allowing NULL, else it's rendered as
+            NOT NULL. This parameter is only used when issuing CREATE TABLE
+            statements.
+
+        :param onupdate: A scalar, Python callable, or
+            :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement` representing a
+            default value to be applied to the column within UPDATE
+            statements, which wil be invoked upon update if this column is not
+            present in the SET clause of the update. This is a shortcut to
+            using :class:`.ColumnDefault` as a positional argument with
+            ``for_update=True``.
+
+        :param primary_key: If ``True``, marks this column as a primary key
+            column. Multiple columns can have this flag set to specify
+            composite primary keys. As an alternative, the primary key of a
+            :class:`.Table` can be specified via an explicit
+            :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object.
+
+        :param server_default: A :class:`.FetchedValue` instance, str, Unicode
+            or :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.text` construct representing
+            the DDL DEFAULT value for the column.
+
+            String types will be emitted as-is, surrounded by single quotes::
+
+                Column('x', Text, server_default="val")
+
+                x TEXT DEFAULT 'val'
+
+            A :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.text` expression will be
+            rendered as-is, without quotes::
+
+                Column('y', DateTime, server_default=text('NOW()'))
+
+                y DATETIME DEFAULT NOW()
+
+            Strings and text() will be converted into a
+            :class:`.DefaultClause` object upon initialization.
+
+            Use :class:`.FetchedValue` to indicate that an already-existing
+            column will generate a default value on the database side which
+            will be available to SQLAlchemy for post-fetch after inserts. This
+            construct does not specify any DDL and the implementation is left
+            to the database, such as via a trigger.
+
+        :param server_onupdate:   A :class:`.FetchedValue` instance
+             representing a database-side default generation function. This
+             indicates to SQLAlchemy that a newly generated value will be
+             available after updates. This construct does not specify any DDL
+             and the implementation is left to the database, such as via a
+             trigger.
+
+        :param quote: Force quoting of this column's name on or off,
+             corresponding to ``True`` or ``False``. When left at its default
+             of ``None``, the column identifier will be quoted according to
+             whether the name is case sensitive (identifiers with at least one
+             upper case character are treated as case sensitive), or if it's a
+             reserved word. This flag is only needed to force quoting of a
+             reserved word which is not known by the SQLAlchemy dialect.
+
+        :param unique: When ``True``, indicates that this column contains a
+             unique constraint, or if ``index`` is ``True`` as well, indicates
+             that the :class:`.Index` should be created with the unique flag.
+             To specify multiple columns in the constraint/index or to specify
+             an explicit name, use the :class:`.UniqueConstraint` or
+             :class:`.Index` constructs explicitly.
+
+        :param system: When ``True``, indicates this is a "system" column,
+             that is a column which is automatically made available by the
+             database, and should not be included in the columns list for a
+             ``CREATE TABLE`` statement.
+
+             For more elaborate scenarios where columns should be
+             conditionally rendered differently on different backends,
+             consider custom compilation rules for :class:`.CreateColumn`.
+
+             ..versionadded:: 0.8.3 Added the ``system=True`` parameter to
+               :class:`.Column`.
+
+        """
+
+        name = kwargs.pop('name', None)
+        type_ = kwargs.pop('type_', None)
+        args = list(args)
+        if args:
+            if isinstance(args[0], util.string_types):
+                if name is not None:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "May not pass name positionally and as a keyword.")
+                name = args.pop(0)
+        if args:
+            coltype = args[0]
+
+            if hasattr(coltype, "_sqla_type"):
+                if type_ is not None:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "May not pass type_ positionally and as a keyword.")
+                type_ = args.pop(0)
+
+        if name is not None:
+            name = quoted_name(name, kwargs.pop('quote', None))
+        elif "quote" in kwargs:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("Explicit 'name' is required when "
+                                    "sending 'quote' argument")
+
+        super(Column, self).__init__(name, type_)
+        self.key = kwargs.pop('key', name)
+        self.primary_key = kwargs.pop('primary_key', False)
+        self.nullable = kwargs.pop('nullable', not self.primary_key)
+        self.default = kwargs.pop('default', None)
+        self.server_default = kwargs.pop('server_default', None)
+        self.server_onupdate = kwargs.pop('server_onupdate', None)
+
+        # these default to None because .index and .unique is *not*
+        # an informational flag about Column - there can still be an
+        # Index or UniqueConstraint referring to this Column.
+        self.index = kwargs.pop('index', None)
+        self.unique = kwargs.pop('unique', None)
+
+        self.system = kwargs.pop('system', False)
+        self.doc = kwargs.pop('doc', None)
+        self.onupdate = kwargs.pop('onupdate', None)
+        self.autoincrement = kwargs.pop('autoincrement', True)
+        self.constraints = set()
+        self.foreign_keys = set()
+
+        # check if this Column is proxying another column
+        if '_proxies' in kwargs:
+            self._proxies = kwargs.pop('_proxies')
+        # otherwise, add DDL-related events
+        elif isinstance(self.type, SchemaEventTarget):
+            self.type._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+        if self.default is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.default, (ColumnDefault, Sequence)):
+                args.append(self.default)
+            else:
+                if getattr(self.type, '_warn_on_bytestring', False):
+                    if isinstance(self.default, util.binary_type):
+                        util.warn("Unicode column received non-unicode "
+                                  "default value.")
+                args.append(ColumnDefault(self.default))
+
+        if self.server_default is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.server_default, FetchedValue):
+                args.append(self.server_default._as_for_update(False))
+            else:
+                args.append(DefaultClause(self.server_default))
+
+        if self.onupdate is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.onupdate, (ColumnDefault, Sequence)):
+                args.append(self.onupdate)
+            else:
+                args.append(ColumnDefault(self.onupdate, for_update=True))
+
+        if self.server_onupdate is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.server_onupdate, FetchedValue):
+                args.append(self.server_onupdate._as_for_update(True))
+            else:
+                args.append(DefaultClause(self.server_onupdate,
+                                          for_update=True))
+        self._init_items(*args)
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+        if 'info' in kwargs:
+            self.info = kwargs.pop('info')
+
+        if kwargs:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Unknown arguments passed to Column: " + repr(list(kwargs)))
+
+#    @property
+#    def quote(self):
+#        return getattr(self.name, "quote", None)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.name is None:
+            return "(no name)"
+        elif self.table is not None:
+            if self.table.named_with_column:
+                return (self.table.description + "." + self.description)
+            else:
+                return self.description
+        else:
+            return self.description
+
+    def references(self, column):
+        """Return True if this Column references the given column via foreign
+        key."""
+
+        for fk in self.foreign_keys:
+            if fk.column.proxy_set.intersection(column.proxy_set):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def append_foreign_key(self, fk):
+        fk._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        kwarg = []
+        if self.key != self.name:
+            kwarg.append('key')
+        if self.primary_key:
+            kwarg.append('primary_key')
+        if not self.nullable:
+            kwarg.append('nullable')
+        if self.onupdate:
+            kwarg.append('onupdate')
+        if self.default:
+            kwarg.append('default')
+        if self.server_default:
+            kwarg.append('server_default')
+        return "Column(%s)" % ', '.join(
+            [repr(self.name)] + [repr(self.type)] +
+            [repr(x) for x in self.foreign_keys if x is not None] +
+            [repr(x) for x in self.constraints] +
+            [(self.table is not None and "table=<%s>" %
+              self.table.description or "table=None")] +
+            ["%s=%s" % (k, repr(getattr(self, k))) for k in kwarg])
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table):
+        if not self.name:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Column must be constructed with a non-blank name or "
+                "assign a non-blank .name before adding to a Table.")
+        if self.key is None:
+            self.key = self.name
+
+        existing = getattr(self, 'table', None)
+        if existing is not None and existing is not table:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Column object already assigned to Table '%s'" %
+                existing.description)
+
+        if self.key in table._columns:
+            col = table._columns.get(self.key)
+            if col is not self:
+                for fk in col.foreign_keys:
+                    table.foreign_keys.remove(fk)
+                    if fk.constraint in table.constraints:
+                        # this might have been removed
+                        # already, if it's a composite constraint
+                        # and more than one col being replaced
+                        table.constraints.remove(fk.constraint)
+
+        table._columns.replace(self)
+
+        if self.primary_key:
+            table.primary_key._replace(self)
+            Table._autoincrement_column._reset(table)
+        elif self.key in table.primary_key:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Trying to redefine primary-key column '%s' as a "
+                "non-primary-key column on table '%s'" % (
+                    self.key, table.fullname))
+        self.table = table
+
+        if self.index:
+            if isinstance(self.index, util.string_types):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "The 'index' keyword argument on Column is boolean only. "
+                    "To create indexes with a specific name, create an "
+                    "explicit Index object external to the Table.")
+            Index(None, self, unique=bool(self.unique))
+        elif self.unique:
+            if isinstance(self.unique, util.string_types):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "The 'unique' keyword argument on Column is boolean "
+                    "only. To create unique constraints or indexes with a "
+                    "specific name, append an explicit UniqueConstraint to "
+                    "the Table's list of elements, or create an explicit "
+                    "Index object external to the Table.")
+            table.append_constraint(UniqueConstraint(self.key))
+
+        fk_key = (table.key, self.key)
+        if fk_key in self.table.metadata._fk_memos:
+            for fk in self.table.metadata._fk_memos[fk_key]:
+                fk._set_remote_table(table)
+
+    def _on_table_attach(self, fn):
+        if self.table is not None:
+            fn(self, self.table)
+        event.listen(self, 'after_parent_attach', fn)
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        """Create a copy of this ``Column``, unitialized.
+
+        This is used in ``Table.tometadata``.
+
+        """
+
+        # Constraint objects plus non-constraint-bound ForeignKey objects
+        args = \
+            [c.copy(**kw) for c in self.constraints] + \
+            [c.copy(**kw) for c in self.foreign_keys if not c.constraint]
+
+        type_ = self.type
+        if isinstance(type_, SchemaEventTarget):
+            type_ = type_.copy(**kw)
+
+        c = self._constructor(
+            name=self.name,
+            type_=type_,
+            key=self.key,
+            primary_key=self.primary_key,
+            nullable=self.nullable,
+            unique=self.unique,
+            system=self.system,
+            # quote=self.quote,
+            index=self.index,
+            autoincrement=self.autoincrement,
+            default=self.default,
+            server_default=self.server_default,
+            onupdate=self.onupdate,
+            server_onupdate=self.server_onupdate,
+            doc=self.doc,
+            *args
+        )
+        return self._schema_item_copy(c)
+
+    def _make_proxy(self, selectable, name=None, key=None,
+                    name_is_truncatable=False, **kw):
+        """Create a *proxy* for this column.
+
+        This is a copy of this ``Column`` referenced by a different parent
+        (such as an alias or select statement).  The column should
+        be used only in select scenarios, as its full DDL/default
+        information is not transferred.
+
+        """
+        fk = [ForeignKey(f.column, _constraint=f.constraint)
+              for f in self.foreign_keys]
+        if name is None and self.name is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Cannot initialize a sub-selectable"
+                " with this Column object until its 'name' has "
+                "been assigned.")
+        try:
+            c = self._constructor(
+                _as_truncated(name or self.name) if
+                name_is_truncatable else (name or self.name),
+                self.type,
+                key=key if key else name if name else self.key,
+                primary_key=self.primary_key,
+                nullable=self.nullable,
+                _proxies=[self], *fk)
+        except TypeError:
+            util.raise_from_cause(
+                TypeError(
+                    "Could not create a copy of this %r object.  "
+                    "Ensure the class includes a _constructor() "
+                    "attribute or method which accepts the "
+                    "standard Column constructor arguments, or "
+                    "references the Column class itself." % self.__class__)
+            )
+
+        c.table = selectable
+        selectable._columns.add(c)
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            c._is_clone_of = selectable._is_clone_of.columns[c.key]
+        if self.primary_key:
+            selectable.primary_key.add(c)
+        c.dispatch.after_parent_attach(c, selectable)
+        return c
+
+    def get_children(self, schema_visitor=False, **kwargs):
+        if schema_visitor:
+            return [x for x in (self.default, self.onupdate)
+                    if x is not None] + \
+                list(self.foreign_keys) + list(self.constraints)
+        else:
+            return ColumnClause.get_children(self, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ForeignKey(DialectKWArgs, SchemaItem):
+    """Defines a dependency between two columns.
+
+    ``ForeignKey`` is specified as an argument to a :class:`.Column` object,
+    e.g.::
+
+        t = Table("remote_table", metadata,
+            Column("remote_id", ForeignKey("main_table.id"))
+        )
+
+    Note that ``ForeignKey`` is only a marker object that defines
+    a dependency between two columns.   The actual constraint
+    is in all cases represented by the :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    object.   This object will be generated automatically when
+    a ``ForeignKey`` is associated with a :class:`.Column` which
+    in turn is associated with a :class:`.Table`.   Conversely,
+    when :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` is applied to a :class:`.Table`,
+    ``ForeignKey`` markers are automatically generated to be
+    present on each associated :class:`.Column`, which are also
+    associated with the constraint object.
+
+    Note that you cannot define a "composite" foreign key constraint,
+    that is a constraint between a grouping of multiple parent/child
+    columns, using ``ForeignKey`` objects.   To define this grouping,
+    the :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` object must be used, and applied
+    to the :class:`.Table`.   The associated ``ForeignKey`` objects
+    are created automatically.
+
+    The ``ForeignKey`` objects associated with an individual
+    :class:`.Column` object are available in the `foreign_keys` collection
+    of that column.
+
+    Further examples of foreign key configuration are in
+    :ref:`metadata_foreignkeys`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'foreign_key'
+
+    def __init__(self, column, _constraint=None, use_alter=False, name=None,
+                 onupdate=None, ondelete=None, deferrable=None,
+                 initially=None, link_to_name=False, match=None,
+                 **dialect_kw):
+        """
+        Construct a column-level FOREIGN KEY.
+
+        The :class:`.ForeignKey` object when constructed generates a
+        :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` which is associated with the parent
+        :class:`.Table` object's collection of constraints.
+
+        :param column: A single target column for the key relationship. A
+            :class:`.Column` object or a column name as a string:
+            ``tablename.columnkey`` or ``schema.tablename.columnkey``.
+            ``columnkey`` is the ``key`` which has been assigned to the column
+            (defaults to the column name itself), unless ``link_to_name`` is
+            ``True`` in which case the rendered name of the column is used.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.7.4
+                Note that if the schema name is not included, and the
+                underlying :class:`.MetaData` has a "schema", that value will
+                be used.
+
+        :param name: Optional string. An in-database name for the key if
+            `constraint` is not provided.
+
+        :param onupdate: Optional string. If set, emit ON UPDATE  when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+            DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+        :param ondelete: Optional string. If set, emit ON DELETE  when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+            DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+        :param deferrable: Optional bool. If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT
+            DEFERRABLE when issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially: Optional string. If set, emit INITIALLY  when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param link_to_name: if True, the string name given in ``column`` is
+            the rendered name of the referenced column, not its locally
+            assigned ``key``.
+
+        :param use_alter: passed to the underlying
+            :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` to indicate the constraint should
+            be generated/dropped externally from the CREATE TABLE/ DROP TABLE
+            statement. See that classes' constructor for details.
+
+        :param match: Optional string. If set, emit MATCH  when issuing
+            DDL for this constraint. Typical values include SIMPLE, PARTIAL
+            and FULL.
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw:  Additional keyword arguments are dialect
+            specific, and passed in the form ``_``.  The
+            arguments are ultimately handled by a corresponding
+            :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.  See the documentation regarding
+            an individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
+            documented arguments.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+        """
+
+        self._colspec = column
+        if isinstance(self._colspec, util.string_types):
+            self._table_column = None
+        else:
+            if hasattr(self._colspec, '__clause_element__'):
+                self._table_column = self._colspec.__clause_element__()
+            else:
+                self._table_column = self._colspec
+
+            if not isinstance(self._table_column, ColumnClause):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "String, Column, or Column-bound argument "
+                    "expected, got %r" % self._table_column)
+            elif not isinstance(
+                    self._table_column.table, (util.NoneType, TableClause)):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "ForeignKey received Column not bound "
+                    "to a Table, got: %r" % self._table_column.table
+                )
+
+        # the linked ForeignKeyConstraint.
+        # ForeignKey will create this when parent Column
+        # is attached to a Table, *or* ForeignKeyConstraint
+        # object passes itself in when creating ForeignKey
+        # markers.
+        self.constraint = _constraint
+        self.parent = None
+        self.use_alter = use_alter
+        self.name = name
+        self.onupdate = onupdate
+        self.ondelete = ondelete
+        self.deferrable = deferrable
+        self.initially = initially
+        self.link_to_name = link_to_name
+        self.match = match
+        self._unvalidated_dialect_kw = dialect_kw
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "ForeignKey(%r)" % self._get_colspec()
+
+    def copy(self, schema=None):
+        """Produce a copy of this :class:`.ForeignKey` object.
+
+        The new :class:`.ForeignKey` will not be bound
+        to any :class:`.Column`.
+
+        This method is usually used by the internal
+        copy procedures of :class:`.Column`, :class:`.Table`,
+        and :class:`.MetaData`.
+
+        :param schema: The returned :class:`.ForeignKey` will
+          reference the original table and column name, qualified
+          by the given string schema name.
+
+        """
+
+        fk = ForeignKey(
+            self._get_colspec(schema=schema),
+            use_alter=self.use_alter,
+            name=self.name,
+            onupdate=self.onupdate,
+            ondelete=self.ondelete,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            link_to_name=self.link_to_name,
+            match=self.match,
+            **self._unvalidated_dialect_kw
+        )
+        return self._schema_item_copy(fk)
+
+    def _get_colspec(self, schema=None):
+        """Return a string based 'column specification' for this
+        :class:`.ForeignKey`.
+
+        This is usually the equivalent of the string-based "tablename.colname"
+        argument first passed to the object's constructor.
+
+        """
+        if schema:
+            _schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+            return "%s.%s.%s" % (schema, tname, colname)
+        elif self._table_column is not None:
+            return "%s.%s" % (
+                self._table_column.table.fullname, self._table_column.key)
+        else:
+            return self._colspec
+
+    @property
+    def _referred_schema(self):
+        return self._column_tokens[0]
+
+    def _table_key(self):
+        if self._table_column is not None:
+            if self._table_column.table is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return self._table_column.table.key
+        else:
+            schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+            return _get_table_key(tname, schema)
+
+    target_fullname = property(_get_colspec)
+
+    def references(self, table):
+        """Return True if the given :class:`.Table` is referenced by this
+        :class:`.ForeignKey`."""
+
+        return table.corresponding_column(self.column) is not None
+
+    def get_referent(self, table):
+        """Return the :class:`.Column` in the given :class:`.Table`
+        referenced by this :class:`.ForeignKey`.
+
+        Returns None if this :class:`.ForeignKey` does not reference the given
+        :class:`.Table`.
+
+        """
+
+        return table.corresponding_column(self.column)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _column_tokens(self):
+        """parse a string-based _colspec into its component parts."""
+
+        m = self._get_colspec().split('.')
+        if m is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid foreign key column specification: %s" %
+                self._colspec)
+        if (len(m) == 1):
+            tname = m.pop()
+            colname = None
+        else:
+            colname = m.pop()
+            tname = m.pop()
+
+        # A FK between column 'bar' and table 'foo' can be
+        # specified as 'foo', 'foo.bar', 'dbo.foo.bar',
+        # 'otherdb.dbo.foo.bar'. Once we have the column name and
+        # the table name, treat everything else as the schema
+        # name. Some databases (e.g. Sybase) support
+        # inter-database foreign keys. See tickets#1341 and --
+        # indirectly related -- Ticket #594. This assumes that '.'
+        # will never appear *within* any component of the FK.
+
+        if (len(m) > 0):
+            schema = '.'.join(m)
+        else:
+            schema = None
+        return schema, tname, colname
+
+    def _resolve_col_tokens(self):
+        if self.parent is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "this ForeignKey object does not yet have a "
+                "parent Column associated with it.")
+
+        elif self.parent.table is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "this ForeignKey's parent column is not yet associated "
+                "with a Table.")
+
+        parenttable = self.parent.table
+
+        # assertion, can be commented out.
+        # basically Column._make_proxy() sends the actual
+        # target Column to the ForeignKey object, so the
+        # string resolution here is never called.
+        for c in self.parent.base_columns:
+            if isinstance(c, Column):
+                assert c.table is parenttable
+                break
+        else:
+            assert False
+        ######################
+
+        schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+
+        if schema is None and parenttable.metadata.schema is not None:
+            schema = parenttable.metadata.schema
+
+        tablekey = _get_table_key(tname, schema)
+        return parenttable, tablekey, colname
+
+    def _link_to_col_by_colstring(self, parenttable, table, colname):
+        if not hasattr(self.constraint, '_referred_table'):
+            self.constraint._referred_table = table
+        else:
+            assert self.constraint._referred_table is table
+
+        _column = None
+        if colname is None:
+            # colname is None in the case that ForeignKey argument
+            # was specified as table name only, in which case we
+            # match the column name to the same column on the
+            # parent.
+            key = self.parent
+            _column = table.c.get(self.parent.key, None)
+        elif self.link_to_name:
+            key = colname
+            for c in table.c:
+                if c.name == colname:
+                    _column = c
+        else:
+            key = colname
+            _column = table.c.get(colname, None)
+
+        if _column is None:
+            raise exc.NoReferencedColumnError(
+                "Could not initialize target column "
+                "for ForeignKey '%s' on table '%s': "
+                "table '%s' has no column named '%s'" %
+                (self._colspec, parenttable.name, table.name, key),
+                table.name, key)
+
+        self._set_target_column(_column)
+
+    def _set_target_column(self, column):
+        # propagate TypeEngine to parent if it didn't have one
+        if self.parent.type._isnull:
+            self.parent.type = column.type
+
+        # super-edgy case, if other FKs point to our column,
+        # they'd get the type propagated out also.
+        if isinstance(self.parent.table, Table):
+            fk_key = (self.parent.table.key, self.parent.key)
+            if fk_key in self.parent.table.metadata._fk_memos:
+                for fk in self.parent.table.metadata._fk_memos[fk_key]:
+                    if fk.parent.type._isnull:
+                        fk.parent.type = column.type
+
+        self.column = column
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def column(self):
+        """Return the target :class:`.Column` referenced by this
+        :class:`.ForeignKey`.
+
+        If no target column has been established, an exception
+        is raised.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0
+            Foreign key target column resolution now occurs as soon as both
+            the ForeignKey object and the remote Column to which it refers
+            are both associated with the same MetaData object.
+
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(self._colspec, util.string_types):
+
+            parenttable, tablekey, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+
+            if tablekey not in parenttable.metadata:
+                raise exc.NoReferencedTableError(
+                    "Foreign key associated with column '%s' could not find "
+                    "table '%s' with which to generate a "
+                    "foreign key to target column '%s'" %
+                    (self.parent, tablekey, colname),
+                    tablekey)
+            elif parenttable.key not in parenttable.metadata:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Table %s is no longer associated with its "
+                    "parent MetaData" % parenttable)
+            else:
+                raise exc.NoReferencedColumnError(
+                    "Could not initialize target column for "
+                    "ForeignKey '%s' on table '%s': "
+                    "table '%s' has no column named '%s'" % (
+                        self._colspec, parenttable.name, tablekey, colname),
+                    tablekey, colname)
+        elif hasattr(self._colspec, '__clause_element__'):
+            _column = self._colspec.__clause_element__()
+            return _column
+        else:
+            _column = self._colspec
+            return _column
+
+    def _set_parent(self, column):
+        if self.parent is not None and self.parent is not column:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This ForeignKey already has a parent !")
+        self.parent = column
+        self.parent.foreign_keys.add(self)
+        self.parent._on_table_attach(self._set_table)
+
+    def _set_remote_table(self, table):
+        parenttable, tablekey, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+        self._link_to_col_by_colstring(parenttable, table, colname)
+        self.constraint._validate_dest_table(table)
+
+    def _remove_from_metadata(self, metadata):
+        parenttable, table_key, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+        fk_key = (table_key, colname)
+
+        if self in metadata._fk_memos[fk_key]:
+            # TODO: no test coverage for self not in memos
+            metadata._fk_memos[fk_key].remove(self)
+
+    def _set_table(self, column, table):
+        # standalone ForeignKey - create ForeignKeyConstraint
+        # on the hosting Table when attached to the Table.
+        if self.constraint is None and isinstance(table, Table):
+            self.constraint = ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                [], [], use_alter=self.use_alter, name=self.name,
+                onupdate=self.onupdate, ondelete=self.ondelete,
+                deferrable=self.deferrable, initially=self.initially,
+                match=self.match,
+                **self._unvalidated_dialect_kw
+            )
+            self.constraint._elements[self.parent] = self
+            self.constraint._set_parent_with_dispatch(table)
+        table.foreign_keys.add(self)
+
+        # set up remote ".column" attribute, or a note to pick it
+        # up when the other Table/Column shows up
+        if isinstance(self._colspec, util.string_types):
+            parenttable, table_key, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+            fk_key = (table_key, colname)
+            if table_key in parenttable.metadata.tables:
+                table = parenttable.metadata.tables[table_key]
+                try:
+                    self._link_to_col_by_colstring(
+                        parenttable, table, colname)
+                except exc.NoReferencedColumnError:
+                    # this is OK, we'll try later
+                    pass
+            parenttable.metadata._fk_memos[fk_key].append(self)
+        elif hasattr(self._colspec, '__clause_element__'):
+            _column = self._colspec.__clause_element__()
+            self._set_target_column(_column)
+        else:
+            _column = self._colspec
+            self._set_target_column(_column)
+
+
+class _NotAColumnExpr(object):
+    def _not_a_column_expr(self):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "This %s cannot be used directly "
+            "as a column expression." % self.__class__.__name__)
+
+    __clause_element__ = self_group = lambda self: self._not_a_column_expr()
+    _from_objects = property(lambda self: self._not_a_column_expr())
+
+
+class DefaultGenerator(_NotAColumnExpr, SchemaItem):
+    """Base class for column *default* values."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'default_generator'
+
+    is_sequence = False
+    is_server_default = False
+    column = None
+
+    def __init__(self, for_update=False):
+        self.for_update = for_update
+
+    def _set_parent(self, column):
+        self.column = column
+        if self.for_update:
+            self.column.onupdate = self
+        else:
+            self.column.default = self
+
+    def execute(self, bind=None, **kwargs):
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        return bind._execute_default(self, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        """Return the connectable associated with this default."""
+        if getattr(self, 'column', None) is not None:
+            return self.column.table.bind
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class ColumnDefault(DefaultGenerator):
+    """A plain default value on a column.
+
+    This could correspond to a constant, a callable function,
+    or a SQL clause.
+
+    :class:`.ColumnDefault` is generated automatically
+    whenever the ``default``, ``onupdate`` arguments of
+    :class:`.Column` are used.  A :class:`.ColumnDefault`
+    can be passed positionally as well.
+
+    For example, the following::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, default=50)
+
+    Is equivalent to::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, ColumnDefault(50))
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, arg, **kwargs):
+        """"Construct a new :class:`.ColumnDefault`.
+
+
+        :param arg: argument representing the default value.
+         May be one of the following:
+
+         * a plain non-callable Python value, such as a
+           string, integer, boolean, or other simple type.
+           The default value will be used as is each time.
+         * a SQL expression, that is one which derives from
+           :class:`.ColumnElement`.  The SQL expression will
+           be rendered into the INSERT or UPDATE statement,
+           or in the case of a primary key column when
+           RETURNING is not used may be
+           pre-executed before an INSERT within a SELECT.
+         * A Python callable.  The function will be invoked for each
+           new row subject to an INSERT or UPDATE.
+           The callable must accept exactly
+           zero or one positional arguments.  The one-argument form
+           will receive an instance of the :class:`.ExecutionContext`,
+           which provides contextual information as to the current
+           :class:`.Connection` in use as well as the current
+           statement and parameters.
+
+        """
+        super(ColumnDefault, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        if isinstance(arg, FetchedValue):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "ColumnDefault may not be a server-side default type.")
+        if util.callable(arg):
+            arg = self._maybe_wrap_callable(arg)
+        self.arg = arg
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def is_callable(self):
+        return util.callable(self.arg)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def is_clause_element(self):
+        return isinstance(self.arg, ClauseElement)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def is_scalar(self):
+        return not self.is_callable and \
+            not self.is_clause_element and \
+            not self.is_sequence
+
+    def _maybe_wrap_callable(self, fn):
+        """Wrap callables that don't accept a context.
+
+        This is to allow easy compatibility with default callables
+        that aren't specific to accepting of a context.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            argspec = util.get_callable_argspec(fn, no_self=True)
+        except TypeError:
+            return lambda ctx: fn()
+
+        defaulted = argspec[3] is not None and len(argspec[3]) or 0
+        positionals = len(argspec[0]) - defaulted
+
+        if positionals == 0:
+            return lambda ctx: fn()
+        elif positionals == 1:
+            return fn
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "ColumnDefault Python function takes zero or one "
+                "positional arguments")
+
+    def _visit_name(self):
+        if self.for_update:
+            return "column_onupdate"
+        else:
+            return "column_default"
+    __visit_name__ = property(_visit_name)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "ColumnDefault(%r)" % self.arg
+
+
+class Sequence(DefaultGenerator):
+    """Represents a named database sequence.
+
+    The :class:`.Sequence` object represents the name and configurational
+    parameters of a database sequence.   It also represents
+    a construct that can be "executed" by a SQLAlchemy :class:`.Engine`
+    or :class:`.Connection`, rendering the appropriate "next value" function
+    for the target database and returning a result.
+
+    The :class:`.Sequence` is typically associated with a primary key column::
+
+        some_table = Table(
+            'some_table', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, Sequence('some_table_seq'),
+            primary_key=True)
+        )
+
+    When CREATE TABLE is emitted for the above :class:`.Table`, if the
+    target platform supports sequences, a CREATE SEQUENCE statement will
+    be emitted as well.   For platforms that don't support sequences,
+    the :class:`.Sequence` construct is ignored.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.CreateSequence`
+
+        :class:`.DropSequence`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'sequence'
+
+    is_sequence = True
+
+    def __init__(self, name, start=None, increment=None, schema=None,
+                 optional=False, quote=None, metadata=None,
+                 quote_schema=None,
+                 for_update=False):
+        """Construct a :class:`.Sequence` object.
+
+        :param name: The name of the sequence.
+        :param start: the starting index of the sequence.  This value is
+         used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to the database
+         as the value of the "START WITH" clause.   If ``None``, the
+         clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a starting
+         value of 1.
+        :param increment: the increment value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "INCREMENT BY" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates an
+         increment of 1.
+        :param schema: Optional schema name for the sequence, if located
+         in a schema other than the default.
+        :param optional: boolean value, when ``True``, indicates that this
+         :class:`.Sequence` object only needs to be explicitly generated
+         on backends that don't provide another way to generate primary
+         key identifiers.  Currently, it essentially means, "don't create
+         this sequence on the Postgresql backend, where the SERIAL keyword
+         creates a sequence for us automatically".
+        :param quote: boolean value, when ``True`` or ``False``, explicitly
+         forces quoting of the schema name on or off.  When left at its
+         default of ``None``, normal quoting rules based on casing and
+         reserved words take place.
+        :param quote_schema: set the quoting preferences for the ``schema``
+         name.
+        :param metadata: optional :class:`.MetaData` object which will be
+         associated with this :class:`.Sequence`.  A :class:`.Sequence`
+         that is associated with a :class:`.MetaData` gains access to the
+         ``bind`` of that :class:`.MetaData`, meaning the
+         :meth:`.Sequence.create` and :meth:`.Sequence.drop` methods will
+         make usage of that engine automatically.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+             Additionally, the appropriate CREATE SEQUENCE/
+             DROP SEQUENCE DDL commands will be emitted corresponding to this
+             :class:`.Sequence` when :meth:`.MetaData.create_all` and
+             :meth:`.MetaData.drop_all` are invoked.
+
+         Note that when a :class:`.Sequence` is applied to a :class:`.Column`,
+         the :class:`.Sequence` is automatically associated with the
+         :class:`.MetaData` object of that column's parent :class:`.Table`,
+         when that association is made.   The :class:`.Sequence` will then
+         be subject to automatic CREATE SEQUENCE/DROP SEQUENCE corresponding
+         to when the :class:`.Table` object itself is created or dropped,
+         rather than that of the :class:`.MetaData` object overall.
+        :param for_update: Indicates this :class:`.Sequence`, when associated
+         with a :class:`.Column`, should be invoked for UPDATE statements
+         on that column's table, rather than for INSERT statements, when
+         no value is otherwise present for that column in the statement.
+
+        """
+        super(Sequence, self).__init__(for_update=for_update)
+        self.name = quoted_name(name, quote)
+        self.start = start
+        self.increment = increment
+        self.optional = optional
+        if metadata is not None and schema is None and metadata.schema:
+            self.schema = schema = metadata.schema
+        else:
+            self.schema = quoted_name(schema, quote_schema)
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self._key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        if metadata:
+            self._set_metadata(metadata)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def is_callable(self):
+        return False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def is_clause_element(self):
+        return False
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.functions.func")
+    def next_value(self, func):
+        """Return a :class:`.next_value` function element
+        which will render the appropriate increment function
+        for this :class:`.Sequence` within any SQL expression.
+
+        """
+        return func.next_value(self, bind=self.bind)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, column):
+        super(Sequence, self)._set_parent(column)
+        column._on_table_attach(self._set_table)
+
+    def _set_table(self, column, table):
+        self._set_metadata(table.metadata)
+
+    def _set_metadata(self, metadata):
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.metadata._sequences[self._key] = self
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        if self.metadata:
+            return self.metadata.bind
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def create(self, bind=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Creates this sequence in the database."""
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator,
+                          self,
+                          checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Drops this sequence from the database."""
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper,
+                          self,
+                          checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _not_a_column_expr(self):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "This %s cannot be used directly "
+            "as a column expression.  Use func.next_value(sequence) "
+            "to produce a 'next value' function that's usable "
+            "as a column element."
+            % self.__class__.__name__)
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class FetchedValue(_NotAColumnExpr, SchemaEventTarget):
+    """A marker for a transparent database-side default.
+
+    Use :class:`.FetchedValue` when the database is configured
+    to provide some automatic default for a column.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, FetchedValue())
+
+    Would indicate that some trigger or default generator
+    will create a new value for the ``foo`` column during an
+    INSERT.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`triggered_columns`
+
+    """
+    is_server_default = True
+    reflected = False
+    has_argument = False
+
+    def __init__(self, for_update=False):
+        self.for_update = for_update
+
+    def _as_for_update(self, for_update):
+        if for_update == self.for_update:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return self._clone(for_update)
+
+    def _clone(self, for_update):
+        n = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        n.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        n.__dict__.pop('column', None)
+        n.for_update = for_update
+        return n
+
+    def _set_parent(self, column):
+        self.column = column
+        if self.for_update:
+            self.column.server_onupdate = self
+        else:
+            self.column.server_default = self
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self)
+
+
+class DefaultClause(FetchedValue):
+    """A DDL-specified DEFAULT column value.
+
+    :class:`.DefaultClause` is a :class:`.FetchedValue`
+    that also generates a "DEFAULT" clause when
+    "CREATE TABLE" is emitted.
+
+    :class:`.DefaultClause` is generated automatically
+    whenever the ``server_default``, ``server_onupdate`` arguments of
+    :class:`.Column` are used.  A :class:`.DefaultClause`
+    can be passed positionally as well.
+
+    For example, the following::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, server_default="50")
+
+    Is equivalent to::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, DefaultClause("50"))
+
+    """
+
+    has_argument = True
+
+    def __init__(self, arg, for_update=False, _reflected=False):
+        util.assert_arg_type(arg, (util.string_types[0],
+                                   ClauseElement,
+                                   TextClause), 'arg')
+        super(DefaultClause, self).__init__(for_update)
+        self.arg = arg
+        self.reflected = _reflected
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "DefaultClause(%r, for_update=%r)" % \
+            (self.arg, self.for_update)
+
+
+class PassiveDefault(DefaultClause):
+    """A DDL-specified DEFAULT column value.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 0.6
+        :class:`.PassiveDefault` is deprecated.
+        Use :class:`.DefaultClause`.
+    """
+    @util.deprecated("0.6",
+                     ":class:`.PassiveDefault` is deprecated.  "
+                     "Use :class:`.DefaultClause`.",
+                     False)
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        DefaultClause.__init__(self, *arg, **kw)
+
+
+class Constraint(DialectKWArgs, SchemaItem):
+    """A table-level SQL constraint."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'constraint'
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, deferrable=None, initially=None,
+                 _create_rule=None,
+                 **dialect_kw):
+        """Create a SQL constraint.
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of this ``Constraint``.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY  when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param _create_rule:
+          a callable which is passed the DDLCompiler object during
+          compilation. Returns True or False to signal inline generation of
+          this Constraint.
+
+          The AddConstraint and DropConstraint DDL constructs provide
+          DDLElement's more comprehensive "conditional DDL" approach that is
+          passed a database connection when DDL is being issued. _create_rule
+          is instead called during any CREATE TABLE compilation, where there
+          may not be any transaction/connection in progress. However, it
+          allows conditional compilation of the constraint even for backends
+          which do not support addition of constraints through ALTER TABLE,
+          which currently includes SQLite.
+
+          _create_rule is used by some types to create constraints.
+          Currently, its call signature is subject to change at any time.
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw:  Additional keyword arguments are dialect
+            specific, and passed in the form ``_``.  See
+            the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
+            :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
+
+        """
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.deferrable = deferrable
+        self.initially = initially
+        self._create_rule = _create_rule
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
+
+    @property
+    def table(self):
+        try:
+            if isinstance(self.parent, Table):
+                return self.parent
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "This constraint is not bound to a table.  Did you "
+            "mean to call table.append_constraint(constraint) ?")
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent):
+        self.parent = parent
+        parent.constraints.add(self)
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def _to_schema_column(element):
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        element = element.__clause_element__()
+    if not isinstance(element, Column):
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("schema.Column object expected")
+    return element
+
+
+def _to_schema_column_or_string(element):
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        element = element.__clause_element__()
+    if not isinstance(element, util.string_types + (ColumnElement, )):
+        msg = "Element %r is not a string name or column element"
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(msg % element)
+    return element
+
+
+class ColumnCollectionMixin(object):
+    def __init__(self, *columns):
+        self.columns = ColumnCollection()
+        self._pending_colargs = [_to_schema_column_or_string(c)
+                                 for c in columns]
+        if self._pending_colargs and \
+                isinstance(self._pending_colargs[0], Column) and \
+                isinstance(self._pending_colargs[0].table, Table):
+            self._set_parent_with_dispatch(self._pending_colargs[0].table)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table):
+        for col in self._pending_colargs:
+            if isinstance(col, util.string_types):
+                col = table.c[col]
+            self.columns.add(col)
+
+
+class ColumnCollectionConstraint(ColumnCollectionMixin, Constraint):
+    """A constraint that proxies a ColumnCollection."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *columns, **kw):
+        """
+        :param \*columns:
+          A sequence of column names or Column objects.
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of this constraint.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY  when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param \**kw: other keyword arguments including dialect-specific
+          arguments are propagated to the :class:`.Constraint` superclass.
+
+        """
+        Constraint.__init__(self, **kw)
+        ColumnCollectionMixin.__init__(self, *columns)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table):
+        Constraint._set_parent(self, table)
+        ColumnCollectionMixin._set_parent(self, table)
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        return x in self.columns
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        c = self.__class__(name=self.name, deferrable=self.deferrable,
+                           initially=self.initially, *self.columns.keys())
+        return self._schema_item_copy(c)
+
+    def contains_column(self, col):
+        return self.columns.contains_column(col)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        # inlining of
+        # return iter(self.columns)
+        # ColumnCollection->OrderedProperties->OrderedDict
+        ordered_dict = self.columns._data
+        return (ordered_dict[key] for key in ordered_dict._list)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.columns._data)
+
+
+class CheckConstraint(Constraint):
+    """A table- or column-level CHECK constraint.
+
+    Can be included in the definition of a Table or Column.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, sqltext, name=None, deferrable=None,
+                 initially=None, table=None, _create_rule=None,
+                 _autoattach=True):
+        """Construct a CHECK constraint.
+
+        :param sqltext:
+          A string containing the constraint definition, which will be used
+          verbatim, or a SQL expression construct.   If given as a string,
+          the object is converted to a :class:`.Text` object.   If the textual
+          string includes a colon character, escape this using a backslash::
+
+            CheckConstraint(r"foo ~ E'a(?\:b|c)d")
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of the constraint.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY  when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        """
+
+        super(CheckConstraint, self).\
+            __init__(name, deferrable, initially, _create_rule)
+        self.sqltext = _literal_as_text(sqltext)
+        if table is not None:
+            self._set_parent_with_dispatch(table)
+        elif _autoattach:
+            cols = _find_columns(self.sqltext)
+            tables = set([c.table for c in cols
+                          if isinstance(c.table, Table)])
+            if len(tables) == 1:
+                self._set_parent_with_dispatch(
+                    tables.pop())
+
+    def __visit_name__(self):
+        if isinstance(self.parent, Table):
+            return "check_constraint"
+        else:
+            return "column_check_constraint"
+    __visit_name__ = property(__visit_name__)
+
+    def copy(self, target_table=None, **kw):
+        if target_table is not None:
+            def replace(col):
+                if self.table.c.contains_column(col):
+                    return target_table.c[col.key]
+                else:
+                    return None
+            sqltext = visitors.replacement_traverse(self.sqltext, {}, replace)
+        else:
+            sqltext = self.sqltext
+        c = CheckConstraint(sqltext,
+                            name=self.name,
+                            initially=self.initially,
+                            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+                            _create_rule=self._create_rule,
+                            table=target_table,
+                            _autoattach=False)
+        return self._schema_item_copy(c)
+
+
+class ForeignKeyConstraint(Constraint):
+    """A table-level FOREIGN KEY constraint.
+
+    Defines a single column or composite FOREIGN KEY ... REFERENCES
+    constraint. For a no-frills, single column foreign key, adding a
+    :class:`.ForeignKey` to the definition of a :class:`.Column` is a
+    shorthand equivalent for an unnamed, single column
+    :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+    Examples of foreign key configuration are in :ref:`metadata_foreignkeys`.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'foreign_key_constraint'
+
+    def __init__(self, columns, refcolumns, name=None, onupdate=None,
+                 ondelete=None, deferrable=None, initially=None,
+                 use_alter=False, link_to_name=False, match=None,
+                 table=None, **dialect_kw):
+        """Construct a composite-capable FOREIGN KEY.
+
+        :param columns: A sequence of local column names. The named columns
+          must be defined and present in the parent Table. The names should
+          match the ``key`` given to each column (defaults to the name) unless
+          ``link_to_name`` is True.
+
+        :param refcolumns: A sequence of foreign column names or Column
+          objects. The columns must all be located within the same Table.
+
+        :param name: Optional, the in-database name of the key.
+
+        :param onupdate: Optional string. If set, emit ON UPDATE  when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+          DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+        :param ondelete: Optional string. If set, emit ON DELETE  when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+          DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+        :param deferrable: Optional bool. If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT
+          DEFERRABLE when issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially: Optional string. If set, emit INITIALLY  when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param link_to_name: if True, the string name given in ``column`` is
+          the rendered name of the referenced column, not its locally assigned
+          ``key``.
+
+        :param use_alter: If True, do not emit the DDL for this constraint as
+          part of the CREATE TABLE definition. Instead, generate it via an
+          ALTER TABLE statement issued after the full collection of tables
+          have been created, and drop it via an ALTER TABLE statement before
+          the full collection of tables are dropped. This is shorthand for the
+          usage of :class:`.AddConstraint` and :class:`.DropConstraint`
+          applied as "after-create" and "before-drop" events on the MetaData
+          object.  This is normally used to generate/drop constraints on
+          objects that are mutually dependent on each other.
+
+        :param match: Optional string. If set, emit MATCH  when issuing
+          DDL for this constraint. Typical values include SIMPLE, PARTIAL
+          and FULL.
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw:  Additional keyword arguments are dialect
+          specific, and passed in the form ``_``.  See
+          the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
+          :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+        """
+        super(ForeignKeyConstraint, self).\
+            __init__(name, deferrable, initially, **dialect_kw)
+
+        self.onupdate = onupdate
+        self.ondelete = ondelete
+        self.link_to_name = link_to_name
+        if self.name is None and use_alter:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("Alterable Constraint requires a name")
+        self.use_alter = use_alter
+        self.match = match
+
+        self._elements = util.OrderedDict()
+
+        # standalone ForeignKeyConstraint - create
+        # associated ForeignKey objects which will be applied to hosted
+        # Column objects (in col.foreign_keys), either now or when attached
+        # to the Table for string-specified names
+        for col, refcol in zip(columns, refcolumns):
+            self._elements[col] = ForeignKey(
+                refcol,
+                _constraint=self,
+                name=self.name,
+                onupdate=self.onupdate,
+                ondelete=self.ondelete,
+                use_alter=self.use_alter,
+                link_to_name=self.link_to_name,
+                match=self.match,
+                deferrable=self.deferrable,
+                initially=self.initially,
+                **self.dialect_kwargs
+            )
+
+        if table is not None:
+            self._set_parent_with_dispatch(table)
+        elif columns and \
+            isinstance(columns[0], Column) and \
+                columns[0].table is not None:
+            self._set_parent_with_dispatch(columns[0].table)
+
+    @property
+    def _referred_schema(self):
+        for elem in self._elements.values():
+            return elem._referred_schema
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _validate_dest_table(self, table):
+        table_keys = set([elem._table_key()
+                          for elem in self._elements.values()])
+        if None not in table_keys and len(table_keys) > 1:
+            elem0, elem1 = sorted(table_keys)[0:2]
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                'ForeignKeyConstraint on %s(%s) refers to '
+                'multiple remote tables: %s and %s' % (
+                    table.fullname,
+                    self._col_description,
+                    elem0,
+                    elem1
+                ))
+
+    @property
+    def _col_description(self):
+        return ", ".join(self._elements)
+
+    @property
+    def columns(self):
+        return list(self._elements)
+
+    @property
+    def elements(self):
+        return list(self._elements.values())
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table):
+        super(ForeignKeyConstraint, self)._set_parent(table)
+
+        self._validate_dest_table(table)
+
+        for col, fk in self._elements.items():
+            # string-specified column names now get
+            # resolved to Column objects
+            if isinstance(col, util.string_types):
+                try:
+                    col = table.c[col]
+                except KeyError:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't create ForeignKeyConstraint "
+                        "on table '%s': no column "
+                        "named '%s' is present." % (table.description, col))
+
+            if not hasattr(fk, 'parent') or \
+                    fk.parent is not col:
+                fk._set_parent_with_dispatch(col)
+
+        if self.use_alter:
+            def supports_alter(ddl, event, schema_item, bind, **kw):
+                return table in set(kw['tables']) and \
+                    bind.dialect.supports_alter
+
+            event.listen(table.metadata, "after_create",
+                         ddl.AddConstraint(self, on=supports_alter))
+            event.listen(table.metadata, "before_drop",
+                         ddl.DropConstraint(self, on=supports_alter))
+
+    def copy(self, schema=None, **kw):
+        fkc = ForeignKeyConstraint(
+            [x.parent.key for x in self._elements.values()],
+            [x._get_colspec(schema=schema)
+             for x in self._elements.values()],
+            name=self.name,
+            onupdate=self.onupdate,
+            ondelete=self.ondelete,
+            use_alter=self.use_alter,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            link_to_name=self.link_to_name,
+            match=self.match
+        )
+        for self_fk, other_fk in zip(
+                self._elements.values(),
+                fkc._elements.values()):
+            self_fk._schema_item_copy(other_fk)
+        return self._schema_item_copy(fkc)
+
+
+class PrimaryKeyConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level PRIMARY KEY constraint.
+
+    The :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object is present automatically
+    on any :class:`.Table` object; it is assigned a set of
+    :class:`.Column` objects corresponding to those marked with
+    the :paramref:`.Column.primary_key` flag::
+
+        >>> my_table = Table('mytable', metadata,
+        ...                 Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        ...                 Column('version_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        ...                 Column('data', String(50))
+        ...     )
+        >>> my_table.primary_key
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint(
+            Column('id', Integer(), table=,
+                   primary_key=True, nullable=False),
+            Column('version_id', Integer(), table=,
+                   primary_key=True, nullable=False)
+        )
+
+    The primary key of a :class:`.Table` can also be specified by using
+    a :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object explicitly; in this mode of usage,
+    the "name" of the constraint can also be specified, as well as other
+    options which may be recognized by dialects::
+
+        my_table = Table('mytable', metadata,
+                    Column('id', Integer),
+                    Column('version_id', Integer),
+                    Column('data', String(50)),
+                    PrimaryKeyConstraint('id', 'version_id',
+                                         name='mytable_pk')
+                )
+
+    The two styles of column-specification should generally not be mixed.
+    An warning is emitted if the columns present in the
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`
+    don't match the columns that were marked as ``primary_key=True``, if both
+    are present; in this case, the columns are taken strictly from the
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` declaration, and those columns otherwise
+    marked as ``primary_key=True`` are ignored.  This behavior is intended to
+    be backwards compatible with previous behavior.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9.2  Using a mixture of columns within a
+       :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` in addition to columns marked as
+       ``primary_key=True`` now emits a warning if the lists don't match.
+       The ultimate behavior of ignoring those columns marked with the flag
+       only is currently maintained for backwards compatibility; this warning
+       may raise an exception in a future release.
+
+    For the use case where specific options are to be specified on the
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, but the usual style of using
+    ``primary_key=True`` flags is still desirable, an empty
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` may be specified, which will take on the
+    primary key column collection from the :class:`.Table` based on the
+    flags::
+
+        my_table = Table('mytable', metadata,
+                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('version_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('data', String(50)),
+                    PrimaryKeyConstraint(name='mytable_pk',
+                                         mssql_clustered=True)
+                )
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.2 an empty :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` may now
+       be specified for the purposes of establishing keyword arguments with
+       the constraint, independently of the specification of "primary key"
+       columns within the :class:`.Table` itself; columns marked as
+       ``primary_key=True`` will be gathered into the empty constraint's
+       column collection.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'primary_key_constraint'
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table):
+        super(PrimaryKeyConstraint, self)._set_parent(table)
+
+        if table.primary_key is not self:
+            table.constraints.discard(table.primary_key)
+            table.primary_key = self
+            table.constraints.add(self)
+
+        table_pks = [c for c in table.c if c.primary_key]
+        if self.columns and table_pks and \
+                set(table_pks) != set(self.columns.values()):
+            util.warn(
+                "Table '%s' specifies columns %s as primary_key=True, "
+                "not matching locally specified columns %s; setting the "
+                "current primary key columns to %s. This warning "
+                "may become an exception in a future release" %
+                (
+                    table.name,
+                    ", ".join("'%s'" % c.name for c in table_pks),
+                    ", ".join("'%s'" % c.name for c in self.columns),
+                    ", ".join("'%s'" % c.name for c in self.columns)
+                )
+            )
+            table_pks[:] = []
+
+        for c in self.columns:
+            c.primary_key = True
+            c.nullable = False
+        self.columns.extend(table_pks)
+
+    def _reload(self, columns):
+        """repopulate this :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` given
+        a set of columns.
+
+        Existing columns in the table that are marked as primary_key=True
+        are maintained.
+
+        Also fires a new event.
+
+        This is basically like putting a whole new
+        :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object on the parent
+        :class:`.Table` object without actually replacing the object.
+
+        The ordering of the given list of columns is also maintained; these
+        columns will be appended to the list of columns after any which
+        are already present.
+
+        """
+
+        # set the primary key flag on new columns.
+        # note any existing PK cols on the table also have their
+        # flag still set.
+        for col in columns:
+            col.primary_key = True
+
+        self.columns.extend(columns)
+
+        self._set_parent_with_dispatch(self.table)
+
+    def _replace(self, col):
+        self.columns.replace(col)
+
+
+class UniqueConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level UNIQUE constraint.
+
+    Defines a single column or composite UNIQUE constraint. For a no-frills,
+    single column constraint, adding ``unique=True`` to the ``Column``
+    definition is a shorthand equivalent for an unnamed, single column
+    UniqueConstraint.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'unique_constraint'
+
+
+class Index(DialectKWArgs, ColumnCollectionMixin, SchemaItem):
+    """A table-level INDEX.
+
+    Defines a composite (one or more column) INDEX.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        sometable = Table("sometable", metadata,
+                        Column("name", String(50)),
+                        Column("address", String(100))
+                    )
+
+        Index("some_index", sometable.c.name)
+
+    For a no-frills, single column index, adding
+    :class:`.Column` also supports ``index=True``::
+
+        sometable = Table("sometable", metadata,
+                        Column("name", String(50), index=True)
+                    )
+
+    For a composite index, multiple columns can be specified::
+
+        Index("some_index", sometable.c.name, sometable.c.address)
+
+    Functional indexes are supported as well, typically by using the
+    :data:`.func` construct in conjunction with table-bound
+    :class:`.Column` objects::
+
+        Index("some_index", func.lower(sometable.c.name))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8 support for functional and expression-based indexes.
+
+    An :class:`.Index` can also be manually associated with a :class:`.Table`,
+    either through inline declaration or using
+    :meth:`.Table.append_constraint`.  When this approach is used, the names
+    of the indexed columns can be specified as strings::
+
+        Table("sometable", metadata,
+                        Column("name", String(50)),
+                        Column("address", String(100)),
+                        Index("some_index", "name", "address")
+                )
+
+    To support functional or expression-based indexes in this form, the
+    :func:`.text` construct may be used::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        Table("sometable", metadata,
+                        Column("name", String(50)),
+                        Column("address", String(100)),
+                        Index("some_index", text("lower(name)"))
+                )
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.5 the :func:`.text` construct may be used to
+       specify :class:`.Index` expressions, provided the :class:`.Index`
+       is explicitly associated with the :class:`.Table`.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`schema_indexes` - General information on :class:`.Index`.
+
+        :ref:`postgresql_indexes` - PostgreSQL-specific options available for
+        the :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+        :ref:`mysql_indexes` - MySQL-specific options available for the
+        :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+        :ref:`mssql_indexes` - MSSQL-specific options available for the
+        :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'index'
+
+    def __init__(self, name, *expressions, **kw):
+        """Construct an index object.
+
+        :param name:
+          The name of the index
+
+        :param \*expressions:
+          Column expressions to include in the index.   The expressions
+          are normally instances of :class:`.Column`, but may also
+          be arbitrary SQL expressions which ultimately refer to a
+          :class:`.Column`.
+
+        :param unique=False:
+            Keyword only argument; if True, create a unique index.
+
+        :param quote=None:
+            Keyword only argument; whether to apply quoting to the name of
+            the index.  Works in the same manner as that of
+            :paramref:`.Column.quote`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned above are
+            dialect specific, and passed in the form
+            ``_``. See the documentation regarding an
+            individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
+            documented arguments.
+
+        """
+        self.table = None
+
+        columns = []
+        for expr in expressions:
+            if not isinstance(expr, ClauseElement):
+                columns.append(expr)
+            else:
+                cols = []
+                visitors.traverse(expr, {}, {'column': cols.append})
+                if cols:
+                    columns.append(cols[0])
+
+        self.expressions = expressions
+        self.name = quoted_name(name, kw.pop("quote", None))
+        self.unique = kw.pop('unique', False)
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(kw)
+
+        # will call _set_parent() if table-bound column
+        # objects are present
+        ColumnCollectionMixin.__init__(self, *columns)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table):
+        ColumnCollectionMixin._set_parent(self, table)
+
+        if self.table is not None and table is not self.table:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Index '%s' is against table '%s', and "
+                "cannot be associated with table '%s'." % (
+                    self.name,
+                    self.table.description,
+                    table.description
+                )
+            )
+        self.table = table
+        for c in self.columns:
+            if c.table != self.table:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Column '%s' is not part of table '%s'." %
+                    (c, self.table.description)
+                )
+        table.indexes.add(self)
+
+        self.expressions = [
+            expr if isinstance(expr, ClauseElement)
+            else colexpr
+            for expr, colexpr in util.zip_longest(self.expressions,
+                                                  self.columns)
+        ]
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        """Return the connectable associated with this Index."""
+
+        return self.table.bind
+
+    def create(self, bind=None):
+        """Issue a ``CREATE`` statement for this
+        :class:`.Index`, using the given :class:`.Connectable`
+        for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MetaData.create_all`.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator, self)
+        return self
+
+    def drop(self, bind=None):
+        """Issue a ``DROP`` statement for this
+        :class:`.Index`, using the given :class:`.Connectable`
+        for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MetaData.drop_all`.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper, self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Index(%s)' % (
+            ", ".join(
+                [repr(self.name)] +
+                [repr(e) for e in self.expressions] +
+                (self.unique and ["unique=True"] or [])
+            ))
+
+
+DEFAULT_NAMING_CONVENTION = util.immutabledict({
+    "ix": 'ix_%(column_0_label)s'
+})
+
+
+class MetaData(SchemaItem):
+    """A collection of :class:`.Table` objects and their associated schema
+    constructs.
+
+    Holds a collection of :class:`.Table` objects as well as
+    an optional binding to an :class:`.Engine` or
+    :class:`.Connection`.  If bound, the :class:`.Table` objects
+    in the collection and their columns may participate in implicit SQL
+    execution.
+
+    The :class:`.Table` objects themselves are stored in the
+    :attr:`.MetaData.tables` dictionary.
+
+    :class:`.MetaData` is a thread-safe object for read operations.
+    Construction of new tables within a single :class:`.MetaData` object,
+    either explicitly or via reflection, may not be completely thread-safe.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`metadata_describing` - Introduction to database metadata
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'metadata'
+
+    def __init__(self, bind=None, reflect=False, schema=None,
+                 quote_schema=None,
+                 naming_convention=DEFAULT_NAMING_CONVENTION
+                 ):
+        """Create a new MetaData object.
+
+        :param bind:
+          An Engine or Connection to bind to.  May also be a string or URL
+          instance, these are passed to create_engine() and this MetaData will
+          be bound to the resulting engine.
+
+        :param reflect:
+          Optional, automatically load all tables from the bound database.
+          Defaults to False. ``bind`` is required when this option is set.
+
+          .. deprecated:: 0.8
+                Please use the :meth:`.MetaData.reflect` method.
+
+        :param schema:
+           The default schema to use for the :class:`.Table`,
+           :class:`.Sequence`, and other objects associated with this
+           :class:`.MetaData`. Defaults to ``None``.
+
+        :param quote_schema:
+            Sets the ``quote_schema`` flag for those :class:`.Table`,
+            :class:`.Sequence`, and other objects which make usage of the
+            local ``schema`` name.
+
+        :param naming_convention: a dictionary referring to values which
+          will establish default naming conventions for :class:`.Constraint`
+          and :class:`.Index` objects, for those objects which are not given
+          a name explicitly.
+
+          The keys of this dictionary may be:
+
+          * a constraint or Index class, e.g. the :class:`.UniqueConstraint`,
+            :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` class, the :class:`.Index` class
+
+          * a string mnemonic for one of the known constraint classes;
+            ``"fk"``, ``"pk"``, ``"ix"``, ``"ck"``, ``"uq"`` for foreign key,
+            primary key, index, check, and unique constraint, respectively.
+
+          * the string name of a user-defined "token" that can be used
+            to define new naming tokens.
+
+          The values associated with each "constraint class" or "constraint
+          mnemonic" key are string naming templates, such as
+          ``"uq_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s"``,
+          which describe how the name should be composed.  The values
+          associated with user-defined "token" keys should be callables of the
+          form ``fn(constraint, table)``, which accepts the constraint/index
+          object and :class:`.Table` as arguments, returning a string
+          result.
+
+          The built-in names are as follows, some of which may only be
+          available for certain types of constraint:
+
+            * ``%(table_name)s`` - the name of the :class:`.Table` object
+              associated with the constraint.
+
+            * ``%(referred_table_name)s`` - the name of the :class:`.Table`
+              object associated with the referencing target of a
+              :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+            * ``%(column_0_name)s`` - the name of the :class:`.Column` at
+              index position "0" within the constraint.
+
+            * ``%(column_0_label)s`` - the label of the :class:`.Column` at
+              index position "0", e.g. :attr:`.Column.label`
+
+            * ``%(column_0_key)s`` - the key of the :class:`.Column` at
+              index position "0", e.g. :attr:`.Column.key`
+
+            * ``%(referred_column_0_name)s`` - the name of a :class:`.Column`
+              at index position "0" referenced by a
+              :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+            * ``%(constraint_name)s`` - a special key that refers to the
+              existing name given to the constraint.  When this key is
+              present, the :class:`.Constraint` object's existing name will be
+              replaced with one that is composed from template string that
+              uses this token. When this token is present, it is required that
+              the :class:`.Constraint` is given an expicit name ahead of time.
+
+            * user-defined: any additional token may be implemented by passing
+              it along with a ``fn(constraint, table)`` callable to the
+              naming_convention dictionary.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions` - for detailed usage
+                examples.
+
+        """
+        self.tables = util.immutabledict()
+        self.schema = quoted_name(schema, quote_schema)
+        self.naming_convention = naming_convention
+        self._schemas = set()
+        self._sequences = {}
+        self._fk_memos = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+        self.bind = bind
+        if reflect:
+            util.warn_deprecated("reflect=True is deprecate; please "
+                                 "use the reflect() method.")
+            if not bind:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "A bind must be supplied in conjunction "
+                    "with reflect=True")
+            self.reflect()
+
+    tables = None
+    """A dictionary of :class:`.Table` objects keyed to their name or "table key".
+
+    The exact key is that determined by the :attr:`.Table.key` attribute;
+    for a table with no :attr:`.Table.schema` attribute, this is the same
+    as :attr:`.Table.name`.  For a table with a schema, it is typically of the
+    form ``schemaname.tablename``.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables`
+
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'MetaData(bind=%r)' % self.bind
+
+    def __contains__(self, table_or_key):
+        if not isinstance(table_or_key, util.string_types):
+            table_or_key = table_or_key.key
+        return table_or_key in self.tables
+
+    def _add_table(self, name, schema, table):
+        key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        dict.__setitem__(self.tables, key, table)
+        if schema:
+            self._schemas.add(schema)
+
+    def _remove_table(self, name, schema):
+        key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        removed = dict.pop(self.tables, key, None)
+        if removed is not None:
+            for fk in removed.foreign_keys:
+                fk._remove_from_metadata(self)
+        if self._schemas:
+            self._schemas = set([t.schema
+                                 for t in self.tables.values()
+                                 if t.schema is not None])
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'tables': self.tables,
+                'schema': self.schema,
+                'schemas': self._schemas,
+                'sequences': self._sequences,
+                'fk_memos': self._fk_memos}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.tables = state['tables']
+        self.schema = state['schema']
+        self._bind = None
+        self._sequences = state['sequences']
+        self._schemas = state['schemas']
+        self._fk_memos = state['fk_memos']
+
+    def is_bound(self):
+        """True if this MetaData is bound to an Engine or Connection."""
+
+        return self._bind is not None
+
+    def bind(self):
+        """An :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` to which this
+        :class:`.MetaData` is bound.
+
+        Typically, a :class:`.Engine` is assigned to this attribute
+        so that "implicit execution" may be used, or alternatively
+        as a means of providing engine binding information to an
+        ORM :class:`.Session` object::
+
+            engine = create_engine("someurl://")
+            metadata.bind = engine
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :ref:`dbengine_implicit` - background on "bound metadata"
+
+        """
+        return self._bind
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.engine.url")
+    def _bind_to(self, url, bind):
+        """Bind this MetaData to an Engine, Connection, string or URL."""
+
+        if isinstance(bind, util.string_types + (url.URL, )):
+            self._bind = sqlalchemy.create_engine(bind)
+        else:
+            self._bind = bind
+    bind = property(bind, _bind_to)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear all Table objects from this MetaData."""
+
+        dict.clear(self.tables)
+        self._schemas.clear()
+        self._fk_memos.clear()
+
+    def remove(self, table):
+        """Remove the given Table object from this MetaData."""
+
+        self._remove_table(table.name, table.schema)
+
+    @property
+    def sorted_tables(self):
+        """Returns a list of :class:`.Table` objects sorted in order of
+        foreign key dependency.
+
+        The sorting will place :class:`.Table` objects that have dependencies
+        first, before the dependencies themselves, representing the
+        order in which they can be created.   To get the order in which
+        the tables would be dropped, use the ``reversed()`` Python built-in.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.MetaData.tables`
+
+            :meth:`.Inspector.get_table_names`
+
+        """
+        return ddl.sort_tables(self.tables.values())
+
+    def reflect(self, bind=None, schema=None, views=False, only=None,
+                extend_existing=False,
+                autoload_replace=True,
+                **dialect_kwargs):
+        """Load all available table definitions from the database.
+
+        Automatically creates ``Table`` entries in this ``MetaData`` for any
+        table available in the database but not yet present in the
+        ``MetaData``.  May be called multiple times to pick up tables recently
+        added to the database, however no special action is taken if a table
+        in this ``MetaData`` no longer exists in the database.
+
+        :param bind:
+          A :class:`.Connectable` used to access the database; if None, uses
+          the existing bind on this ``MetaData``, if any.
+
+        :param schema:
+          Optional, query and reflect tables from an alterate schema.
+          If None, the schema associated with this :class:`.MetaData`
+          is used, if any.
+
+        :param views:
+          If True, also reflect views.
+
+        :param only:
+          Optional.  Load only a sub-set of available named tables.  May be
+          specified as a sequence of names or a callable.
+
+          If a sequence of names is provided, only those tables will be
+          reflected.  An error is raised if a table is requested but not
+          available.  Named tables already present in this ``MetaData`` are
+          ignored.
+
+          If a callable is provided, it will be used as a boolean predicate to
+          filter the list of potential table names.  The callable is called
+          with a table name and this ``MetaData`` instance as positional
+          arguments and should return a true value for any table to reflect.
+
+        :param extend_existing: Passed along to each :class:`.Table` as
+          :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing`.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.1
+
+        :param autoload_replace: Passed along to each :class:`.Table` as
+          :paramref:`.Table.autoload_replace`.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.1
+
+        :param \**dialect_kwargs: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned
+         above are dialect specific, and passed in the form
+         ``_``.  See the documentation regarding an
+         individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
+         documented arguments.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.2 - Added
+             :paramref:`.MetaData.reflect.**dialect_kwargs` to support
+             dialect-level reflection options for all :class:`.Table`
+             objects reflected.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+
+        with bind.connect() as conn:
+
+            reflect_opts = {
+                'autoload': True,
+                'autoload_with': conn,
+                'extend_existing': extend_existing,
+                'autoload_replace': autoload_replace
+            }
+
+            reflect_opts.update(dialect_kwargs)
+
+            if schema is None:
+                schema = self.schema
+
+            if schema is not None:
+                reflect_opts['schema'] = schema
+
+            available = util.OrderedSet(
+                bind.engine.table_names(schema, connection=conn))
+            if views:
+                available.update(
+                    bind.dialect.get_view_names(conn, schema)
+                )
+
+            if schema is not None:
+                available_w_schema = util.OrderedSet(["%s.%s" % (schema, name)
+                                                      for name in available])
+            else:
+                available_w_schema = available
+
+            current = set(self.tables)
+
+            if only is None:
+                load = [name for name, schname in
+                        zip(available, available_w_schema)
+                        if extend_existing or schname not in current]
+            elif util.callable(only):
+                load = [name for name, schname in
+                        zip(available, available_w_schema)
+                        if (extend_existing or schname not in current)
+                        and only(name, self)]
+            else:
+                missing = [name for name in only if name not in available]
+                if missing:
+                    s = schema and (" schema '%s'" % schema) or ''
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        'Could not reflect: requested table(s) not available '
+                        'in %s%s: (%s)' %
+                        (bind.engine.url, s, ', '.join(missing)))
+                load = [name for name in only if extend_existing or
+                        name not in current]
+
+            for name in load:
+                Table(name, self, **reflect_opts)
+
+    def append_ddl_listener(self, event_name, listener):
+        """Append a DDL event listener to this ``MetaData``.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.7
+            See :class:`.DDLEvents`.
+
+        """
+        def adapt_listener(target, connection, **kw):
+            tables = kw['tables']
+            listener(event, target, connection, tables=tables)
+
+        event.listen(self, "" + event_name.replace('-', '_'), adapt_listener)
+
+    def create_all(self, bind=None, tables=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Create all tables stored in this metadata.
+
+        Conditional by default, will not attempt to recreate tables already
+        present in the target database.
+
+        :param bind:
+          A :class:`.Connectable` used to access the
+          database; if None, uses the existing bind on this ``MetaData``, if
+          any.
+
+        :param tables:
+          Optional list of ``Table`` objects, which is a subset of the total
+          tables in the ``MetaData`` (others are ignored).
+
+        :param checkfirst:
+          Defaults to True, don't issue CREATEs for tables already present
+          in the target database.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator,
+                          self,
+                          checkfirst=checkfirst,
+                          tables=tables)
+
+    def drop_all(self, bind=None, tables=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Drop all tables stored in this metadata.
+
+        Conditional by default, will not attempt to drop tables not present in
+        the target database.
+
+        :param bind:
+          A :class:`.Connectable` used to access the
+          database; if None, uses the existing bind on this ``MetaData``, if
+          any.
+
+        :param tables:
+          Optional list of ``Table`` objects, which is a subset of the
+          total tables in the ``MetaData`` (others are ignored).
+
+        :param checkfirst:
+          Defaults to True, only issue DROPs for tables confirmed to be
+          present in the target database.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper,
+                          self,
+                          checkfirst=checkfirst,
+                          tables=tables)
+
+
+class ThreadLocalMetaData(MetaData):
+    """A MetaData variant that presents a different ``bind`` in every thread.
+
+    Makes the ``bind`` property of the MetaData a thread-local value, allowing
+    this collection of tables to be bound to different ``Engine``
+    implementations or connections in each thread.
+
+    The ThreadLocalMetaData starts off bound to None in each thread.  Binds
+    must be made explicitly by assigning to the ``bind`` property or using
+    ``connect()``.  You can also re-bind dynamically multiple times per
+    thread, just like a regular ``MetaData``.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'metadata'
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """Construct a ThreadLocalMetaData."""
+
+        self.context = util.threading.local()
+        self.__engines = {}
+        super(ThreadLocalMetaData, self).__init__()
+
+    def bind(self):
+        """The bound Engine or Connection for this thread.
+
+        This property may be assigned an Engine or Connection, or assigned a
+        string or URL to automatically create a basic Engine for this bind
+        with ``create_engine()``."""
+
+        return getattr(self.context, '_engine', None)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.engine.url")
+    def _bind_to(self, url, bind):
+        """Bind to a Connectable in the caller's thread."""
+
+        if isinstance(bind, util.string_types + (url.URL, )):
+            try:
+                self.context._engine = self.__engines[bind]
+            except KeyError:
+                e = sqlalchemy.create_engine(bind)
+                self.__engines[bind] = e
+                self.context._engine = e
+        else:
+            # TODO: this is squirrely.  we shouldn't have to hold onto engines
+            # in a case like this
+            if bind not in self.__engines:
+                self.__engines[bind] = bind
+            self.context._engine = bind
+
+    bind = property(bind, _bind_to)
+
+    def is_bound(self):
+        """True if there is a bind for this thread."""
+        return (hasattr(self.context, '_engine') and
+                self.context._engine is not None)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        """Dispose all bound engines, in all thread contexts."""
+
+        for e in self.__engines.values():
+            if hasattr(e, 'dispose'):
+                e.dispose()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02b5ce3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3152 @@
+# sql/selectable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The :class:`.FromClause` class of SQL expression elements, representing
+SQL tables and derived rowsets.
+
+"""
+
+from .elements import ClauseElement, TextClause, ClauseList, \
+    and_, Grouping, UnaryExpression, literal_column
+from .elements import _clone, \
+    _literal_as_text, _interpret_as_column_or_from, _expand_cloned,\
+    _select_iterables, _anonymous_label, _clause_element_as_expr,\
+    _cloned_intersection, _cloned_difference, True_, _only_column_elements,\
+    TRUE
+from .base import Immutable, Executable, _generative, \
+    ColumnCollection, ColumnSet, _from_objects, Generative
+from . import type_api
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from .. import exc
+from operator import attrgetter
+from . import operators
+import operator
+import collections
+from .annotation import Annotated
+import itertools
+
+
+def _interpret_as_from(element):
+    insp = inspection.inspect(element, raiseerr=False)
+    if insp is None:
+        if isinstance(element, util.string_types):
+            return TextClause(util.text_type(element))
+    elif hasattr(insp, "selectable"):
+        return insp.selectable
+    raise exc.ArgumentError("FROM expression expected")
+
+
+def _interpret_as_select(element):
+    element = _interpret_as_from(element)
+    if isinstance(element, Alias):
+        element = element.original
+    if not isinstance(element, SelectBase):
+        element = element.select()
+    return element
+
+
+def subquery(alias, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Return an :class:`.Alias` object derived
+    from a :class:`.Select`.
+
+    name
+      alias name
+
+    \*args, \**kwargs
+
+      all other arguments are delivered to the
+      :func:`select` function.
+
+    """
+    return Select(*args, **kwargs).alias(alias)
+
+
+def alias(selectable, name=None, flat=False):
+    """Return an :class:`.Alias` object.
+
+    An :class:`.Alias` represents any :class:`.FromClause`
+    with an alternate name assigned within SQL, typically using the ``AS``
+    clause when generated, e.g. ``SELECT * FROM table AS aliasname``.
+
+    Similar functionality is available via the
+    :meth:`~.FromClause.alias` method
+    available on all :class:`.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    When an :class:`.Alias` is created from a :class:`.Table` object,
+    this has the effect of the table being rendered
+    as ``tablename AS aliasname`` in a SELECT statement.
+
+    For :func:`.select` objects, the effect is that of creating a named
+    subquery, i.e. ``(select ...) AS aliasname``.
+
+    The ``name`` parameter is optional, and provides the name
+    to use in the rendered SQL.  If blank, an "anonymous" name
+    will be deterministically generated at compile time.
+    Deterministic means the name is guaranteed to be unique against
+    other constructs used in the same statement, and will also be the
+    same name for each successive compilation of the same statement
+    object.
+
+    :param selectable: any :class:`.FromClause` subclass,
+        such as a table, select statement, etc.
+
+    :param name: string name to be assigned as the alias.
+        If ``None``, a name will be deterministically generated
+        at compile time.
+
+    :param flat: Will be passed through to if the given selectable
+     is an instance of :class:`.Join` - see :meth:`.Join.alias`
+     for details.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    """
+    return selectable.alias(name=name, flat=flat)
+
+
+class Selectable(ClauseElement):
+
+    """mark a class as being selectable"""
+    __visit_name__ = 'selectable'
+
+    is_selectable = True
+
+    @property
+    def selectable(self):
+        return self
+
+
+class FromClause(Selectable):
+
+    """Represent an element that can be used within the ``FROM``
+    clause of a ``SELECT`` statement.
+
+    The most common forms of :class:`.FromClause` are the
+    :class:`.Table` and the :func:`.select` constructs.  Key
+    features common to all :class:`.FromClause` objects include:
+
+    * a :attr:`.c` collection, which provides per-name access to a collection
+      of :class:`.ColumnElement` objects.
+    * a :attr:`.primary_key` attribute, which is a collection of all those
+      :class:`.ColumnElement` objects that indicate the ``primary_key`` flag.
+    * Methods to generate various derivations of a "from" clause, including
+      :meth:`.FromClause.alias`, :meth:`.FromClause.join`,
+      :meth:`.FromClause.select`.
+
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'fromclause'
+    named_with_column = False
+    _hide_froms = []
+
+    _is_join = False
+    _is_select = False
+    _is_from_container = False
+
+    _textual = False
+    """a marker that allows us to easily distinguish a :class:`.TextAsFrom`
+    or similar object from other kinds of :class:`.FromClause` objects."""
+
+    schema = None
+    """Define the 'schema' attribute for this :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+    This is typically ``None`` for most objects except that of
+    :class:`.Table`, where it is taken as the value of the
+    :paramref:`.Table.schema` argument.
+
+    """
+
+    _memoized_property = util.group_expirable_memoized_property(["_columns"])
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.functions")
+    def count(self, functions, whereclause=None, **params):
+        """return a SELECT COUNT generated against this
+        :class:`.FromClause`."""
+
+        if self.primary_key:
+            col = list(self.primary_key)[0]
+        else:
+            col = list(self.columns)[0]
+        return Select(
+            [functions.func.count(col).label('tbl_row_count')],
+            whereclause,
+            from_obj=[self],
+            **params)
+
+    def select(self, whereclause=None, **params):
+        """return a SELECT of this :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`~.sql.expression.select` - general purpose
+            method which allows for arbitrary column lists.
+
+        """
+
+        return Select([self], whereclause, **params)
+
+    def join(self, right, onclause=None, isouter=False):
+        """Return a :class:`.Join` from this :class:`.FromClause`
+        to another :class:`FromClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import join
+
+            j = user_table.join(address_table,
+                            user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
+            stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)
+
+        would emit SQL along the lines of::
+
+            SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
+            JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        :param right: the right side of the join; this is any
+         :class:`.FromClause` object such as a :class:`.Table` object, and
+         may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped
+         class.
+
+        :param onclause: a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the
+         join.  If left at ``None``, :meth:`.FromClause.join` will attempt to
+         join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship.
+
+        :param isouter: if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.join` - standalone function
+
+            :class:`.Join` - the type of object produced
+
+        """
+
+        return Join(self, right, onclause, isouter)
+
+    def outerjoin(self, right, onclause=None):
+        """Return a :class:`.Join` from this :class:`.FromClause`
+        to another :class:`FromClause`, with the "isouter" flag set to
+        True.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import outerjoin
+
+            j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
+                            user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
+
+        The above is equivalent to::
+
+            j = user_table.join(
+                address_table,
+                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
+                isouter=True)
+
+        :param right: the right side of the join; this is any
+         :class:`.FromClause` object such as a :class:`.Table` object, and
+         may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped
+         class.
+
+        :param onclause: a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the
+         join.  If left at ``None``, :meth:`.FromClause.join` will attempt to
+         join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.FromClause.join`
+
+            :class:`.Join`
+
+        """
+
+        return Join(self, right, onclause, True)
+
+    def alias(self, name=None, flat=False):
+        """return an alias of this :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        This is shorthand for calling::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import alias
+            a = alias(self, name=name)
+
+        See :func:`~.expression.alias` for details.
+
+        """
+
+        return Alias(self, name)
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause):
+        """Return True if this FromClause is 'derived' from the given
+        FromClause.
+
+        An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.
+
+        """
+        # this is essentially an "identity" check in the base class.
+        # Other constructs override this to traverse through
+        # contained elements.
+        return fromclause in self._cloned_set
+
+    def _is_lexical_equivalent(self, other):
+        """Return True if this FromClause and the other represent
+        the same lexical identity.
+
+        This tests if either one is a copy of the other, or
+        if they are the same via annotation identity.
+
+        """
+        return self._cloned_set.intersection(other._cloned_set)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def replace_selectable(self, sqlutil, old, alias):
+        """replace all occurrences of FromClause 'old' with the given Alias
+        object, returning a copy of this :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        """
+
+        return sqlutil.ClauseAdapter(alias).traverse(self)
+
+    def correspond_on_equivalents(self, column, equivalents):
+        """Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None
+        search for a match in the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        col = self.corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=True)
+        if col is None and col in equivalents:
+            for equiv in equivalents[col]:
+                nc = self.corresponding_column(equiv, require_embedded=True)
+                if nc:
+                    return nc
+        return col
+
+    def corresponding_column(self, column, require_embedded=False):
+        """Given a :class:`.ColumnElement`, return the exported
+        :class:`.ColumnElement` object from this :class:`.Selectable`
+        which corresponds to that original
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column` via a common ancestor
+        column.
+
+        :param column: the target :class:`.ColumnElement` to be matched
+
+        :param require_embedded: only return corresponding columns for
+         the given :class:`.ColumnElement`, if the given
+         :class:`.ColumnElement` is actually present within a sub-element
+         of this :class:`.FromClause`.  Normally the column will match if
+         it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported
+         columns of this :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        """
+
+        def embedded(expanded_proxy_set, target_set):
+            for t in target_set.difference(expanded_proxy_set):
+                if not set(_expand_cloned([t])
+                           ).intersection(expanded_proxy_set):
+                    return False
+            return True
+
+        # don't dig around if the column is locally present
+        if self.c.contains_column(column):
+            return column
+        col, intersect = None, None
+        target_set = column.proxy_set
+        cols = self.c._all_columns
+        for c in cols:
+            expanded_proxy_set = set(_expand_cloned(c.proxy_set))
+            i = target_set.intersection(expanded_proxy_set)
+            if i and (not require_embedded
+                      or embedded(expanded_proxy_set, target_set)):
+                if col is None:
+
+                    # no corresponding column yet, pick this one.
+
+                    col, intersect = c, i
+                elif len(i) > len(intersect):
+
+                    # 'c' has a larger field of correspondence than
+                    # 'col'. i.e. selectable.c.a1_x->a1.c.x->table.c.x
+                    # matches a1.c.x->table.c.x better than
+                    # selectable.c.x->table.c.x does.
+
+                    col, intersect = c, i
+                elif i == intersect:
+
+                    # they have the same field of correspondence. see
+                    # which proxy_set has fewer columns in it, which
+                    # indicates a closer relationship with the root
+                    # column. Also take into account the "weight"
+                    # attribute which CompoundSelect() uses to give
+                    # higher precedence to columns based on vertical
+                    # position in the compound statement, and discard
+                    # columns that have no reference to the target
+                    # column (also occurs with CompoundSelect)
+
+                    col_distance = util.reduce(
+                        operator.add,
+                        [sc._annotations.get('weight', 1) for sc in
+                         col.proxy_set if sc.shares_lineage(column)])
+                    c_distance = util.reduce(
+                        operator.add,
+                        [sc._annotations.get('weight', 1) for sc in
+                         c.proxy_set if sc.shares_lineage(column)])
+                    if c_distance < col_distance:
+                        col, intersect = c, i
+        return col
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        """a brief description of this FromClause.
+
+        Used primarily for error message formatting.
+
+        """
+        return getattr(self, 'name', self.__class__.__name__ + " object")
+
+    def _reset_exported(self):
+        """delete memoized collections when a FromClause is cloned."""
+
+        self._memoized_property.expire_instance(self)
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def columns(self):
+        """A named-based collection of :class:`.ColumnElement` objects
+        maintained by this :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        The :attr:`.columns`, or :attr:`.c` collection, is the gateway
+        to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or
+        other selectable-bound columns::
+
+            select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)
+
+        """
+
+        if '_columns' not in self.__dict__:
+            self._init_collections()
+            self._populate_column_collection()
+        return self._columns.as_immutable()
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def primary_key(self):
+        """Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the
+        primary key of this FromClause."""
+
+        self._init_collections()
+        self._populate_column_collection()
+        return self.primary_key
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def foreign_keys(self):
+        """Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this
+        FromClause references."""
+
+        self._init_collections()
+        self._populate_column_collection()
+        return self.foreign_keys
+
+    c = property(attrgetter('columns'),
+                 doc="An alias for the :attr:`.columns` attribute.")
+    _select_iterable = property(attrgetter('columns'))
+
+    def _init_collections(self):
+        assert '_columns' not in self.__dict__
+        assert 'primary_key' not in self.__dict__
+        assert 'foreign_keys' not in self.__dict__
+
+        self._columns = ColumnCollection()
+        self.primary_key = ColumnSet()
+        self.foreign_keys = set()
+
+    @property
+    def _cols_populated(self):
+        return '_columns' in self.__dict__
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self):
+        """Called on subclasses to establish the .c collection.
+
+        Each implementation has a different way of establishing
+        this collection.
+
+        """
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column):
+        """Given a column added to the .c collection of an underlying
+        selectable, produce the local version of that column, assuming this
+        selectable ultimately should proxy this column.
+
+        this is used to "ping" a derived selectable to add a new column
+        to its .c. collection when a Column has been added to one of the
+        Table objects it ultimtely derives from.
+
+        If the given selectable hasn't populated its .c. collection yet,
+        it should at least pass on the message to the contained selectables,
+        but it will return None.
+
+        This method is currently used by Declarative to allow Table
+        columns to be added to a partially constructed inheritance
+        mapping that may have already produced joins.  The method
+        isn't public right now, as the full span of implications
+        and/or caveats aren't yet clear.
+
+        It's also possible that this functionality could be invoked by
+        default via an event, which would require that
+        selectables maintain a weak referencing collection of all
+        derivations.
+
+        """
+        if not self._cols_populated:
+            return None
+        elif (column.key in self.columns and
+              self.columns[column.key] is column):
+            return column
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class Join(FromClause):
+
+    """represent a ``JOIN`` construct between two :class:`.FromClause`
+    elements.
+
+    The public constructor function for :class:`.Join` is the module-level
+    :func:`.join()` function, as well as the :meth:`.FromClause.join` method
+    of any :class:`.FromClause` (e.g. such as :class:`.Table`).
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.join`
+
+        :meth:`.FromClause.join`
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'join'
+
+    _is_join = True
+
+    def __init__(self, left, right, onclause=None, isouter=False):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.Join`.
+
+        The usual entrypoint here is the :func:`~.expression.join`
+        function or the :meth:`.FromClause.join` method of any
+        :class:`.FromClause` object.
+
+        """
+        self.left = _interpret_as_from(left)
+        self.right = _interpret_as_from(right).self_group()
+
+        if onclause is None:
+            self.onclause = self._match_primaries(self.left, self.right)
+        else:
+            self.onclause = onclause
+
+        self.isouter = isouter
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_outerjoin(cls, left, right, onclause=None):
+        """Return an ``OUTER JOIN`` clause element.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.Join`.
+
+        Similar functionality is also available via the
+        :meth:`~.FromClause.outerjoin()` method on any
+        :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        :param left: The left side of the join.
+
+        :param right: The right side of the join.
+
+        :param onclause:  Optional criterion for the ``ON`` clause, is
+          derived from foreign key relationships established between
+          left and right otherwise.
+
+        To chain joins together, use the :meth:`.FromClause.join` or
+        :meth:`.FromClause.outerjoin` methods on the resulting
+        :class:`.Join` object.
+
+        """
+        return cls(left, right, onclause, isouter=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_join(cls, left, right, onclause=None, isouter=False):
+        """Produce a :class:`.Join` object, given two :class:`.FromClause`
+        expressions.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            j = join(user_table, address_table,
+                     user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
+            stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)
+
+        would emit SQL along the lines of::
+
+            SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
+            JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        Similar functionality is available given any
+        :class:`.FromClause` object (e.g. such as a :class:`.Table`) using
+        the :meth:`.FromClause.join` method.
+
+        :param left: The left side of the join.
+
+        :param right: the right side of the join; this is any
+         :class:`.FromClause` object such as a :class:`.Table` object, and
+         may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped
+         class.
+
+        :param onclause: a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the
+         join.  If left at ``None``, :meth:`.FromClause.join` will attempt to
+         join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship.
+
+        :param isouter: if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.FromClause.join` - method form, based on a given left side
+
+            :class:`.Join` - the type of object produced
+
+        """
+
+        return cls(left, right, onclause, isouter)
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return "Join object on %s(%d) and %s(%d)" % (
+            self.left.description,
+            id(self.left),
+            self.right.description,
+            id(self.right))
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause):
+        return fromclause is self or \
+            self.left.is_derived_from(fromclause) or \
+            self.right.is_derived_from(fromclause)
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        return FromGrouping(self)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _populate_column_collection(self, sqlutil):
+        columns = [c for c in self.left.columns] + \
+            [c for c in self.right.columns]
+
+        self.primary_key.extend(sqlutil.reduce_columns(
+            (c for c in columns if c.primary_key), self.onclause))
+        self._columns.update((col._label, col) for col in columns)
+        self.foreign_keys.update(itertools.chain(
+            *[col.foreign_keys for col in columns]))
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column):
+        col = self.left._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        if col is None:
+            col = self.right._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        if col is not None:
+            if self._cols_populated:
+                self._columns[col._label] = col
+                self.foreign_keys.add(col)
+                if col.primary_key:
+                    self.primary_key.add(col)
+                return col
+        return None
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self._reset_exported()
+        self.left = clone(self.left, **kw)
+        self.right = clone(self.right, **kw)
+        self.onclause = clone(self.onclause, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.left, self.right, self.onclause
+
+    def _match_primaries(self, left, right):
+        if isinstance(left, Join):
+            left_right = left.right
+        else:
+            left_right = None
+        return self._join_condition(left, right, a_subset=left_right)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _join_condition(cls, a, b, ignore_nonexistent_tables=False,
+                                a_subset=None,
+                                consider_as_foreign_keys=None):
+        """create a join condition between two tables or selectables.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            join_condition(tablea, tableb)
+
+        would produce an expression along the lines of::
+
+            tablea.c.id==tableb.c.tablea_id
+
+        The join is determined based on the foreign key relationships
+        between the two selectables.   If there are multiple ways
+        to join, or no way to join, an error is raised.
+
+        :param ignore_nonexistent_tables:  Deprecated - this
+        flag is no longer used.  Only resolution errors regarding
+        the two given tables are propagated.
+
+        :param a_subset: An optional expression that is a sub-component
+        of ``a``.  An attempt will be made to join to just this sub-component
+        first before looking at the full ``a`` construct, and if found
+        will be successful even if there are other ways to join to ``a``.
+        This allows the "right side" of a join to be passed thereby
+        providing a "natural join".
+
+        """
+        constraints = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+        for left in (a_subset, a):
+            if left is None:
+                continue
+            for fk in sorted(
+                    b.foreign_keys,
+                    key=lambda fk: fk.parent._creation_order):
+                if consider_as_foreign_keys is not None and \
+                        fk.parent not in consider_as_foreign_keys:
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    col = fk.get_referent(left)
+                except exc.NoReferenceError as nrte:
+                    if nrte.table_name == left.name:
+                        raise
+                    else:
+                        continue
+
+                if col is not None:
+                    constraints[fk.constraint].append((col, fk.parent))
+            if left is not b:
+                for fk in sorted(
+                        left.foreign_keys,
+                        key=lambda fk: fk.parent._creation_order):
+                    if consider_as_foreign_keys is not None and \
+                            fk.parent not in consider_as_foreign_keys:
+                        continue
+                    try:
+                        col = fk.get_referent(b)
+                    except exc.NoReferenceError as nrte:
+                        if nrte.table_name == b.name:
+                            raise
+                        else:
+                            # this is totally covered.  can't get
+                            # coverage to mark it.
+                            continue
+
+                    if col is not None:
+                        constraints[fk.constraint].append((col, fk.parent))
+            if constraints:
+                break
+
+        if len(constraints) > 1:
+            # more than one constraint matched.  narrow down the list
+            # to include just those FKCs that match exactly to
+            # "consider_as_foreign_keys".
+            if consider_as_foreign_keys:
+                for const in list(constraints):
+                    if set(f.parent for f in const.elements) != set(
+                            consider_as_foreign_keys):
+                        del constraints[const]
+
+            # if still multiple constraints, but
+            # they all refer to the exact same end result, use it.
+            if len(constraints) > 1:
+                dedupe = set(tuple(crit) for crit in constraints.values())
+                if len(dedupe) == 1:
+                    key = list(constraints)[0]
+                    constraints = {key: constraints[key]}
+
+            if len(constraints) != 1:
+                raise exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                    "Can't determine join between '%s' and '%s'; "
+                    "tables have more than one foreign key "
+                    "constraint relationship between them. "
+                    "Please specify the 'onclause' of this "
+                    "join explicitly." % (a.description, b.description))
+
+        if len(constraints) == 0:
+            if isinstance(b, FromGrouping):
+                hint = " Perhaps you meant to convert the right side to a "\
+                    "subquery using alias()?"
+            else:
+                hint = ""
+            raise exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                "Can't find any foreign key relationships "
+                "between '%s' and '%s'.%s" %
+                (a.description, b.description, hint))
+
+        crit = [(x == y) for x, y in list(constraints.values())[0]]
+        if len(crit) == 1:
+            return (crit[0])
+        else:
+            return and_(*crit)
+
+    def select(self, whereclause=None, **kwargs):
+        """Create a :class:`.Select` from this :class:`.Join`.
+
+        The equivalent long-hand form, given a :class:`.Join` object
+        ``j``, is::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import select
+            j = select([j.left, j.right], **kw).\\
+                        where(whereclause).\\
+                        select_from(j)
+
+        :param whereclause: the WHERE criterion that will be sent to
+          the :func:`select()` function
+
+        :param \**kwargs: all other kwargs are sent to the
+          underlying :func:`select()` function.
+
+        """
+        collist = [self.left, self.right]
+
+        return Select(collist, whereclause, from_obj=[self], **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        return self.left.bind or self.right.bind
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def alias(self, sqlutil, name=None, flat=False):
+        """return an alias of this :class:`.Join`.
+
+        The default behavior here is to first produce a SELECT
+        construct from this :class:`.Join`, then to produce a
+        :class:`.Alias` from that.  So given a join of the form::
+
+            j = table_a.join(table_b, table_a.c.id == table_b.c.a_id)
+
+        The JOIN by itself would look like::
+
+            table_a JOIN table_b ON table_a.id = table_b.a_id
+
+        Whereas the alias of the above, ``j.alias()``, would in a
+        SELECT context look like::
+
+            (SELECT table_a.id AS table_a_id, table_b.id AS table_b_id,
+                table_b.a_id AS table_b_a_id
+                FROM table_a
+                JOIN table_b ON table_a.id = table_b.a_id) AS anon_1
+
+        The equivalent long-hand form, given a :class:`.Join` object
+        ``j``, is::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import select, alias
+            j = alias(
+                select([j.left, j.right]).\\
+                    select_from(j).\\
+                    with_labels(True).\\
+                    correlate(False),
+                name=name
+            )
+
+        The selectable produced by :meth:`.Join.alias` features the same
+        columns as that of the two individual selectables presented under
+        a single name - the individual columns are "auto-labeled", meaning
+        the ``.c.`` collection of the resulting :class:`.Alias` represents
+        the names of the individual columns using a
+        ``_`` scheme::
+
+            j.c.table_a_id
+            j.c.table_b_a_id
+
+        :meth:`.Join.alias` also features an alternate
+        option for aliasing joins which produces no enclosing SELECT and
+        does not normally apply labels to the column names.  The
+        ``flat=True`` option will call :meth:`.FromClause.alias`
+        against the left and right sides individually.
+        Using this option, no new ``SELECT`` is produced;
+        we instead, from a construct as below::
+
+            j = table_a.join(table_b, table_a.c.id == table_b.c.a_id)
+            j = j.alias(flat=True)
+
+        we get a result like this::
+
+            table_a AS table_a_1 JOIN table_b AS table_b_1 ON
+            table_a_1.id = table_b_1.a_id
+
+        The ``flat=True`` argument is also propagated to the contained
+        selectables, so that a composite join such as::
+
+            j = table_a.join(
+                    table_b.join(table_c,
+                            table_b.c.id == table_c.c.b_id),
+                    table_b.c.a_id == table_a.c.id
+                ).alias(flat=True)
+
+        Will produce an expression like::
+
+            table_a AS table_a_1 JOIN (
+                    table_b AS table_b_1 JOIN table_c AS table_c_1
+                    ON table_b_1.id = table_c_1.b_id
+            ) ON table_a_1.id = table_b_1.a_id
+
+        The standalone :func:`~.expression.alias` function as well as the
+        base :meth:`.FromClause.alias` method also support the ``flat=True``
+        argument as a no-op, so that the argument can be passed to the
+        ``alias()`` method of any selectable.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 Added the ``flat=True`` option to create
+          "aliases" of joins without enclosing inside of a SELECT
+          subquery.
+
+        :param name: name given to the alias.
+
+        :param flat: if True, produce an alias of the left and right
+         sides of this :class:`.Join` and return the join of those
+         two selectables.   This produces join expression that does not
+         include an enclosing SELECT.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`~.expression.alias`
+
+        """
+        if flat:
+            assert name is None, "Can't send name argument with flat"
+            left_a, right_a = self.left.alias(flat=True), \
+                self.right.alias(flat=True)
+            adapter = sqlutil.ClauseAdapter(left_a).\
+                chain(sqlutil.ClauseAdapter(right_a))
+
+            return left_a.join(right_a, adapter.traverse(self.onclause),
+                               isouter=self.isouter)
+        else:
+            return self.select(use_labels=True, correlate=False).alias(name)
+
+    @property
+    def _hide_froms(self):
+        return itertools.chain(*[_from_objects(x.left, x.right)
+                                 for x in self._cloned_set])
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return [self] + \
+            self.onclause._from_objects + \
+            self.left._from_objects + \
+            self.right._from_objects
+
+
+class Alias(FromClause):
+
+    """Represents an table or selectable alias (AS).
+
+    Represents an alias, as typically applied to any table or
+    sub-select within a SQL statement using the ``AS`` keyword (or
+    without the keyword on certain databases such as Oracle).
+
+    This object is constructed from the :func:`~.expression.alias` module
+    level function as well as the :meth:`.FromClause.alias` method available
+    on all :class:`.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'alias'
+    named_with_column = True
+
+    _is_from_container = True
+
+    def __init__(self, selectable, name=None):
+        baseselectable = selectable
+        while isinstance(baseselectable, Alias):
+            baseselectable = baseselectable.element
+        self.original = baseselectable
+        self.supports_execution = baseselectable.supports_execution
+        if self.supports_execution:
+            self._execution_options = baseselectable._execution_options
+        self.element = selectable
+        if name is None:
+            if self.original.named_with_column:
+                name = getattr(self.original, 'name', None)
+            name = _anonymous_label('%%(%d %s)s' % (id(self), name
+                                                    or 'anon'))
+        self.name = name
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        if util.py3k:
+            return self.name
+        else:
+            return self.name.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
+
+    def as_scalar(self):
+        try:
+            return self.element.as_scalar()
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise AttributeError("Element %s does not support "
+                                 "'as_scalar()'" % self.element)
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause):
+        if fromclause in self._cloned_set:
+            return True
+        return self.element.is_derived_from(fromclause)
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self):
+        for col in self.element.columns._all_columns:
+            col._make_proxy(self)
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column):
+        col = self.element._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        if col is not None:
+            if not self._cols_populated:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return col._make_proxy(self)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        # don't apply anything to an aliased Table
+        # for now.   May want to drive this from
+        # the given **kw.
+        if isinstance(self.element, TableClause):
+            return
+        self._reset_exported()
+        self.element = clone(self.element, **kw)
+        baseselectable = self.element
+        while isinstance(baseselectable, Alias):
+            baseselectable = baseselectable.element
+        self.original = baseselectable
+
+    def get_children(self, column_collections=True, **kw):
+        if column_collections:
+            for c in self.c:
+                yield c
+        yield self.element
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return [self]
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        return self.element.bind
+
+
+class CTE(Alias):
+
+    """Represent a Common Table Expression.
+
+    The :class:`.CTE` object is obtained using the
+    :meth:`.SelectBase.cte` method from any selectable.
+    See that method for complete examples.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'cte'
+
+    def __init__(self, selectable,
+                 name=None,
+                 recursive=False,
+                 _cte_alias=None,
+                 _restates=frozenset()):
+        self.recursive = recursive
+        self._cte_alias = _cte_alias
+        self._restates = _restates
+        super(CTE, self).__init__(selectable, name=name)
+
+    def alias(self, name=None, flat=False):
+        return CTE(
+            self.original,
+            name=name,
+            recursive=self.recursive,
+            _cte_alias=self,
+        )
+
+    def union(self, other):
+        return CTE(
+            self.original.union(other),
+            name=self.name,
+            recursive=self.recursive,
+            _restates=self._restates.union([self])
+        )
+
+    def union_all(self, other):
+        return CTE(
+            self.original.union_all(other),
+            name=self.name,
+            recursive=self.recursive,
+            _restates=self._restates.union([self])
+        )
+
+
+class FromGrouping(FromClause):
+
+    """Represent a grouping of a FROM clause"""
+    __visit_name__ = 'grouping'
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        self.element = element
+
+    def _init_collections(self):
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    def columns(self):
+        return self.element.columns
+
+    @property
+    def primary_key(self):
+        return self.element.primary_key
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys(self):
+        return self.element.foreign_keys
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, element):
+        return self.element.is_derived_from(element)
+
+    def alias(self, **kw):
+        return FromGrouping(self.element.alias(**kw))
+
+    @property
+    def _hide_froms(self):
+        return self.element._hide_froms
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.element,
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.element = clone(self.element, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        return getattr(self.element, attr)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'element': self.element}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.element = state['element']
+
+
+class TableClause(Immutable, FromClause):
+
+    """Represents a minimal "table" construct.
+
+    This is a lightweight table object that has only a name and a
+    collection of columns, which are typically produced
+    by the :func:`.expression.column` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column
+
+        user = table("user",
+                column("id"),
+                column("name"),
+                column("description"),
+        )
+
+    The :class:`.TableClause` construct serves as the base for
+    the more commonly used :class:`~.schema.Table` object, providing
+    the usual set of :class:`~.expression.FromClause` services including
+    the ``.c.`` collection and statement generation methods.
+
+    It does **not** provide all the additional schema-level services
+    of :class:`~.schema.Table`, including constraints, references to other
+    tables, or support for :class:`.MetaData`-level services.  It's useful
+    on its own as an ad-hoc construct used to generate quick SQL
+    statements when a more fully fledged :class:`~.schema.Table`
+    is not on hand.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'table'
+
+    named_with_column = True
+
+    implicit_returning = False
+    """:class:`.TableClause` doesn't support having a primary key or column
+    -level defaults, so implicit returning doesn't apply."""
+
+    _autoincrement_column = None
+    """No PK or default support so no autoincrement column."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, *columns):
+        """Produce a new :class:`.TableClause`.
+
+        The object returned is an instance of :class:`.TableClause`, which
+        represents the "syntactical" portion of the schema-level
+        :class:`~.schema.Table` object.
+        It may be used to construct lightweight table constructs.
+
+        Note that the :func:`.expression.table` function is not part of
+        the ``sqlalchemy`` namespace.  It must be imported from the
+        ``sql`` package::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column
+
+        :param name: Name of the table.
+
+        :param columns: A collection of :func:`.expression.column` constructs.
+
+        """
+
+        super(TableClause, self).__init__()
+        self.name = self.fullname = name
+        self._columns = ColumnCollection()
+        self.primary_key = ColumnSet()
+        self.foreign_keys = set()
+        for c in columns:
+            self.append_column(c)
+
+    def _init_collections(self):
+        pass
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def description(self):
+        if util.py3k:
+            return self.name
+        else:
+            return self.name.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
+
+    def append_column(self, c):
+        self._columns[c.key] = c
+        c.table = self
+
+    def get_children(self, column_collections=True, **kwargs):
+        if column_collections:
+            return [c for c in self.c]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.functions")
+    def count(self, functions, whereclause=None, **params):
+        """return a SELECT COUNT generated against this
+        :class:`.TableClause`."""
+
+        if self.primary_key:
+            col = list(self.primary_key)[0]
+        else:
+            col = list(self.columns)[0]
+        return Select(
+            [functions.func.count(col).label('tbl_row_count')],
+            whereclause,
+            from_obj=[self],
+            **params)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.dml")
+    def insert(self, dml, values=None, inline=False, **kwargs):
+        """Generate an :func:`.insert` construct against this
+        :class:`.TableClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table.insert().values(name='foo')
+
+        See :func:`.insert` for argument and usage information.
+
+        """
+
+        return dml.Insert(self, values=values, inline=inline, **kwargs)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.dml")
+    def update(
+            self, dml, whereclause=None, values=None, inline=False, **kwargs):
+        """Generate an :func:`.update` construct against this
+        :class:`.TableClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table.update().where(table.c.id==7).values(name='foo')
+
+        See :func:`.update` for argument and usage information.
+
+        """
+
+        return dml.Update(self, whereclause=whereclause,
+                          values=values, inline=inline, **kwargs)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.dml")
+    def delete(self, dml, whereclause=None, **kwargs):
+        """Generate a :func:`.delete` construct against this
+        :class:`.TableClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table.delete().where(table.c.id==7)
+
+        See :func:`.delete` for argument and usage information.
+
+        """
+
+        return dml.Delete(self, whereclause, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return [self]
+
+
+class ForUpdateArg(ClauseElement):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_legacy_select(self, arg):
+        """Parse the for_update arugment of :func:`.select`.
+
+        :param mode: Defines the lockmode to use.
+
+            ``None`` - translates to no lockmode
+
+            ``'update'`` - translates to ``FOR UPDATE``
+            (standard SQL, supported by most dialects)
+
+            ``'nowait'`` - translates to ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT``
+            (supported by Oracle, PostgreSQL 8.1 upwards)
+
+            ``'read'`` - translates to ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE`` (for MySQL),
+            and ``FOR SHARE`` (for PostgreSQL)
+
+            ``'read_nowait'`` - translates to ``FOR SHARE NOWAIT``
+            (supported by PostgreSQL). ``FOR SHARE`` and
+            ``FOR SHARE NOWAIT`` (PostgreSQL).
+
+        """
+        if arg in (None, False):
+            return None
+
+        nowait = read = False
+        if arg == 'nowait':
+            nowait = True
+        elif arg == 'read':
+            read = True
+        elif arg == 'read_nowait':
+            read = nowait = True
+        elif arg is not True:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("Unknown for_update argument: %r" % arg)
+
+        return ForUpdateArg(read=read, nowait=nowait)
+
+    @property
+    def legacy_for_update_value(self):
+        if self.read and not self.nowait:
+            return "read"
+        elif self.read and self.nowait:
+            return "read_nowait"
+        elif self.nowait:
+            return "nowait"
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        if self.of is not None:
+            self.of = [clone(col, **kw) for col in self.of]
+
+    def __init__(self, nowait=False, read=False, of=None):
+        """Represents arguments specified to :meth:`.Select.for_update`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+        """
+
+        self.nowait = nowait
+        self.read = read
+        if of is not None:
+            self.of = [_interpret_as_column_or_from(elem)
+                       for elem in util.to_list(of)]
+        else:
+            self.of = None
+
+
+class SelectBase(Executable, FromClause):
+
+    """Base class for SELECT statements.
+
+
+    This includes :class:`.Select`, :class:`.CompoundSelect` and
+    :class:`.TextAsFrom`.
+
+
+    """
+
+    def as_scalar(self):
+        """return a 'scalar' representation of this selectable, which can be
+        used as a column expression.
+
+        Typically, a select statement which has only one column in its columns
+        clause is eligible to be used as a scalar expression.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`ScalarSelect`.
+
+        """
+        return ScalarSelect(self)
+
+    def label(self, name):
+        """return a 'scalar' representation of this selectable, embedded as a
+        subquery with a label.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SelectBase.as_scalar`.
+
+        """
+        return self.as_scalar().label(name)
+
+    def cte(self, name=None, recursive=False):
+        """Return a new :class:`.CTE`, or Common Table Expression instance.
+
+        Common table expressions are a SQL standard whereby SELECT
+        statements can draw upon secondary statements specified along
+        with the primary statement, using a clause called "WITH".
+        Special semantics regarding UNION can also be employed to
+        allow "recursive" queries, where a SELECT statement can draw
+        upon the set of rows that have previously been selected.
+
+        SQLAlchemy detects :class:`.CTE` objects, which are treated
+        similarly to :class:`.Alias` objects, as special elements
+        to be delivered to the FROM clause of the statement as well
+        as to a WITH clause at the top of the statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+        :param name: name given to the common table expression.  Like
+         :meth:`._FromClause.alias`, the name can be left as ``None``
+         in which case an anonymous symbol will be used at query
+         compile time.
+        :param recursive: if ``True``, will render ``WITH RECURSIVE``.
+         A recursive common table expression is intended to be used in
+         conjunction with UNION ALL in order to derive rows
+         from those already selected.
+
+        The following examples illustrate two examples from
+        Postgresql's documentation at
+        http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.4/static/queries-with.html.
+
+        Example 1, non recursive::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
+                                    MetaData, select, func)
+
+            metadata = MetaData()
+
+            orders = Table('orders', metadata,
+                Column('region', String),
+                Column('amount', Integer),
+                Column('product', String),
+                Column('quantity', Integer)
+            )
+
+            regional_sales = select([
+                                orders.c.region,
+                                func.sum(orders.c.amount).label('total_sales')
+                            ]).group_by(orders.c.region).cte("regional_sales")
+
+
+            top_regions = select([regional_sales.c.region]).\\
+                    where(
+                        regional_sales.c.total_sales >
+                        select([
+                            func.sum(regional_sales.c.total_sales)/10
+                        ])
+                    ).cte("top_regions")
+
+            statement = select([
+                        orders.c.region,
+                        orders.c.product,
+                        func.sum(orders.c.quantity).label("product_units"),
+                        func.sum(orders.c.amount).label("product_sales")
+                ]).where(orders.c.region.in_(
+                    select([top_regions.c.region])
+                )).group_by(orders.c.region, orders.c.product)
+
+            result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()
+
+        Example 2, WITH RECURSIVE::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
+                                    MetaData, select, func)
+
+            metadata = MetaData()
+
+            parts = Table('parts', metadata,
+                Column('part', String),
+                Column('sub_part', String),
+                Column('quantity', Integer),
+            )
+
+            included_parts = select([
+                                parts.c.sub_part,
+                                parts.c.part,
+                                parts.c.quantity]).\\
+                                where(parts.c.part=='our part').\\
+                                cte(recursive=True)
+
+
+            incl_alias = included_parts.alias()
+            parts_alias = parts.alias()
+            included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
+                select([
+                    parts_alias.c.sub_part,
+                    parts_alias.c.part,
+                    parts_alias.c.quantity
+                ]).
+                    where(parts_alias.c.part==incl_alias.c.sub_part)
+            )
+
+            statement = select([
+                        included_parts.c.sub_part,
+                        func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).
+                          label('total_quantity')
+                    ]).\\
+                    group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)
+
+            result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.orm.query.Query.cte` - ORM version of
+            :meth:`.SelectBase.cte`.
+
+        """
+        return CTE(self, name=name, recursive=recursive)
+
+    @_generative
+    @util.deprecated('0.6',
+                     message="``autocommit()`` is deprecated. Use "
+                     ":meth:`.Executable.execution_options` with the "
+                     "'autocommit' flag.")
+    def autocommit(self):
+        """return a new selectable with the 'autocommit' flag set to
+        True.
+        """
+
+        self._execution_options = \
+            self._execution_options.union({'autocommit': True})
+
+    def _generate(self):
+        """Override the default _generate() method to also clear out
+        exported collections."""
+
+        s = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        s.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        s._reset_exported()
+        return s
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return [self]
+
+
+class GenerativeSelect(SelectBase):
+
+    """Base class for SELECT statements where additional elements can be
+    added.
+
+    This serves as the base for :class:`.Select` and :class:`.CompoundSelect`
+    where elements such as ORDER BY, GROUP BY can be added and column
+    rendering can be controlled.  Compare to :class:`.TextAsFrom`, which,
+    while it subclasses :class:`.SelectBase` and is also a SELECT construct,
+    represents a fixed textual string which cannot be altered at this level,
+    only wrapped as a subquery.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 :class:`.GenerativeSelect` was added to
+       provide functionality specific to :class:`.Select` and
+       :class:`.CompoundSelect` while allowing :class:`.SelectBase` to be
+       used for other SELECT-like objects, e.g. :class:`.TextAsFrom`.
+
+    """
+    _order_by_clause = ClauseList()
+    _group_by_clause = ClauseList()
+    _limit = None
+    _offset = None
+    _for_update_arg = None
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 use_labels=False,
+                 for_update=False,
+                 limit=None,
+                 offset=None,
+                 order_by=None,
+                 group_by=None,
+                 bind=None,
+                 autocommit=None):
+        self.use_labels = use_labels
+
+        if for_update is not False:
+            self._for_update_arg = (ForUpdateArg.
+                                    parse_legacy_select(for_update))
+
+        if autocommit is not None:
+            util.warn_deprecated('autocommit on select() is '
+                                 'deprecated.  Use .execution_options(a'
+                                 'utocommit=True)')
+            self._execution_options = \
+                self._execution_options.union(
+                    {'autocommit': autocommit})
+        if limit is not None:
+            self._limit = util.asint(limit)
+        if offset is not None:
+            self._offset = util.asint(offset)
+        self._bind = bind
+
+        if order_by is not None:
+            self._order_by_clause = ClauseList(*util.to_list(order_by))
+        if group_by is not None:
+            self._group_by_clause = ClauseList(*util.to_list(group_by))
+
+    @property
+    def for_update(self):
+        """Provide legacy dialect support for the ``for_update`` attribute.
+        """
+        if self._for_update_arg is not None:
+            return self._for_update_arg.legacy_for_update_value
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @for_update.setter
+    def for_update(self, value):
+        self._for_update_arg = ForUpdateArg.parse_legacy_select(value)
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_for_update(self, nowait=False, read=False, of=None):
+        """Specify a ``FOR UPDATE`` clause for this :class:`.GenerativeSelect`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select([table]).with_for_update(nowait=True)
+
+        On a database like Postgresql or Oracle, the above would render a
+        statement like::
+
+            SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE NOWAIT
+
+        on other backends, the ``nowait`` option is ignored and instead
+        would produce::
+
+            SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE
+
+        When called with no arguments, the statement will render with
+        the suffix ``FOR UPDATE``.   Additional arguments can then be
+        provided which allow for common database-specific
+        variants.
+
+        :param nowait: boolean; will render ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT`` on Oracle
+         and Postgresql dialects.
+
+        :param read: boolean; will render ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE`` on MySQL,
+         ``FOR SHARE`` on Postgresql.  On Postgresql, when combined with
+         ``nowait``, will render ``FOR SHARE NOWAIT``.
+
+        :param of: SQL expression or list of SQL expression elements
+         (typically :class:`.Column` objects or a compatible expression) which
+         will render into a ``FOR UPDATE OF`` clause; supported by PostgreSQL
+         and Oracle.  May render as a table or as a column depending on
+         backend.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+        self._for_update_arg = ForUpdateArg(nowait=nowait, read=read, of=of)
+
+    @_generative
+    def apply_labels(self):
+        """return a new selectable with the 'use_labels' flag set to True.
+
+        This will result in column expressions being generated using labels
+        against their table name, such as "SELECT somecolumn AS
+        tablename_somecolumn". This allows selectables which contain multiple
+        FROM clauses to produce a unique set of column names regardless of
+        name conflicts among the individual FROM clauses.
+
+        """
+        self.use_labels = True
+
+    @_generative
+    def limit(self, limit):
+        """return a new selectable with the given LIMIT criterion
+        applied."""
+
+        self._limit = util.asint(limit)
+
+    @_generative
+    def offset(self, offset):
+        """return a new selectable with the given OFFSET criterion
+        applied."""
+
+        self._offset = util.asint(offset)
+
+    @_generative
+    def order_by(self, *clauses):
+        """return a new selectable with the given list of ORDER BY
+        criterion applied.
+
+        The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing ORDER BY
+        criterion.
+
+        """
+
+        self.append_order_by(*clauses)
+
+    @_generative
+    def group_by(self, *clauses):
+        """return a new selectable with the given list of GROUP BY
+        criterion applied.
+
+        The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing GROUP BY
+        criterion.
+
+        """
+
+        self.append_group_by(*clauses)
+
+    def append_order_by(self, *clauses):
+        """Append the given ORDER BY criterion applied to this selectable.
+
+        The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing ORDER BY criterion.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.GenerativeSelect.order_by` method is preferred, as it
+        provides standard :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+        if len(clauses) == 1 and clauses[0] is None:
+            self._order_by_clause = ClauseList()
+        else:
+            if getattr(self, '_order_by_clause', None) is not None:
+                clauses = list(self._order_by_clause) + list(clauses)
+            self._order_by_clause = ClauseList(*clauses)
+
+    def append_group_by(self, *clauses):
+        """Append the given GROUP BY criterion applied to this selectable.
+
+        The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing GROUP BY criterion.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.GenerativeSelect.group_by` method is preferred, as it
+        provides standard :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+        if len(clauses) == 1 and clauses[0] is None:
+            self._group_by_clause = ClauseList()
+        else:
+            if getattr(self, '_group_by_clause', None) is not None:
+                clauses = list(self._group_by_clause) + list(clauses)
+            self._group_by_clause = ClauseList(*clauses)
+
+
+class CompoundSelect(GenerativeSelect):
+
+    """Forms the basis of ``UNION``, ``UNION ALL``, and other
+        SELECT-based set operations.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.union`
+
+        :func:`.union_all`
+
+        :func:`.intersect`
+
+        :func:`.intersect_all`
+
+        :func:`.except`
+
+        :func:`.except_all`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'compound_select'
+
+    UNION = util.symbol('UNION')
+    UNION_ALL = util.symbol('UNION ALL')
+    EXCEPT = util.symbol('EXCEPT')
+    EXCEPT_ALL = util.symbol('EXCEPT ALL')
+    INTERSECT = util.symbol('INTERSECT')
+    INTERSECT_ALL = util.symbol('INTERSECT ALL')
+
+    _is_from_container = True
+
+    def __init__(self, keyword, *selects, **kwargs):
+        self._auto_correlate = kwargs.pop('correlate', False)
+        self.keyword = keyword
+        self.selects = []
+
+        numcols = None
+
+        # some DBs do not like ORDER BY in the inner queries of a UNION, etc.
+        for n, s in enumerate(selects):
+            s = _clause_element_as_expr(s)
+
+            if not numcols:
+                numcols = len(s.c._all_columns)
+            elif len(s.c._all_columns) != numcols:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    'All selectables passed to '
+                    'CompoundSelect must have identical numbers of '
+                    'columns; select #%d has %d columns, select '
+                    '#%d has %d' %
+                    (1, len(self.selects[0].c._all_columns),
+                     n + 1, len(s.c._all_columns))
+                )
+
+            self.selects.append(s.self_group(self))
+
+        GenerativeSelect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_union(cls, *selects, **kwargs):
+        """Return a ``UNION`` of multiple selectables.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`.CompoundSelect`.
+
+        A similar :func:`union()` method is available on all
+        :class:`.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+        \*selects
+          a list of :class:`.Select` instances.
+
+        \**kwargs
+           available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+           :func:`select`.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect(CompoundSelect.UNION, *selects, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_union_all(cls, *selects, **kwargs):
+        """Return a ``UNION ALL`` of multiple selectables.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`.CompoundSelect`.
+
+        A similar :func:`union_all()` method is available on all
+        :class:`.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+        \*selects
+          a list of :class:`.Select` instances.
+
+        \**kwargs
+          available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+          :func:`select`.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect(CompoundSelect.UNION_ALL, *selects, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_except(cls, *selects, **kwargs):
+        """Return an ``EXCEPT`` of multiple selectables.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`.CompoundSelect`.
+
+        \*selects
+          a list of :class:`.Select` instances.
+
+        \**kwargs
+          available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+          :func:`select`.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect(CompoundSelect.EXCEPT, *selects, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_except_all(cls, *selects, **kwargs):
+        """Return an ``EXCEPT ALL`` of multiple selectables.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`.CompoundSelect`.
+
+        \*selects
+          a list of :class:`.Select` instances.
+
+        \**kwargs
+          available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+          :func:`select`.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect(CompoundSelect.EXCEPT_ALL, *selects, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_intersect(cls, *selects, **kwargs):
+        """Return an ``INTERSECT`` of multiple selectables.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`.CompoundSelect`.
+
+        \*selects
+          a list of :class:`.Select` instances.
+
+        \**kwargs
+          available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+          :func:`select`.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect(CompoundSelect.INTERSECT, *selects, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_intersect_all(cls, *selects, **kwargs):
+        """Return an ``INTERSECT ALL`` of multiple selectables.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`.CompoundSelect`.
+
+        \*selects
+          a list of :class:`.Select` instances.
+
+        \**kwargs
+          available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+          :func:`select`.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect(
+            CompoundSelect.INTERSECT_ALL, *selects, **kwargs)
+
+    def _scalar_type(self):
+        return self.selects[0]._scalar_type()
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        return FromGrouping(self)
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause):
+        for s in self.selects:
+            if s.is_derived_from(fromclause):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self):
+        for cols in zip(*[s.c._all_columns for s in self.selects]):
+
+            # this is a slightly hacky thing - the union exports a
+            # column that resembles just that of the *first* selectable.
+            # to get at a "composite" column, particularly foreign keys,
+            # you have to dig through the proxies collection which we
+            # generate below.  We may want to improve upon this, such as
+            # perhaps _make_proxy can accept a list of other columns
+            # that are "shared" - schema.column can then copy all the
+            # ForeignKeys in. this would allow the union() to have all
+            # those fks too.
+
+            proxy = cols[0]._make_proxy(
+                self, name=cols[0]._label if self.use_labels else None,
+                key=cols[0]._key_label if self.use_labels else None)
+
+            # hand-construct the "_proxies" collection to include all
+            # derived columns place a 'weight' annotation corresponding
+            # to how low in the list of select()s the column occurs, so
+            # that the corresponding_column() operation can resolve
+            # conflicts
+
+            proxy._proxies = [
+                c._annotate({'weight': i + 1}) for (i, c) in enumerate(cols)]
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column):
+        for s in self.selects:
+            s._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+
+        if not self._cols_populated:
+            return None
+
+        raise NotImplementedError("CompoundSelect constructs don't support "
+                                  "addition of columns to underlying "
+                                  "selectables")
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self._reset_exported()
+        self.selects = [clone(s, **kw) for s in self.selects]
+        if hasattr(self, '_col_map'):
+            del self._col_map
+        for attr in (
+                '_order_by_clause', '_group_by_clause', '_for_update_arg'):
+            if getattr(self, attr) is not None:
+                setattr(self, attr, clone(getattr(self, attr), **kw))
+
+    def get_children(self, column_collections=True, **kwargs):
+        return (column_collections and list(self.c) or []) \
+            + [self._order_by_clause, self._group_by_clause] \
+            + list(self.selects)
+
+    def bind(self):
+        if self._bind:
+            return self._bind
+        for s in self.selects:
+            e = s.bind
+            if e:
+                return e
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _set_bind(self, bind):
+        self._bind = bind
+    bind = property(bind, _set_bind)
+
+
+class HasPrefixes(object):
+    _prefixes = ()
+
+    @_generative
+    def prefix_with(self, *expr, **kw):
+        """Add one or more expressions following the statement keyword, i.e.
+        SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE. Generative.
+
+        This is used to support backend-specific prefix keywords such as those
+        provided by MySQL.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = table.insert().prefix_with("LOW_PRIORITY", dialect="mysql")
+
+        Multiple prefixes can be specified by multiple calls
+        to :meth:`.prefix_with`.
+
+        :param \*expr: textual or :class:`.ClauseElement` construct which
+         will be rendered following the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
+         keyword.
+        :param \**kw: A single keyword 'dialect' is accepted.  This is an
+         optional string dialect name which will
+         limit rendering of this prefix to only that dialect.
+
+        """
+        dialect = kw.pop('dialect', None)
+        if kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("Unsupported argument(s): %s" %
+                                    ",".join(kw))
+        self._setup_prefixes(expr, dialect)
+
+    def _setup_prefixes(self, prefixes, dialect=None):
+        self._prefixes = self._prefixes + tuple(
+            [(_literal_as_text(p), dialect) for p in prefixes])
+
+
+class Select(HasPrefixes, GenerativeSelect):
+
+    """Represents a ``SELECT`` statement.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'select'
+
+    _prefixes = ()
+    _hints = util.immutabledict()
+    _distinct = False
+    _from_cloned = None
+    _correlate = ()
+    _correlate_except = None
+    _memoized_property = SelectBase._memoized_property
+    _is_select = True
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 columns=None,
+                 whereclause=None,
+                 from_obj=None,
+                 distinct=False,
+                 having=None,
+                 correlate=True,
+                 prefixes=None,
+                 **kwargs):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.Select`.
+
+        Similar functionality is also available via the
+        :meth:`.FromClause.select` method on any :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        All arguments which accept :class:`.ClauseElement` arguments also
+        accept string arguments, which will be converted as appropriate into
+        either :func:`text()` or :func:`literal_column()` constructs.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`coretutorial_selecting` - Core Tutorial description of
+            :func:`.select`.
+
+        :param columns:
+          A list of :class:`.ClauseElement` objects, typically
+          :class:`.ColumnElement` objects or subclasses, which will form the
+          columns clause of the resulting statement. For all members which are
+          instances of :class:`.Selectable`, the individual
+          :class:`.ColumnElement` members of the :class:`.Selectable` will be
+          added individually to the columns clause. For example, specifying a
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` instance will result in all the
+          contained :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column` objects within to be
+          added to the columns clause.
+
+          This argument is not present on the form of :func:`select()`
+          available on :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table`.
+
+        :param whereclause:
+          A :class:`.ClauseElement` expression which will be used to form the
+          ``WHERE`` clause.
+
+        :param from_obj:
+          A list of :class:`.ClauseElement` objects which will be added to the
+          ``FROM`` clause of the resulting statement. Note that "from" objects
+          are automatically located within the columns and whereclause
+          ClauseElements.  Use this parameter to explicitly specify "from"
+          objects which are not automatically locatable. This could include
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` objects that aren't otherwise
+          present, or :class:`.Join` objects whose presence will supersede
+          that of the :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` objects already
+          located in the other clauses.
+
+        :param autocommit:
+          Deprecated.  Use .execution_options(autocommit=)
+          to set the autocommit option.
+
+        :param bind=None:
+          an :class:`~.Engine` or :class:`~.Connection` instance
+          to which the
+          resulting :class:`.Select` object will be bound.  The
+          :class:`.Select` object will otherwise automatically bind to
+          whatever :class:`~.base.Connectable` instances can be located within
+          its contained :class:`.ClauseElement` members.
+
+        :param correlate=True:
+          indicates that this :class:`.Select` object should have its
+          contained :class:`.FromClause` elements "correlated" to an enclosing
+          :class:`.Select` object.  This means that any
+          :class:`.ClauseElement` instance within the "froms" collection of
+          this :class:`.Select` which is also present in the "froms"
+          collection of an enclosing select will not be rendered in the
+          ``FROM`` clause of this select statement.
+
+        :param distinct=False:
+          when ``True``, applies a ``DISTINCT`` qualifier to the columns
+          clause of the resulting statement.
+
+          The boolean argument may also be a column expression or list
+          of column expressions - this is a special calling form which
+          is understood by the Postgresql dialect to render the
+          ``DISTINCT ON ()`` syntax.
+
+          ``distinct`` is also available via the :meth:`~.Select.distinct`
+          generative method.
+
+        :param for_update=False:
+          when ``True``, applies ``FOR UPDATE`` to the end of the
+          resulting statement.
+
+          .. deprecated:: 0.9.0 - use
+             :meth:`.GenerativeSelect.with_for_update` to specify the
+             structure of the ``FOR UPDATE`` clause.
+
+          ``for_update`` accepts various string values interpreted by
+          specific backends, including:
+
+          * ``"read"`` - on MySQL, translates to ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE``;
+            on Postgresql, translates to ``FOR SHARE``.
+          * ``"nowait"`` - on Postgresql and Oracle, translates to
+            ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT``.
+          * ``"read_nowait"`` - on Postgresql, translates to
+            ``FOR SHARE NOWAIT``.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.GenerativeSelect.with_for_update` - improved API for
+            specifying the ``FOR UPDATE`` clause.
+
+        :param group_by:
+          a list of :class:`.ClauseElement` objects which will comprise the
+          ``GROUP BY`` clause of the resulting select.
+
+        :param having:
+          a :class:`.ClauseElement` that will comprise the ``HAVING`` clause
+          of the resulting select when ``GROUP BY`` is used.
+
+        :param limit=None:
+          a numerical value which usually compiles to a ``LIMIT``
+          expression in the resulting select.  Databases that don't
+          support ``LIMIT`` will attempt to provide similar
+          functionality.
+
+        :param offset=None:
+          a numeric value which usually compiles to an ``OFFSET``
+          expression in the resulting select.  Databases that don't
+          support ``OFFSET`` will attempt to provide similar
+          functionality.
+
+        :param order_by:
+          a scalar or list of :class:`.ClauseElement` objects which will
+          comprise the ``ORDER BY`` clause of the resulting select.
+
+        :param use_labels=False:
+          when ``True``, the statement will be generated using labels
+          for each column in the columns clause, which qualify each
+          column with its parent table's (or aliases) name so that name
+          conflicts between columns in different tables don't occur.
+          The format of the label is _.  The "c"
+          collection of the resulting :class:`.Select` object will use these
+          names as well for targeting column members.
+
+          use_labels is also available via the
+          :meth:`~.GenerativeSelect.apply_labels` generative method.
+
+        """
+        self._auto_correlate = correlate
+        if distinct is not False:
+            if distinct is True:
+                self._distinct = True
+            else:
+                self._distinct = [
+                    _literal_as_text(e)
+                    for e in util.to_list(distinct)
+                ]
+
+        if from_obj is not None:
+            self._from_obj = util.OrderedSet(
+                _interpret_as_from(f)
+                for f in util.to_list(from_obj))
+        else:
+            self._from_obj = util.OrderedSet()
+
+        try:
+            cols_present = bool(columns)
+        except TypeError:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("columns argument to select() must "
+                                    "be a Python list or other iterable")
+
+        if cols_present:
+            self._raw_columns = []
+            for c in columns:
+                c = _interpret_as_column_or_from(c)
+                if isinstance(c, ScalarSelect):
+                    c = c.self_group(against=operators.comma_op)
+                self._raw_columns.append(c)
+        else:
+            self._raw_columns = []
+
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(
+                whereclause).self_group(against=operators._asbool)
+        else:
+            self._whereclause = None
+
+        if having is not None:
+            self._having = _literal_as_text(
+                having).self_group(against=operators._asbool)
+        else:
+            self._having = None
+
+        if prefixes:
+            self._setup_prefixes(prefixes)
+
+        GenerativeSelect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def _froms(self):
+        # would love to cache this,
+        # but there's just enough edge cases, particularly now that
+        # declarative encourages construction of SQL expressions
+        # without tables present, to just regen this each time.
+        froms = []
+        seen = set()
+        translate = self._from_cloned
+
+        def add(items):
+            for item in items:
+                if item is self:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "select() construct refers to itself as a FROM")
+                if translate and item in translate:
+                    item = translate[item]
+                if not seen.intersection(item._cloned_set):
+                    froms.append(item)
+                seen.update(item._cloned_set)
+
+        add(_from_objects(*self._raw_columns))
+        if self._whereclause is not None:
+            add(_from_objects(self._whereclause))
+        add(self._from_obj)
+
+        return froms
+
+    def _get_display_froms(self, explicit_correlate_froms=None,
+                           implicit_correlate_froms=None):
+        """Return the full list of 'from' clauses to be displayed.
+
+        Takes into account a set of existing froms which may be
+        rendered in the FROM clause of enclosing selects; this Select
+        may want to leave those absent if it is automatically
+        correlating.
+
+        """
+        froms = self._froms
+
+        toremove = set(itertools.chain(*[
+            _expand_cloned(f._hide_froms)
+            for f in froms]))
+        if toremove:
+            # if we're maintaining clones of froms,
+            # add the copies out to the toremove list.  only include
+            # clones that are lexical equivalents.
+            if self._from_cloned:
+                toremove.update(
+                    self._from_cloned[f] for f in
+                    toremove.intersection(self._from_cloned)
+                    if self._from_cloned[f]._is_lexical_equivalent(f)
+                )
+            # filter out to FROM clauses not in the list,
+            # using a list to maintain ordering
+            froms = [f for f in froms if f not in toremove]
+
+        if self._correlate:
+            to_correlate = self._correlate
+            if to_correlate:
+                froms = [
+                    f for f in froms if f not in
+                    _cloned_intersection(
+                        _cloned_intersection(
+                            froms, explicit_correlate_froms or ()),
+                        to_correlate
+                    )
+                ]
+
+        if self._correlate_except is not None:
+
+            froms = [
+                f for f in froms if f not in
+                _cloned_difference(
+                    _cloned_intersection(
+                        froms, explicit_correlate_froms or ()),
+                    self._correlate_except
+                )
+            ]
+
+        if self._auto_correlate and \
+                implicit_correlate_froms and \
+                len(froms) > 1:
+
+            froms = [
+                f for f in froms if f not in
+                _cloned_intersection(froms, implicit_correlate_froms)
+            ]
+
+            if not len(froms):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError("Select statement '%s"
+                                              "' returned no FROM clauses "
+                                              "due to auto-correlation; "
+                                              "specify correlate() "
+                                              "to control correlation "
+                                              "manually." % self)
+
+        return froms
+
+    def _scalar_type(self):
+        elem = self._raw_columns[0]
+        cols = list(elem._select_iterable)
+        return cols[0].type
+
+    @property
+    def froms(self):
+        """Return the displayed list of FromClause elements."""
+
+        return self._get_display_froms()
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_hint(self, selectable, text, dialect_name='*'):
+        """Add an indexing hint for the given selectable to this
+        :class:`.Select`.
+
+        The text of the hint is rendered in the appropriate
+        location for the database backend in use, relative
+        to the given :class:`.Table` or :class:`.Alias` passed as the
+        ``selectable`` argument. The dialect implementation
+        typically uses Python string substitution syntax
+        with the token ``%(name)s`` to render the name of
+        the table or alias. E.g. when using Oracle, the
+        following::
+
+            select([mytable]).\\
+                with_hint(mytable, "+ index(%(name)s ix_mytable)")
+
+        Would render SQL as::
+
+            select /*+ index(mytable ix_mytable) */ ... from mytable
+
+        The ``dialect_name`` option will limit the rendering of a particular
+        hint to a particular backend. Such as, to add hints for both Oracle
+        and Sybase simultaneously::
+
+            select([mytable]).\\
+                with_hint(
+                    mytable, "+ index(%(name)s ix_mytable)", 'oracle').\\
+                with_hint(mytable, "WITH INDEX ix_mytable", 'sybase')
+
+        """
+        self._hints = self._hints.union(
+            {(selectable, dialect_name): text})
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError("Select objects don't have a type.  "
+                                      "Call as_scalar() on this Select "
+                                      "object to return a 'scalar' version "
+                                      "of this Select.")
+
+    @_memoized_property.method
+    def locate_all_froms(self):
+        """return a Set of all FromClause elements referenced by this Select.
+
+        This set is a superset of that returned by the ``froms`` property,
+        which is specifically for those FromClause elements that would
+        actually be rendered.
+
+        """
+        froms = self._froms
+        return froms + list(_from_objects(*froms))
+
+    @property
+    def inner_columns(self):
+        """an iterator of all ColumnElement expressions which would
+        be rendered into the columns clause of the resulting SELECT statement.
+
+        """
+        return _select_iterables(self._raw_columns)
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause):
+        if self in fromclause._cloned_set:
+            return True
+
+        for f in self.locate_all_froms():
+            if f.is_derived_from(fromclause):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+
+        # Select() object has been cloned and probably adapted by the
+        # given clone function.  Apply the cloning function to internal
+        # objects
+
+        # 1. keep a dictionary of the froms we've cloned, and what
+        # they've become.  This is consulted later when we derive
+        # additional froms from "whereclause" and the columns clause,
+        # which may still reference the uncloned parent table.
+        # as of 0.7.4 we also put the current version of _froms, which
+        # gets cleared on each generation.  previously we were "baking"
+        # _froms into self._from_obj.
+        self._from_cloned = from_cloned = dict(
+            (f, clone(f, **kw)) for f in self._from_obj.union(self._froms))
+
+        # 3. update persistent _from_obj with the cloned versions.
+        self._from_obj = util.OrderedSet(from_cloned[f] for f in
+                                         self._from_obj)
+
+        # the _correlate collection is done separately, what can happen
+        # here is the same item is _correlate as in _from_obj but the
+        # _correlate version has an annotation on it - (specifically
+        # RelationshipProperty.Comparator._criterion_exists() does
+        # this). Also keep _correlate liberally open with its previous
+        # contents, as this set is used for matching, not rendering.
+        self._correlate = set(clone(f) for f in
+                              self._correlate).union(self._correlate)
+
+        # 4. clone other things.   The difficulty here is that Column
+        # objects are not actually cloned, and refer to their original
+        # .table, resulting in the wrong "from" parent after a clone
+        # operation.  Hence _from_cloned and _from_obj supersede what is
+        # present here.
+        self._raw_columns = [clone(c, **kw) for c in self._raw_columns]
+        for attr in '_whereclause', '_having', '_order_by_clause', \
+                '_group_by_clause', '_for_update_arg':
+            if getattr(self, attr) is not None:
+                setattr(self, attr, clone(getattr(self, attr), **kw))
+
+        # erase exported column list, _froms collection,
+        # etc.
+        self._reset_exported()
+
+    def get_children(self, column_collections=True, **kwargs):
+        """return child elements as per the ClauseElement specification."""
+
+        return (column_collections and list(self.columns) or []) + \
+            self._raw_columns + list(self._froms) + \
+            [x for x in
+                (self._whereclause, self._having,
+                    self._order_by_clause, self._group_by_clause)
+             if x is not None]
+
+    @_generative
+    def column(self, column):
+        """return a new select() construct with the given column expression
+            added to its columns clause.
+
+        """
+        self.append_column(column)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def reduce_columns(self, sqlutil, only_synonyms=True):
+        """Return a new :func`.select` construct with redundantly
+        named, equivalently-valued columns removed from the columns clause.
+
+        "Redundant" here means two columns where one refers to the
+        other either based on foreign key, or via a simple equality
+        comparison in the WHERE clause of the statement.   The primary purpose
+        of this method is to automatically construct a select statement
+        with all uniquely-named columns, without the need to use
+        table-qualified labels as :meth:`.apply_labels` does.
+
+        When columns are omitted based on foreign key, the referred-to
+        column is the one that's kept.  When columns are omitted based on
+        WHERE eqivalence, the first column in the columns clause is the
+        one that's kept.
+
+        :param only_synonyms: when True, limit the removal of columns
+         to those which have the same name as the equivalent.   Otherwise,
+         all columns that are equivalent to another are removed.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        """
+        return self.with_only_columns(
+            sqlutil.reduce_columns(
+                self.inner_columns,
+                only_synonyms=only_synonyms,
+                *(self._whereclause, ) + tuple(self._from_obj)
+            )
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_only_columns(self, columns):
+        """Return a new :func:`.select` construct with its columns
+        clause replaced with the given columns.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7.3
+            Due to a bug fix, this method has a slight
+            behavioral change as of version 0.7.3.
+            Prior to version 0.7.3, the FROM clause of
+            a :func:`.select` was calculated upfront and as new columns
+            were added; in 0.7.3 and later it's calculated
+            at compile time, fixing an issue regarding late binding
+            of columns to parent tables.  This changes the behavior of
+            :meth:`.Select.with_only_columns` in that FROM clauses no
+            longer represented in the new list are dropped,
+            but this behavior is more consistent in
+            that the FROM clauses are consistently derived from the
+            current columns clause.  The original intent of this method
+            is to allow trimming of the existing columns list to be fewer
+            columns than originally present; the use case of replacing
+            the columns list with an entirely different one hadn't
+            been anticipated until 0.7.3 was released; the usage
+            guidelines below illustrate how this should be done.
+
+        This method is exactly equivalent to as if the original
+        :func:`.select` had been called with the given columns
+        clause.   I.e. a statement::
+
+            s = select([table1.c.a, table1.c.b])
+            s = s.with_only_columns([table1.c.b])
+
+        should be exactly equivalent to::
+
+            s = select([table1.c.b])
+
+        This means that FROM clauses which are only derived
+        from the column list will be discarded if the new column
+        list no longer contains that FROM::
+
+            >>> table1 = table('t1', column('a'), column('b'))
+            >>> table2 = table('t2', column('a'), column('b'))
+            >>> s1 = select([table1.c.a, table2.c.b])
+            >>> print s1
+            SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM t1, t2
+            >>> s2 = s1.with_only_columns([table2.c.b])
+            >>> print s2
+            SELECT t2.b FROM t1
+
+        The preferred way to maintain a specific FROM clause
+        in the construct, assuming it won't be represented anywhere
+        else (i.e. not in the WHERE clause, etc.) is to set it using
+        :meth:`.Select.select_from`::
+
+            >>> s1 = select([table1.c.a, table2.c.b]).\\
+            ...         select_from(table1.join(table2,
+            ...                 table1.c.a==table2.c.a))
+            >>> s2 = s1.with_only_columns([table2.c.b])
+            >>> print s2
+            SELECT t2.b FROM t1 JOIN t2 ON t1.a=t2.a
+
+        Care should also be taken to use the correct
+        set of column objects passed to :meth:`.Select.with_only_columns`.
+        Since the method is essentially equivalent to calling the
+        :func:`.select` construct in the first place with the given
+        columns, the columns passed to :meth:`.Select.with_only_columns`
+        should usually be a subset of those which were passed
+        to the :func:`.select` construct, not those which are available
+        from the ``.c`` collection of that :func:`.select`.  That
+        is::
+
+            s = select([table1.c.a, table1.c.b]).select_from(table1)
+            s = s.with_only_columns([table1.c.b])
+
+        and **not**::
+
+            # usually incorrect
+            s = s.with_only_columns([s.c.b])
+
+        The latter would produce the SQL::
+
+            SELECT b
+            FROM (SELECT t1.a AS a, t1.b AS b
+            FROM t1), t1
+
+        Since the :func:`.select` construct is essentially being
+        asked to select both from ``table1`` as well as itself.
+
+        """
+        self._reset_exported()
+        rc = []
+        for c in columns:
+            c = _interpret_as_column_or_from(c)
+            if isinstance(c, ScalarSelect):
+                c = c.self_group(against=operators.comma_op)
+            rc.append(c)
+        self._raw_columns = rc
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, whereclause):
+        """return a new select() construct with the given expression added to
+        its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        """
+
+        self.append_whereclause(whereclause)
+
+    @_generative
+    def having(self, having):
+        """return a new select() construct with the given expression added to
+        its HAVING clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        """
+        self.append_having(having)
+
+    @_generative
+    def distinct(self, *expr):
+        """Return a new select() construct which will apply DISTINCT to its
+        columns clause.
+
+        :param \*expr: optional column expressions.  When present,
+         the Postgresql dialect will render a ``DISTINCT ON (>)``
+         construct.
+
+        """
+        if expr:
+            expr = [_literal_as_text(e) for e in expr]
+            if isinstance(self._distinct, list):
+                self._distinct = self._distinct + expr
+            else:
+                self._distinct = expr
+        else:
+            self._distinct = True
+
+    @_generative
+    def select_from(self, fromclause):
+        """return a new :func:`.select` construct with the
+        given FROM expression
+        merged into its list of FROM objects.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table1 = table('t1', column('a'))
+            table2 = table('t2', column('b'))
+            s = select([table1.c.a]).\\
+                select_from(
+                    table1.join(table2, table1.c.a==table2.c.b)
+                )
+
+        The "from" list is a unique set on the identity of each element,
+        so adding an already present :class:`.Table` or other selectable
+        will have no effect.   Passing a :class:`.Join` that refers
+        to an already present :class:`.Table` or other selectable will have
+        the effect of concealing the presence of that selectable as
+        an individual element in the rendered FROM list, instead
+        rendering it into a JOIN clause.
+
+        While the typical purpose of :meth:`.Select.select_from` is to
+        replace the default, derived FROM clause with a join, it can
+        also be called with individual table elements, multiple times
+        if desired, in the case that the FROM clause cannot be fully
+        derived from the columns clause::
+
+            select([func.count('*')]).select_from(table1)
+
+        """
+        self.append_from(fromclause)
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate(self, *fromclauses):
+        """return a new :class:`.Select` which will correlate the given FROM
+        clauses to that of an enclosing :class:`.Select`.
+
+        Calling this method turns off the :class:`.Select` object's
+        default behavior of "auto-correlation".  Normally, FROM elements
+        which appear in a :class:`.Select` that encloses this one via
+        its :term:`WHERE clause`, ORDER BY, HAVING or
+        :term:`columns clause` will be omitted from this :class:`.Select`
+        object's :term:`FROM clause`.
+        Setting an explicit correlation collection using the
+        :meth:`.Select.correlate` method provides a fixed list of FROM objects
+        that can potentially take place in this process.
+
+        When :meth:`.Select.correlate` is used to apply specific FROM clauses
+        for correlation, the FROM elements become candidates for
+        correlation regardless of how deeply nested this :class:`.Select`
+        object is, relative to an enclosing :class:`.Select` which refers to
+        the same FROM object.  This is in contrast to the behavior of
+        "auto-correlation" which only correlates to an immediate enclosing
+        :class:`.Select`.   Multi-level correlation ensures that the link
+        between enclosed and enclosing :class:`.Select` is always via
+        at least one WHERE/ORDER BY/HAVING/columns clause in order for
+        correlation to take place.
+
+        If ``None`` is passed, the :class:`.Select` object will correlate
+        none of its FROM entries, and all will render unconditionally
+        in the local FROM clause.
+
+        :param \*fromclauses: a list of one or more :class:`.FromClause`
+         constructs, or other compatible constructs (i.e. ORM-mapped
+         classes) to become part of the correlate collection.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.8.0 ORM-mapped classes are accepted by
+            :meth:`.Select.correlate`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8.0 The :meth:`.Select.correlate` method no
+           longer unconditionally removes entries from the FROM clause;
+           instead, the candidate FROM entries must also be matched by a FROM
+           entry located in an enclosing :class:`.Select`, which ultimately
+           encloses this one as present in the WHERE clause, ORDER BY clause,
+           HAVING clause, or columns clause of an enclosing :meth:`.Select`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8.2 explicit correlation takes place
+           via any level of nesting of :class:`.Select` objects; in previous
+           0.8 versions, correlation would only occur relative to the
+           immediate enclosing :class:`.Select` construct.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.correlate_except`
+
+            :ref:`correlated_subqueries`
+
+        """
+        self._auto_correlate = False
+        if fromclauses and fromclauses[0] is None:
+            self._correlate = ()
+        else:
+            self._correlate = set(self._correlate).union(
+                _interpret_as_from(f) for f in fromclauses)
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate_except(self, *fromclauses):
+        """return a new :class:`.Select` which will omit the given FROM
+        clauses from the auto-correlation process.
+
+        Calling :meth:`.Select.correlate_except` turns off the
+        :class:`.Select` object's default behavior of
+        "auto-correlation" for the given FROM elements.  An element
+        specified here will unconditionally appear in the FROM list, while
+        all other FROM elements remain subject to normal auto-correlation
+        behaviors.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8.2 The :meth:`.Select.correlate_except`
+           method was improved to fully prevent FROM clauses specified here
+           from being omitted from the immediate FROM clause of this
+           :class:`.Select`.
+
+        If ``None`` is passed, the :class:`.Select` object will correlate
+        all of its FROM entries.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8.2 calling ``correlate_except(None)`` will
+           correctly auto-correlate all FROM clauses.
+
+        :param \*fromclauses: a list of one or more :class:`.FromClause`
+         constructs, or other compatible constructs (i.e. ORM-mapped
+         classes) to become part of the correlate-exception collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.correlate`
+
+            :ref:`correlated_subqueries`
+
+        """
+
+        self._auto_correlate = False
+        if fromclauses and fromclauses[0] is None:
+            self._correlate_except = ()
+        else:
+            self._correlate_except = set(self._correlate_except or ()).union(
+                _interpret_as_from(f) for f in fromclauses)
+
+    def append_correlation(self, fromclause):
+        """append the given correlation expression to this select()
+        construct.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.Select.correlate` method is preferred, as it provides
+        standard :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+
+        self._auto_correlate = False
+        self._correlate = set(self._correlate).union(
+            _interpret_as_from(f) for f in fromclause)
+
+    def append_column(self, column):
+        """append the given column expression to the columns clause of this
+        select() construct.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.Select.column` method is preferred, as it provides standard
+        :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+        self._reset_exported()
+        column = _interpret_as_column_or_from(column)
+
+        if isinstance(column, ScalarSelect):
+            column = column.self_group(against=operators.comma_op)
+
+        self._raw_columns = self._raw_columns + [column]
+
+    def append_prefix(self, clause):
+        """append the given columns clause prefix expression to this select()
+        construct.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.Select.prefix_with` method is preferred, as it provides
+        standard :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+        clause = _literal_as_text(clause)
+        self._prefixes = self._prefixes + (clause,)
+
+    def append_whereclause(self, whereclause):
+        """append the given expression to this select() construct's WHERE
+        criterion.
+
+        The expression will be joined to existing WHERE criterion via AND.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.Select.where` method is preferred, as it provides standard
+        :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+
+        self._reset_exported()
+        self._whereclause = and_(
+            True_._ifnone(self._whereclause), whereclause)
+
+    def append_having(self, having):
+        """append the given expression to this select() construct's HAVING
+        criterion.
+
+        The expression will be joined to existing HAVING criterion via AND.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.Select.having` method is preferred, as it provides standard
+        :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+        self._reset_exported()
+        self._having = and_(True_._ifnone(self._having), having)
+
+    def append_from(self, fromclause):
+        """append the given FromClause expression to this select() construct's
+        FROM clause.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.Select.select_from` method is preferred, as it provides
+        standard :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+        self._reset_exported()
+        fromclause = _interpret_as_from(fromclause)
+        self._from_obj = self._from_obj.union([fromclause])
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def _columns_plus_names(self):
+        if self.use_labels:
+            names = set()
+
+            def name_for_col(c):
+                if c._label is None:
+                    return (None, c)
+                name = c._label
+                if name in names:
+                    name = c.anon_label
+                else:
+                    names.add(name)
+                return name, c
+
+            return [
+                name_for_col(c)
+                for c in util.unique_list(
+                    _select_iterables(self._raw_columns))
+            ]
+        else:
+            return [
+                (None, c)
+                for c in util.unique_list(
+                    _select_iterables(self._raw_columns))
+            ]
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self):
+        for name, c in self._columns_plus_names:
+            if not hasattr(c, '_make_proxy'):
+                continue
+            if name is None:
+                key = None
+            elif self.use_labels:
+                key = c._key_label
+                if key is not None and key in self.c:
+                    key = c.anon_label
+            else:
+                key = None
+
+            c._make_proxy(self, key=key,
+                          name=name,
+                          name_is_truncatable=True)
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column):
+        for fromclause in self._froms:
+            col = fromclause._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+            if col is not None:
+                if col in self.inner_columns and self._cols_populated:
+                    our_label = col._key_label if self.use_labels else col.key
+                    if our_label not in self.c:
+                        return col._make_proxy(
+                            self,
+                            name=col._label if self.use_labels else None,
+                            key=col._key_label if self.use_labels else None,
+                            name_is_truncatable=True)
+                return None
+        return None
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        """return a 'grouping' construct as per the ClauseElement
+        specification.
+
+        This produces an element that can be embedded in an expression. Note
+        that this method is called automatically as needed when constructing
+        expressions and should not require explicit use.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(against, CompoundSelect):
+            return self
+        return FromGrouping(self)
+
+    def union(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """return a SQL UNION of this select() construct against the given
+        selectable."""
+
+        return CompoundSelect._create_union(self, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def union_all(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """return a SQL UNION ALL of this select() construct against the given
+        selectable.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_union_all(self, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def except_(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """return a SQL EXCEPT of this select() construct against the given
+        selectable."""
+
+        return CompoundSelect._create_except(self, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def except_all(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """return a SQL EXCEPT ALL of this select() construct against the
+        given selectable.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_except_all(self, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def intersect(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """return a SQL INTERSECT of this select() construct against the given
+        selectable.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_intersect(self, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def intersect_all(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """return a SQL INTERSECT ALL of this select() construct against the
+        given selectable.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_intersect_all(self, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def bind(self):
+        if self._bind:
+            return self._bind
+        froms = self._froms
+        if not froms:
+            for c in self._raw_columns:
+                e = c.bind
+                if e:
+                    self._bind = e
+                    return e
+        else:
+            e = list(froms)[0].bind
+            if e:
+                self._bind = e
+                return e
+
+        return None
+
+    def _set_bind(self, bind):
+        self._bind = bind
+    bind = property(bind, _set_bind)
+
+
+class ScalarSelect(Generative, Grouping):
+    _from_objects = []
+    _is_from_container = True
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        self.element = element
+        self.type = element._scalar_type()
+
+    @property
+    def columns(self):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError('Scalar Select expression has no '
+                                      'columns; use this object directly '
+                                      'within a column-level expression.')
+    c = columns
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, crit):
+        """Apply a WHERE clause to the SELECT statement referred to
+        by this :class:`.ScalarSelect`.
+
+        """
+        self.element = self.element.where(crit)
+
+    def self_group(self, **kwargs):
+        return self
+
+
+class Exists(UnaryExpression):
+
+    """Represent an ``EXISTS`` clause.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = UnaryExpression.__visit_name__
+    _from_objects = []
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.Exists` against an existing
+        :class:`.Select` object.
+
+        Calling styles are of the following forms::
+
+            # use on an existing select()
+            s = select([table.c.col1]).where(table.c.col2==5)
+            s = exists(s)
+
+            # construct a select() at once
+            exists(['*'], **select_arguments).where(criterion)
+
+            # columns argument is optional, generates "EXISTS (SELECT *)"
+            # by default.
+            exists().where(table.c.col2==5)
+
+        """
+        if args and isinstance(args[0], (SelectBase, ScalarSelect)):
+            s = args[0]
+        else:
+            if not args:
+                args = ([literal_column('*')],)
+            s = Select(*args, **kwargs).as_scalar().self_group()
+
+        UnaryExpression.__init__(self, s, operator=operators.exists,
+                                 type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE)
+
+    def select(self, whereclause=None, **params):
+        return Select([self], whereclause, **params)
+
+    def correlate(self, *fromclause):
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self.element.correlate(*fromclause).self_group()
+        return e
+
+    def correlate_except(self, *fromclause):
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self.element.correlate_except(*fromclause).self_group()
+        return e
+
+    def select_from(self, clause):
+        """return a new :class:`.Exists` construct, applying the given
+        expression to the :meth:`.Select.select_from` method of the select
+        statement contained.
+
+        """
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self.element.select_from(clause).self_group()
+        return e
+
+    def where(self, clause):
+        """return a new exists() construct with the given expression added to
+        its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        """
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self.element.where(clause).self_group()
+        return e
+
+
+class TextAsFrom(SelectBase):
+
+    """Wrap a :class:`.TextClause` construct within a :class:`.SelectBase`
+    interface.
+
+    This allows the :class:`.TextClause` object to gain a ``.c`` collection
+    and other FROM-like capabilities such as :meth:`.FromClause.alias`,
+    :meth:`.SelectBase.cte`, etc.
+
+    The :class:`.TextAsFrom` construct is produced via the
+    :meth:`.TextClause.columns` method - see that method for details.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.text`
+
+        :meth:`.TextClause.columns`
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = "text_as_from"
+
+    _textual = True
+
+    def __init__(self, text, columns):
+        self.element = text
+        self.column_args = columns
+
+    @property
+    def _bind(self):
+        return self.element._bind
+
+    @_generative
+    def bindparams(self, *binds, **bind_as_values):
+        self.element = self.element.bindparams(*binds, **bind_as_values)
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self):
+        for c in self.column_args:
+            c._make_proxy(self)
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self._reset_exported()
+        self.element = clone(self.element, **kw)
+
+    def _scalar_type(self):
+        return self.column_args[0].type
+
+
+class AnnotatedFromClause(Annotated):
+
+    def __init__(self, element, values):
+        # force FromClause to generate their internal
+        # collections into __dict__
+        element.c
+        Annotated.__init__(self, element, values)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/sqltypes.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/sqltypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7f25bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/sqltypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1701 @@
+# sql/sqltypes.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""SQL specific types.
+
+"""
+
+import datetime as dt
+import codecs
+
+from .type_api import TypeEngine, TypeDecorator, to_instance
+from .elements import quoted_name, type_coerce, _defer_name
+from .default_comparator import _DefaultColumnComparator
+from .. import exc, util, processors
+from .base import _bind_or_error, SchemaEventTarget
+from . import operators
+from .. import event
+from ..util import pickle
+import decimal
+
+if util.jython:
+    import array
+
+
+class _DateAffinity(object):
+
+    """Mixin date/time specific expression adaptations.
+
+    Rules are implemented within Date,Time,Interval,DateTime, Numeric,
+    Integer. Based on http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static
+    /functions-datetime.html.
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator):
+        _blank_dict = util.immutabledict()
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            othertype = other_comparator.type._type_affinity
+            return (
+                op, to_instance(
+                    self.type._expression_adaptations.
+                    get(op, self._blank_dict).
+                    get(othertype, NULLTYPE))
+            )
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+
+class Concatenable(object):
+
+    """A mixin that marks a type as supporting 'concatenation',
+    typically strings."""
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator):
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            if (op is operators.add and
+                    isinstance(
+                        other_comparator,
+                        (Concatenable.Comparator, NullType.Comparator)
+                    )):
+                return operators.concat_op, self.expr.type
+            else:
+                return op, self.expr.type
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+
+class String(Concatenable, TypeEngine):
+
+    """The base for all string and character types.
+
+    In SQL, corresponds to VARCHAR.  Can also take Python unicode objects
+    and encode to the database's encoding in bind params (and the reverse for
+    result sets.)
+
+    The `length` field is usually required when the `String` type is
+    used within a CREATE TABLE statement, as VARCHAR requires a length
+    on most databases.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'string'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, collation=None,
+                 convert_unicode=False,
+                 unicode_error=None,
+                 _warn_on_bytestring=False
+                 ):
+        """
+        Create a string-holding type.
+
+        :param length: optional, a length for the column for use in
+          DDL and CAST expressions.  May be safely omitted if no ``CREATE
+          TABLE`` will be issued.  Certain databases may require a
+          ``length`` for use in DDL, and will raise an exception when
+          the ``CREATE TABLE`` DDL is issued if a ``VARCHAR``
+          with no length is included.  Whether the value is
+          interpreted as bytes or characters is database specific.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for
+          use in DDL and CAST expressions.  Renders using the
+          COLLATE keyword supported by SQLite, MySQL, and Postgresql.
+          E.g.::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import cast, select, String
+            >>> print select([cast('some string', String(collation='utf8'))])
+            SELECT CAST(:param_1 AS VARCHAR COLLATE utf8) AS anon_1
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.8 Added support for COLLATE to all
+             string types.
+
+        :param convert_unicode: When set to ``True``, the
+          :class:`.String` type will assume that
+          input is to be passed as Python ``unicode`` objects,
+          and results returned as Python ``unicode`` objects.
+          If the DBAPI in use does not support Python unicode
+          (which is fewer and fewer these days), SQLAlchemy
+          will encode/decode the value, using the
+          value of the ``encoding`` parameter passed to
+          :func:`.create_engine` as the encoding.
+
+          When using a DBAPI that natively supports Python
+          unicode objects, this flag generally does not
+          need to be set.  For columns that are explicitly
+          intended to store non-ASCII data, the :class:`.Unicode`
+          or :class:`.UnicodeText`
+          types should be used regardless, which feature
+          the same behavior of ``convert_unicode`` but
+          also indicate an underlying column type that
+          directly supports unicode, such as ``NVARCHAR``.
+
+          For the extremely rare case that Python ``unicode``
+          is to be encoded/decoded by SQLAlchemy on a backend
+          that does natively support Python ``unicode``,
+          the value ``force`` can be passed here which will
+          cause SQLAlchemy's encode/decode services to be
+          used unconditionally.
+
+        :param unicode_error: Optional, a method to use to handle Unicode
+          conversion errors. Behaves like the ``errors`` keyword argument to
+          the standard library's ``string.decode()`` functions.   This flag
+          requires that ``convert_unicode`` is set to ``force`` - otherwise,
+          SQLAlchemy is not guaranteed to handle the task of unicode
+          conversion.   Note that this flag adds significant performance
+          overhead to row-fetching operations for backends that already
+          return unicode objects natively (which most DBAPIs do).  This
+          flag should only be used as a last resort for reading
+          strings from a column with varied or corrupted encodings.
+
+        """
+        if unicode_error is not None and convert_unicode != 'force':
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("convert_unicode must be 'force' "
+                                    "when unicode_error is set.")
+
+        self.length = length
+        self.collation = collation
+        self.convert_unicode = convert_unicode
+        self.unicode_error = unicode_error
+        self._warn_on_bytestring = _warn_on_bytestring
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            value = value.replace("'", "''")
+            return "'%s'" % value
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if self.convert_unicode or dialect.convert_unicode:
+            if dialect.supports_unicode_binds and \
+                    self.convert_unicode != 'force':
+                if self._warn_on_bytestring:
+                    def process(value):
+                        if isinstance(value, util.binary_type):
+                            util.warn("Unicode type received non-unicode"
+                                      "bind param value.")
+                        return value
+                    return process
+                else:
+                    return None
+            else:
+                encoder = codecs.getencoder(dialect.encoding)
+                warn_on_bytestring = self._warn_on_bytestring
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if isinstance(value, util.text_type):
+                        return encoder(value, self.unicode_error)[0]
+                    elif warn_on_bytestring and value is not None:
+                        util.warn("Unicode type received non-unicode bind "
+                                  "param value")
+                    return value
+            return process
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        wants_unicode = self.convert_unicode or dialect.convert_unicode
+        needs_convert = wants_unicode and \
+            (dialect.returns_unicode_strings is not True or
+             self.convert_unicode in ('force', 'force_nocheck'))
+        needs_isinstance = (
+            needs_convert and
+            dialect.returns_unicode_strings and
+            self.convert_unicode != 'force_nocheck'
+        )
+        if needs_convert:
+            to_unicode = processors.to_unicode_processor_factory(
+                dialect.encoding, self.unicode_error)
+
+            if needs_isinstance:
+                return processors.to_conditional_unicode_processor_factory(
+                    dialect.encoding, self.unicode_error)
+            else:
+                return processors.to_unicode_processor_factory(
+                    dialect.encoding, self.unicode_error)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        if self.convert_unicode:
+            return util.text_type
+        else:
+            return str
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.STRING
+
+
+class Text(String):
+
+    """A variably sized string type.
+
+    In SQL, usually corresponds to CLOB or TEXT. Can also take Python
+    unicode objects and encode to the database's encoding in bind
+    params (and the reverse for result sets.)  In general, TEXT objects
+    do not have a length; while some databases will accept a length
+    argument here, it will be rejected by others.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'text'
+
+
+class Unicode(String):
+
+    """A variable length Unicode string type.
+
+    The :class:`.Unicode` type is a :class:`.String` subclass
+    that assumes input and output as Python ``unicode`` data,
+    and in that regard is equivalent to the usage of the
+    ``convert_unicode`` flag with the :class:`.String` type.
+    However, unlike plain :class:`.String`, it also implies an
+    underlying column type that is explicitly supporting of non-ASCII
+    data, such as ``NVARCHAR`` on Oracle and SQL Server.
+    This can impact the output of ``CREATE TABLE`` statements
+    and ``CAST`` functions at the dialect level, and can
+    also affect the handling of bound parameters in some
+    specific DBAPI scenarios.
+
+    The encoding used by the :class:`.Unicode` type is usually
+    determined by the DBAPI itself; most modern DBAPIs
+    feature support for Python ``unicode`` objects as bound
+    values and result set values, and the encoding should
+    be configured as detailed in the notes for the target
+    DBAPI in the :ref:`dialect_toplevel` section.
+
+    For those DBAPIs which do not support, or are not configured
+    to accommodate Python ``unicode`` objects
+    directly, SQLAlchemy does the encoding and decoding
+    outside of the DBAPI.   The encoding in this scenario
+    is determined by the ``encoding`` flag passed to
+    :func:`.create_engine`.
+
+    When using the :class:`.Unicode` type, it is only appropriate
+    to pass Python ``unicode`` objects, and not plain ``str``.
+    If a plain ``str`` is passed under Python 2, a warning
+    is emitted.  If you notice your application emitting these warnings but
+    you're not sure of the source of them, the Python
+    ``warnings`` filter, documented at
+    http://docs.python.org/library/warnings.html,
+    can be used to turn these warnings into exceptions
+    which will illustrate a stack trace::
+
+      import warnings
+      warnings.simplefilter('error')
+
+    For an application that wishes to pass plain bytestrings
+    and Python ``unicode`` objects to the ``Unicode`` type
+    equally, the bytestrings must first be decoded into
+    unicode.  The recipe at :ref:`coerce_to_unicode` illustrates
+    how this is done.
+
+    See also:
+
+        :class:`.UnicodeText` - unlengthed textual counterpart
+        to :class:`.Unicode`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'unicode'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Create a :class:`.Unicode` object.
+
+        Parameters are the same as that of :class:`.String`,
+        with the exception that ``convert_unicode``
+        defaults to ``True``.
+
+        """
+        kwargs.setdefault('convert_unicode', True)
+        kwargs.setdefault('_warn_on_bytestring', True)
+        super(Unicode, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class UnicodeText(Text):
+
+    """An unbounded-length Unicode string type.
+
+    See :class:`.Unicode` for details on the unicode
+    behavior of this object.
+
+    Like :class:`.Unicode`, usage the :class:`.UnicodeText` type implies a
+    unicode-capable type being used on the backend, such as
+    ``NCLOB``, ``NTEXT``.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'unicode_text'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Create a Unicode-converting Text type.
+
+        Parameters are the same as that of :class:`.Text`,
+        with the exception that ``convert_unicode``
+        defaults to ``True``.
+
+        """
+        kwargs.setdefault('convert_unicode', True)
+        kwargs.setdefault('_warn_on_bytestring', True)
+        super(UnicodeText, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class Integer(_DateAffinity, TypeEngine):
+
+    """A type for ``int`` integers."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'integer'
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NUMBER
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return int
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            return str(value)
+        return process
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        # TODO: need a dictionary object that will
+        # handle operators generically here, this is incomplete
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Date: Date,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+            operators.mul: {
+                Interval: Interval,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+            operators.div: {
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+            operators.truediv: {
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+        }
+
+
+class SmallInteger(Integer):
+
+    """A type for smaller ``int`` integers.
+
+    Typically generates a ``SMALLINT`` in DDL, and otherwise acts like
+    a normal :class:`.Integer` on the Python side.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'small_integer'
+
+
+class BigInteger(Integer):
+
+    """A type for bigger ``int`` integers.
+
+    Typically generates a ``BIGINT`` in DDL, and otherwise acts like
+    a normal :class:`.Integer` on the Python side.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'big_integer'
+
+
+class Numeric(_DateAffinity, TypeEngine):
+
+    """A type for fixed precision numbers, such as ``NUMERIC`` or ``DECIMAL``.
+
+    This type returns Python ``decimal.Decimal`` objects by default, unless
+    the :paramref:`.Numeric.asdecimal` flag is set to False, in which case
+    they are coerced to Python ``float`` objects.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :class:`.Numeric` type is designed to receive data from a database
+        type that is explicitly known to be a decimal type
+        (e.g. ``DECIMAL``, ``NUMERIC``, others) and not a floating point
+        type (e.g. ``FLOAT``, ``REAL``, others).
+        If the database column on the server is in fact a floating-point type
+        type, such as ``FLOAT`` or ``REAL``, use the :class:`.Float`
+        type or a subclass, otherwise numeric coercion between
+        ``float``/``Decimal`` may or may not function as expected.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       The Python ``decimal.Decimal`` class is generally slow
+       performing; cPython 3.3 has now switched to use the `cdecimal
+       `_ library natively. For
+       older Python versions, the ``cdecimal`` library can be patched
+       into any application where it will replace the ``decimal``
+       library fully, however this needs to be applied globally and
+       before any other modules have been imported, as follows::
+
+           import sys
+           import cdecimal
+           sys.modules["decimal"] = cdecimal
+
+       Note that the ``cdecimal`` and ``decimal`` libraries are **not
+       compatible with each other**, so patching ``cdecimal`` at the
+       global level is the only way it can be used effectively with
+       various DBAPIs that hardcode to import the ``decimal`` library.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'numeric'
+
+    _default_decimal_return_scale = 10
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None,
+                 decimal_return_scale=None, asdecimal=True):
+        """
+        Construct a Numeric.
+
+        :param precision: the numeric precision for use in DDL ``CREATE
+          TABLE``.
+
+        :param scale: the numeric scale for use in DDL ``CREATE TABLE``.
+
+        :param asdecimal: default True.  Return whether or not
+          values should be sent as Python Decimal objects, or
+          as floats.   Different DBAPIs send one or the other based on
+          datatypes - the Numeric type will ensure that return values
+          are one or the other across DBAPIs consistently.
+
+        :param decimal_return_scale: Default scale to use when converting
+         from floats to Python decimals.  Floating point values will typically
+         be much longer due to decimal inaccuracy, and most floating point
+         database types don't have a notion of "scale", so by default the
+         float type looks for the first ten decimal places when converting.
+         Specfiying this value will override that length.  Types which
+         do include an explicit ".scale" value, such as the base
+         :class:`.Numeric` as well as the MySQL float types, will use the
+         value of ".scale" as the default for decimal_return_scale, if not
+         otherwise specified.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        When using the ``Numeric`` type, care should be taken to ensure
+        that the asdecimal setting is apppropriate for the DBAPI in use -
+        when Numeric applies a conversion from Decimal->float or float->
+        Decimal, this conversion incurs an additional performance overhead
+        for all result columns received.
+
+        DBAPIs that return Decimal natively (e.g. psycopg2) will have
+        better accuracy and higher performance with a setting of ``True``,
+        as the native translation to Decimal reduces the amount of floating-
+        point issues at play, and the Numeric type itself doesn't need
+        to apply any further conversions.  However, another DBAPI which
+        returns floats natively *will* incur an additional conversion
+        overhead, and is still subject to floating point data loss - in
+        which case ``asdecimal=False`` will at least remove the extra
+        conversion overhead.
+
+        """
+        self.precision = precision
+        self.scale = scale
+        self.decimal_return_scale = decimal_return_scale
+        self.asdecimal = asdecimal
+
+    @property
+    def _effective_decimal_return_scale(self):
+        if self.decimal_return_scale is not None:
+            return self.decimal_return_scale
+        elif getattr(self, "scale", None) is not None:
+            return self.scale
+        else:
+            return self._default_decimal_return_scale
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NUMBER
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            return str(value)
+        return process
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            return decimal.Decimal
+        else:
+            return float
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return processors.to_float
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+                # we're a "numeric", DBAPI will give us Decimal directly
+                return None
+            else:
+                util.warn('Dialect %s+%s does *not* support Decimal '
+                          'objects natively, and SQLAlchemy must '
+                          'convert from floating point - rounding '
+                          'errors and other issues may occur. Please '
+                          'consider storing Decimal numbers as strings '
+                          'or integers on this platform for lossless '
+                          'storage.' % (dialect.name, dialect.driver))
+
+                # we're a "numeric", DBAPI returns floats, convert.
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal,
+                    self.scale if self.scale is not None
+                    else self._default_decimal_return_scale)
+        else:
+            if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.mul: {
+                Interval: Interval,
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.div: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.truediv: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.add: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            }
+        }
+
+
+class Float(Numeric):
+
+    """Type representing floating point types, such as ``FLOAT`` or ``REAL``.
+
+    This type returns Python ``float`` objects by default, unless the
+    :paramref:`.Float.asdecimal` flag is set to True, in which case they
+    are coerced to ``decimal.Decimal`` objects.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :class:`.Float` type is designed to receive data from a database
+        type that is explicitly known to be a floating point type
+        (e.g. ``FLOAT``, ``REAL``, others)
+        and not a decimal type (e.g. ``DECIMAL``, ``NUMERIC``, others).
+        If the database column on the server is in fact a Numeric
+        type, such as ``DECIMAL`` or ``NUMERIC``, use the :class:`.Numeric`
+        type or a subclass, otherwise numeric coercion between
+        ``float``/``Decimal`` may or may not function as expected.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'float'
+
+    scale = None
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, asdecimal=False,
+                 decimal_return_scale=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Construct a Float.
+
+        :param precision: the numeric precision for use in DDL ``CREATE
+           TABLE``.
+
+        :param asdecimal: the same flag as that of :class:`.Numeric`, but
+          defaults to ``False``.   Note that setting this flag to ``True``
+          results in floating point conversion.
+
+        :param decimal_return_scale: Default scale to use when converting
+         from floats to Python decimals.  Floating point values will typically
+         be much longer due to decimal inaccuracy, and most floating point
+         database types don't have a notion of "scale", so by default the
+         float type looks for the first ten decimal places when converting.
+         Specfiying this value will override that length.  Note that the
+         MySQL float types, which do include "scale", will use "scale"
+         as the default for decimal_return_scale, if not otherwise specified.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        :param \**kwargs: deprecated.  Additional arguments here are ignored
+         by the default :class:`.Float` type.  For database specific
+         floats that support additional arguments, see that dialect's
+         documentation for details, such as
+         :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.FLOAT`.
+
+        """
+        self.precision = precision
+        self.asdecimal = asdecimal
+        self.decimal_return_scale = decimal_return_scale
+        if kwargs:
+            util.warn_deprecated("Additional keyword arguments "
+                                 "passed to Float ignored.")
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                decimal.Decimal,
+                self._effective_decimal_return_scale)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.mul: {
+                Interval: Interval,
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.div: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.truediv: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.add: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+            }
+        }
+
+
+class DateTime(_DateAffinity, TypeEngine):
+
+    """A type for ``datetime.datetime()`` objects.
+
+    Date and time types return objects from the Python ``datetime``
+    module.  Most DBAPIs have built in support for the datetime
+    module, with the noted exception of SQLite.  In the case of
+    SQLite, date and time types are stored as strings which are then
+    converted back to datetime objects when rows are returned.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'datetime'
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.DateTime`.
+
+        :param timezone: boolean.  If True, and supported by the
+         backend, will produce 'TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE'. For backends
+         that don't support timezone aware timestamps, has no
+         effect.
+
+        """
+        self.timezone = timezone
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.DATETIME
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.datetime
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Interval: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                Interval: self.__class__,
+                DateTime: Interval,
+            },
+        }
+
+
+class Date(_DateAffinity, TypeEngine):
+
+    """A type for ``datetime.date()`` objects."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'date'
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.DATETIME
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.date
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Interval: DateTime,
+                Time: DateTime,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                # date - integer = date
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+
+                # date - date = integer.
+                Date: Integer,
+
+                Interval: DateTime,
+
+                # date - datetime = interval,
+                # this one is not in the PG docs
+                # but works
+                DateTime: Interval,
+            },
+        }
+
+
+class Time(_DateAffinity, TypeEngine):
+
+    """A type for ``datetime.time()`` objects."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'time'
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False):
+        self.timezone = timezone
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.DATETIME
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.time
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Date: DateTime,
+                Interval: self.__class__
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                Time: Interval,
+                Interval: self.__class__,
+            },
+        }
+
+
+class _Binary(TypeEngine):
+
+    """Define base behavior for binary types."""
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None):
+        self.length = length
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            value = value.decode(dialect.encoding).replace("'", "''")
+            return "'%s'" % value
+        return process
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return util.binary_type
+
+    # Python 3 - sqlite3 doesn't need the `Binary` conversion
+    # here, though pg8000 does to indicate "bytea"
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.dbapi is None:
+            return None
+
+        DBAPIBinary = dialect.dbapi.Binary
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return DBAPIBinary(value)
+            else:
+                return None
+        return process
+
+    # Python 3 has native bytes() type
+    # both sqlite3 and pg8000 seem to return it,
+    # psycopg2 as of 2.5 returns 'memoryview'
+    if util.py2k:
+        def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+            if util.jython:
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        if isinstance(value, array.array):
+                            return value.tostring()
+                        return str(value)
+                    else:
+                        return None
+            else:
+                process = processors.to_str
+            return process
+    else:
+        def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = bytes(value)
+                return value
+            return process
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """See :meth:`.TypeEngine.coerce_compared_value` for a description."""
+
+        if isinstance(value, util.string_types):
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super(_Binary, self).coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.BINARY
+
+
+class LargeBinary(_Binary):
+
+    """A type for large binary byte data.
+
+    The Binary type generates BLOB or BYTEA when tables are created,
+    and also converts incoming values using the ``Binary`` callable
+    provided by each DB-API.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'large_binary'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None):
+        """
+        Construct a LargeBinary type.
+
+        :param length: optional, a length for the column for use in
+          DDL statements, for those BLOB types that accept a length
+          (i.e. MySQL).  It does *not* produce a small BINARY/VARBINARY
+          type - use the BINARY/VARBINARY types specifically for those.
+          May be safely omitted if no ``CREATE
+          TABLE`` will be issued.  Certain databases may require a
+          *length* for use in DDL, and will raise an exception when
+          the ``CREATE TABLE`` DDL is issued.
+
+        """
+        _Binary.__init__(self, length=length)
+
+
+class Binary(LargeBinary):
+
+    """Deprecated.  Renamed to LargeBinary."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        util.warn_deprecated('The Binary type has been renamed to '
+                             'LargeBinary.')
+        LargeBinary.__init__(self, *arg, **kw)
+
+
+class SchemaType(SchemaEventTarget):
+
+    """Mark a type as possibly requiring schema-level DDL for usage.
+
+    Supports types that must be explicitly created/dropped (i.e. PG ENUM type)
+    as well as types that are complimented by table or schema level
+    constraints, triggers, and other rules.
+
+    :class:`.SchemaType` classes can also be targets for the
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.before_parent_attach` and
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_parent_attach` events, where the events fire off
+    surrounding the association of the type object with a parent
+    :class:`.Column`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.Enum`
+
+        :class:`.Boolean`
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, schema=None, metadata=None,
+                 inherit_schema=False, quote=None):
+        if name is not None:
+            self.name = quoted_name(name, quote)
+        else:
+            self.name = None
+        self.schema = schema
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.inherit_schema = inherit_schema
+
+        if self.metadata:
+            event.listen(
+                self.metadata,
+                "before_create",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_metadata_create)
+            )
+            event.listen(
+                self.metadata,
+                "after_drop",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_metadata_drop)
+            )
+
+    def _set_parent(self, column):
+        column._on_table_attach(util.portable_instancemethod(self._set_table))
+
+    def _set_table(self, column, table):
+        if self.inherit_schema:
+            self.schema = table.schema
+
+        event.listen(
+            table,
+            "before_create",
+            util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._on_table_create)
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            table,
+            "after_drop",
+            util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_table_drop)
+        )
+        if self.metadata is None:
+            # TODO: what's the difference between self.metadata
+            # and table.metadata here ?
+            event.listen(
+                table.metadata,
+                "before_create",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_metadata_create)
+            )
+            event.listen(
+                table.metadata,
+                "after_drop",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_metadata_drop)
+            )
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        return self.adapt(self.__class__)
+
+    def adapt(self, impltype, **kw):
+        schema = kw.pop('schema', self.schema)
+
+        # don't associate with MetaData as the hosting type
+        # is already associated with it, avoid creating event
+        # listeners
+        metadata = kw.pop('metadata', None)
+        return impltype(name=self.name,
+                        schema=schema,
+                        metadata=metadata,
+                        inherit_schema=self.inherit_schema,
+                        **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        return self.metadata and self.metadata.bind or None
+
+    def create(self, bind=None, checkfirst=False):
+        """Issue CREATE ddl for this type, if applicable."""
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if t.__class__ is not self.__class__ and isinstance(t, SchemaType):
+            t.create(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind=None, checkfirst=False):
+        """Issue DROP ddl for this type, if applicable."""
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if t.__class__ is not self.__class__ and isinstance(t, SchemaType):
+            t.drop(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_table_create(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if t.__class__ is not self.__class__ and isinstance(t, SchemaType):
+            t._on_table_create(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _on_table_drop(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if t.__class__ is not self.__class__ and isinstance(t, SchemaType):
+            t._on_table_drop(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _on_metadata_create(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if t.__class__ is not self.__class__ and isinstance(t, SchemaType):
+            t._on_metadata_create(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _on_metadata_drop(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if t.__class__ is not self.__class__ and isinstance(t, SchemaType):
+            t._on_metadata_drop(target, bind, **kw)
+
+
+class Enum(String, SchemaType):
+
+    """Generic Enum Type.
+
+    The Enum type provides a set of possible string values which the
+    column is constrained towards.
+
+    By default, uses the backend's native ENUM type if available,
+    else uses VARCHAR + a CHECK constraint.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`~.postgresql.ENUM` - PostgreSQL-specific type,
+        which has additional functionality.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'enum'
+
+    def __init__(self, *enums, **kw):
+        """Construct an enum.
+
+        Keyword arguments which don't apply to a specific backend are ignored
+        by that backend.
+
+        :param \*enums: string or unicode enumeration labels. If unicode
+           labels are present, the `convert_unicode` flag is auto-enabled.
+
+        :param convert_unicode: Enable unicode-aware bind parameter and
+           result-set processing for this Enum's data. This is set
+           automatically based on the presence of unicode label strings.
+
+        :param metadata: Associate this type directly with a ``MetaData``
+           object. For types that exist on the target database as an
+           independent schema construct (Postgresql), this type will be
+           created and dropped within ``create_all()`` and ``drop_all()``
+           operations. If the type is not associated with any ``MetaData``
+           object, it will associate itself with each ``Table`` in which it is
+           used, and will be created when any of those individual tables are
+           created, after a check is performed for its existence. The type is
+           only dropped when ``drop_all()`` is called for that ``Table``
+           object's metadata, however.
+
+        :param name: The name of this type. This is required for Postgresql
+           and any future supported database which requires an explicitly
+           named type, or an explicitly named constraint in order to generate
+           the type and/or a table that uses it.
+
+        :param native_enum: Use the database's native ENUM type when
+           available. Defaults to True. When False, uses VARCHAR + check
+           constraint for all backends.
+
+        :param schema: Schema name of this type. For types that exist on the
+           target database as an independent schema construct (Postgresql),
+           this parameter specifies the named schema in which the type is
+           present.
+
+           .. note::
+
+                The ``schema`` of the :class:`.Enum` type does not
+                by default make use of the ``schema`` established on the
+                owning :class:`.Table`.  If this behavior is desired,
+                set the ``inherit_schema`` flag to ``True``.
+
+        :param quote: Set explicit quoting preferences for the type's name.
+
+        :param inherit_schema: When ``True``, the "schema" from the owning
+           :class:`.Table` will be copied to the "schema" attribute of this
+           :class:`.Enum`, replacing whatever value was passed for the
+           ``schema`` attribute.   This also takes effect when using the
+           :meth:`.Table.tometadata` operation.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        """
+        self.enums = enums
+        self.native_enum = kw.pop('native_enum', True)
+        convert_unicode = kw.pop('convert_unicode', None)
+        if convert_unicode is None:
+            for e in enums:
+                if isinstance(e, util.text_type):
+                    convert_unicode = True
+                    break
+            else:
+                convert_unicode = False
+
+        if self.enums:
+            length = max(len(x) for x in self.enums)
+        else:
+            length = 0
+        String.__init__(self,
+                        length=length,
+                        convert_unicode=convert_unicode,
+                        )
+        SchemaType.__init__(self, **kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self,
+                                 to_inspect=[Enum, SchemaType],
+                                 )
+
+    def _should_create_constraint(self, compiler):
+        return not self.native_enum or \
+            not compiler.dialect.supports_native_enum
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.schema")
+    def _set_table(self, schema, column, table):
+        if self.native_enum:
+            SchemaType._set_table(self, column, table)
+
+        e = schema.CheckConstraint(
+            type_coerce(column, self).in_(self.enums),
+            name=_defer_name(self.name),
+            _create_rule=util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._should_create_constraint)
+        )
+        assert e.table is table
+
+    def adapt(self, impltype, **kw):
+        schema = kw.pop('schema', self.schema)
+        metadata = kw.pop('metadata', None)
+        if issubclass(impltype, Enum):
+            return impltype(name=self.name,
+                            schema=schema,
+                            metadata=metadata,
+                            convert_unicode=self.convert_unicode,
+                            native_enum=self.native_enum,
+                            inherit_schema=self.inherit_schema,
+                            *self.enums,
+                            **kw)
+        else:
+            return super(Enum, self).adapt(impltype, **kw)
+
+
+class PickleType(TypeDecorator):
+
+    """Holds Python objects, which are serialized using pickle.
+
+    PickleType builds upon the Binary type to apply Python's
+    ``pickle.dumps()`` to incoming objects, and ``pickle.loads()`` on
+    the way out, allowing any pickleable Python object to be stored as
+    a serialized binary field.
+
+    To allow ORM change events to propagate for elements associated
+    with :class:`.PickleType`, see :ref:`mutable_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    impl = LargeBinary
+
+    def __init__(self, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL,
+                 pickler=None, comparator=None):
+        """
+        Construct a PickleType.
+
+        :param protocol: defaults to ``pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL``.
+
+        :param pickler: defaults to cPickle.pickle or pickle.pickle if
+          cPickle is not available.  May be any object with
+          pickle-compatible ``dumps` and ``loads`` methods.
+
+        :param comparator: a 2-arg callable predicate used
+          to compare values of this type.  If left as ``None``,
+          the Python "equals" operator is used to compare values.
+
+        """
+        self.protocol = protocol
+        self.pickler = pickler or pickle
+        self.comparator = comparator
+        super(PickleType, self).__init__()
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return PickleType, (self.protocol,
+                            None,
+                            self.comparator)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        impl_processor = self.impl.bind_processor(dialect)
+        dumps = self.pickler.dumps
+        protocol = self.protocol
+        if impl_processor:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = dumps(value, protocol)
+                return impl_processor(value)
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = dumps(value, protocol)
+                return value
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        impl_processor = self.impl.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        loads = self.pickler.loads
+        if impl_processor:
+            def process(value):
+                value = impl_processor(value)
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return loads(value)
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return loads(value)
+        return process
+
+    def compare_values(self, x, y):
+        if self.comparator:
+            return self.comparator(x, y)
+        else:
+            return x == y
+
+
+class Boolean(TypeEngine, SchemaType):
+
+    """A bool datatype.
+
+    Boolean typically uses BOOLEAN or SMALLINT on the DDL side, and on
+    the Python side deals in ``True`` or ``False``.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'boolean'
+
+    def __init__(self, create_constraint=True, name=None):
+        """Construct a Boolean.
+
+        :param create_constraint: defaults to True.  If the boolean
+          is generated as an int/smallint, also create a CHECK constraint
+          on the table that ensures 1 or 0 as a value.
+
+        :param name: if a CHECK constraint is generated, specify
+          the name of the constraint.
+
+        """
+        self.create_constraint = create_constraint
+        self.name = name
+
+    def _should_create_constraint(self, compiler):
+        return not compiler.dialect.supports_native_boolean
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.schema")
+    def _set_table(self, schema, column, table):
+        if not self.create_constraint:
+            return
+
+        e = schema.CheckConstraint(
+            type_coerce(column, self).in_([0, 1]),
+            name=_defer_name(self.name),
+            _create_rule=util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._should_create_constraint)
+        )
+        assert e.table is table
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return bool
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            def process(value):
+                return "true" if value else "false"
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                return str(1 if value else 0)
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return processors.boolean_to_int
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return processors.int_to_boolean
+
+
+class Interval(_DateAffinity, TypeDecorator):
+
+    """A type for ``datetime.timedelta()`` objects.
+
+    The Interval type deals with ``datetime.timedelta`` objects.  In
+    PostgreSQL, the native ``INTERVAL`` type is used; for others, the
+    value is stored as a date which is relative to the "epoch"
+    (Jan. 1, 1970).
+
+    Note that the ``Interval`` type does not currently provide date arithmetic
+    operations on platforms which do not support interval types natively. Such
+    operations usually require transformation of both sides of the expression
+    (such as, conversion of both sides into integer epoch values first) which
+    currently is a manual procedure (such as via
+    :attr:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.func`).
+
+    """
+
+    impl = DateTime
+    epoch = dt.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(0)
+
+    def __init__(self, native=True,
+                 second_precision=None,
+                 day_precision=None):
+        """Construct an Interval object.
+
+        :param native: when True, use the actual
+          INTERVAL type provided by the database, if
+          supported (currently Postgresql, Oracle).
+          Otherwise, represent the interval data as
+          an epoch value regardless.
+
+        :param second_precision: For native interval types
+          which support a "fractional seconds precision" parameter,
+          i.e. Oracle and Postgresql
+
+        :param day_precision: for native interval types which
+          support a "day precision" parameter, i.e. Oracle.
+
+        """
+        super(Interval, self).__init__()
+        self.native = native
+        self.second_precision = second_precision
+        self.day_precision = day_precision
+
+    def adapt(self, cls, **kw):
+        if self.native and hasattr(cls, '_adapt_from_generic_interval'):
+            return cls._adapt_from_generic_interval(self, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.__class__(
+                native=self.native,
+                second_precision=self.second_precision,
+                day_precision=self.day_precision,
+                **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.timedelta
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        impl_processor = self.impl.bind_processor(dialect)
+        epoch = self.epoch
+        if impl_processor:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = epoch + value
+                return impl_processor(value)
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = epoch + value
+                return value
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        impl_processor = self.impl.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        epoch = self.epoch
+        if impl_processor:
+            def process(value):
+                value = impl_processor(value)
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return value - epoch
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return value - epoch
+        return process
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Date: DateTime,
+                Interval: self.__class__,
+                DateTime: DateTime,
+                Time: Time,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                Interval: self.__class__
+            },
+            operators.mul: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__
+            },
+            operators.truediv: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__
+            },
+            operators.div: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__
+            }
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        return Interval
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """See :meth:`.TypeEngine.coerce_compared_value` for a description."""
+
+        return self.impl.coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+
+class REAL(Float):
+
+    """The SQL REAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'REAL'
+
+
+class FLOAT(Float):
+
+    """The SQL FLOAT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'FLOAT'
+
+
+class NUMERIC(Numeric):
+
+    """The SQL NUMERIC type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NUMERIC'
+
+
+class DECIMAL(Numeric):
+
+    """The SQL DECIMAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DECIMAL'
+
+
+class INTEGER(Integer):
+
+    """The SQL INT or INTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'INTEGER'
+INT = INTEGER
+
+
+class SMALLINT(SmallInteger):
+
+    """The SQL SMALLINT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'SMALLINT'
+
+
+class BIGINT(BigInteger):
+
+    """The SQL BIGINT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'BIGINT'
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(DateTime):
+
+    """The SQL TIMESTAMP type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TIMESTAMP'
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.TIMESTAMP
+
+
+class DATETIME(DateTime):
+
+    """The SQL DATETIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATETIME'
+
+
+class DATE(Date):
+
+    """The SQL DATE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATE'
+
+
+class TIME(Time):
+
+    """The SQL TIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TIME'
+
+
+class TEXT(Text):
+
+    """The SQL TEXT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TEXT'
+
+
+class CLOB(Text):
+
+    """The CLOB type.
+
+    This type is found in Oracle and Informix.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'CLOB'
+
+
+class VARCHAR(String):
+
+    """The SQL VARCHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'VARCHAR'
+
+
+class NVARCHAR(Unicode):
+
+    """The SQL NVARCHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NVARCHAR'
+
+
+class CHAR(String):
+
+    """The SQL CHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'CHAR'
+
+
+class NCHAR(Unicode):
+
+    """The SQL NCHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NCHAR'
+
+
+class BLOB(LargeBinary):
+
+    """The SQL BLOB type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'BLOB'
+
+
+class BINARY(_Binary):
+
+    """The SQL BINARY type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'BINARY'
+
+
+class VARBINARY(_Binary):
+
+    """The SQL VARBINARY type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'VARBINARY'
+
+
+class BOOLEAN(Boolean):
+
+    """The SQL BOOLEAN type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'BOOLEAN'
+
+
+class NullType(TypeEngine):
+
+    """An unknown type.
+
+    :class:`.NullType` is used as a default type for those cases where
+    a type cannot be determined, including:
+
+    * During table reflection, when the type of a column is not recognized
+      by the :class:`.Dialect`
+    * When constructing SQL expressions using plain Python objects of
+      unknown types (e.g. ``somecolumn == my_special_object``)
+    * When a new :class:`.Column` is created, and the given type is passed
+      as ``None`` or is not passed at all.
+
+    The :class:`.NullType` can be used within SQL expression invocation
+    without issue, it just has no behavior either at the expression
+    construction level or at the bind-parameter/result processing level.
+    :class:`.NullType` will result in a :exc:`.CompileError` if the compiler
+    is asked to render the type itself, such as if it is used in a
+    :func:`.cast` operation or within a schema creation operation such as that
+    invoked by :meth:`.MetaData.create_all` or the :class:`.CreateTable`
+    construct.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'null'
+
+    _isnull = True
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            return "NULL"
+        return process
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator):
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            if isinstance(other_comparator, NullType.Comparator) or \
+                    not operators.is_commutative(op):
+                return op, self.expr.type
+            else:
+                return other_comparator._adapt_expression(op, self)
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+
+NULLTYPE = NullType()
+BOOLEANTYPE = Boolean()
+STRINGTYPE = String()
+INTEGERTYPE = Integer()
+
+_type_map = {
+    int: Integer(),
+    float: Numeric(),
+    bool: BOOLEANTYPE,
+    decimal.Decimal: Numeric(),
+    dt.date: Date(),
+    dt.datetime: DateTime(),
+    dt.time: Time(),
+    dt.timedelta: Interval(),
+    util.NoneType: NULLTYPE
+}
+
+if util.py3k:
+    _type_map[bytes] = LargeBinary()
+    _type_map[str] = Unicode()
+else:
+    _type_map[unicode] = Unicode()
+    _type_map[str] = String()
+
+
+# back-assign to type_api
+from . import type_api
+type_api.BOOLEANTYPE = BOOLEANTYPE
+type_api.STRINGTYPE = STRINGTYPE
+type_api.INTEGERTYPE = INTEGERTYPE
+type_api.NULLTYPE = NULLTYPE
+type_api._type_map = _type_map
+
+# this one, there's all kinds of ways to play it, but at the EOD
+# there's just a giant dependency cycle between the typing system and
+# the expression element system, as you might expect.   We can use
+# importlaters or whatnot, but the typing system just necessarily has
+# to have some kind of connection like this.  right now we're injecting the
+# _DefaultColumnComparator implementation into the TypeEngine.Comparator
+# interface.  Alternatively TypeEngine.Comparator could have an "impl"
+# injected, though just injecting the base is simpler, error free, and more
+# performant.
+
+
+class Comparator(_DefaultColumnComparator):
+    BOOLEANTYPE = BOOLEANTYPE
+
+TypeEngine.Comparator.__bases__ = (
+    Comparator, ) + TypeEngine.Comparator.__bases__
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/type_api.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/type_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77c6e1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/type_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1071 @@
+# sql/types_api.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Base types API.
+
+"""
+
+
+from .. import exc, util
+from . import operators
+from .visitors import Visitable
+
+# these are back-assigned by sqltypes.
+BOOLEANTYPE = None
+INTEGERTYPE = None
+NULLTYPE = None
+STRINGTYPE = None
+
+
+class TypeEngine(Visitable):
+    """The ultimate base class for all SQL datatypes.
+
+    Common subclasses of :class:`.TypeEngine` include
+    :class:`.String`, :class:`.Integer`, and :class:`.Boolean`.
+
+    For an overview of the SQLAlchemy typing system, see
+    :ref:`types_toplevel`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`types_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    _sqla_type = True
+    _isnull = False
+
+    class Comparator(operators.ColumnOperators):
+        """Base class for custom comparison operations defined at the
+        type level.  See :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`.
+
+
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, expr):
+            self.expr = expr
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return _reconstitute_comparator, (self.expr, )
+
+    hashable = True
+    """Flag, if False, means values from this type aren't hashable.
+
+    Used by the ORM when uniquing result lists.
+
+    """
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+    """A :class:`.TypeEngine.Comparator` class which will apply
+    to operations performed by owning :class:`.ColumnElement` objects.
+
+    The :attr:`.comparator_factory` attribute is a hook consulted by
+    the core expression system when column and SQL expression operations
+    are performed.   When a :class:`.TypeEngine.Comparator` class is
+    associated with this attribute, it allows custom re-definition of
+    all existing operators, as well as definition of new operators.
+    Existing operators include those provided by Python operator overloading
+    such as :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__add__` and
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__eq__`,
+    those provided as standard
+    attributes of :class:`.operators.ColumnOperators` such as
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.like`
+    and :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.in_`.
+
+    Rudimentary usage of this hook is allowed through simple subclassing
+    of existing types, or alternatively by using :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+    See the documentation section :ref:`types_operators` for examples.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8  The expression system was enhanced to support
+      customization of operators on a per-type level.
+
+    """
+
+    def copy_value(self, value):
+        return value
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        """Return a conversion function for processing literal values that are
+        to be rendered directly without using binds.
+
+        This function is used when the compiler makes use of the
+        "literal_binds" flag, typically used in DDL generation as well
+        as in certain scenarios where backends don't accept bound parameters.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        """Return a conversion function for processing bind values.
+
+        Returns a callable which will receive a bind parameter value
+        as the sole positional argument and will return a value to
+        send to the DB-API.
+
+        If processing is not necessary, the method should return ``None``.
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Return a conversion function for processing result row values.
+
+        Returns a callable which will receive a result row column
+        value as the sole positional argument and will return a value
+        to return to the user.
+
+        If processing is not necessary, the method should return ``None``.
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+
+        :param coltype: DBAPI coltype argument received in cursor.description.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def column_expression(self, colexpr):
+        """Given a SELECT column expression, return a wrapping SQL expression.
+
+        This is typically a SQL function that wraps a column expression
+        as rendered in the columns clause of a SELECT statement.
+        It is used for special data types that require
+        columns to be wrapped in some special database function in order
+        to coerce the value before being sent back to the application.
+        It is the SQL analogue of the :meth:`.TypeEngine.result_processor`
+        method.
+
+        The method is evaluated at statement compile time, as opposed
+        to statement construction time.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :ref:`types_sql_value_processing`
+
+        """
+
+        return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_column_expression(self):
+        """memoized boolean, check if column_expression is implemented.
+
+        Allows the method to be skipped for the vast majority of expression
+        types that don't use this feature.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.__class__.column_expression.__code__ \
+            is not TypeEngine.column_expression.__code__
+
+    def bind_expression(self, bindvalue):
+        """"Given a bind value (i.e. a :class:`.BindParameter` instance),
+        return a SQL expression in its place.
+
+        This is typically a SQL function that wraps the existing bound
+        parameter within the statement.  It is used for special data types
+        that require literals being wrapped in some special database function
+        in order to coerce an application-level value into a database-specific
+        format.  It is the SQL analogue of the
+        :meth:`.TypeEngine.bind_processor` method.
+
+        The method is evaluated at statement compile time, as opposed
+        to statement construction time.
+
+        Note that this method, when implemented, should always return
+        the exact same structure, without any conditional logic, as it
+        may be used in an executemany() call against an arbitrary number
+        of bound parameter sets.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :ref:`types_sql_value_processing`
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_bind_expression(self):
+        """memoized boolean, check if bind_expression is implemented.
+
+        Allows the method to be skipped for the vast majority of expression
+        types that don't use this feature.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.__class__.bind_expression.__code__ \
+            is not TypeEngine.bind_expression.__code__
+
+    def compare_values(self, x, y):
+        """Compare two values for equality."""
+
+        return x == y
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        """Return the corresponding type object from the underlying DB-API, if
+        any.
+
+         This can be useful for calling ``setinputsizes()``, for example.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        """Return the Python type object expected to be returned
+        by instances of this type, if known.
+
+        Basically, for those types which enforce a return type,
+        or are known across the board to do such for all common
+        DBAPIs (like ``int`` for example), will return that type.
+
+        If a return type is not defined, raises
+        ``NotImplementedError``.
+
+        Note that any type also accommodates NULL in SQL which
+        means you can also get back ``None`` from any type
+        in practice.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def with_variant(self, type_, dialect_name):
+        """Produce a new type object that will utilize the given
+        type when applied to the dialect of the given name.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.types import String
+            from sqlalchemy.dialects import mysql
+
+            s = String()
+
+            s = s.with_variant(mysql.VARCHAR(collation='foo'), 'mysql')
+
+        The construction of :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant` is always
+        from the "fallback" type to that which is dialect specific.
+        The returned type is an instance of :class:`.Variant`, which
+        itself provides a :meth:`~sqlalchemy.types.Variant.with_variant`
+        that can be called repeatedly.
+
+        :param type_: a :class:`.TypeEngine` that will be selected
+         as a variant from the originating type, when a dialect
+         of the given name is in use.
+        :param dialect_name: base name of the dialect which uses
+         this type. (i.e. ``'postgresql'``, ``'mysql'``, etc.)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.2
+
+        """
+        return Variant(self, {dialect_name: to_instance(type_)})
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        """Return a rudimental 'affinity' value expressing the general class
+        of type."""
+
+        typ = None
+        for t in self.__class__.__mro__:
+            if t in (TypeEngine, UserDefinedType):
+                return typ
+            elif issubclass(t, (TypeEngine, UserDefinedType)):
+                typ = t
+        else:
+            return self.__class__
+
+    def dialect_impl(self, dialect):
+        """Return a dialect-specific implementation for this
+        :class:`.TypeEngine`.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]['impl']
+        except KeyError:
+            return self._dialect_info(dialect)['impl']
+
+    def _cached_literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        """Return a dialect-specific literal processor for this type."""
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]['literal']
+        except KeyError:
+            d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+            d['literal'] = lp = d['impl'].literal_processor(dialect)
+            return lp
+
+    def _cached_bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        """Return a dialect-specific bind processor for this type."""
+
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]['bind']
+        except KeyError:
+            d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+            d['bind'] = bp = d['impl'].bind_processor(dialect)
+            return bp
+
+    def _cached_result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Return a dialect-specific result processor for this type."""
+
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self][coltype]
+        except KeyError:
+            d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+            # key assumption: DBAPI type codes are
+            # constants.  Else this dictionary would
+            # grow unbounded.
+            d[coltype] = rp = d['impl'].result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+            return rp
+
+    def _dialect_info(self, dialect):
+        """Return a dialect-specific registry which
+        caches a dialect-specific implementation, bind processing
+        function, and one or more result processing functions."""
+
+        if self in dialect._type_memos:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]
+        else:
+            impl = self._gen_dialect_impl(dialect)
+            if impl is self:
+                impl = self.adapt(type(self))
+            # this can't be self, else we create a cycle
+            assert impl is not self
+            dialect._type_memos[self] = d = {'impl': impl}
+            return d
+
+    def _gen_dialect_impl(self, dialect):
+        return dialect.type_descriptor(self)
+
+    def adapt(self, cls, **kw):
+        """Produce an "adapted" form of this type, given an "impl" class
+        to work with.
+
+        This method is used internally to associate generic
+        types with "implementation" types that are specific to a particular
+        dialect.
+        """
+        return util.constructor_copy(self, cls, **kw)
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """Suggest a type for a 'coerced' Python value in an expression.
+
+        Given an operator and value, gives the type a chance
+        to return a type which the value should be coerced into.
+
+        The default behavior here is conservative; if the right-hand
+        side is already coerced into a SQL type based on its
+        Python type, it is usually left alone.
+
+        End-user functionality extension here should generally be via
+        :class:`.TypeDecorator`, which provides more liberal behavior in that
+        it defaults to coercing the other side of the expression into this
+        type, thus applying special Python conversions above and beyond those
+        needed by the DBAPI to both ides. It also provides the public method
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value` which is intended for
+        end-user customization of this behavior.
+
+        """
+        _coerced_type = _type_map.get(type(value), NULLTYPE)
+        if _coerced_type is NULLTYPE or _coerced_type._type_affinity \
+                is self._type_affinity:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return _coerced_type
+
+    def _compare_type_affinity(self, other):
+        return self._type_affinity is other._type_affinity
+
+    def compile(self, dialect=None):
+        """Produce a string-compiled form of this :class:`.TypeEngine`.
+
+        When called with no arguments, uses a "default" dialect
+        to produce a string result.
+
+        :param dialect: a :class:`.Dialect` instance.
+
+        """
+        # arg, return value is inconsistent with
+        # ClauseElement.compile()....this is a mistake.
+
+        if not dialect:
+            dialect = self._default_dialect()
+
+        return dialect.type_compiler.process(self)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.engine.default")
+    def _default_dialect(self, default):
+        if self.__class__.__module__.startswith("sqlalchemy.dialects"):
+            tokens = self.__class__.__module__.split(".")[0:3]
+            mod = ".".join(tokens)
+            return getattr(__import__(mod).dialects, tokens[-1]).dialect()
+        else:
+            return default.DefaultDialect()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if util.py2k:
+            return unicode(self.compile()).\
+                encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
+        else:
+            return str(self.compile())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self)
+
+
+class UserDefinedType(TypeEngine):
+    """Base for user defined types.
+
+    This should be the base of new types.  Note that
+    for most cases, :class:`.TypeDecorator` is probably
+    more appropriate::
+
+      import sqlalchemy.types as types
+
+      class MyType(types.UserDefinedType):
+          def __init__(self, precision = 8):
+              self.precision = precision
+
+          def get_col_spec(self):
+              return "MYTYPE(%s)" % self.precision
+
+          def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+              def process(value):
+                  return value
+              return process
+
+          def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+              def process(value):
+                  return value
+              return process
+
+    Once the type is made, it's immediately usable::
+
+      table = Table('foo', meta,
+          Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+          Column('data', MyType(16))
+          )
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = "user_defined"
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator):
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            if hasattr(self.type, 'adapt_operator'):
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    "UserDefinedType.adapt_operator is deprecated.  Create "
+                    "a UserDefinedType.Comparator subclass instead which "
+                    "generates the desired expression constructs, given a "
+                    "particular operator."
+                )
+                return self.type.adapt_operator(op), self.type
+            else:
+                return op, self.type
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """Suggest a type for a 'coerced' Python value in an expression.
+
+        Default behavior for :class:`.UserDefinedType` is the
+        same as that of :class:`.TypeDecorator`; by default it returns
+        ``self``, assuming the compared value should be coerced into
+        the same type as this one.  See
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value` for more detail.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8 :meth:`.UserDefinedType.coerce_compared_value`
+           now returns ``self`` by default, rather than falling onto the
+           more fundamental behavior of
+           :meth:`.TypeEngine.coerce_compared_value`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self
+
+
+class TypeDecorator(TypeEngine):
+    """Allows the creation of types which add additional functionality
+    to an existing type.
+
+    This method is preferred to direct subclassing of SQLAlchemy's
+    built-in types as it ensures that all required functionality of
+    the underlying type is kept in place.
+
+    Typical usage::
+
+      import sqlalchemy.types as types
+
+      class MyType(types.TypeDecorator):
+          '''Prefixes Unicode values with "PREFIX:" on the way in and
+          strips it off on the way out.
+          '''
+
+          impl = types.Unicode
+
+          def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+              return "PREFIX:" + value
+
+          def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+              return value[7:]
+
+          def copy(self):
+              return MyType(self.impl.length)
+
+    The class-level "impl" attribute is required, and can reference any
+    TypeEngine class.  Alternatively, the load_dialect_impl() method
+    can be used to provide different type classes based on the dialect
+    given; in this case, the "impl" variable can reference
+    ``TypeEngine`` as a placeholder.
+
+    Types that receive a Python type that isn't similar to the ultimate type
+    used may want to define the :meth:`TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value`
+    method. This is used to give the expression system a hint when coercing
+    Python objects into bind parameters within expressions. Consider this
+    expression::
+
+        mytable.c.somecol + datetime.date(2009, 5, 15)
+
+    Above, if "somecol" is an ``Integer`` variant, it makes sense that
+    we're doing date arithmetic, where above is usually interpreted
+    by databases as adding a number of days to the given date.
+    The expression system does the right thing by not attempting to
+    coerce the "date()" value into an integer-oriented bind parameter.
+
+    However, in the case of ``TypeDecorator``, we are usually changing an
+    incoming Python type to something new - ``TypeDecorator`` by default will
+    "coerce" the non-typed side to be the same type as itself. Such as below,
+    we define an "epoch" type that stores a date value as an integer::
+
+        class MyEpochType(types.TypeDecorator):
+            impl = types.Integer
+
+            epoch = datetime.date(1970, 1, 1)
+
+            def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+                return (value - self.epoch).days
+
+            def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+                return self.epoch + timedelta(days=value)
+
+    Our expression of ``somecol + date`` with the above type will coerce the
+    "date" on the right side to also be treated as ``MyEpochType``.
+
+    This behavior can be overridden via the
+    :meth:`~TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value` method, which returns a type
+    that should be used for the value of the expression. Below we set it such
+    that an integer value will be treated as an ``Integer``, and any other
+    value is assumed to be a date and will be treated as a ``MyEpochType``::
+
+        def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+            if isinstance(value, int):
+                return Integer()
+            else:
+                return self
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "type_decorator"
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        Arguments sent here are passed to the constructor
+        of the class assigned to the ``impl`` class level attribute,
+        assuming the ``impl`` is a callable, and the resulting
+        object is assigned to the ``self.impl`` instance attribute
+        (thus overriding the class attribute of the same name).
+
+        If the class level ``impl`` is not a callable (the unusual case),
+        it will be assigned to the same instance attribute 'as-is',
+        ignoring those arguments passed to the constructor.
+
+        Subclasses can override this to customize the generation
+        of ``self.impl`` entirely.
+
+        """
+
+        if not hasattr(self.__class__, 'impl'):
+            raise AssertionError("TypeDecorator implementations "
+                                 "require a class-level variable "
+                                 "'impl' which refers to the class of "
+                                 "type being decorated")
+        self.impl = to_instance(self.__class__.impl, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    coerce_to_is_types = (util.NoneType, )
+    """Specify those Python types which should be coerced at the expression
+    level to "IS " when compared using ``==`` (and same for
+    ``IS NOT`` in conjunction with ``!=``.
+
+    For most SQLAlchemy types, this includes ``NoneType``, as well as
+    ``bool``.
+
+    :class:`.TypeDecorator` modifies this list to only include ``NoneType``,
+    as typedecorator implementations that deal with boolean types are common.
+
+    Custom :class:`.TypeDecorator` classes can override this attribute to
+    return an empty tuple, in which case no values will be coerced to
+    constants.
+
+    ..versionadded:: 0.8.2
+        Added :attr:`.TypeDecorator.coerce_to_is_types` to allow for easier
+        control of ``__eq__()`` ``__ne__()`` operations.
+
+    """
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator):
+
+        def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+            kwargs['_python_is_types'] = self.expr.type.coerce_to_is_types
+            return super(TypeDecorator.Comparator, self).operate(
+                op, *other, **kwargs)
+
+        def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+            kwargs['_python_is_types'] = self.expr.type.coerce_to_is_types
+            return super(TypeDecorator.Comparator, self).reverse_operate(
+                op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def comparator_factory(self):
+        return type("TDComparator",
+                    (TypeDecorator.Comparator, self.impl.comparator_factory),
+                    {})
+
+    def _gen_dialect_impl(self, dialect):
+        """
+        #todo
+        """
+        adapted = dialect.type_descriptor(self)
+        if adapted is not self:
+            return adapted
+
+        # otherwise adapt the impl type, link
+        # to a copy of this TypeDecorator and return
+        # that.
+        typedesc = self.load_dialect_impl(dialect).dialect_impl(dialect)
+        tt = self.copy()
+        if not isinstance(tt, self.__class__):
+            raise AssertionError('Type object %s does not properly '
+                                 'implement the copy() method, it must '
+                                 'return an object of type %s' %
+                                 (self, self.__class__))
+        tt.impl = typedesc
+        return tt
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        """
+        #todo
+        """
+        return self.impl._type_affinity
+
+    def type_engine(self, dialect):
+        """Return a dialect-specific :class:`.TypeEngine` instance
+        for this :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        In most cases this returns a dialect-adapted form of
+        the :class:`.TypeEngine` type represented by ``self.impl``.
+        Makes usage of :meth:`dialect_impl` but also traverses
+        into wrapped :class:`.TypeDecorator` instances.
+        Behavior can be customized here by overriding
+        :meth:`load_dialect_impl`.
+
+        """
+        adapted = dialect.type_descriptor(self)
+        if not isinstance(adapted, type(self)):
+            return adapted
+        elif isinstance(self.impl, TypeDecorator):
+            return self.impl.type_engine(dialect)
+        else:
+            return self.load_dialect_impl(dialect)
+
+    def load_dialect_impl(self, dialect):
+        """Return a :class:`.TypeEngine` object corresponding to a dialect.
+
+        This is an end-user override hook that can be used to provide
+        differing types depending on the given dialect.  It is used
+        by the :class:`.TypeDecorator` implementation of :meth:`type_engine`
+        to help determine what type should ultimately be returned
+        for a given :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        By default returns ``self.impl``.
+
+        """
+        return self.impl
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        """Proxy all other undefined accessors to the underlying
+        implementation."""
+        return getattr(self.impl, key)
+
+    def process_literal_param(self, value, dialect):
+        """Receive a literal parameter value to be rendered inline within
+        a statement.
+
+        This method is used when the compiler renders a
+        literal value without using binds, typically within DDL
+        such as in the "server default" of a column or an expression
+        within a CHECK constraint.
+
+        The returned string will be rendered into the output string.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+        """Receive a bound parameter value to be converted.
+
+        Subclasses override this method to return the
+        value that should be passed along to the underlying
+        :class:`.TypeEngine` object, and from there to the
+        DBAPI ``execute()`` method.
+
+        The operation could be anything desired to perform custom
+        behavior, such as transforming or serializing data.
+        This could also be used as a hook for validating logic.
+
+        This operation should be designed with the reverse operation
+        in mind, which would be the process_result_value method of
+        this class.
+
+        :param value: Data to operate upon, of any type expected by
+         this method in the subclass.  Can be ``None``.
+        :param dialect: the :class:`.Dialect` in use.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+        """Receive a result-row column value to be converted.
+
+        Subclasses should implement this method to operate on data
+        fetched from the database.
+
+        Subclasses override this method to return the
+        value that should be passed back to the application,
+        given a value that is already processed by
+        the underlying :class:`.TypeEngine` object, originally
+        from the DBAPI cursor method ``fetchone()`` or similar.
+
+        The operation could be anything desired to perform custom
+        behavior, such as transforming or serializing data.
+        This could also be used as a hook for validating logic.
+
+        :param value: Data to operate upon, of any type expected by
+         this method in the subclass.  Can be ``None``.
+        :param dialect: the :class:`.Dialect` in use.
+
+        This operation should be designed to be reversible by
+        the "process_bind_param" method of this class.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_bind_processor(self):
+        """memoized boolean, check if process_bind_param is implemented.
+
+        Allows the base process_bind_param to raise
+        NotImplementedError without needing to test an expensive
+        exception throw.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.__class__.process_bind_param.__code__ \
+            is not TypeDecorator.process_bind_param.__code__
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_literal_processor(self):
+        """memoized boolean, check if process_literal_param is implemented.
+
+
+        """
+
+        return self.__class__.process_literal_param.__code__ \
+            is not TypeDecorator.process_literal_param.__code__
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        """Provide a literal processing function for the given
+        :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+        Subclasses here will typically override
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.process_literal_param` instead of this method
+        directly.
+
+        By default, this method makes use of
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param` if that method is
+        implemented, where :meth:`.TypeDecorator.process_literal_param` is
+        not.  The rationale here is that :class:`.TypeDecorator` typically
+        deals with Python conversions of data that are above the layer of
+        database presentation.  With the value converted by
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param`, the underlying type will
+        then handle whether it needs to be presented to the DBAPI as a bound
+        parameter or to the database as an inline SQL value.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+        if self._has_literal_processor:
+            process_param = self.process_literal_param
+        elif self._has_bind_processor:
+            # the bind processor should normally be OK
+            # for TypeDecorator since it isn't doing DB-level
+            # handling, the handling here won't be different for bound vs.
+            # literals.
+            process_param = self.process_bind_param
+        else:
+            process_param = None
+
+        if process_param:
+            impl_processor = self.impl.literal_processor(dialect)
+            if impl_processor:
+                def process(value):
+                    return impl_processor(process_param(value, dialect))
+            else:
+                def process(value):
+                    return process_param(value, dialect)
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return self.impl.literal_processor(dialect)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        """Provide a bound value processing function for the
+        given :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+        This is the method that fulfills the :class:`.TypeEngine`
+        contract for bound value conversion.   :class:`.TypeDecorator`
+        will wrap a user-defined implementation of
+        :meth:`process_bind_param` here.
+
+        User-defined code can override this method directly,
+        though its likely best to use :meth:`process_bind_param` so that
+        the processing provided by ``self.impl`` is maintained.
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+
+        This method is the reverse counterpart to the
+        :meth:`result_processor` method of this class.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_bind_processor:
+            process_param = self.process_bind_param
+            impl_processor = self.impl.bind_processor(dialect)
+            if impl_processor:
+                def process(value):
+                    return impl_processor(process_param(value, dialect))
+
+            else:
+                def process(value):
+                    return process_param(value, dialect)
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return self.impl.bind_processor(dialect)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_result_processor(self):
+        """memoized boolean, check if process_result_value is implemented.
+
+        Allows the base process_result_value to raise
+        NotImplementedError without needing to test an expensive
+        exception throw.
+
+        """
+        return self.__class__.process_result_value.__code__ \
+            is not TypeDecorator.process_result_value.__code__
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Provide a result value processing function for the given
+        :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+        This is the method that fulfills the :class:`.TypeEngine`
+        contract for result value conversion.   :class:`.TypeDecorator`
+        will wrap a user-defined implementation of
+        :meth:`process_result_value` here.
+
+        User-defined code can override this method directly,
+        though its likely best to use :meth:`process_result_value` so that
+        the processing provided by ``self.impl`` is maintained.
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+        :param coltype: An SQLAlchemy data type
+
+        This method is the reverse counterpart to the
+        :meth:`bind_processor` method of this class.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_result_processor:
+            process_value = self.process_result_value
+            impl_processor = self.impl.result_processor(dialect,
+                                                        coltype)
+            if impl_processor:
+                def process(value):
+                    return process_value(impl_processor(value), dialect)
+
+            else:
+                def process(value):
+                    return process_value(value, dialect)
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return self.impl.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """Suggest a type for a 'coerced' Python value in an expression.
+
+        By default, returns self.   This method is called by
+        the expression system when an object using this type is
+        on the left or right side of an expression against a plain Python
+        object which does not yet have a SQLAlchemy type assigned::
+
+            expr = table.c.somecolumn + 35
+
+        Where above, if ``somecolumn`` uses this type, this method will
+        be called with the value ``operator.add``
+        and ``35``.  The return value is whatever SQLAlchemy type should
+        be used for ``35`` for this particular operation.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Produce a copy of this :class:`.TypeDecorator` instance.
+
+        This is a shallow copy and is provided to fulfill part of
+        the :class:`.TypeEngine` contract.  It usually does not
+        need to be overridden unless the user-defined :class:`.TypeDecorator`
+        has local state that should be deep-copied.
+
+        """
+
+        instance = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        instance.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        return instance
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        """Return the DBAPI type object represented by this
+        :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        By default this calls upon :meth:`.TypeEngine.get_dbapi_type` of the
+        underlying "impl".
+        """
+        return self.impl.get_dbapi_type(dbapi)
+
+    def compare_values(self, x, y):
+        """Given two values, compare them for equality.
+
+        By default this calls upon :meth:`.TypeEngine.compare_values`
+        of the underlying "impl", which in turn usually
+        uses the Python equals operator ``==``.
+
+        This function is used by the ORM to compare
+        an original-loaded value with an intercepted
+        "changed" value, to determine if a net change
+        has occurred.
+
+        """
+        return self.impl.compare_values(x, y)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self, to_inspect=self.impl)
+
+
+class Variant(TypeDecorator):
+    """A wrapping type that selects among a variety of
+    implementations based on dialect in use.
+
+    The :class:`.Variant` type is typically constructed
+    using the :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7.2
+
+    .. seealso:: :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant` for an example of use.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, base, mapping):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.Variant`.
+
+        :param base: the base 'fallback' type
+        :param mapping: dictionary of string dialect names to
+          :class:`.TypeEngine` instances.
+
+        """
+        self.impl = base
+        self.mapping = mapping
+
+    def load_dialect_impl(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.name in self.mapping:
+            return self.mapping[dialect.name]
+        else:
+            return self.impl
+
+    def with_variant(self, type_, dialect_name):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Variant` which adds the given
+        type + dialect name to the mapping, in addition to the
+        mapping present in this :class:`.Variant`.
+
+        :param type_: a :class:`.TypeEngine` that will be selected
+         as a variant from the originating type, when a dialect
+         of the given name is in use.
+        :param dialect_name: base name of the dialect which uses
+         this type. (i.e. ``'postgresql'``, ``'mysql'``, etc.)
+
+        """
+
+        if dialect_name in self.mapping:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Dialect '%s' is already present in "
+                "the mapping for this Variant" % dialect_name)
+        mapping = self.mapping.copy()
+        mapping[dialect_name] = type_
+        return Variant(self.impl, mapping)
+
+    @property
+    def comparator_factory(self):
+        """express comparison behavior in terms of the base type"""
+        return self.impl.comparator_factory
+
+
+def _reconstitute_comparator(expression):
+    return expression.comparator
+
+
+def to_instance(typeobj, *arg, **kw):
+    if typeobj is None:
+        return NULLTYPE
+
+    if util.callable(typeobj):
+        return typeobj(*arg, **kw)
+    else:
+        return typeobj
+
+
+def adapt_type(typeobj, colspecs):
+    if isinstance(typeobj, type):
+        typeobj = typeobj()
+    for t in typeobj.__class__.__mro__[0:-1]:
+        try:
+            impltype = colspecs[t]
+            break
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+    else:
+        # couldn't adapt - so just return the type itself
+        # (it may be a user-defined type)
+        return typeobj
+    # if we adapted the given generic type to a database-specific type,
+    # but it turns out the originally given "generic" type
+    # is actually a subclass of our resulting type, then we were already
+    # given a more specific type than that required; so use that.
+    if (issubclass(typeobj.__class__, impltype)):
+        return typeobj
+    return typeobj.adapt(impltype)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/util.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bbae8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,606 @@
+# sql/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""High level utilities which build upon other modules here.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import exc, util
+from .base import _from_objects, ColumnSet
+from . import operators, visitors
+from itertools import chain
+from collections import deque
+
+from .elements import BindParameter, ColumnClause, ColumnElement, \
+    Null, UnaryExpression, literal_column, Label
+from .selectable import ScalarSelect, Join, FromClause, FromGrouping
+from .schema import Column
+
+join_condition = util.langhelpers.public_factory(
+    Join._join_condition,
+    ".sql.util.join_condition")
+
+# names that are still being imported from the outside
+from .annotation import _shallow_annotate, _deep_annotate, _deep_deannotate
+from .elements import _find_columns
+from .ddl import sort_tables
+
+
+def find_join_source(clauses, join_to):
+    """Given a list of FROM clauses and a selectable,
+    return the first index and element from the list of
+    clauses which can be joined against the selectable.  returns
+    None, None if no match is found.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        clause1 = table1.join(table2)
+        clause2 = table4.join(table5)
+
+        join_to = table2.join(table3)
+
+        find_join_source([clause1, clause2], join_to) == clause1
+
+    """
+
+    selectables = list(_from_objects(join_to))
+    for i, f in enumerate(clauses):
+        for s in selectables:
+            if f.is_derived_from(s):
+                return i, f
+    else:
+        return None, None
+
+
+def visit_binary_product(fn, expr):
+    """Produce a traversal of the given expression, delivering
+    column comparisons to the given function.
+
+    The function is of the form::
+
+        def my_fn(binary, left, right)
+
+    For each binary expression located which has a
+    comparison operator, the product of "left" and
+    "right" will be delivered to that function,
+    in terms of that binary.
+
+    Hence an expression like::
+
+        and_(
+            (a + b) == q + func.sum(e + f),
+            j == r
+        )
+
+    would have the traversal::
+
+        a  q
+        a  e
+        a  f
+        b  q
+        b  e
+        b  f
+        j  r
+
+    That is, every combination of "left" and
+    "right" that doesn't further contain
+    a binary comparison is passed as pairs.
+
+    """
+    stack = []
+
+    def visit(element):
+        if isinstance(element, ScalarSelect):
+            # we don't want to dig into correlated subqueries,
+            # those are just column elements by themselves
+            yield element
+        elif element.__visit_name__ == 'binary' and \
+                operators.is_comparison(element.operator):
+            stack.insert(0, element)
+            for l in visit(element.left):
+                for r in visit(element.right):
+                    fn(stack[0], l, r)
+            stack.pop(0)
+            for elem in element.get_children():
+                visit(elem)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(element, ColumnClause):
+                yield element
+            for elem in element.get_children():
+                for e in visit(elem):
+                    yield e
+    list(visit(expr))
+
+
+def find_tables(clause, check_columns=False,
+                include_aliases=False, include_joins=False,
+                include_selects=False, include_crud=False):
+    """locate Table objects within the given expression."""
+
+    tables = []
+    _visitors = {}
+
+    if include_selects:
+        _visitors['select'] = _visitors['compound_select'] = tables.append
+
+    if include_joins:
+        _visitors['join'] = tables.append
+
+    if include_aliases:
+        _visitors['alias'] = tables.append
+
+    if include_crud:
+        _visitors['insert'] = _visitors['update'] = \
+            _visitors['delete'] = lambda ent: tables.append(ent.table)
+
+    if check_columns:
+        def visit_column(column):
+            tables.append(column.table)
+        _visitors['column'] = visit_column
+
+    _visitors['table'] = tables.append
+
+    visitors.traverse(clause, {'column_collections': False}, _visitors)
+    return tables
+
+
+def unwrap_order_by(clause):
+    """Break up an 'order by' expression into individual column-expressions,
+    without DESC/ASC/NULLS FIRST/NULLS LAST"""
+
+    cols = util.column_set()
+    stack = deque([clause])
+    while stack:
+        t = stack.popleft()
+        if isinstance(t, ColumnElement) and \
+            (
+                not isinstance(t, UnaryExpression) or
+                not operators.is_ordering_modifier(t.modifier)
+        ):
+            cols.add(t)
+        else:
+            for c in t.get_children():
+                stack.append(c)
+    return cols
+
+
+def clause_is_present(clause, search):
+    """Given a target clause and a second to search within, return True
+    if the target is plainly present in the search without any
+    subqueries or aliases involved.
+
+    Basically descends through Joins.
+
+    """
+
+    for elem in surface_selectables(search):
+        if clause == elem:  # use == here so that Annotated's compare
+            return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+def surface_selectables(clause):
+    stack = [clause]
+    while stack:
+        elem = stack.pop()
+        yield elem
+        if isinstance(elem, Join):
+            stack.extend((elem.left, elem.right))
+        elif isinstance(elem, FromGrouping):
+            stack.append(elem.element)
+
+
+def selectables_overlap(left, right):
+    """Return True if left/right have some overlapping selectable"""
+
+    return bool(
+        set(surface_selectables(left)).intersection(
+            surface_selectables(right)
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def bind_values(clause):
+    """Return an ordered list of "bound" values in the given clause.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        >>> expr = and_(
+        ...    table.c.foo==5, table.c.foo==7
+        ... )
+        >>> bind_values(expr)
+        [5, 7]
+    """
+
+    v = []
+
+    def visit_bindparam(bind):
+        v.append(bind.effective_value)
+
+    visitors.traverse(clause, {}, {'bindparam': visit_bindparam})
+    return v
+
+
+def _quote_ddl_expr(element):
+    if isinstance(element, util.string_types):
+        element = element.replace("'", "''")
+        return "'%s'" % element
+    else:
+        return repr(element)
+
+
+class _repr_params(object):
+    """A string view of bound parameters, truncating
+    display to the given number of 'multi' parameter sets.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, params, batches):
+        self.params = params
+        self.batches = batches
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if isinstance(self.params, (list, tuple)) and \
+                len(self.params) > self.batches and \
+                isinstance(self.params[0], (list, dict, tuple)):
+            msg = " ... displaying %i of %i total bound parameter sets ... "
+            return ' '.join((
+                repr(self.params[:self.batches - 2])[0:-1],
+                msg % (self.batches, len(self.params)),
+                repr(self.params[-2:])[1:]
+            ))
+        else:
+            return repr(self.params)
+
+
+def adapt_criterion_to_null(crit, nulls):
+    """given criterion containing bind params, convert selected elements
+    to IS NULL.
+
+    """
+
+    def visit_binary(binary):
+        if isinstance(binary.left, BindParameter) \
+                and binary.left._identifying_key in nulls:
+            # reverse order if the NULL is on the left side
+            binary.left = binary.right
+            binary.right = Null()
+            binary.operator = operators.is_
+            binary.negate = operators.isnot
+        elif isinstance(binary.right, BindParameter) \
+                and binary.right._identifying_key in nulls:
+            binary.right = Null()
+            binary.operator = operators.is_
+            binary.negate = operators.isnot
+
+    return visitors.cloned_traverse(crit, {}, {'binary': visit_binary})
+
+
+def splice_joins(left, right, stop_on=None):
+    if left is None:
+        return right
+
+    stack = [(right, None)]
+
+    adapter = ClauseAdapter(left)
+    ret = None
+    while stack:
+        (right, prevright) = stack.pop()
+        if isinstance(right, Join) and right is not stop_on:
+            right = right._clone()
+            right._reset_exported()
+            right.onclause = adapter.traverse(right.onclause)
+            stack.append((right.left, right))
+        else:
+            right = adapter.traverse(right)
+        if prevright is not None:
+            prevright.left = right
+        if ret is None:
+            ret = right
+
+    return ret
+
+
+def reduce_columns(columns, *clauses, **kw):
+    """given a list of columns, return a 'reduced' set based on natural
+    equivalents.
+
+    the set is reduced to the smallest list of columns which have no natural
+    equivalent present in the list.  A "natural equivalent" means that two
+    columns will ultimately represent the same value because they are related
+    by a foreign key.
+
+    \*clauses is an optional list of join clauses which will be traversed
+    to further identify columns that are "equivalent".
+
+    \**kw may specify 'ignore_nonexistent_tables' to ignore foreign keys
+    whose tables are not yet configured, or columns that aren't yet present.
+
+    This function is primarily used to determine the most minimal "primary
+    key" from a selectable, by reducing the set of primary key columns present
+    in the selectable to just those that are not repeated.
+
+    """
+    ignore_nonexistent_tables = kw.pop('ignore_nonexistent_tables', False)
+    only_synonyms = kw.pop('only_synonyms', False)
+
+    columns = util.ordered_column_set(columns)
+
+    omit = util.column_set()
+    for col in columns:
+        for fk in chain(*[c.foreign_keys for c in col.proxy_set]):
+            for c in columns:
+                if c is col:
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    fk_col = fk.column
+                except exc.NoReferencedColumnError:
+                    # TODO: add specific coverage here
+                    # to test/sql/test_selectable ReduceTest
+                    if ignore_nonexistent_tables:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        raise
+                except exc.NoReferencedTableError:
+                    # TODO: add specific coverage here
+                    # to test/sql/test_selectable ReduceTest
+                    if ignore_nonexistent_tables:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        raise
+                if fk_col.shares_lineage(c) and \
+                    (not only_synonyms or
+                     c.name == col.name):
+                    omit.add(col)
+                    break
+
+    if clauses:
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            if binary.operator == operators.eq:
+                cols = util.column_set(
+                    chain(*[c.proxy_set for c in columns.difference(omit)]))
+                if binary.left in cols and binary.right in cols:
+                    for c in reversed(columns):
+                        if c.shares_lineage(binary.right) and \
+                            (not only_synonyms or
+                             c.name == binary.left.name):
+                            omit.add(c)
+                            break
+        for clause in clauses:
+            if clause is not None:
+                visitors.traverse(clause, {}, {'binary': visit_binary})
+
+    return ColumnSet(columns.difference(omit))
+
+
+def criterion_as_pairs(expression, consider_as_foreign_keys=None,
+                       consider_as_referenced_keys=None, any_operator=False):
+    """traverse an expression and locate binary criterion pairs."""
+
+    if consider_as_foreign_keys and consider_as_referenced_keys:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("Can only specify one of "
+                                "'consider_as_foreign_keys' or "
+                                "'consider_as_referenced_keys'")
+
+    def col_is(a, b):
+        # return a is b
+        return a.compare(b)
+
+    def visit_binary(binary):
+        if not any_operator and binary.operator is not operators.eq:
+            return
+        if not isinstance(binary.left, ColumnElement) or \
+                not isinstance(binary.right, ColumnElement):
+            return
+
+        if consider_as_foreign_keys:
+            if binary.left in consider_as_foreign_keys and \
+                (col_is(binary.right, binary.left) or
+                 binary.right not in consider_as_foreign_keys):
+                pairs.append((binary.right, binary.left))
+            elif binary.right in consider_as_foreign_keys and \
+                (col_is(binary.left, binary.right) or
+                 binary.left not in consider_as_foreign_keys):
+                pairs.append((binary.left, binary.right))
+        elif consider_as_referenced_keys:
+            if binary.left in consider_as_referenced_keys and \
+                (col_is(binary.right, binary.left) or
+                 binary.right not in consider_as_referenced_keys):
+                pairs.append((binary.left, binary.right))
+            elif binary.right in consider_as_referenced_keys and \
+                (col_is(binary.left, binary.right) or
+                 binary.left not in consider_as_referenced_keys):
+                pairs.append((binary.right, binary.left))
+        else:
+            if isinstance(binary.left, Column) and \
+                    isinstance(binary.right, Column):
+                if binary.left.references(binary.right):
+                    pairs.append((binary.right, binary.left))
+                elif binary.right.references(binary.left):
+                    pairs.append((binary.left, binary.right))
+    pairs = []
+    visitors.traverse(expression, {}, {'binary': visit_binary})
+    return pairs
+
+
+class AliasedRow(object):
+    """Wrap a RowProxy with a translation map.
+
+    This object allows a set of keys to be translated
+    to those present in a RowProxy.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, row, map):
+        # AliasedRow objects don't nest, so un-nest
+        # if another AliasedRow was passed
+        if isinstance(row, AliasedRow):
+            self.row = row.row
+        else:
+            self.row = row
+        self.map = map
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return self.map[key] in self.row
+
+    def has_key(self, key):
+        return key in self
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.row[self.map[key]]
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return self.row.keys()
+
+
+class ClauseAdapter(visitors.ReplacingCloningVisitor):
+    """Clones and modifies clauses based on column correspondence.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+      table1 = Table('sometable', metadata,
+          Column('col1', Integer),
+          Column('col2', Integer)
+          )
+      table2 = Table('someothertable', metadata,
+          Column('col1', Integer),
+          Column('col2', Integer)
+          )
+
+      condition = table1.c.col1 == table2.c.col1
+
+    make an alias of table1::
+
+      s = table1.alias('foo')
+
+    calling ``ClauseAdapter(s).traverse(condition)`` converts
+    condition to read::
+
+      s.c.col1 == table2.c.col1
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, selectable, equivalents=None,
+                 include=None, exclude=None,
+                 include_fn=None, exclude_fn=None,
+                 adapt_on_names=False):
+        self.__traverse_options__ = {'stop_on': [selectable]}
+        self.selectable = selectable
+        if include:
+            assert not include_fn
+            self.include_fn = lambda e: e in include
+        else:
+            self.include_fn = include_fn
+        if exclude:
+            assert not exclude_fn
+            self.exclude_fn = lambda e: e in exclude
+        else:
+            self.exclude_fn = exclude_fn
+        self.equivalents = util.column_dict(equivalents or {})
+        self.adapt_on_names = adapt_on_names
+
+    def _corresponding_column(self, col, require_embedded,
+                              _seen=util.EMPTY_SET):
+        newcol = self.selectable.corresponding_column(
+            col,
+            require_embedded=require_embedded)
+        if newcol is None and col in self.equivalents and col not in _seen:
+            for equiv in self.equivalents[col]:
+                newcol = self._corresponding_column(
+                    equiv, require_embedded=require_embedded,
+                    _seen=_seen.union([col]))
+                if newcol is not None:
+                    return newcol
+        if self.adapt_on_names and newcol is None:
+            newcol = self.selectable.c.get(col.name)
+        return newcol
+
+    magic_flag = False
+
+    def replace(self, col):
+        if not self.magic_flag and isinstance(col, FromClause) and \
+                self.selectable.is_derived_from(col):
+            return self.selectable
+        elif not isinstance(col, ColumnElement):
+            return None
+        elif self.include_fn and not self.include_fn(col):
+            return None
+        elif self.exclude_fn and self.exclude_fn(col):
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._corresponding_column(col, True)
+
+
+class ColumnAdapter(ClauseAdapter):
+    """Extends ClauseAdapter with extra utility functions.
+
+    Provides the ability to "wrap" this ClauseAdapter
+    around another, a columns dictionary which returns
+    adapted elements given an original, and an
+    adapted_row() factory.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, selectable, equivalents=None,
+                 chain_to=None, include=None,
+                 exclude=None, adapt_required=False):
+        ClauseAdapter.__init__(self, selectable, equivalents,
+                               include, exclude)
+        if chain_to:
+            self.chain(chain_to)
+        self.columns = util.populate_column_dict(self._locate_col)
+        self.adapt_required = adapt_required
+
+    def wrap(self, adapter):
+        ac = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        ac.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        ac._locate_col = ac._wrap(ac._locate_col, adapter._locate_col)
+        ac.adapt_clause = ac._wrap(ac.adapt_clause, adapter.adapt_clause)
+        ac.adapt_list = ac._wrap(ac.adapt_list, adapter.adapt_list)
+        ac.columns = util.populate_column_dict(ac._locate_col)
+        return ac
+
+    adapt_clause = ClauseAdapter.traverse
+    adapt_list = ClauseAdapter.copy_and_process
+
+    def _wrap(self, local, wrapped):
+        def locate(col):
+            col = local(col)
+            return wrapped(col)
+        return locate
+
+    def _locate_col(self, col):
+        c = self._corresponding_column(col, True)
+        if c is None:
+            c = self.adapt_clause(col)
+
+            # anonymize labels in case they have a hardcoded name
+            if isinstance(c, Label):
+                c = c.label(None)
+
+        # adapt_required used by eager loading to indicate that
+        # we don't trust a result row column that is not translated.
+        # this is to prevent a column from being interpreted as that
+        # of the child row in a self-referential scenario, see
+        # inheritance/test_basic.py->EagerTargetingTest.test_adapt_stringency
+        if self.adapt_required and c is col:
+            return None
+
+        return c
+
+    def adapted_row(self, row):
+        return AliasedRow(row, self.columns)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        del d['columns']
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+        self.columns = util.PopulateDict(self._locate_col)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb52574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+# sql/visitors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Visitor/traversal interface and library functions.
+
+SQLAlchemy schema and expression constructs rely on a Python-centric
+version of the classic "visitor" pattern as the primary way in which
+they apply functionality.  The most common use of this pattern
+is statement compilation, where individual expression classes match
+up to rendering methods that produce a string result.   Beyond this,
+the visitor system is also used to inspect expressions for various
+information and patterns, as well as for usage in
+some kinds of expression transformation.  Other kinds of transformation
+use a non-visitor traversal system.
+
+For many examples of how the visit system is used, see the
+sqlalchemy.sql.util and the sqlalchemy.sql.compiler modules.
+For an introduction to clause adaption, see
+http://techspot.zzzeek.org/2008/01/23/expression-transformations/
+
+"""
+
+from collections import deque
+from .. import util
+import operator
+from .. import exc
+
+__all__ = ['VisitableType', 'Visitable', 'ClauseVisitor',
+           'CloningVisitor', 'ReplacingCloningVisitor', 'iterate',
+           'iterate_depthfirst', 'traverse_using', 'traverse',
+           'traverse_depthfirst',
+           'cloned_traverse', 'replacement_traverse']
+
+
+class VisitableType(type):
+    """Metaclass which assigns a `_compiler_dispatch` method to classes
+    having a `__visit_name__` attribute.
+
+    The _compiler_dispatch attribute becomes an instance method which
+    looks approximately like the following::
+
+        def _compiler_dispatch (self, visitor, **kw):
+            '''Look for an attribute named "visit_" + self.__visit_name__
+            on the visitor, and call it with the same kw params.'''
+            visit_attr = 'visit_%s' % self.__visit_name__
+            return getattr(visitor, visit_attr)(self, **kw)
+
+    Classes having no __visit_name__ attribute will remain unaffected.
+    """
+    def __init__(cls, clsname, bases, clsdict):
+        if clsname != 'Visitable' and \
+                hasattr(cls, '__visit_name__'):
+            _generate_dispatch(cls)
+
+        super(VisitableType, cls).__init__(clsname, bases, clsdict)
+
+
+def _generate_dispatch(cls):
+    """Return an optimized visit dispatch function for the cls
+    for use by the compiler.
+    """
+    if '__visit_name__' in cls.__dict__:
+        visit_name = cls.__visit_name__
+        if isinstance(visit_name, str):
+            # There is an optimization opportunity here because the
+            # the string name of the class's __visit_name__ is known at
+            # this early stage (import time) so it can be pre-constructed.
+            getter = operator.attrgetter("visit_%s" % visit_name)
+
+            def _compiler_dispatch(self, visitor, **kw):
+                try:
+                    meth = getter(visitor)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(visitor, cls)
+                else:
+                    return meth(self, **kw)
+        else:
+            # The optimization opportunity is lost for this case because the
+            # __visit_name__ is not yet a string. As a result, the visit
+            # string has to be recalculated with each compilation.
+            def _compiler_dispatch(self, visitor, **kw):
+                visit_attr = 'visit_%s' % self.__visit_name__
+                try:
+                    meth = getattr(visitor, visit_attr)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(visitor, cls)
+                else:
+                    return meth(self, **kw)
+
+        _compiler_dispatch.__doc__ = \
+            """Look for an attribute named "visit_" + self.__visit_name__
+            on the visitor, and call it with the same kw params.
+            """
+        cls._compiler_dispatch = _compiler_dispatch
+
+
+class Visitable(util.with_metaclass(VisitableType, object)):
+    """Base class for visitable objects, applies the
+    ``VisitableType`` metaclass.
+
+    """
+
+
+class ClauseVisitor(object):
+    """Base class for visitor objects which can traverse using
+    the traverse() function.
+
+    """
+
+    __traverse_options__ = {}
+
+    def traverse_single(self, obj, **kw):
+        for v in self._visitor_iterator:
+            meth = getattr(v, "visit_%s" % obj.__visit_name__, None)
+            if meth:
+                return meth(obj, **kw)
+
+    def iterate(self, obj):
+        """traverse the given expression structure, returning an iterator
+        of all elements.
+
+        """
+        return iterate(obj, self.__traverse_options__)
+
+    def traverse(self, obj):
+        """traverse and visit the given expression structure."""
+
+        return traverse(obj, self.__traverse_options__, self._visitor_dict)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _visitor_dict(self):
+        visitors = {}
+
+        for name in dir(self):
+            if name.startswith('visit_'):
+                visitors[name[6:]] = getattr(self, name)
+        return visitors
+
+    @property
+    def _visitor_iterator(self):
+        """iterate through this visitor and each 'chained' visitor."""
+
+        v = self
+        while v:
+            yield v
+            v = getattr(v, '_next', None)
+
+    def chain(self, visitor):
+        """'chain' an additional ClauseVisitor onto this ClauseVisitor.
+
+        the chained visitor will receive all visit events after this one.
+
+        """
+        tail = list(self._visitor_iterator)[-1]
+        tail._next = visitor
+        return self
+
+
+class CloningVisitor(ClauseVisitor):
+    """Base class for visitor objects which can traverse using
+    the cloned_traverse() function.
+
+    """
+
+    def copy_and_process(self, list_):
+        """Apply cloned traversal to the given list of elements, and return
+        the new list.
+
+        """
+        return [self.traverse(x) for x in list_]
+
+    def traverse(self, obj):
+        """traverse and visit the given expression structure."""
+
+        return cloned_traverse(
+            obj, self.__traverse_options__, self._visitor_dict)
+
+
+class ReplacingCloningVisitor(CloningVisitor):
+    """Base class for visitor objects which can traverse using
+    the replacement_traverse() function.
+
+    """
+
+    def replace(self, elem):
+        """receive pre-copied elements during a cloning traversal.
+
+        If the method returns a new element, the element is used
+        instead of creating a simple copy of the element.  Traversal
+        will halt on the newly returned element if it is re-encountered.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def traverse(self, obj):
+        """traverse and visit the given expression structure."""
+
+        def replace(elem):
+            for v in self._visitor_iterator:
+                e = v.replace(elem)
+                if e is not None:
+                    return e
+        return replacement_traverse(obj, self.__traverse_options__, replace)
+
+
+def iterate(obj, opts):
+    """traverse the given expression structure, returning an iterator.
+
+    traversal is configured to be breadth-first.
+
+    """
+    stack = deque([obj])
+    while stack:
+        t = stack.popleft()
+        yield t
+        for c in t.get_children(**opts):
+            stack.append(c)
+
+
+def iterate_depthfirst(obj, opts):
+    """traverse the given expression structure, returning an iterator.
+
+    traversal is configured to be depth-first.
+
+    """
+    stack = deque([obj])
+    traversal = deque()
+    while stack:
+        t = stack.pop()
+        traversal.appendleft(t)
+        for c in t.get_children(**opts):
+            stack.append(c)
+    return iter(traversal)
+
+
+def traverse_using(iterator, obj, visitors):
+    """visit the given expression structure using the given iterator of
+    objects.
+
+    """
+    for target in iterator:
+        meth = visitors.get(target.__visit_name__, None)
+        if meth:
+            meth(target)
+    return obj
+
+
+def traverse(obj, opts, visitors):
+    """traverse and visit the given expression structure using the default
+     iterator.
+
+    """
+    return traverse_using(iterate(obj, opts), obj, visitors)
+
+
+def traverse_depthfirst(obj, opts, visitors):
+    """traverse and visit the given expression structure using the
+    depth-first iterator.
+
+    """
+    return traverse_using(iterate_depthfirst(obj, opts), obj, visitors)
+
+
+def cloned_traverse(obj, opts, visitors):
+    """clone the given expression structure, allowing
+    modifications by visitors."""
+
+    cloned = {}
+    stop_on = set(opts.get('stop_on', []))
+
+    def clone(elem):
+        if elem in stop_on:
+            return elem
+        else:
+            if id(elem) not in cloned:
+                cloned[id(elem)] = newelem = elem._clone()
+                newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone)
+                meth = visitors.get(newelem.__visit_name__, None)
+                if meth:
+                    meth(newelem)
+            return cloned[id(elem)]
+
+    if obj is not None:
+        obj = clone(obj)
+    return obj
+
+
+def replacement_traverse(obj, opts, replace):
+    """clone the given expression structure, allowing element
+    replacement by a given replacement function."""
+
+    cloned = {}
+    stop_on = set([id(x) for x in opts.get('stop_on', [])])
+
+    def clone(elem, **kw):
+        if id(elem) in stop_on or \
+                'no_replacement_traverse' in elem._annotations:
+            return elem
+        else:
+            newelem = replace(elem)
+            if newelem is not None:
+                stop_on.add(id(newelem))
+                return newelem
+            else:
+                if elem not in cloned:
+                    cloned[elem] = newelem = elem._clone()
+                    newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone, **kw)
+                return cloned[elem]
+
+    if obj is not None:
+        obj = clone(obj, **opts)
+    return obj
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f8f564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# testing/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+from .warnings import testing_warn, assert_warnings, resetwarnings
+
+from . import config
+
+from .exclusions import db_spec, _is_excluded, fails_if, skip_if, future,\
+    fails_on, fails_on_everything_except, skip, only_on, exclude, \
+    against as _against, _server_version, only_if, fails
+
+
+def against(*queries):
+    return _against(config._current, *queries)
+
+from .assertions import emits_warning, emits_warning_on, uses_deprecated, \
+    eq_, ne_, is_, is_not_, startswith_, assert_raises, \
+    assert_raises_message, AssertsCompiledSQL, ComparesTables, \
+    AssertsExecutionResults, expect_deprecated
+
+from .util import run_as_contextmanager, rowset, fail, provide_metadata, adict
+
+crashes = skip
+
+from .config import db
+from .config import requirements as requires
+
+from . import mock
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertions.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79411af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+# testing/assertions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from . import util as testutil
+from sqlalchemy import pool, orm, util
+from sqlalchemy.engine import default, create_engine, url
+from sqlalchemy import exc as sa_exc
+from sqlalchemy.util import decorator
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, schema
+import warnings
+import re
+from .warnings import resetwarnings
+from .exclusions import db_spec, _is_excluded
+from . import assertsql
+from . import config
+import itertools
+from .util import fail
+import contextlib
+
+
+def emits_warning(*messages):
+    """Mark a test as emitting a warning.
+
+    With no arguments, squelches all SAWarning failures.  Or pass one or more
+    strings; these will be matched to the root of the warning description by
+    warnings.filterwarnings().
+    """
+    # TODO: it would be nice to assert that a named warning was
+    # emitted. should work with some monkeypatching of warnings,
+    # and may work on non-CPython if they keep to the spirit of
+    # warnings.showwarning's docstring.
+    # - update: jython looks ok, it uses cpython's module
+
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        # todo: should probably be strict about this, too
+        filters = [dict(action='ignore',
+                        category=sa_exc.SAPendingDeprecationWarning)]
+        if not messages:
+            filters.append(dict(action='ignore',
+                                category=sa_exc.SAWarning))
+        else:
+            filters.extend(dict(action='ignore',
+                                message=message,
+                                category=sa_exc.SAWarning)
+                           for message in messages)
+        for f in filters:
+            warnings.filterwarnings(**f)
+        try:
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+        finally:
+            resetwarnings()
+    return decorate
+
+
+def emits_warning_on(db, *warnings):
+    """Mark a test as emitting a warning on a specific dialect.
+
+    With no arguments, squelches all SAWarning failures.  Or pass one or more
+    strings; these will be matched to the root of the warning description by
+    warnings.filterwarnings().
+    """
+    spec = db_spec(db)
+
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        if isinstance(db, util.string_types):
+            if not spec(config._current):
+                return fn(*args, **kw)
+            else:
+                wrapped = emits_warning(*warnings)(fn)
+                return wrapped(*args, **kw)
+        else:
+            if not _is_excluded(*db):
+                return fn(*args, **kw)
+            else:
+                wrapped = emits_warning(*warnings)(fn)
+                return wrapped(*args, **kw)
+    return decorate
+
+
+def uses_deprecated(*messages):
+    """Mark a test as immune from fatal deprecation warnings.
+
+    With no arguments, squelches all SADeprecationWarning failures.
+    Or pass one or more strings; these will be matched to the root
+    of the warning description by warnings.filterwarnings().
+
+    As a special case, you may pass a function name prefixed with //
+    and it will be re-written as needed to match the standard warning
+    verbiage emitted by the sqlalchemy.util.deprecated decorator.
+    """
+
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        with expect_deprecated(*messages):
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+    return decorate
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def expect_deprecated(*messages):
+    # todo: should probably be strict about this, too
+    filters = [dict(action='ignore',
+                    category=sa_exc.SAPendingDeprecationWarning)]
+    if not messages:
+        filters.append(dict(action='ignore',
+                            category=sa_exc.SADeprecationWarning))
+    else:
+        filters.extend(
+            [dict(action='ignore',
+                  message=message,
+                  category=sa_exc.SADeprecationWarning)
+             for message in
+             [(m.startswith('//') and
+               ('Call to deprecated function ' + m[2:]) or m)
+              for m in messages]])
+
+    for f in filters:
+        warnings.filterwarnings(**f)
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        resetwarnings()
+
+
+def global_cleanup_assertions():
+    """Check things that have to be finalized at the end of a test suite.
+
+    Hardcoded at the moment, a modular system can be built here
+    to support things like PG prepared transactions, tables all
+    dropped, etc.
+
+    """
+    _assert_no_stray_pool_connections()
+
+_STRAY_CONNECTION_FAILURES = 0
+
+
+def _assert_no_stray_pool_connections():
+    global _STRAY_CONNECTION_FAILURES
+
+    # lazy gc on cPython means "do nothing."  pool connections
+    # shouldn't be in cycles, should go away.
+    testutil.lazy_gc()
+
+    # however, once in awhile, on an EC2 machine usually,
+    # there's a ref in there.  usually just one.
+    if pool._refs:
+
+        # OK, let's be somewhat forgiving.
+        _STRAY_CONNECTION_FAILURES += 1
+
+        print("Encountered a stray connection in test cleanup: %s"
+              % str(pool._refs))
+        # then do a real GC sweep.   We shouldn't even be here
+        # so a single sweep should really be doing it, otherwise
+        # there's probably a real unreachable cycle somewhere.
+        testutil.gc_collect()
+
+    # if we've already had two of these occurrences, or
+    # after a hard gc sweep we still have pool._refs?!
+    # now we have to raise.
+    if pool._refs:
+        err = str(pool._refs)
+
+        # but clean out the pool refs collection directly,
+        # reset the counter,
+        # so the error doesn't at least keep happening.
+        pool._refs.clear()
+        _STRAY_CONNECTION_FAILURES = 0
+        assert False, "Stray connection refused to leave "\
+            "after gc.collect(): %s" % err
+    elif _STRAY_CONNECTION_FAILURES > 10:
+        assert False, "Encountered more than 10 stray connections"
+        _STRAY_CONNECTION_FAILURES = 0
+
+
+def eq_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a == b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a == b, msg or "%r != %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def ne_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a != b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a != b, msg or "%r == %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def is_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a is b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a is b, msg or "%r is not %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def is_not_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a is not b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a is not b, msg or "%r is %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def startswith_(a, fragment, msg=None):
+    """Assert a.startswith(fragment), with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a.startswith(fragment), msg or "%r does not start with %r" % (
+        a, fragment)
+
+
+def assert_raises(except_cls, callable_, *args, **kw):
+    try:
+        callable_(*args, **kw)
+        success = False
+    except except_cls:
+        success = True
+
+    # assert outside the block so it works for AssertionError too !
+    assert success, "Callable did not raise an exception"
+
+
+def assert_raises_message(except_cls, msg, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+    try:
+        callable_(*args, **kwargs)
+        assert False, "Callable did not raise an exception"
+    except except_cls as e:
+        assert re.search(
+            msg, util.text_type(e), re.UNICODE), "%r !~ %s" % (msg, e)
+        print(util.text_type(e).encode('utf-8'))
+
+
+class AssertsCompiledSQL(object):
+    def assert_compile(self, clause, result, params=None,
+                       checkparams=None, dialect=None,
+                       checkpositional=None,
+                       use_default_dialect=False,
+                       allow_dialect_select=False,
+                       literal_binds=False):
+        if use_default_dialect:
+            dialect = default.DefaultDialect()
+        elif allow_dialect_select:
+            dialect = None
+        else:
+            if dialect is None:
+                dialect = getattr(self, '__dialect__', None)
+
+            if dialect is None:
+                dialect = config.db.dialect
+            elif dialect == 'default':
+                dialect = default.DefaultDialect()
+            elif isinstance(dialect, util.string_types):
+                dialect = url.URL(dialect).get_dialect()()
+
+        kw = {}
+        compile_kwargs = {}
+
+        if params is not None:
+            kw['column_keys'] = list(params)
+
+        if literal_binds:
+            compile_kwargs['literal_binds'] = True
+
+        if isinstance(clause, orm.Query):
+            context = clause._compile_context()
+            context.statement.use_labels = True
+            clause = context.statement
+
+        if compile_kwargs:
+            kw['compile_kwargs'] = compile_kwargs
+
+        c = clause.compile(dialect=dialect, **kw)
+
+        param_str = repr(getattr(c, 'params', {}))
+
+        if util.py3k:
+            param_str = param_str.encode('utf-8').decode('ascii', 'ignore')
+            print(
+                ("\nSQL String:\n" +
+                 util.text_type(c) +
+                 param_str).encode('utf-8'))
+        else:
+            print(
+                "\nSQL String:\n" +
+                util.text_type(c).encode('utf-8') +
+                param_str)
+
+        cc = re.sub(r'[\n\t]', '', util.text_type(c))
+
+        eq_(cc, result, "%r != %r on dialect %r" % (cc, result, dialect))
+
+        if checkparams is not None:
+            eq_(c.construct_params(params), checkparams)
+        if checkpositional is not None:
+            p = c.construct_params(params)
+            eq_(tuple([p[x] for x in c.positiontup]), checkpositional)
+
+
+class ComparesTables(object):
+
+    def assert_tables_equal(self, table, reflected_table, strict_types=False):
+        assert len(table.c) == len(reflected_table.c)
+        for c, reflected_c in zip(table.c, reflected_table.c):
+            eq_(c.name, reflected_c.name)
+            assert reflected_c is reflected_table.c[c.name]
+            eq_(c.primary_key, reflected_c.primary_key)
+            eq_(c.nullable, reflected_c.nullable)
+
+            if strict_types:
+                msg = "Type '%s' doesn't correspond to type '%s'"
+                assert isinstance(reflected_c.type, type(c.type)), \
+                    msg % (reflected_c.type, c.type)
+            else:
+                self.assert_types_base(reflected_c, c)
+
+            if isinstance(c.type, sqltypes.String):
+                eq_(c.type.length, reflected_c.type.length)
+
+            eq_(
+                set([f.column.name for f in c.foreign_keys]),
+                set([f.column.name for f in reflected_c.foreign_keys])
+            )
+            if c.server_default:
+                assert isinstance(reflected_c.server_default,
+                                  schema.FetchedValue)
+
+        assert len(table.primary_key) == len(reflected_table.primary_key)
+        for c in table.primary_key:
+            assert reflected_table.primary_key.columns[c.name] is not None
+
+    def assert_types_base(self, c1, c2):
+        assert c1.type._compare_type_affinity(c2.type),\
+            "On column %r, type '%s' doesn't correspond to type '%s'" % \
+            (c1.name, c1.type, c2.type)
+
+
+class AssertsExecutionResults(object):
+    def assert_result(self, result, class_, *objects):
+        result = list(result)
+        print(repr(result))
+        self.assert_list(result, class_, objects)
+
+    def assert_list(self, result, class_, list):
+        self.assert_(len(result) == len(list),
+                     "result list is not the same size as test list, " +
+                     "for class " + class_.__name__)
+        for i in range(0, len(list)):
+            self.assert_row(class_, result[i], list[i])
+
+    def assert_row(self, class_, rowobj, desc):
+        self.assert_(rowobj.__class__ is class_,
+                     "item class is not " + repr(class_))
+        for key, value in desc.items():
+            if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                if isinstance(value[1], list):
+                    self.assert_list(getattr(rowobj, key), value[0], value[1])
+                else:
+                    self.assert_row(value[0], getattr(rowobj, key), value[1])
+            else:
+                self.assert_(getattr(rowobj, key) == value,
+                             "attribute %s value %s does not match %s" % (
+                             key, getattr(rowobj, key), value))
+
+    def assert_unordered_result(self, result, cls, *expected):
+        """As assert_result, but the order of objects is not considered.
+
+        The algorithm is very expensive but not a big deal for the small
+        numbers of rows that the test suite manipulates.
+        """
+
+        class immutabledict(dict):
+            def __hash__(self):
+                return id(self)
+
+        found = util.IdentitySet(result)
+        expected = set([immutabledict(e) for e in expected])
+
+        for wrong in util.itertools_filterfalse(lambda o:
+                                                isinstance(o, cls), found):
+            fail('Unexpected type "%s", expected "%s"' % (
+                type(wrong).__name__, cls.__name__))
+
+        if len(found) != len(expected):
+            fail('Unexpected object count "%s", expected "%s"' % (
+                len(found), len(expected)))
+
+        NOVALUE = object()
+
+        def _compare_item(obj, spec):
+            for key, value in spec.items():
+                if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                    try:
+                        self.assert_unordered_result(
+                            getattr(obj, key), value[0], *value[1])
+                    except AssertionError:
+                        return False
+                else:
+                    if getattr(obj, key, NOVALUE) != value:
+                        return False
+            return True
+
+        for expected_item in expected:
+            for found_item in found:
+                if _compare_item(found_item, expected_item):
+                    found.remove(found_item)
+                    break
+            else:
+                fail(
+                    "Expected %s instance with attributes %s not found." % (
+                        cls.__name__, repr(expected_item)))
+        return True
+
+    def assert_sql_execution(self, db, callable_, *rules):
+        assertsql.asserter.add_rules(rules)
+        try:
+            callable_()
+            assertsql.asserter.statement_complete()
+        finally:
+            assertsql.asserter.clear_rules()
+
+    def assert_sql(self, db, callable_, list_, with_sequences=None):
+        if (with_sequences is not None and
+                config.db.dialect.supports_sequences):
+            rules = with_sequences
+        else:
+            rules = list_
+
+        newrules = []
+        for rule in rules:
+            if isinstance(rule, dict):
+                newrule = assertsql.AllOf(*[
+                    assertsql.ExactSQL(k, v) for k, v in rule.items()
+                ])
+            else:
+                newrule = assertsql.ExactSQL(*rule)
+            newrules.append(newrule)
+
+        self.assert_sql_execution(db, callable_, *newrules)
+
+    def assert_sql_count(self, db, callable_, count):
+        self.assert_sql_execution(
+            db, callable_, assertsql.CountStatements(count))
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def assert_execution(self, *rules):
+        assertsql.asserter.add_rules(rules)
+        try:
+            yield
+            assertsql.asserter.statement_complete()
+        finally:
+            assertsql.asserter.clear_rules()
+
+    def assert_statement_count(self, count):
+        return self.assert_execution(assertsql.CountStatements(count))
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertsql.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertsql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcc999f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertsql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+# testing/assertsql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from ..engine.default import DefaultDialect
+from .. import util
+import re
+
+
+class AssertRule(object):
+
+    def process_execute(self, clauseelement, *multiparams, **params):
+        pass
+
+    def process_cursor_execute(self, statement, parameters, context,
+                               executemany):
+        pass
+
+    def is_consumed(self):
+        """Return True if this rule has been consumed, False if not.
+
+        Should raise an AssertionError if this rule's condition has
+        definitely failed.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def rule_passed(self):
+        """Return True if the last test of this rule passed, False if
+        failed, None if no test was applied."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def consume_final(self):
+        """Return True if this rule has been consumed.
+
+        Should raise an AssertionError if this rule's condition has not
+        been consumed or has failed.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._result is None:
+            assert False, 'Rule has not been consumed'
+        return self.is_consumed()
+
+
+class SQLMatchRule(AssertRule):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._result = None
+        self._errmsg = ""
+
+    def rule_passed(self):
+        return self._result
+
+    def is_consumed(self):
+        if self._result is None:
+            return False
+
+        assert self._result, self._errmsg
+
+        return True
+
+
+class ExactSQL(SQLMatchRule):
+
+    def __init__(self, sql, params=None):
+        SQLMatchRule.__init__(self)
+        self.sql = sql
+        self.params = params
+
+    def process_cursor_execute(self, statement, parameters, context,
+                               executemany):
+        if not context:
+            return
+        _received_statement = \
+            _process_engine_statement(context.unicode_statement,
+                                      context)
+        _received_parameters = context.compiled_parameters
+
+        # TODO: remove this step once all unit tests are migrated, as
+        # ExactSQL should really be *exact* SQL
+
+        sql = _process_assertion_statement(self.sql, context)
+        equivalent = _received_statement == sql
+        if self.params:
+            if util.callable(self.params):
+                params = self.params(context)
+            else:
+                params = self.params
+            if not isinstance(params, list):
+                params = [params]
+            equivalent = equivalent and params \
+                == context.compiled_parameters
+        else:
+            params = {}
+        self._result = equivalent
+        if not self._result:
+            self._errmsg = (
+                'Testing for exact statement %r exact params %r, '
+                'received %r with params %r' %
+                (sql, params, _received_statement, _received_parameters))
+
+
+class RegexSQL(SQLMatchRule):
+
+    def __init__(self, regex, params=None):
+        SQLMatchRule.__init__(self)
+        self.regex = re.compile(regex)
+        self.orig_regex = regex
+        self.params = params
+
+    def process_cursor_execute(self, statement, parameters, context,
+                               executemany):
+        if not context:
+            return
+        _received_statement = \
+            _process_engine_statement(context.unicode_statement,
+                                      context)
+        _received_parameters = context.compiled_parameters
+        equivalent = bool(self.regex.match(_received_statement))
+        if self.params:
+            if util.callable(self.params):
+                params = self.params(context)
+            else:
+                params = self.params
+            if not isinstance(params, list):
+                params = [params]
+
+            # do a positive compare only
+
+            for param, received in zip(params, _received_parameters):
+                for k, v in param.items():
+                    if k not in received or received[k] != v:
+                        equivalent = False
+                        break
+        else:
+            params = {}
+        self._result = equivalent
+        if not self._result:
+            self._errmsg = \
+                'Testing for regex %r partial params %r, received %r '\
+                'with params %r' % (self.orig_regex, params,
+                                    _received_statement,
+                                    _received_parameters)
+
+
+class CompiledSQL(SQLMatchRule):
+
+    def __init__(self, statement, params=None):
+        SQLMatchRule.__init__(self)
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.params = params
+
+    def process_cursor_execute(self, statement, parameters, context,
+                               executemany):
+        if not context:
+            return
+        from sqlalchemy.schema import _DDLCompiles
+        _received_parameters = list(context.compiled_parameters)
+
+        # recompile from the context, using the default dialect
+
+        if isinstance(context.compiled.statement, _DDLCompiles):
+            compiled = \
+                context.compiled.statement.compile(dialect=DefaultDialect())
+        else:
+            compiled = (
+                context.compiled.statement.compile(
+                    dialect=DefaultDialect(),
+                    column_keys=context.compiled.column_keys)
+            )
+        _received_statement = re.sub(r'[\n\t]', '', str(compiled))
+        equivalent = self.statement == _received_statement
+        if self.params:
+            if util.callable(self.params):
+                params = self.params(context)
+            else:
+                params = self.params
+            if not isinstance(params, list):
+                params = [params]
+            else:
+                params = list(params)
+            all_params = list(params)
+            all_received = list(_received_parameters)
+            while params:
+                param = dict(params.pop(0))
+                for k, v in context.compiled.params.items():
+                    param.setdefault(k, v)
+                if param not in _received_parameters:
+                    equivalent = False
+                    break
+                else:
+                    _received_parameters.remove(param)
+            if _received_parameters:
+                equivalent = False
+        else:
+            params = {}
+            all_params = {}
+            all_received = []
+        self._result = equivalent
+        if not self._result:
+            print('Testing for compiled statement %r partial params '
+                  '%r, received %r with params %r' %
+                  (self.statement, all_params,
+                   _received_statement, all_received))
+            self._errmsg = (
+                'Testing for compiled statement %r partial params %r, '
+                'received %r with params %r' %
+                (self.statement, all_params,
+                 _received_statement, all_received))
+
+            # print self._errmsg
+
+
+class CountStatements(AssertRule):
+
+    def __init__(self, count):
+        self.count = count
+        self._statement_count = 0
+
+    def process_execute(self, clauseelement, *multiparams, **params):
+        self._statement_count += 1
+
+    def process_cursor_execute(self, statement, parameters, context,
+                               executemany):
+        pass
+
+    def is_consumed(self):
+        return False
+
+    def consume_final(self):
+        assert self.count == self._statement_count, \
+            'desired statement count %d does not match %d' \
+            % (self.count, self._statement_count)
+        return True
+
+
+class AllOf(AssertRule):
+
+    def __init__(self, *rules):
+        self.rules = set(rules)
+
+    def process_execute(self, clauseelement, *multiparams, **params):
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            rule.process_execute(clauseelement, *multiparams, **params)
+
+    def process_cursor_execute(self, statement, parameters, context,
+                               executemany):
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            rule.process_cursor_execute(statement, parameters, context,
+                                        executemany)
+
+    def is_consumed(self):
+        if not self.rules:
+            return True
+        for rule in list(self.rules):
+            if rule.rule_passed():  # a rule passed, move on
+                self.rules.remove(rule)
+                return len(self.rules) == 0
+        return False
+
+    def rule_passed(self):
+        return self.is_consumed()
+
+    def consume_final(self):
+        return len(self.rules) == 0
+
+
+class Or(AllOf):
+    def __init__(self, *rules):
+        self.rules = set(rules)
+        self._consume_final = False
+
+    def is_consumed(self):
+        if not self.rules:
+            return True
+        for rule in list(self.rules):
+            if rule.rule_passed():  # a rule passed
+                self._consume_final = True
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def consume_final(self):
+        assert self._consume_final, "Unsatisified rules remain"
+
+
+def _process_engine_statement(query, context):
+    if util.jython:
+
+        # oracle+zxjdbc passes a PyStatement when returning into
+
+        query = str(query)
+    if context.engine.name == 'mssql' \
+            and query.endswith('; select scope_identity()'):
+        query = query[:-25]
+    query = re.sub(r'\n', '', query)
+    return query
+
+
+def _process_assertion_statement(query, context):
+    paramstyle = context.dialect.paramstyle
+    if paramstyle == 'named':
+        pass
+    elif paramstyle == 'pyformat':
+        query = re.sub(r':([\w_]+)', r"%(\1)s", query)
+    else:
+        # positional params
+        repl = None
+        if paramstyle == 'qmark':
+            repl = "?"
+        elif paramstyle == 'format':
+            repl = r"%s"
+        elif paramstyle == 'numeric':
+            repl = None
+        query = re.sub(r':([\w_]+)', repl, query)
+
+    return query
+
+
+class SQLAssert(object):
+
+    rules = None
+
+    def add_rules(self, rules):
+        self.rules = list(rules)
+
+    def statement_complete(self):
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            if not rule.consume_final():
+                assert False, \
+                    'All statements are complete, but pending '\
+                    'assertion rules remain'
+
+    def clear_rules(self):
+        del self.rules
+
+    def execute(self, conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, result):
+        if self.rules is not None:
+            if not self.rules:
+                assert False, \
+                    'All rules have been exhausted, but further '\
+                    'statements remain'
+            rule = self.rules[0]
+            rule.process_execute(clauseelement, *multiparams, **params)
+            if rule.is_consumed():
+                self.rules.pop(0)
+
+    def cursor_execute(self, conn, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                       context, executemany):
+        if self.rules:
+            rule = self.rules[0]
+            rule.process_cursor_execute(statement, parameters, context,
+                                        executemany)
+
+asserter = SQLAssert()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/config.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c914434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# testing/config.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+import collections
+
+requirements = None
+db = None
+db_url = None
+db_opts = None
+file_config = None
+
+_current = None
+
+
+class Config(object):
+    def __init__(self, db, db_opts, options, file_config):
+        self.db = db
+        self.db_opts = db_opts
+        self.options = options
+        self.file_config = file_config
+
+    _stack = collections.deque()
+    _configs = {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def register(cls, db, db_opts, options, file_config, namespace):
+        """add a config as one of the global configs.
+
+        If there are no configs set up yet, this config also
+        gets set as the "_current".
+        """
+        cfg = Config(db, db_opts, options, file_config)
+
+        global _current
+        if not _current:
+            cls.set_as_current(cfg, namespace)
+        cls._configs[cfg.db.name] = cfg
+        cls._configs[(cfg.db.name, cfg.db.dialect)] = cfg
+        cls._configs[cfg.db] = cfg
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_as_current(cls, config, namespace):
+        global db, _current, db_url
+        _current = config
+        db_url = config.db.url
+        namespace.db = db = config.db
+
+    @classmethod
+    def push_engine(cls, db, namespace):
+        assert _current, "Can't push without a default Config set up"
+        cls.push(
+            Config(
+                db, _current.db_opts, _current.options, _current.file_config),
+            namespace
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def push(cls, config, namespace):
+        cls._stack.append(_current)
+        cls.set_as_current(config, namespace)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def reset(cls, namespace):
+        if cls._stack:
+            cls.set_as_current(cls._stack[0], namespace)
+            cls._stack.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_configs(cls):
+        for cfg in set(cls._configs.values()):
+            yield cfg
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_dbs(cls):
+        for cfg in cls.all_configs():
+            yield cfg.db
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/distutils_run.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/distutils_run.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecec3ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/distutils_run.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+"""Quick and easy way to get setup.py test to run py.test without any
+custom setuptools/distutils code.
+
+"""
+import unittest
+import pytest
+
+
+class TestSuite(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_sqlalchemy(self):
+        pytest.main()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/engines.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/engines.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9052df5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/engines.py
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+# testing/engines.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import types
+import weakref
+from collections import deque
+from . import config
+from .util import decorator
+from .. import event, pool
+import re
+import warnings
+from .. import util
+
+
+class ConnectionKiller(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.proxy_refs = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self.testing_engines = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self.conns = set()
+
+    def add_engine(self, engine):
+        self.testing_engines[engine] = True
+
+    def connect(self, dbapi_conn, con_record):
+        self.conns.add((dbapi_conn, con_record))
+
+    def checkout(self, dbapi_con, con_record, con_proxy):
+        self.proxy_refs[con_proxy] = True
+
+    def invalidate(self, dbapi_con, con_record, exception):
+        self.conns.discard((dbapi_con, con_record))
+
+    def _safe(self, fn):
+        try:
+            fn()
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except Exception as e:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "testing_reaper couldn't "
+                "rollback/close connection: %s" % e)
+
+    def rollback_all(self):
+        for rec in list(self.proxy_refs):
+            if rec is not None and rec.is_valid:
+                self._safe(rec.rollback)
+
+    def close_all(self):
+        for rec in list(self.proxy_refs):
+            if rec is not None and rec.is_valid:
+                self._safe(rec._close)
+
+    def _after_test_ctx(self):
+        # this can cause a deadlock with pg8000 - pg8000 acquires
+        # prepared statement lock inside of rollback() - if async gc
+        # is collecting in finalize_fairy, deadlock.
+        # not sure if this should be if pypy/jython only.
+        # note that firebird/fdb definitely needs this though
+        for conn, rec in list(self.conns):
+            self._safe(conn.rollback)
+
+    def _stop_test_ctx(self):
+        if config.options.low_connections:
+            self._stop_test_ctx_minimal()
+        else:
+            self._stop_test_ctx_aggressive()
+
+    def _stop_test_ctx_minimal(self):
+        self.close_all()
+
+        self.conns = set()
+
+        for rec in list(self.testing_engines):
+            if rec is not config.db:
+                rec.dispose()
+
+    def _stop_test_ctx_aggressive(self):
+        self.close_all()
+        for conn, rec in list(self.conns):
+            self._safe(conn.close)
+            rec.connection = None
+
+        self.conns = set()
+        for rec in list(self.testing_engines):
+            rec.dispose()
+
+    def assert_all_closed(self):
+        for rec in self.proxy_refs:
+            if rec.is_valid:
+                assert False
+
+testing_reaper = ConnectionKiller()
+
+
+def drop_all_tables(metadata, bind):
+    testing_reaper.close_all()
+    if hasattr(bind, 'close'):
+        bind.close()
+    metadata.drop_all(bind)
+
+
+@decorator
+def assert_conns_closed(fn, *args, **kw):
+    try:
+        fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        testing_reaper.assert_all_closed()
+
+
+@decorator
+def rollback_open_connections(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorator that rolls back all open connections after fn execution."""
+
+    try:
+        fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        testing_reaper.rollback_all()
+
+
+@decorator
+def close_first(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorator that closes all connections before fn execution."""
+
+    testing_reaper.close_all()
+    fn(*args, **kw)
+
+
+@decorator
+def close_open_connections(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorator that closes all connections after fn execution."""
+    try:
+        fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        testing_reaper.close_all()
+
+
+def all_dialects(exclude=None):
+    import sqlalchemy.databases as d
+    for name in d.__all__:
+        # TEMPORARY
+        if exclude and name in exclude:
+            continue
+        mod = getattr(d, name, None)
+        if not mod:
+            mod = getattr(__import__(
+                'sqlalchemy.databases.%s' % name).databases, name)
+        yield mod.dialect()
+
+
+class ReconnectFixture(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, dbapi):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self.connections = []
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.dbapi, key)
+
+    def connect(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        conn = self.dbapi.connect(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.connections.append(conn)
+        return conn
+
+    def _safe(self, fn):
+        try:
+            fn()
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except Exception as e:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "ReconnectFixture couldn't "
+                "close connection: %s" % e)
+
+    def shutdown(self):
+        # TODO: this doesn't cover all cases
+        # as nicely as we'd like, namely MySQLdb.
+        # would need to implement R. Brewer's
+        # proxy server idea to get better
+        # coverage.
+        for c in list(self.connections):
+            self._safe(c.close)
+        self.connections = []
+
+
+def reconnecting_engine(url=None, options=None):
+    url = url or config.db.url
+    dbapi = config.db.dialect.dbapi
+    if not options:
+        options = {}
+    options['module'] = ReconnectFixture(dbapi)
+    engine = testing_engine(url, options)
+    _dispose = engine.dispose
+
+    def dispose():
+        engine.dialect.dbapi.shutdown()
+        _dispose()
+
+    engine.test_shutdown = engine.dialect.dbapi.shutdown
+    engine.dispose = dispose
+    return engine
+
+
+def testing_engine(url=None, options=None):
+    """Produce an engine configured by --options with optional overrides."""
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from .assertsql import asserter
+
+    if not options:
+        use_reaper = True
+    else:
+        use_reaper = options.pop('use_reaper', True)
+
+    url = url or config.db.url
+    if options is None:
+        options = config.db_opts
+
+    engine = create_engine(url, **options)
+    if isinstance(engine.pool, pool.QueuePool):
+        engine.pool._timeout = 0
+        engine.pool._max_overflow = 0
+    event.listen(engine, 'after_execute', asserter.execute)
+    event.listen(engine, 'after_cursor_execute', asserter.cursor_execute)
+    if use_reaper:
+        event.listen(engine.pool, 'connect', testing_reaper.connect)
+        event.listen(engine.pool, 'checkout', testing_reaper.checkout)
+        event.listen(engine.pool, 'invalidate', testing_reaper.invalidate)
+        testing_reaper.add_engine(engine)
+
+    return engine
+
+
+def mock_engine(dialect_name=None):
+    """Provides a mocking engine based on the current testing.db.
+
+    This is normally used to test DDL generation flow as emitted
+    by an Engine.
+
+    It should not be used in other cases, as assert_compile() and
+    assert_sql_execution() are much better choices with fewer
+    moving parts.
+
+    """
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    if not dialect_name:
+        dialect_name = config.db.name
+
+    buffer = []
+
+    def executor(sql, *a, **kw):
+        buffer.append(sql)
+
+    def assert_sql(stmts):
+        recv = [re.sub(r'[\n\t]', '', str(s)) for s in buffer]
+        assert recv == stmts, recv
+
+    def print_sql():
+        d = engine.dialect
+        return "\n".join(
+            str(s.compile(dialect=d))
+            for s in engine.mock
+        )
+
+    engine = create_engine(dialect_name + '://',
+                           strategy='mock', executor=executor)
+    assert not hasattr(engine, 'mock')
+    engine.mock = buffer
+    engine.assert_sql = assert_sql
+    engine.print_sql = print_sql
+    return engine
+
+
+class DBAPIProxyCursor(object):
+    """Proxy a DBAPI cursor.
+
+    Tests can provide subclasses of this to intercept
+    DBAPI-level cursor operations.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, engine, conn):
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.connection = conn
+        self.cursor = conn.cursor()
+
+    def execute(self, stmt, parameters=None, **kw):
+        if parameters:
+            return self.cursor.execute(stmt, parameters, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.cursor.execute(stmt, **kw)
+
+    def executemany(self, stmt, params, **kw):
+        return self.cursor.executemany(stmt, params, **kw)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.cursor, key)
+
+
+class DBAPIProxyConnection(object):
+    """Proxy a DBAPI connection.
+
+    Tests can provide subclasses of this to intercept
+    DBAPI-level connection operations.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, engine, cursor_cls):
+        self.conn = self._sqla_unwrap = engine.pool._creator()
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.cursor_cls = cursor_cls
+
+    def cursor(self):
+        return self.cursor_cls(self.engine, self.conn)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.conn.close()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.conn, key)
+
+
+def proxying_engine(conn_cls=DBAPIProxyConnection,
+                    cursor_cls=DBAPIProxyCursor):
+    """Produce an engine that provides proxy hooks for
+    common methods.
+
+    """
+    def mock_conn():
+        return conn_cls(config.db, cursor_cls)
+    return testing_engine(options={'creator': mock_conn})
+
+
+class ReplayableSession(object):
+    """A simple record/playback tool.
+
+    This is *not* a mock testing class.  It only records a session for later
+    playback and makes no assertions on call consistency whatsoever.  It's
+    unlikely to be suitable for anything other than DB-API recording.
+
+    """
+
+    Callable = object()
+    NoAttribute = object()
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        Natives = set([getattr(types, t)
+                       for t in dir(types) if not t.startswith('_')]).\
+            difference([getattr(types, t)
+                        for t in ('FunctionType', 'BuiltinFunctionType',
+                                  'MethodType', 'BuiltinMethodType',
+                                  'LambdaType', 'UnboundMethodType',)])
+    else:
+        Natives = set([getattr(types, t)
+                       for t in dir(types) if not t.startswith('_')]).\
+            union([type(t) if not isinstance(t, type)
+                   else t for t in __builtins__.values()]).\
+            difference([getattr(types, t)
+                        for t in ('FunctionType', 'BuiltinFunctionType',
+                                  'MethodType', 'BuiltinMethodType',
+                                  'LambdaType', )])
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.buffer = deque()
+
+    def recorder(self, base):
+        return self.Recorder(self.buffer, base)
+
+    def player(self):
+        return self.Player(self.buffer)
+
+    class Recorder(object):
+        def __init__(self, buffer, subject):
+            self._buffer = buffer
+            self._subject = subject
+
+        def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
+            subject, buffer = [object.__getattribute__(self, x)
+                               for x in ('_subject', '_buffer')]
+
+            result = subject(*args, **kw)
+            if type(result) not in ReplayableSession.Natives:
+                buffer.append(ReplayableSession.Callable)
+                return type(self)(buffer, result)
+            else:
+                buffer.append(result)
+                return result
+
+        @property
+        def _sqla_unwrap(self):
+            return self._subject
+
+        def __getattribute__(self, key):
+            try:
+                return object.__getattribute__(self, key)
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+            subject, buffer = [object.__getattribute__(self, x)
+                               for x in ('_subject', '_buffer')]
+            try:
+                result = type(subject).__getattribute__(subject, key)
+            except AttributeError:
+                buffer.append(ReplayableSession.NoAttribute)
+                raise
+            else:
+                if type(result) not in ReplayableSession.Natives:
+                    buffer.append(ReplayableSession.Callable)
+                    return type(self)(buffer, result)
+                else:
+                    buffer.append(result)
+                    return result
+
+    class Player(object):
+        def __init__(self, buffer):
+            self._buffer = buffer
+
+        def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
+            buffer = object.__getattribute__(self, '_buffer')
+            result = buffer.popleft()
+            if result is ReplayableSession.Callable:
+                return self
+            else:
+                return result
+
+        @property
+        def _sqla_unwrap(self):
+            return None
+
+        def __getattribute__(self, key):
+            try:
+                return object.__getattribute__(self, key)
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            buffer = object.__getattribute__(self, '_buffer')
+            result = buffer.popleft()
+            if result is ReplayableSession.Callable:
+                return self
+            elif result is ReplayableSession.NoAttribute:
+                raise AttributeError(key)
+            else:
+                return result
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/entities.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/entities.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e42955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/entities.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# testing/entities.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy import exc as sa_exc
+
+_repr_stack = set()
+
+
+class BasicEntity(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        for key, value in kw.items():
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if id(self) in _repr_stack:
+            return object.__repr__(self)
+        _repr_stack.add(id(self))
+        try:
+            return "%s(%s)" % (
+                (self.__class__.__name__),
+                ', '.join(["%s=%r" % (key, getattr(self, key))
+                           for key in sorted(self.__dict__.keys())
+                           if not key.startswith('_')]))
+        finally:
+            _repr_stack.remove(id(self))
+
+_recursion_stack = set()
+
+
+class ComparableEntity(BasicEntity):
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.__class__)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """'Deep, sparse compare.
+
+        Deeply compare two entities, following the non-None attributes of the
+        non-persisted object, if possible.
+
+        """
+        if other is self:
+            return True
+        elif not self.__class__ == other.__class__:
+            return False
+
+        if id(self) in _recursion_stack:
+            return True
+        _recursion_stack.add(id(self))
+
+        try:
+            # pick the entity that's not SA persisted as the source
+            try:
+                self_key = sa.orm.attributes.instance_state(self).key
+            except sa.orm.exc.NO_STATE:
+                self_key = None
+
+            if other is None:
+                a = self
+                b = other
+            elif self_key is not None:
+                a = other
+                b = self
+            else:
+                a = self
+                b = other
+
+            for attr in list(a.__dict__):
+                if attr.startswith('_'):
+                    continue
+                value = getattr(a, attr)
+
+                try:
+                    # handle lazy loader errors
+                    battr = getattr(b, attr)
+                except (AttributeError, sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError):
+                    return False
+
+                if hasattr(value, '__iter__'):
+                    if hasattr(value, '__getitem__') and not hasattr(
+                            value, 'keys'):
+                        if list(value) != list(battr):
+                            return False
+                    else:
+                        if set(value) != set(battr):
+                            return False
+                else:
+                    if value is not None and value != battr:
+                        return False
+            return True
+        finally:
+            _recursion_stack.remove(id(self))
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/exclusions.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/exclusions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd43865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/exclusions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+# testing/exclusions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+import operator
+from .plugin.plugin_base import SkipTest
+from ..util import decorator
+from . import config
+from .. import util
+import contextlib
+import inspect
+
+
+class skip_if(object):
+    def __init__(self, predicate, reason=None):
+        self.predicate = _as_predicate(predicate)
+        self.reason = reason
+
+    _fails_on = None
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        def decorate(fn):
+            return other(self(fn))
+        return decorate
+
+    @property
+    def enabled(self):
+        return self.enabled_for_config(config._current)
+
+    def enabled_for_config(self, config):
+        return not self.predicate(config)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def fail_if(self, name='block'):
+        try:
+            yield
+        except Exception as ex:
+            if self.predicate(config._current):
+                print(("%s failed as expected (%s): %s " % (
+                    name, self.predicate, str(ex))))
+            else:
+                raise
+        else:
+            if self.predicate(config._current):
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "Unexpected success for '%s' (%s)" %
+                    (name, self.predicate))
+
+    def __call__(self, fn):
+        @decorator
+        def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+            if self.predicate(config._current):
+                if self.reason:
+                    msg = "'%s' : %s" % (
+                        fn.__name__,
+                        self.reason
+                    )
+                else:
+                    msg = "'%s': %s" % (
+                        fn.__name__, self.predicate
+                    )
+                raise SkipTest(msg)
+            else:
+                if self._fails_on:
+                    with self._fails_on.fail_if(name=fn.__name__):
+                        return fn(*args, **kw)
+                else:
+                    return fn(*args, **kw)
+        return decorate(fn)
+
+    def fails_on(self, other, reason=None):
+        self._fails_on = skip_if(other, reason)
+        return self
+
+    def fails_on_everything_except(self, *dbs):
+        self._fails_on = skip_if(fails_on_everything_except(*dbs))
+        return self
+
+
+class fails_if(skip_if):
+    def __call__(self, fn):
+        @decorator
+        def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+            with self.fail_if(name=fn.__name__):
+                return fn(*args, **kw)
+        return decorate(fn)
+
+
+def only_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    predicate = _as_predicate(predicate)
+    return skip_if(NotPredicate(predicate), reason)
+
+
+def succeeds_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    predicate = _as_predicate(predicate)
+    return fails_if(NotPredicate(predicate), reason)
+
+
+class Predicate(object):
+    @classmethod
+    def as_predicate(cls, predicate):
+        if isinstance(predicate, skip_if):
+            return NotPredicate(predicate.predicate)
+        elif isinstance(predicate, Predicate):
+            return predicate
+        elif isinstance(predicate, list):
+            return OrPredicate([cls.as_predicate(pred) for pred in predicate])
+        elif isinstance(predicate, tuple):
+            return SpecPredicate(*predicate)
+        elif isinstance(predicate, util.string_types):
+            tokens = predicate.split(" ", 2)
+            op = spec = None
+            db = tokens.pop(0)
+            if tokens:
+                op = tokens.pop(0)
+            if tokens:
+                spec = tuple(int(d) for d in tokens.pop(0).split("."))
+            return SpecPredicate(db, op, spec)
+        elif util.callable(predicate):
+            return LambdaPredicate(predicate)
+        else:
+            assert False, "unknown predicate type: %s" % predicate
+
+
+class BooleanPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, value, description=None):
+        self.value = value
+        self.description = description or "boolean %s" % value
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        return self.value
+
+    def _as_string(self, negate=False):
+        if negate:
+            return "not " + self.description
+        else:
+            return self.description
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._as_string()
+
+
+class SpecPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, db, op=None, spec=None, description=None):
+        self.db = db
+        self.op = op
+        self.spec = spec
+        self.description = description
+
+    _ops = {
+        '<': operator.lt,
+        '>': operator.gt,
+        '==': operator.eq,
+        '!=': operator.ne,
+        '<=': operator.le,
+        '>=': operator.ge,
+        'in': operator.contains,
+        'between': lambda val, pair: val >= pair[0] and val <= pair[1],
+    }
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        engine = config.db
+
+        if "+" in self.db:
+            dialect, driver = self.db.split('+')
+        else:
+            dialect, driver = self.db, None
+
+        if dialect and engine.name != dialect:
+            return False
+        if driver is not None and engine.driver != driver:
+            return False
+
+        if self.op is not None:
+            assert driver is None, "DBAPI version specs not supported yet"
+
+            version = _server_version(engine)
+            oper = hasattr(self.op, '__call__') and self.op \
+                or self._ops[self.op]
+            return oper(version, self.spec)
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _as_string(self, negate=False):
+        if self.description is not None:
+            return self.description
+        elif self.op is None:
+            if negate:
+                return "not %s" % self.db
+            else:
+                return "%s" % self.db
+        else:
+            if negate:
+                return "not %s %s %s" % (
+                    self.db,
+                    self.op,
+                    self.spec
+                )
+            else:
+                return "%s %s %s" % (
+                    self.db,
+                    self.op,
+                    self.spec
+                )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._as_string()
+
+
+class LambdaPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, lambda_, description=None, args=None, kw=None):
+        spec = inspect.getargspec(lambda_)
+        if not spec[0]:
+            self.lambda_ = lambda db: lambda_()
+        else:
+            self.lambda_ = lambda_
+        self.args = args or ()
+        self.kw = kw or {}
+        if description:
+            self.description = description
+        elif lambda_.__doc__:
+            self.description = lambda_.__doc__
+        else:
+            self.description = "custom function"
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        return self.lambda_(config)
+
+    def _as_string(self, negate=False):
+        if negate:
+            return "not " + self.description
+        else:
+            return self.description
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._as_string()
+
+
+class NotPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, predicate):
+        self.predicate = predicate
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        return not self.predicate(config)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.predicate._as_string(True)
+
+
+class OrPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, predicates, description=None):
+        self.predicates = predicates
+        self.description = description
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        for pred in self.predicates:
+            if pred(config):
+                self._str = pred
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    _str = None
+
+    def _eval_str(self, negate=False):
+        if self._str is None:
+            if negate:
+                conjunction = " and "
+            else:
+                conjunction = " or "
+            return conjunction.join(p._as_string(negate=negate)
+                                    for p in self.predicates)
+        else:
+            return self._str._as_string(negate=negate)
+
+    def _negation_str(self):
+        if self.description is not None:
+            return "Not " + (self.description % {"spec": self._str})
+        else:
+            return self._eval_str(negate=True)
+
+    def _as_string(self, negate=False):
+        if negate:
+            return self._negation_str()
+        else:
+            if self.description is not None:
+                return self.description % {"spec": self._str}
+            else:
+                return self._eval_str()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._as_string()
+
+_as_predicate = Predicate.as_predicate
+
+
+def _is_excluded(db, op, spec):
+    return SpecPredicate(db, op, spec)(config._current)
+
+
+def _server_version(engine):
+    """Return a server_version_info tuple."""
+
+    # force metadata to be retrieved
+    conn = engine.connect()
+    version = getattr(engine.dialect, 'server_version_info', ())
+    conn.close()
+    return version
+
+
+def db_spec(*dbs):
+    return OrPredicate(
+        [Predicate.as_predicate(db) for db in dbs]
+    )
+
+
+def open():
+    return skip_if(BooleanPredicate(False, "mark as execute"))
+
+
+def closed():
+    return skip_if(BooleanPredicate(True, "marked as skip"))
+
+
+def fails():
+    return fails_if(BooleanPredicate(True, "expected to fail"))
+
+
+@decorator
+def future(fn, *arg):
+    return fails_if(LambdaPredicate(fn), "Future feature")
+
+
+def fails_on(db, reason=None):
+    return fails_if(SpecPredicate(db), reason)
+
+
+def fails_on_everything_except(*dbs):
+    return succeeds_if(
+        OrPredicate([
+                    SpecPredicate(db) for db in dbs
+                    ])
+    )
+
+
+def skip(db, reason=None):
+    return skip_if(SpecPredicate(db), reason)
+
+
+def only_on(dbs, reason=None):
+    return only_if(
+        OrPredicate([SpecPredicate(db) for db in util.to_list(dbs)])
+    )
+
+
+def exclude(db, op, spec, reason=None):
+    return skip_if(SpecPredicate(db, op, spec), reason)
+
+
+def against(config, *queries):
+    assert queries, "no queries sent!"
+    return OrPredicate([
+        Predicate.as_predicate(query)
+        for query in queries
+    ])(config)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c7b009
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+# testing/fixtures.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from . import config
+from . import assertions, schema
+from .util import adict
+from .. import util
+from .engines import drop_all_tables
+from .entities import BasicEntity, ComparableEntity
+import sys
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base, DeclarativeMeta
+
+# whether or not we use unittest changes things dramatically,
+# as far as how py.test collection works.
+
+
+class TestBase(object):
+    # A sequence of database names to always run, regardless of the
+    # constraints below.
+    __whitelist__ = ()
+
+    # A sequence of requirement names matching testing.requires decorators
+    __requires__ = ()
+
+    # A sequence of dialect names to exclude from the test class.
+    __unsupported_on__ = ()
+
+    # If present, test class is only runnable for the *single* specified
+    # dialect.  If you need multiple, use __unsupported_on__ and invert.
+    __only_on__ = None
+
+    # A sequence of no-arg callables. If any are True, the entire testcase is
+    # skipped.
+    __skip_if__ = None
+
+    def assert_(self, val, msg=None):
+        assert val, msg
+
+    # apparently a handful of tests are doing this....OK
+    def setup(self):
+        if hasattr(self, "setUp"):
+            self.setUp()
+
+    def teardown(self):
+        if hasattr(self, "tearDown"):
+            self.tearDown()
+
+
+class TablesTest(TestBase):
+
+    # 'once', None
+    run_setup_bind = 'once'
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_define_tables = 'once'
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_create_tables = 'once'
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_inserts = 'each'
+
+    # 'each', None
+    run_deletes = 'each'
+
+    # 'once', None
+    run_dispose_bind = None
+
+    bind = None
+    metadata = None
+    tables = None
+    other = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        cls._init_class()
+
+        cls._setup_once_tables()
+
+        cls._setup_once_inserts()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_class(cls):
+        if cls.run_define_tables == 'each':
+            if cls.run_create_tables == 'once':
+                cls.run_create_tables = 'each'
+            assert cls.run_inserts in ('each', None)
+
+        if cls.other is None:
+            cls.other = adict()
+
+        if cls.tables is None:
+            cls.tables = adict()
+
+        if cls.bind is None:
+            setattr(cls, 'bind', cls.setup_bind())
+
+        if cls.metadata is None:
+            setattr(cls, 'metadata', sa.MetaData())
+
+        if cls.metadata.bind is None:
+            cls.metadata.bind = cls.bind
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_inserts(cls):
+        if cls.run_inserts == 'once':
+            cls._load_fixtures()
+            cls.insert_data()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_tables(cls):
+        if cls.run_define_tables == 'once':
+            cls.define_tables(cls.metadata)
+            if cls.run_create_tables == 'once':
+                cls.metadata.create_all(cls.bind)
+            cls.tables.update(cls.metadata.tables)
+
+    def _setup_each_tables(self):
+        if self.run_define_tables == 'each':
+            self.tables.clear()
+            if self.run_create_tables == 'each':
+                drop_all_tables(self.metadata, self.bind)
+            self.metadata.clear()
+            self.define_tables(self.metadata)
+            if self.run_create_tables == 'each':
+                self.metadata.create_all(self.bind)
+            self.tables.update(self.metadata.tables)
+        elif self.run_create_tables == 'each':
+            drop_all_tables(self.metadata, self.bind)
+            self.metadata.create_all(self.bind)
+
+    def _setup_each_inserts(self):
+        if self.run_inserts == 'each':
+            self._load_fixtures()
+            self.insert_data()
+
+    def _teardown_each_tables(self):
+        # no need to run deletes if tables are recreated on setup
+        if self.run_define_tables != 'each' and self.run_deletes == 'each':
+            for table in reversed(self.metadata.sorted_tables):
+                try:
+                    table.delete().execute().close()
+                except sa.exc.DBAPIError as ex:
+                    util.print_(
+                        ("Error emptying table %s: %r" % (table, ex)),
+                        file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def setup(self):
+        self._setup_each_tables()
+        self._setup_each_inserts()
+
+    def teardown(self):
+        self._teardown_each_tables()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _teardown_once_metadata_bind(cls):
+        if cls.run_create_tables:
+            drop_all_tables(cls.metadata, cls.bind)
+
+        if cls.run_dispose_bind == 'once':
+            cls.dispose_bind(cls.bind)
+
+        cls.metadata.bind = None
+
+        if cls.run_setup_bind is not None:
+            cls.bind = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        cls._teardown_once_metadata_bind()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_bind(cls):
+        return config.db
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dispose_bind(cls, bind):
+        if hasattr(bind, 'dispose'):
+            bind.dispose()
+        elif hasattr(bind, 'close'):
+            bind.close()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fixtures(cls):
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls):
+        pass
+
+    def sql_count_(self, count, fn):
+        self.assert_sql_count(self.bind, fn, count)
+
+    def sql_eq_(self, callable_, statements, with_sequences=None):
+        self.assert_sql(self.bind,
+                        callable_, statements, with_sequences)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _load_fixtures(cls):
+        """Insert rows as represented by the fixtures() method."""
+        headers, rows = {}, {}
+        for table, data in cls.fixtures().items():
+            if len(data) < 2:
+                continue
+            if isinstance(table, util.string_types):
+                table = cls.tables[table]
+            headers[table] = data[0]
+            rows[table] = data[1:]
+        for table in cls.metadata.sorted_tables:
+            if table not in headers:
+                continue
+            cls.bind.execute(
+                table.insert(),
+                [dict(zip(headers[table], column_values))
+                 for column_values in rows[table]])
+
+from sqlalchemy import event
+
+
+class RemovesEvents(object):
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _event_fns(self):
+        return set()
+
+    def event_listen(self, target, name, fn):
+        self._event_fns.add((target, name, fn))
+        event.listen(target, name, fn)
+
+    def teardown(self):
+        for key in self._event_fns:
+            event.remove(*key)
+        super_ = super(RemovesEvents, self)
+        if hasattr(super_, "teardown"):
+            super_.teardown()
+
+
+class _ORMTest(object):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        sa.orm.session.Session.close_all()
+        sa.orm.clear_mappers()
+
+
+class ORMTest(_ORMTest, TestBase):
+    pass
+
+
+class MappedTest(_ORMTest, TablesTest, assertions.AssertsExecutionResults):
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_setup_classes = 'once'
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_setup_mappers = 'each'
+
+    classes = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        cls._init_class()
+
+        if cls.classes is None:
+            cls.classes = adict()
+
+        cls._setup_once_tables()
+        cls._setup_once_classes()
+        cls._setup_once_mappers()
+        cls._setup_once_inserts()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        cls._teardown_once_class()
+        cls._teardown_once_metadata_bind()
+
+    def setup(self):
+        self._setup_each_tables()
+        self._setup_each_mappers()
+        self._setup_each_inserts()
+
+    def teardown(self):
+        sa.orm.session.Session.close_all()
+        self._teardown_each_mappers()
+        self._teardown_each_tables()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _teardown_once_class(cls):
+        cls.classes.clear()
+        _ORMTest.teardown_class()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_classes(cls):
+        if cls.run_setup_classes == 'once':
+            cls._with_register_classes(cls.setup_classes)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_mappers(cls):
+        if cls.run_setup_mappers == 'once':
+            cls._with_register_classes(cls.setup_mappers)
+
+    def _setup_each_mappers(self):
+        if self.run_setup_mappers == 'each':
+            self._with_register_classes(self.setup_mappers)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _with_register_classes(cls, fn):
+        """Run a setup method, framing the operation with a Base class
+        that will catch new subclasses to be established within
+        the "classes" registry.
+
+        """
+        cls_registry = cls.classes
+
+        class FindFixture(type):
+            def __init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_):
+                cls_registry[classname] = cls
+                return type.__init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_)
+
+        class _Base(util.with_metaclass(FindFixture, object)):
+            pass
+
+        class Basic(BasicEntity, _Base):
+            pass
+
+        class Comparable(ComparableEntity, _Base):
+            pass
+
+        cls.Basic = Basic
+        cls.Comparable = Comparable
+        fn()
+
+    def _teardown_each_mappers(self):
+        # some tests create mappers in the test bodies
+        # and will define setup_mappers as None -
+        # clear mappers in any case
+        if self.run_setup_mappers != 'once':
+            sa.orm.clear_mappers()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_classes(cls):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_mappers(cls):
+        pass
+
+
+class DeclarativeMappedTest(MappedTest):
+    run_setup_classes = 'once'
+    run_setup_mappers = 'once'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_tables(cls):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _with_register_classes(cls, fn):
+        cls_registry = cls.classes
+
+        class FindFixtureDeclarative(DeclarativeMeta):
+            def __init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_):
+                cls_registry[classname] = cls
+                return DeclarativeMeta.__init__(
+                    cls, classname, bases, dict_)
+
+        class DeclarativeBasic(object):
+            __table_cls__ = schema.Table
+
+        _DeclBase = declarative_base(metadata=cls.metadata,
+                                     metaclass=FindFixtureDeclarative,
+                                     cls=DeclarativeBasic)
+        cls.DeclarativeBasic = _DeclBase
+        fn()
+
+        if cls.metadata.tables and cls.run_create_tables:
+            cls.metadata.create_all(config.db)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/mock.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/mock.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6a4d43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/mock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# testing/mock.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Import stub for mock library.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from ..util import py33
+
+if py33:
+    from unittest.mock import MagicMock, Mock, call, patch
+else:
+    try:
+        from mock import MagicMock, Mock, call, patch
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "SQLAlchemy's test suite requires the "
+            "'mock' library as of 0.8.2.")
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/pickleable.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/pickleable.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a903aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/pickleable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# testing/pickleable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Classes used in pickling tests, need to be at the module level for
+unpickling.
+"""
+
+from . import fixtures
+
+
+class User(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Order(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Dingaling(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class EmailUser(User):
+    pass
+
+
+class Address(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+# TODO: these are kind of arbitrary....
+class Child1(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Child2(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Parent(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Screen(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, obj, parent=None):
+        self.obj = obj
+        self.parent = parent
+
+
+class Foo(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, moredata):
+        self.data = 'im data'
+        self.stuff = 'im stuff'
+        self.moredata = moredata
+
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return other.data == self.data and \
+            other.stuff == self.stuff and \
+            other.moredata == self.moredata
+
+
+class Bar(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return other.__class__ is self.__class__ and \
+            other.x == self.x and \
+            other.y == self.y
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Bar(%d, %d)" % (self.x, self.y)
+
+
+class OldSchool:
+
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return other.__class__ is self.__class__ and \
+            other.x == self.x and \
+            other.y == self.y
+
+
+class OldSchoolWithoutCompare:
+
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+
+class BarWithoutCompare(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Bar(%d, %d)" % (self.x, self.y)
+
+
+class NotComparable(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        self.data = data
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return NotImplemented
+
+
+class BrokenComparable(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        self.data = data
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/noseplugin.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/noseplugin.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e362d61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/noseplugin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# plugin/noseplugin.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Enhance nose with extra options and behaviors for running SQLAlchemy tests.
+
+Must be run via ./sqla_nose.py so that it is imported in the expected
+way (e.g. as a package-less import).
+
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from nose.plugins import Plugin
+fixtures = None
+
+# no package imports yet!  this prevents us from tripping coverage
+# too soon.
+path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "plugin_base.py")
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
+    from importlib import machinery
+    plugin_base = machinery.SourceFileLoader(
+        "plugin_base", path).load_module()
+else:
+    import imp
+    plugin_base = imp.load_source("plugin_base", path)
+
+
+class NoseSQLAlchemy(Plugin):
+    enabled = True
+
+    name = 'sqla_testing'
+    score = 100
+
+    def options(self, parser, env=os.environ):
+        Plugin.options(self, parser, env)
+        opt = parser.add_option
+
+        def make_option(name, **kw):
+            callback_ = kw.pop("callback", None)
+            if callback_:
+                def wrap_(option, opt_str, value, parser):
+                    callback_(opt_str, value, parser)
+                kw["callback"] = wrap_
+            opt(name, **kw)
+
+        plugin_base.setup_options(make_option)
+        plugin_base.read_config()
+
+    def configure(self, options, conf):
+        super(NoseSQLAlchemy, self).configure(options, conf)
+        plugin_base.pre_begin(options)
+
+        plugin_base.set_coverage_flag(options.enable_plugin_coverage)
+
+        global fixtures
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures
+
+    def begin(self):
+        plugin_base.post_begin()
+
+    def describeTest(self, test):
+        return ""
+
+    def wantFunction(self, fn):
+        if fn.__module__ is None:
+            return False
+        if fn.__module__.startswith('sqlalchemy.testing'):
+            return False
+
+    def wantClass(self, cls):
+        return plugin_base.want_class(cls)
+
+    def beforeTest(self, test):
+        plugin_base.before_test(test,
+                                test.test.cls.__module__,
+                                test.test.cls, test.test.method.__name__)
+
+    def afterTest(self, test):
+        plugin_base.after_test(test)
+
+    def startContext(self, ctx):
+        if not isinstance(ctx, type) \
+                or not issubclass(ctx, fixtures.TestBase):
+            return
+        plugin_base.start_test_class(ctx)
+
+    def stopContext(self, ctx):
+        if not isinstance(ctx, type) \
+                or not issubclass(ctx, fixtures.TestBase):
+            return
+        plugin_base.stop_test_class(ctx)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/plugin_base.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/plugin_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2590f3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/plugin_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+# plugin/plugin_base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Testing extensions.
+
+this module is designed to work as a testing-framework-agnostic library,
+so that we can continue to support nose and also begin adding new
+functionality via py.test.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+try:
+    # unitttest has a SkipTest also but pytest doesn't
+    # honor it unless nose is imported too...
+    from nose import SkipTest
+except ImportError:
+    from _pytest.runner import Skipped as SkipTest
+
+import sys
+import re
+
+py3k = sys.version_info >= (3, 0)
+
+if py3k:
+    import configparser
+else:
+    import ConfigParser as configparser
+
+
+# late imports
+fixtures = None
+engines = None
+exclusions = None
+warnings = None
+profiling = None
+assertions = None
+requirements = None
+config = None
+testing = None
+util = None
+file_config = None
+
+
+logging = None
+db_opts = {}
+options = None
+
+
+def setup_options(make_option):
+    make_option("--log-info", action="callback", type="string", callback=_log,
+                help="turn on info logging for  (multiple OK)")
+    make_option("--log-debug", action="callback",
+                type="string", callback=_log,
+                help="turn on debug logging for  (multiple OK)")
+    make_option("--db", action="append", type="string", dest="db",
+                help="Use prefab database uri. Multiple OK, "
+                "first one is run by default.")
+    make_option('--dbs', action='callback', callback=_list_dbs,
+                help="List available prefab dbs")
+    make_option("--dburi", action="append", type="string", dest="dburi",
+                help="Database uri.  Multiple OK, "
+                "first one is run by default.")
+    make_option("--dropfirst", action="store_true", dest="dropfirst",
+                help="Drop all tables in the target database first")
+    make_option("--backend-only", action="store_true", dest="backend_only",
+                help="Run only tests marked with __backend__")
+    make_option("--mockpool", action="store_true", dest="mockpool",
+                help="Use mock pool (asserts only one connection used)")
+    make_option("--low-connections", action="store_true",
+                dest="low_connections",
+                help="Use a low number of distinct connections - "
+                "i.e. for Oracle TNS")
+    make_option("--reversetop", action="store_true",
+                dest="reversetop", default=False,
+                help="Use a random-ordering set implementation in the ORM "
+                "(helps reveal dependency issues)")
+    make_option("--requirements", action="callback", type="string",
+                callback=_requirements_opt,
+                help="requirements class for testing, overrides setup.cfg")
+    make_option("--with-cdecimal", action="store_true",
+                dest="cdecimal", default=False,
+                help="Monkeypatch the cdecimal library into Python 'decimal' "
+                "for all tests")
+    make_option("--serverside", action="callback",
+                callback=_server_side_cursors,
+                help="Turn on server side cursors for PG")
+    make_option("--mysql-engine", action="store",
+                dest="mysql_engine", default=None,
+                help="Use the specified MySQL storage engine for all tables, "
+                "default is a db-default/InnoDB combo.")
+    make_option("--tableopts", action="append", dest="tableopts", default=[],
+                help="Add a dialect-specific table option, key=value")
+    make_option("--write-profiles", action="store_true",
+                dest="write_profiles", default=False,
+                help="Write/update profiling data.")
+
+
+def read_config():
+    global file_config
+    file_config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    file_config.read(['setup.cfg', 'test.cfg'])
+
+
+def pre_begin(opt):
+    """things to set up early, before coverage might be setup."""
+    global options
+    options = opt
+    for fn in pre_configure:
+        fn(options, file_config)
+
+
+def set_coverage_flag(value):
+    options.has_coverage = value
+
+
+def post_begin():
+    """things to set up later, once we know coverage is running."""
+    # Lazy setup of other options (post coverage)
+    for fn in post_configure:
+        fn(options, file_config)
+
+    # late imports, has to happen after config as well
+    # as nose plugins like coverage
+    global util, fixtures, engines, exclusions, \
+        assertions, warnings, profiling,\
+        config, testing
+    from sqlalchemy import testing
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures, engines, exclusions, \
+        assertions, warnings, profiling, config
+    from sqlalchemy import util
+
+
+def _log(opt_str, value, parser):
+    global logging
+    if not logging:
+        import logging
+        logging.basicConfig()
+
+    if opt_str.endswith('-info'):
+        logging.getLogger(value).setLevel(logging.INFO)
+    elif opt_str.endswith('-debug'):
+        logging.getLogger(value).setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+
+def _list_dbs(*args):
+    print("Available --db options (use --dburi to override)")
+    for macro in sorted(file_config.options('db')):
+        print("%20s\t%s" % (macro, file_config.get('db', macro)))
+    sys.exit(0)
+
+
+def _server_side_cursors(opt_str, value, parser):
+    db_opts['server_side_cursors'] = True
+
+
+def _requirements_opt(opt_str, value, parser):
+    _setup_requirements(value)
+
+
+pre_configure = []
+post_configure = []
+
+
+def pre(fn):
+    pre_configure.append(fn)
+    return fn
+
+
+def post(fn):
+    post_configure.append(fn)
+    return fn
+
+
+@pre
+def _setup_options(opt, file_config):
+    global options
+    options = opt
+
+
+@pre
+def _monkeypatch_cdecimal(options, file_config):
+    if options.cdecimal:
+        import cdecimal
+        sys.modules['decimal'] = cdecimal
+
+
+@post
+def _engine_uri(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import engines, config
+    from sqlalchemy import testing
+
+    if options.dburi:
+        db_urls = list(options.dburi)
+    else:
+        db_urls = []
+
+    if options.db:
+        for db_token in options.db:
+            for db in re.split(r'[,\s]+', db_token):
+                if db not in file_config.options('db'):
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "Unknown URI specifier '%s'.  "
+                        "Specify --dbs for known uris."
+                        % db)
+                else:
+                    db_urls.append(file_config.get('db', db))
+
+    if not db_urls:
+        db_urls.append(file_config.get('db', 'default'))
+
+    for db_url in db_urls:
+        eng = engines.testing_engine(db_url, db_opts)
+        eng.connect().close()
+        config.Config.register(eng, db_opts, options, file_config, testing)
+
+    config.db_opts = db_opts
+
+
+@post
+def _engine_pool(options, file_config):
+    if options.mockpool:
+        from sqlalchemy import pool
+        db_opts['poolclass'] = pool.AssertionPool
+
+
+@post
+def _requirements(options, file_config):
+
+    requirement_cls = file_config.get('sqla_testing', "requirement_cls")
+    _setup_requirements(requirement_cls)
+
+
+def _setup_requirements(argument):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+    from sqlalchemy import testing
+
+    if config.requirements is not None:
+        return
+
+    modname, clsname = argument.split(":")
+
+    # importlib.import_module() only introduced in 2.7, a little
+    # late
+    mod = __import__(modname)
+    for component in modname.split(".")[1:]:
+        mod = getattr(mod, component)
+    req_cls = getattr(mod, clsname)
+
+    config.requirements = testing.requires = req_cls()
+
+
+@post
+def _prep_testing_database(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+    from sqlalchemy import schema, inspect
+
+    if options.dropfirst:
+        for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+            e = cfg.db
+            inspector = inspect(e)
+            try:
+                view_names = inspector.get_view_names()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                for vname in view_names:
+                    e.execute(schema._DropView(
+                        schema.Table(vname, schema.MetaData())
+                    ))
+
+            if config.requirements.schemas.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+                try:
+                    view_names = inspector.get_view_names(
+                        schema="test_schema")
+                except NotImplementedError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    for vname in view_names:
+                        e.execute(schema._DropView(
+                            schema.Table(vname, schema.MetaData(),
+                                         schema="test_schema")
+                        ))
+
+            for tname in reversed(inspector.get_table_names(
+                    order_by="foreign_key")):
+                e.execute(schema.DropTable(
+                    schema.Table(tname, schema.MetaData())
+                ))
+
+            if config.requirements.schemas.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+                for tname in reversed(inspector.get_table_names(
+                        order_by="foreign_key", schema="test_schema")):
+                    e.execute(schema.DropTable(
+                        schema.Table(tname, schema.MetaData(),
+                                     schema="test_schema")
+                    ))
+
+
+@post
+def _set_table_options(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import schema
+
+    table_options = schema.table_options
+    for spec in options.tableopts:
+        key, value = spec.split('=')
+        table_options[key] = value
+
+    if options.mysql_engine:
+        table_options['mysql_engine'] = options.mysql_engine
+
+
+@post
+def _reverse_topological(options, file_config):
+    if options.reversetop:
+        from sqlalchemy.orm.util import randomize_unitofwork
+        randomize_unitofwork()
+
+
+@post
+def _post_setup_options(opt, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+    config.options = options
+    config.file_config = file_config
+
+
+@post
+def _setup_profiling(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import profiling
+    profiling._profile_stats = profiling.ProfileStatsFile(
+        file_config.get('sqla_testing', 'profile_file'))
+
+
+def want_class(cls):
+    if not issubclass(cls, fixtures.TestBase):
+        return False
+    elif cls.__name__.startswith('_'):
+        return False
+    elif config.options.backend_only and not getattr(cls, '__backend__',
+                                                     False):
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def generate_sub_tests(cls, module):
+    if getattr(cls, '__backend__', False):
+        for cfg in _possible_configs_for_cls(cls):
+            name = "%s_%s_%s" % (cls.__name__, cfg.db.name, cfg.db.driver)
+            subcls = type(
+                name,
+                (cls, ),
+                {
+                    "__only_on__": ("%s+%s" % (cfg.db.name, cfg.db.driver)),
+                    "__backend__": False}
+            )
+            setattr(module, name, subcls)
+            yield subcls
+    else:
+        yield cls
+
+
+def start_test_class(cls):
+    _do_skips(cls)
+    _setup_engine(cls)
+
+
+def stop_test_class(cls):
+    engines.testing_reaper._stop_test_ctx()
+    if not options.low_connections:
+        assertions.global_cleanup_assertions()
+    _restore_engine()
+
+
+def _restore_engine():
+    config._current.reset(testing)
+
+
+def _setup_engine(cls):
+    if getattr(cls, '__engine_options__', None):
+        eng = engines.testing_engine(options=cls.__engine_options__)
+        config._current.push_engine(eng, testing)
+
+
+def before_test(test, test_module_name, test_class, test_name):
+
+    # like a nose id, e.g.:
+    # "test.aaa_profiling.test_compiler.CompileTest.test_update_whereclause"
+    name = test_class.__name__
+
+    suffix = "_%s_%s" % (config.db.name, config.db.driver)
+    if name.endswith(suffix):
+        name = name[0:-(len(suffix))]
+
+    id_ = "%s.%s.%s" % (test_module_name, name, test_name)
+
+    warnings.resetwarnings()
+    profiling._current_test = id_
+
+
+def after_test(test):
+    engines.testing_reaper._after_test_ctx()
+    warnings.resetwarnings()
+
+
+def _possible_configs_for_cls(cls):
+    all_configs = set(config.Config.all_configs())
+    if cls.__unsupported_on__:
+        spec = exclusions.db_spec(*cls.__unsupported_on__)
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            if spec(config_obj):
+                all_configs.remove(config_obj)
+    if getattr(cls, '__only_on__', None):
+        spec = exclusions.db_spec(*util.to_list(cls.__only_on__))
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            if not spec(config_obj):
+                all_configs.remove(config_obj)
+    return all_configs
+
+
+def _do_skips(cls):
+    all_configs = _possible_configs_for_cls(cls)
+    reasons = []
+
+    if hasattr(cls, '__requires__'):
+        requirements = config.requirements
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            for requirement in cls.__requires__:
+                check = getattr(requirements, requirement)
+
+                if check.predicate(config_obj):
+                    all_configs.remove(config_obj)
+                    if check.reason:
+                        reasons.append(check.reason)
+                    break
+
+    if hasattr(cls, '__prefer_requires__'):
+        non_preferred = set()
+        requirements = config.requirements
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            for requirement in cls.__prefer_requires__:
+                check = getattr(requirements, requirement)
+
+                if check.predicate(config_obj):
+                    non_preferred.add(config_obj)
+        if all_configs.difference(non_preferred):
+            all_configs.difference_update(non_preferred)
+
+    if getattr(cls, '__skip_if__', False):
+        for c in getattr(cls, '__skip_if__'):
+            if c():
+                raise SkipTest("'%s' skipped by %s" % (
+                    cls.__name__, c.__name__)
+                )
+
+    for db_spec, op, spec in getattr(cls, '__excluded_on__', ()):
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            if exclusions.skip_if(
+                    exclusions.SpecPredicate(db_spec, op, spec)
+            ).predicate(config_obj):
+                all_configs.remove(config_obj)
+    if not all_configs:
+        raise SkipTest(
+            "'%s' unsupported on DB implementation %s%s" % (
+                cls.__name__,
+                ", ".join("'%s' = %s"
+                          % (config_obj.db.name,
+                             config_obj.db.dialect.server_version_info)
+                          for config_obj in config.Config.all_configs()
+                          ),
+                ", ".join(reasons)
+            )
+        )
+    elif hasattr(cls, '__prefer_backends__'):
+        non_preferred = set()
+        spec = exclusions.db_spec(*util.to_list(cls.__prefer_backends__))
+        for config_obj in all_configs:
+            if not spec(config_obj):
+                non_preferred.add(config_obj)
+        if all_configs.difference(non_preferred):
+            all_configs.difference_update(non_preferred)
+
+    if config._current not in all_configs:
+        _setup_config(all_configs.pop(), cls)
+
+
+def _setup_config(config_obj, ctx):
+    config._current.push(config_obj, testing)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11238bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import pytest
+import argparse
+import inspect
+from . import plugin_base
+import collections
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("sqlalchemy")
+
+    def make_option(name, **kw):
+        callback_ = kw.pop("callback", None)
+        if callback_:
+            class CallableAction(argparse.Action):
+                def __call__(self, parser, namespace,
+                             values, option_string=None):
+                    callback_(option_string, values, parser)
+            kw["action"] = CallableAction
+
+        group.addoption(name, **kw)
+
+    plugin_base.setup_options(make_option)
+    plugin_base.read_config()
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    plugin_base.pre_begin(config.option)
+
+    plugin_base.set_coverage_flag(bool(getattr(config.option,
+                                               "cov_source", False)))
+
+    plugin_base.post_begin()
+
+
+def pytest_collection_modifyitems(session, config, items):
+    # look for all those classes that specify __backend__ and
+    # expand them out into per-database test cases.
+
+    # this is much easier to do within pytest_pycollect_makeitem, however
+    # pytest is iterating through cls.__dict__ as makeitem is
+    # called which causes a "dictionary changed size" error on py3k.
+    # I'd submit a pullreq for them to turn it into a list first, but
+    # it's to suit the rather odd use case here which is that we are adding
+    # new classes to a module on the fly.
+
+    rebuilt_items = collections.defaultdict(list)
+    test_classes = set(item.parent for item in items)
+    for test_class in test_classes:
+        for sub_cls in plugin_base.generate_sub_tests(
+                test_class.cls, test_class.parent.module):
+            if sub_cls is not test_class.cls:
+                list_ = rebuilt_items[test_class.cls]
+
+                for inst in pytest.Class(
+                        sub_cls.__name__,
+                        parent=test_class.parent.parent).collect():
+                    list_.extend(inst.collect())
+
+    newitems = []
+    for item in items:
+        if item.parent.cls in rebuilt_items:
+            newitems.extend(rebuilt_items[item.parent.cls])
+            rebuilt_items[item.parent.cls][:] = []
+        else:
+            newitems.append(item)
+
+    # seems like the functions attached to a test class aren't sorted already?
+    # is that true and why's that? (when using unittest, they're sorted)
+    items[:] = sorted(newitems, key=lambda item: (
+        item.parent.parent.parent.name,
+        item.parent.parent.name,
+        item.name
+    ))
+
+
+def pytest_pycollect_makeitem(collector, name, obj):
+
+    if inspect.isclass(obj) and plugin_base.want_class(obj):
+        return pytest.Class(name, parent=collector)
+    elif inspect.isfunction(obj) and \
+            name.startswith("test_") and \
+            isinstance(collector, pytest.Instance):
+        return pytest.Function(name, parent=collector)
+    else:
+        return []
+
+_current_class = None
+
+
+def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
+    # here we seem to get called only based on what we collected
+    # in pytest_collection_modifyitems.   So to do class-based stuff
+    # we have to tear that out.
+    global _current_class
+
+    if not isinstance(item, pytest.Function):
+        return
+
+    # ... so we're doing a little dance here to figure it out...
+    if item.parent.parent is not _current_class:
+
+        class_setup(item.parent.parent)
+        _current_class = item.parent.parent
+
+        # this is needed for the class-level, to ensure that the
+        # teardown runs after the class is completed with its own
+        # class-level teardown...
+        item.parent.parent.addfinalizer(
+            lambda: class_teardown(item.parent.parent))
+
+    test_setup(item)
+
+
+def pytest_runtest_teardown(item):
+    # ...but this works better as the hook here rather than
+    # using a finalizer, as the finalizer seems to get in the way
+    # of the test reporting failures correctly (you get a bunch of
+    # py.test assertion stuff instead)
+    test_teardown(item)
+
+
+def test_setup(item):
+    plugin_base.before_test(item, item.parent.module.__name__,
+                            item.parent.cls, item.name)
+
+
+def test_teardown(item):
+    plugin_base.after_test(item)
+
+
+def class_setup(item):
+    plugin_base.start_test_class(item.cls)
+
+
+def class_teardown(item):
+    plugin_base.stop_test_class(item.cls)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/profiling.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/profiling.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75baec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/profiling.py
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+# testing/profiling.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Profiling support for unit and performance tests.
+
+These are special purpose profiling methods which operate
+in a more fine-grained way than nose's profiling plugin.
+
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+from .util import gc_collect, decorator
+from . import config
+from .plugin.plugin_base import SkipTest
+import pstats
+import time
+import collections
+from .. import util
+
+try:
+    import cProfile
+except ImportError:
+    cProfile = None
+from ..util import jython, pypy, win32, update_wrapper
+
+_current_test = None
+
+
+def profiled(target=None, **target_opts):
+    """Function profiling.
+
+    @profiled()
+    or
+    @profiled(report=True, sort=('calls',), limit=20)
+
+    Outputs profiling info for a decorated function.
+
+    """
+
+    profile_config = {'targets': set(),
+                      'report': True,
+                      'print_callers': False,
+                      'print_callees': False,
+                      'graphic': False,
+                      'sort': ('time', 'calls'),
+                      'limit': None}
+    if target is None:
+        target = 'anonymous_target'
+
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        elapsed, load_stats, result = _profile(
+            fn, *args, **kw)
+
+        graphic = target_opts.get('graphic', profile_config['graphic'])
+        if graphic:
+            os.system("runsnake %s" % filename)
+        else:
+            report = target_opts.get('report', profile_config['report'])
+            if report:
+                sort_ = target_opts.get('sort', profile_config['sort'])
+                limit = target_opts.get('limit', profile_config['limit'])
+                print(("Profile report for target '%s'" % (
+                    target, )
+                ))
+
+                stats = load_stats()
+                stats.sort_stats(*sort_)
+                if limit:
+                    stats.print_stats(limit)
+                else:
+                    stats.print_stats()
+
+                print_callers = target_opts.get(
+                    'print_callers', profile_config['print_callers'])
+                if print_callers:
+                    stats.print_callers()
+
+                print_callees = target_opts.get(
+                    'print_callees', profile_config['print_callees'])
+                if print_callees:
+                    stats.print_callees()
+
+        return result
+    return decorate
+
+
+class ProfileStatsFile(object):
+    """"Store per-platform/fn profiling results in a file.
+
+    We're still targeting Py2.5, 2.4 on 0.7 with no dependencies,
+    so no json lib :(  need to roll something silly
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, filename):
+        self.write = (
+            config.options is not None and
+            config.options.write_profiles
+        )
+        self.fname = os.path.abspath(filename)
+        self.short_fname = os.path.split(self.fname)[-1]
+        self.data = collections.defaultdict(
+            lambda: collections.defaultdict(dict))
+        self._read()
+        if self.write:
+            # rewrite for the case where features changed,
+            # etc.
+            self._write()
+
+    @property
+    def platform_key(self):
+
+        dbapi_key = config.db.name + "_" + config.db.driver
+
+        # keep it at 2.7, 3.1, 3.2, etc. for now.
+        py_version = '.'.join([str(v) for v in sys.version_info[0:2]])
+
+        platform_tokens = [py_version]
+        platform_tokens.append(dbapi_key)
+        if jython:
+            platform_tokens.append("jython")
+        if pypy:
+            platform_tokens.append("pypy")
+        if win32:
+            platform_tokens.append("win")
+        _has_cext = config.requirements._has_cextensions()
+        platform_tokens.append(_has_cext and "cextensions" or "nocextensions")
+        return "_".join(platform_tokens)
+
+    def has_stats(self):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        return (
+            test_key in self.data and
+            self.platform_key in self.data[test_key]
+        )
+
+    def result(self, callcount):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+        per_platform = per_fn[self.platform_key]
+
+        if 'counts' not in per_platform:
+            per_platform['counts'] = counts = []
+        else:
+            counts = per_platform['counts']
+
+        if 'current_count' not in per_platform:
+            per_platform['current_count'] = current_count = 0
+        else:
+            current_count = per_platform['current_count']
+
+        has_count = len(counts) > current_count
+
+        if not has_count:
+            counts.append(callcount)
+            if self.write:
+                self._write()
+            result = None
+        else:
+            result = per_platform['lineno'], counts[current_count]
+        per_platform['current_count'] += 1
+        return result
+
+    def replace(self, callcount):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+        per_platform = per_fn[self.platform_key]
+        counts = per_platform['counts']
+        counts[-1] = callcount
+        if self.write:
+            self._write()
+
+    def _header(self):
+        return \
+            "# %s\n"\
+            "# This file is written out on a per-environment basis.\n"\
+            "# For each test in aaa_profiling, the corresponding function and \n"\
+            "# environment is located within this file.  If it doesn't exist,\n"\
+            "# the test is skipped.\n"\
+            "# If a callcount does exist, it is compared to what we received. \n"\
+            "# assertions are raised if the counts do not match.\n"\
+            "# \n"\
+            "# To add a new callcount test, apply the function_call_count \n"\
+            "# decorator and re-run the tests using the --write-profiles \n"\
+            "# option - this file will be rewritten including the new count.\n"\
+            "# \n"\
+            "" % (self.fname)
+
+    def _read(self):
+        try:
+            profile_f = open(self.fname)
+        except IOError:
+            return
+        for lineno, line in enumerate(profile_f):
+            line = line.strip()
+            if not line or line.startswith("#"):
+                continue
+
+            test_key, platform_key, counts = line.split()
+            per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+            per_platform = per_fn[platform_key]
+            c = [int(count) for count in counts.split(",")]
+            per_platform['counts'] = c
+            per_platform['lineno'] = lineno + 1
+            per_platform['current_count'] = 0
+        profile_f.close()
+
+    def _write(self):
+        print(("Writing profile file %s" % self.fname))
+        profile_f = open(self.fname, "w")
+        profile_f.write(self._header())
+        for test_key in sorted(self.data):
+
+            per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+            profile_f.write("\n# TEST: %s\n\n" % test_key)
+            for platform_key in sorted(per_fn):
+                per_platform = per_fn[platform_key]
+                c = ",".join(str(count) for count in per_platform['counts'])
+                profile_f.write("%s %s %s\n" % (test_key, platform_key, c))
+        profile_f.close()
+
+
+def function_call_count(variance=0.05):
+    """Assert a target for a test case's function call count.
+
+    The main purpose of this assertion is to detect changes in
+    callcounts for various functions - the actual number is not as important.
+    Callcounts are stored in a file keyed to Python version and OS platform
+    information.  This file is generated automatically for new tests,
+    and versioned so that unexpected changes in callcounts will be detected.
+
+    """
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        def wrap(*args, **kw):
+
+            if cProfile is None:
+                raise SkipTest("cProfile is not installed")
+
+            if not _profile_stats.has_stats() and not _profile_stats.write:
+                # run the function anyway, to support dependent tests
+                # (not a great idea but we have these in test_zoomark)
+                fn(*args, **kw)
+                raise SkipTest("No profiling stats available on this "
+                               "platform for this function.  Run tests with "
+                               "--write-profiles to add statistics to %s for "
+                               "this platform." % _profile_stats.short_fname)
+
+            gc_collect()
+
+            timespent, load_stats, fn_result = _profile(
+                fn, *args, **kw
+            )
+            stats = load_stats()
+            callcount = stats.total_calls
+
+            expected = _profile_stats.result(callcount)
+            if expected is None:
+                expected_count = None
+            else:
+                line_no, expected_count = expected
+
+            print(("Pstats calls: %d Expected %s" % (
+                callcount,
+                expected_count
+            )
+            ))
+            stats.print_stats()
+            # stats.print_callers()
+
+            if expected_count:
+                deviance = int(callcount * variance)
+                failed = abs(callcount - expected_count) > deviance
+
+                if failed:
+                    if _profile_stats.write:
+                        _profile_stats.replace(callcount)
+                    else:
+                        raise AssertionError(
+                            "Adjusted function call count %s not within %s%% "
+                            "of expected %s. Rerun with --write-profiles to "
+                            "regenerate this callcount."
+                            % (
+                                callcount, (variance * 100),
+                                expected_count))
+            return fn_result
+        return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
+    return decorate
+
+
+def _profile(fn, *args, **kw):
+    filename = "%s.prof" % fn.__name__
+
+    def load_stats():
+        st = pstats.Stats(filename)
+        os.unlink(filename)
+        return st
+
+    began = time.time()
+    cProfile.runctx('result = fn(*args, **kw)', globals(), locals(),
+                    filename=filename)
+    ended = time.time()
+
+    return ended - began, load_stats, locals()['result']
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/requirements.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/requirements.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2b1d8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/requirements.py
@@ -0,0 +1,633 @@
+# testing/requirements.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Global database feature support policy.
+
+Provides decorators to mark tests requiring specific feature support from the
+target database.
+
+External dialect test suites should subclass SuiteRequirements
+to provide specific inclusion/exclusions.
+
+"""
+
+from . import exclusions
+
+
+class Requirements(object):
+    pass
+
+
+class SuiteRequirements(Requirements):
+
+    @property
+    def create_table(self):
+        """target platform can emit basic CreateTable DDL."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def drop_table(self):
+        """target platform can emit basic DropTable DDL."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys(self):
+        """Target database must support foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def on_update_cascade(self):
+        """"target database must support ON UPDATE..CASCADE behavior in
+        foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def non_updating_cascade(self):
+        """target database must *not* support ON UPDATE..CASCADE behavior in
+        foreign keys."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def deferrable_fks(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def on_update_or_deferrable_fks(self):
+        # TODO: exclusions should be composable,
+        # somehow only_if([x, y]) isn't working here, negation/conjunctions
+        # getting confused.
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: self.on_update_cascade.enabled or
+            self.deferrable_fks.enabled
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def self_referential_foreign_keys(self):
+        """Target database must support self-referential foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_ddl(self):
+        """Target database must support the DDL phrases for FOREIGN KEY."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def named_constraints(self):
+        """target database must support names for constraints."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def subqueries(self):
+        """Target database must support subqueries."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def offset(self):
+        """target database can render OFFSET, or an equivalent, in a
+        SELECT.
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def boolean_col_expressions(self):
+        """Target database must support boolean expressions as columns"""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def nullsordering(self):
+        """Target backends that support nulls ordering."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def standalone_binds(self):
+        """target database/driver supports bound parameters as column expressions
+        without being in the context of a typed column.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def intersect(self):
+        """Target database must support INTERSECT or equivalent."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def except_(self):
+        """Target database must support EXCEPT or equivalent (i.e. MINUS)."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def window_functions(self):
+        """Target database must support window functions."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def autoincrement_insert(self):
+        """target platform generates new surrogate integer primary key values
+        when insert() is executed, excluding the pk column."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_rows_post_commit(self):
+        """target platform will allow cursor.fetchone() to proceed after a
+        COMMIT.
+
+        Typically this refers to an INSERT statement with RETURNING which
+        is invoked within "autocommit".   If the row can be returned
+        after the autocommit, then this rule can be open.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def empty_inserts(self):
+        """target platform supports INSERT with no values, i.e.
+        INSERT DEFAULT VALUES or equivalent."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_empty_insert or
+            config.db.dialect.supports_default_values,
+            "empty inserts not supported"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def insert_from_select(self):
+        """target platform supports INSERT from a SELECT."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def returning(self):
+        """target platform supports RETURNING."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.implicit_returning,
+            "'returning' not supported by database"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def duplicate_names_in_cursor_description(self):
+        """target platform supports a SELECT statement that has
+        the same name repeated more than once in the columns list."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def denormalized_names(self):
+        """Target database must have 'denormalized', i.e.
+        UPPERCASE as case insensitive names."""
+
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.requires_name_normalize,
+            "Backend does not require denormalized names."
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def multivalues_inserts(self):
+        """target database must support multiple VALUES clauses in an
+        INSERT statement."""
+
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.supports_multivalues_insert,
+            "Backend does not support multirow inserts."
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def implements_get_lastrowid(self):
+        """"target dialect implements the executioncontext.get_lastrowid()
+        method without reliance on RETURNING.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def emulated_lastrowid(self):
+        """"target dialect retrieves cursor.lastrowid, or fetches
+        from a database-side function after an insert() construct executes,
+        within the get_lastrowid() method.
+
+        Only dialects that "pre-execute", or need RETURNING to get last
+        inserted id, would return closed/fail/skip for this.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def dbapi_lastrowid(self):
+        """"target platform includes a 'lastrowid' accessor on the DBAPI
+        cursor object.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def views(self):
+        """Target database must support VIEWs."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def schemas(self):
+        """Target database must support external schemas, and have one
+        named 'test_schema'."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def sequences(self):
+        """Target database must support SEQUENCEs."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if([
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_sequences
+        ], "no sequence support")
+
+    @property
+    def sequences_optional(self):
+        """Target database supports sequences, but also optionally
+        as a means of generating new PK values."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if([
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_sequences and
+            config.db.dialect.sequences_optional
+        ], "no sequence support, or sequences not optional")
+
+    @property
+    def reflects_pk_names(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def table_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def view_column_reflection(self):
+        """target database must support retrieval of the columns in a view,
+        similarly to how a table is inspected.
+
+        This does not include the full CREATE VIEW definition.
+
+        """
+        return self.views
+
+    @property
+    def view_reflection(self):
+        """target database must support inspection of the full CREATE VIEW definition.
+        """
+        return self.views
+
+    @property
+    def schema_reflection(self):
+        return self.schemas
+
+    @property
+    def primary_key_constraint_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_constraint_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def index_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unique_constraint_reflection(self):
+        """target dialect supports reflection of unique constraints"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unbounded_varchar(self):
+        """Target database must support VARCHAR with no length"""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_data(self):
+        """Target database/dialect must support Python unicode objects with
+        non-ASCII characters represented, delivered as bound parameters
+        as well as in result rows.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_ddl(self):
+        """Target driver must support some degree of non-ascii symbol
+        names.
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_literals(self):
+        """target dialect supports rendering of a date, time, or datetime as a
+        literal string, e.g. via the TypeEngine.literal_processor() method.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_microseconds(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() with microsecond objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_historic(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() objects with historic (pre 1970) values."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def date(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.date() objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def date_coerces_from_datetime(self):
+        """target dialect accepts a datetime object as the target
+        of a date column."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def date_historic(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() objects with historic (pre 1970) values."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def time(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.time() objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def time_microseconds(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.time() with microsecond objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def binary_comparisons(self):
+        """target database/driver can allow BLOB/BINARY fields to be compared
+        against a bound parameter value.
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def binary_literals(self):
+        """target backend supports simple binary literals, e.g. an
+        expression like::
+
+            SELECT CAST('foo' AS BINARY)
+
+        Where ``BINARY`` is the type emitted from :class:`.LargeBinary`,
+        e.g. it could be ``BLOB`` or similar.
+
+        Basically fails on Oracle.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_general(self):
+        """target backend has general support for moderately high-precision
+        numerics."""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_enotation_small(self):
+        """target backend supports Decimal() objects using E notation
+        to represent very small values."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_enotation_large(self):
+        """target backend supports Decimal() objects using E notation
+        to represent very large values."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_many_significant_digits(self):
+        """target backend supports values with many digits on both sides,
+        such as 319438950232418390.273596, 87673.594069654243
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_retains_significant_digits(self):
+        """A precision numeric type will return empty significant digits,
+        i.e. a value such as 10.000 will come back in Decimal form with
+        the .000 maintained."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_generic_float_type(self):
+        """target backend will return native floating point numbers with at
+        least seven decimal places when using the generic Float type.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def floats_to_four_decimals(self):
+        """target backend can return a floating-point number with four
+        significant digits (such as 15.7563) accurately
+        (i.e. without FP inaccuracies, such as 15.75629997253418).
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_null_from_numeric(self):
+        """target backend doesn't crash when you try to select a NUMERIC
+        value that has a value of NULL.
+
+        Added to support Pyodbc bug #351.
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def text_type(self):
+        """Target database must support an unbounded Text() "
+        "type such as TEXT or CLOB"""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def empty_strings_varchar(self):
+        """target database can persist/return an empty string with a
+        varchar.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def empty_strings_text(self):
+        """target database can persist/return an empty string with an
+        unbounded text."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def selectone(self):
+        """target driver must support the literal statement 'select 1'"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def savepoints(self):
+        """Target database must support savepoints."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def two_phase_transactions(self):
+        """Target database must support two-phase transactions."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def update_from(self):
+        """Target must support UPDATE..FROM syntax"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def update_where_target_in_subquery(self):
+        """Target must support UPDATE where the same table is present in a
+        subquery in the WHERE clause.
+
+        This is an ANSI-standard syntax that apparently MySQL can't handle,
+        such as:
+
+        UPDATE documents SET flag=1 WHERE documents.title IN
+            (SELECT max(documents.title) AS title
+                FROM documents GROUP BY documents.user_id
+            )
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def mod_operator_as_percent_sign(self):
+        """target database must use a plain percent '%' as the 'modulus'
+        operator."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def percent_schema_names(self):
+        """target backend supports weird identifiers with percent signs
+        in them, e.g. 'some % column'.
+
+        this is a very weird use case but often has problems because of
+        DBAPIs that use python formatting.  It's not a critical use
+        case either.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def order_by_label_with_expression(self):
+        """target backend supports ORDER BY a column label within an
+        expression.
+
+        Basically this::
+
+            select data as foo from test order by foo || 'bar'
+
+        Lots of databases including Postgresql don't support this,
+        so this is off by default.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_connections(self):
+        """Target driver must support non-ASCII characters being passed at
+        all.
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def skip_mysql_on_windows(self):
+        """Catchall for a large variety of MySQL on Windows failures"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def ad_hoc_engines(self):
+        """Test environment must allow ad-hoc engine/connection creation.
+
+        DBs that scale poorly for many connections, even when closed, i.e.
+        Oracle, may use the "--low-connections" option which flags this
+        requirement as not present.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: config.options.low_connections)
+
+    def _has_mysql_on_windows(self, config):
+        return False
+
+    def _has_mysql_fully_case_sensitive(self, config):
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def sqlite(self):
+        return exclusions.skip_if(lambda: not self._has_sqlite())
+
+    @property
+    def cextensions(self):
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda: not self._has_cextensions(), "C extensions not installed"
+        )
+
+    def _has_sqlite(self):
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+        try:
+            create_engine('sqlite://')
+            return True
+        except ImportError:
+            return False
+
+    def _has_cextensions(self):
+        try:
+            from sqlalchemy import cresultproxy, cprocessors
+            return True
+        except ImportError:
+            return False
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/runner.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/runner.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df25452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/runner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# testing/runner.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""
+Nose test runner module.
+
+This script is a front-end to "nosetests" which
+installs SQLAlchemy's testing plugin into the local environment.
+
+The script is intended to be used by third-party dialects and extensions
+that run within SQLAlchemy's testing framework.    The runner can
+be invoked via::
+
+    python -m sqlalchemy.testing.runner
+
+The script is then essentially the same as the "nosetests" script, including
+all of the usual Nose options.   The test environment requires that a
+setup.cfg is locally present including various required options.
+
+Note that when using this runner, Nose's "coverage" plugin will not be
+able to provide coverage for SQLAlchemy itself, since SQLAlchemy is
+imported into sys.modules before coverage is started.   The special
+script sqla_nose.py is provided as a top-level script which loads the
+plugin in a special (somewhat hacky) way so that coverage against
+SQLAlchemy itself is possible.
+
+"""
+
+from sqlalchemy.testing.plugin.noseplugin import NoseSQLAlchemy
+
+import nose
+
+
+def main():
+    nose.main(addplugins=[NoseSQLAlchemy()])
+
+
+def setup_py_test():
+    """Runner to use for the 'test_suite' entry of your setup.py.
+
+    Prevents any name clash shenanigans from the command line
+    argument "test" that the "setup.py test" command sends
+    to nose.
+
+    """
+    nose.main(addplugins=[NoseSQLAlchemy()], argv=['runner'])
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/schema.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cb356d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# testing/schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from . import exclusions
+from .. import schema, event
+from . import config
+
+__all__ = 'Table', 'Column',
+
+table_options = {}
+
+
+def Table(*args, **kw):
+    """A schema.Table wrapper/hook for dialect-specific tweaks."""
+
+    test_opts = dict([(k, kw.pop(k)) for k in list(kw)
+                      if k.startswith('test_')])
+
+    kw.update(table_options)
+
+    if exclusions.against(config._current, 'mysql'):
+        if 'mysql_engine' not in kw and 'mysql_type' not in kw:
+            if 'test_needs_fk' in test_opts or 'test_needs_acid' in test_opts:
+                kw['mysql_engine'] = 'InnoDB'
+            else:
+                kw['mysql_engine'] = 'MyISAM'
+
+    # Apply some default cascading rules for self-referential foreign keys.
+    # MySQL InnoDB has some issues around seleting self-refs too.
+    if exclusions.against(config._current, 'firebird'):
+        table_name = args[0]
+        unpack = (config.db.dialect.
+                  identifier_preparer.unformat_identifiers)
+
+        # Only going after ForeignKeys in Columns.  May need to
+        # expand to ForeignKeyConstraint too.
+        fks = [fk
+               for col in args if isinstance(col, schema.Column)
+               for fk in col.foreign_keys]
+
+        for fk in fks:
+            # root around in raw spec
+            ref = fk._colspec
+            if isinstance(ref, schema.Column):
+                name = ref.table.name
+            else:
+                # take just the table name: on FB there cannot be
+                # a schema, so the first element is always the
+                # table name, possibly followed by the field name
+                name = unpack(ref)[0]
+            if name == table_name:
+                if fk.ondelete is None:
+                    fk.ondelete = 'CASCADE'
+                if fk.onupdate is None:
+                    fk.onupdate = 'CASCADE'
+
+    return schema.Table(*args, **kw)
+
+
+def Column(*args, **kw):
+    """A schema.Column wrapper/hook for dialect-specific tweaks."""
+
+    test_opts = dict([(k, kw.pop(k)) for k in list(kw)
+                      if k.startswith('test_')])
+
+    if config.requirements.foreign_key_ddl.predicate(config):
+        args = [arg for arg in args if not isinstance(arg, schema.ForeignKey)]
+
+    col = schema.Column(*args, **kw)
+    if 'test_needs_autoincrement' in test_opts and \
+            kw.get('primary_key', False):
+
+        # allow any test suite to pick up on this
+        col.info['test_needs_autoincrement'] = True
+
+        # hardcoded rule for firebird, oracle; this should
+        # be moved out
+        if exclusions.against(config._current, 'firebird', 'oracle'):
+            def add_seq(c, tbl):
+                c._init_items(
+                    schema.Sequence(_truncate_name(
+                        config.db.dialect, tbl.name + '_' + c.name + '_seq'),
+                        optional=True)
+                )
+            event.listen(col, 'after_parent_attach', add_seq, propagate=True)
+    return col
+
+
+def _truncate_name(dialect, name):
+    if len(name) > dialect.max_identifier_length:
+        return name[0:max(dialect.max_identifier_length - 6, 0)] + \
+            "_" + hex(hash(name) % 64)[2:]
+    else:
+        return name
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..780aa40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_ddl import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_insert import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_sequence import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_select import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_results import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_update_delete import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_reflection import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_types import *
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_ddl.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_ddl.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d8010c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_ddl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+
+
+from .. import fixtures, config, util
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..assertions import eq_
+
+from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Integer, String
+
+
+class TableDDLTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def _simple_fixture(self):
+        return Table('test_table', self.metadata,
+                     Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                            autoincrement=False),
+                     Column('data', String(50))
+                     )
+
+    def _underscore_fixture(self):
+        return Table('_test_table', self.metadata,
+                     Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                            autoincrement=False),
+                     Column('_data', String(50))
+                     )
+
+    def _simple_roundtrip(self, table):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(table.insert().values((1, 'some data')))
+            result = conn.execute(table.select())
+            eq_(
+                result.first(),
+                (1, 'some data')
+            )
+
+    @requirements.create_table
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_create_table(self):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+        table.create(
+            config.db, checkfirst=False
+        )
+        self._simple_roundtrip(table)
+
+    @requirements.drop_table
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_drop_table(self):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+        table.create(
+            config.db, checkfirst=False
+        )
+        table.drop(
+            config.db, checkfirst=False
+        )
+
+    @requirements.create_table
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_underscore_names(self):
+        table = self._underscore_fixture()
+        table.create(
+            config.db, checkfirst=False
+        )
+        self._simple_roundtrip(table)
+
+__all__ = ('TableDDLTest', )
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_insert.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_insert.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92d3d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_insert.py
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+from .. import fixtures, config
+from ..config import requirements
+from .. import exclusions
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from .. import engines
+
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, select, util
+
+from ..schema import Table, Column
+
+
+class LastrowidTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = 'each'
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __requires__ = 'implements_get_lastrowid', 'autoincrement_insert'
+
+    __engine_options__ = {"implicit_returning": False}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('autoinc_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                     test_needs_autoincrement=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+        Table('manual_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+    def _assert_round_trip(self, table, conn):
+        row = conn.execute(table.select()).first()
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (config.db.dialect.default_sequence_base, "some data")
+        )
+
+    def test_autoincrement_on_insert(self):
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.autoinc_pk, config.db)
+
+    def test_last_inserted_id(self):
+
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        pk = config.db.scalar(select([self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id]))
+        eq_(
+            r.inserted_primary_key,
+            [pk]
+        )
+
+    # failed on pypy1.9 but seems to be OK on pypy 2.1
+    # @exclusions.fails_if(lambda: util.pypy,
+    #                      "lastrowid not maintained after "
+    #                      "connection close")
+    @requirements.dbapi_lastrowid
+    def test_native_lastrowid_autoinc(self):
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        lastrowid = r.lastrowid
+        pk = config.db.scalar(select([self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id]))
+        eq_(
+            lastrowid, pk
+        )
+
+
+class InsertBehaviorTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = 'each'
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('autoinc_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                     test_needs_autoincrement=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+        Table('manual_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+    def test_autoclose_on_insert(self):
+        if requirements.returning.enabled:
+            engine = engines.testing_engine(
+                options={'implicit_returning': False})
+        else:
+            engine = config.db
+
+        r = engine.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        assert r.closed
+        assert r.is_insert
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+
+    @requirements.returning
+    def test_autoclose_on_insert_implicit_returning(self):
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        assert r.closed
+        assert r.is_insert
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+
+    @requirements.empty_inserts
+    def test_empty_insert(self):
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+        )
+        assert r.closed
+
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.select().
+            where(self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id != None)
+        )
+
+        assert len(r.fetchall())
+
+    @requirements.insert_from_select
+    def test_insert_from_select(self):
+        table = self.tables.manual_pk
+        config.db.execute(
+            table.insert(),
+            [
+                dict(id=1, data="data1"),
+                dict(id=2, data="data2"),
+                dict(id=3, data="data3"),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            table.insert(inline=True).
+            from_select(("id", "data",),
+                        select([table.c.id + 5, table.c.data]).
+                        where(table.c.data.in_(["data2", "data3"]))
+                        ),
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            config.db.execute(
+                select([table.c.data]).order_by(table.c.data)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [("data1", ), ("data2", ), ("data2", ),
+                ("data3", ), ("data3", )]
+        )
+
+
+class ReturningTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_create_tables = 'each'
+    __requires__ = 'returning', 'autoincrement_insert'
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __engine_options__ = {"implicit_returning": True}
+
+    def _assert_round_trip(self, table, conn):
+        row = conn.execute(table.select()).first()
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (config.db.dialect.default_sequence_base, "some data")
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('autoinc_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                     test_needs_autoincrement=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+    @requirements.fetch_rows_post_commit
+    def test_explicit_returning_pk_autocommit(self):
+        engine = config.db
+        table = self.tables.autoinc_pk
+        r = engine.execute(
+            table.insert().returning(
+                table.c.id),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        pk = r.first()[0]
+        fetched_pk = config.db.scalar(select([table.c.id]))
+        eq_(fetched_pk, pk)
+
+    def test_explicit_returning_pk_no_autocommit(self):
+        engine = config.db
+        table = self.tables.autoinc_pk
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            r = conn.execute(
+                table.insert().returning(
+                    table.c.id),
+                data="some data"
+            )
+            pk = r.first()[0]
+        fetched_pk = config.db.scalar(select([table.c.id]))
+        eq_(fetched_pk, pk)
+
+    def test_autoincrement_on_insert_implcit_returning(self):
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.autoinc_pk, config.db)
+
+    def test_last_inserted_id_implicit_returning(self):
+
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        pk = config.db.scalar(select([self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id]))
+        eq_(
+            r.inserted_primary_key,
+            [pk]
+        )
+
+
+__all__ = ('LastrowidTest', 'InsertBehaviorTest', 'ReturningTest')
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_reflection.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_reflection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cc5fd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_reflection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,536 @@
+
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy import exc as sa_exc
+from sqlalchemy import types as sql_types
+from sqlalchemy import inspect
+from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Integer, String
+from sqlalchemy.engine.reflection import Inspector
+from sqlalchemy.testing import engines, fixtures
+from sqlalchemy.testing.schema import Table, Column
+from sqlalchemy.testing import eq_, assert_raises_message
+from sqlalchemy import testing
+from .. import config
+import operator
+from sqlalchemy.schema import DDL, Index
+from sqlalchemy import event
+
+metadata, users = None, None
+
+
+class HasTableTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('test_table', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+    def test_has_table(self):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            assert config.db.dialect.has_table(conn, "test_table")
+            assert not config.db.dialect.has_table(conn, "nonexistent_table")
+
+
+class ComponentReflectionTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_inserts = run_deletes = None
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        cls.define_reflected_tables(metadata, None)
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            cls.define_reflected_tables(metadata, "test_schema")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_reflected_tables(cls, metadata, schema):
+        if schema:
+            schema_prefix = schema + "."
+        else:
+            schema_prefix = ""
+
+        if testing.requires.self_referential_foreign_keys.enabled:
+            users = Table('users', metadata,
+                          Column('user_id', sa.INT, primary_key=True),
+                          Column('test1', sa.CHAR(5), nullable=False),
+                          Column('test2', sa.Float(5), nullable=False),
+                          Column('parent_user_id', sa.Integer,
+                                 sa.ForeignKey('%susers.user_id' %
+                                               schema_prefix)),
+                          schema=schema,
+                          test_needs_fk=True,
+                          )
+        else:
+            users = Table('users', metadata,
+                          Column('user_id', sa.INT, primary_key=True),
+                          Column('test1', sa.CHAR(5), nullable=False),
+                          Column('test2', sa.Float(5), nullable=False),
+                          schema=schema,
+                          test_needs_fk=True,
+                          )
+
+        Table("dingalings", metadata,
+              Column('dingaling_id', sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
+              Column('address_id', sa.Integer,
+                     sa.ForeignKey('%semail_addresses.address_id' %
+                                   schema_prefix)),
+              Column('data', sa.String(30)),
+              schema=schema,
+              test_needs_fk=True,
+              )
+        Table('email_addresses', metadata,
+              Column('address_id', sa.Integer),
+              Column('remote_user_id', sa.Integer,
+                     sa.ForeignKey(users.c.user_id)),
+              Column('email_address', sa.String(20)),
+              sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('address_id', name='email_ad_pk'),
+              schema=schema,
+              test_needs_fk=True,
+              )
+
+        if testing.requires.index_reflection.enabled:
+            cls.define_index(metadata, users)
+        if testing.requires.view_column_reflection.enabled:
+            cls.define_views(metadata, schema)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_index(cls, metadata, users):
+        Index("users_t_idx", users.c.test1, users.c.test2)
+        Index("users_all_idx", users.c.user_id, users.c.test2, users.c.test1)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_views(cls, metadata, schema):
+        for table_name in ('users', 'email_addresses'):
+            fullname = table_name
+            if schema:
+                fullname = "%s.%s" % (schema, table_name)
+            view_name = fullname + '_v'
+            query = "CREATE VIEW %s AS SELECT * FROM %s" % (
+                view_name, fullname)
+
+            event.listen(
+                metadata,
+                "after_create",
+                DDL(query)
+            )
+            event.listen(
+                metadata,
+                "before_drop",
+                DDL("DROP VIEW %s" % view_name)
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_get_schema_names(self):
+        insp = inspect(testing.db)
+
+        self.assert_('test_schema' in insp.get_schema_names())
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_dialect_initialize(self):
+        engine = engines.testing_engine()
+        assert not hasattr(engine.dialect, 'default_schema_name')
+        inspect(engine)
+        assert hasattr(engine.dialect, 'default_schema_name')
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_get_default_schema_name(self):
+        insp = inspect(testing.db)
+        eq_(insp.default_schema_name, testing.db.dialect.default_schema_name)
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_table_names(self, schema=None, table_type='table',
+                              order_by=None):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users, addresses, dingalings = self.tables.users, \
+            self.tables.email_addresses, self.tables.dingalings
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+        if table_type == 'view':
+            table_names = insp.get_view_names(schema)
+            table_names.sort()
+            answer = ['email_addresses_v', 'users_v']
+            eq_(sorted(table_names), answer)
+        else:
+            table_names = insp.get_table_names(schema,
+                                               order_by=order_by)
+            if order_by == 'foreign_key':
+                answer = ['users', 'email_addresses', 'dingalings']
+                eq_(table_names, answer)
+            else:
+                answer = ['dingalings', 'email_addresses', 'users']
+                eq_(sorted(table_names), answer)
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_get_table_names(self):
+        self._test_get_table_names()
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_table_names_fks(self):
+        self._test_get_table_names(order_by='foreign_key')
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_table_names_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_table_names('test_schema')
+
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    def test_get_view_names(self):
+        self._test_get_table_names(table_type='view')
+
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_view_names_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_table_names('test_schema', table_type='view')
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    def test_get_tables_and_views(self):
+        self._test_get_table_names()
+        self._test_get_table_names(table_type='view')
+
+    def _test_get_columns(self, schema=None, table_type='table'):
+        meta = MetaData(testing.db)
+        users, addresses, dingalings = self.tables.users, \
+            self.tables.email_addresses, self.tables.dingalings
+        table_names = ['users', 'email_addresses']
+        if table_type == 'view':
+            table_names = ['users_v', 'email_addresses_v']
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+        for table_name, table in zip(table_names, (users,
+                                                   addresses)):
+            schema_name = schema
+            cols = insp.get_columns(table_name, schema=schema_name)
+            self.assert_(len(cols) > 0, len(cols))
+
+            # should be in order
+
+            for i, col in enumerate(table.columns):
+                eq_(col.name, cols[i]['name'])
+                ctype = cols[i]['type'].__class__
+                ctype_def = col.type
+                if isinstance(ctype_def, sa.types.TypeEngine):
+                    ctype_def = ctype_def.__class__
+
+                # Oracle returns Date for DateTime.
+
+                if testing.against('oracle') and ctype_def \
+                        in (sql_types.Date, sql_types.DateTime):
+                    ctype_def = sql_types.Date
+
+                # assert that the desired type and return type share
+                # a base within one of the generic types.
+
+                self.assert_(len(set(ctype.__mro__).
+                                 intersection(ctype_def.__mro__).
+                                 intersection([
+                                     sql_types.Integer,
+                                     sql_types.Numeric,
+                                     sql_types.DateTime,
+                                     sql_types.Date,
+                                     sql_types.Time,
+                                     sql_types.String,
+                                     sql_types._Binary,
+                                 ])) > 0, '%s(%s), %s(%s)' %
+                             (col.name, col.type, cols[i]['name'], ctype))
+
+                if not col.primary_key:
+                    assert cols[i]['default'] is None
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_get_columns(self):
+        self._test_get_columns()
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _type_round_trip(self, *types):
+        t = Table('t', self.metadata,
+                  *[
+                      Column('t%d' % i, type_)
+                      for i, type_ in enumerate(types)
+                  ]
+                  )
+        t.create()
+
+        return [
+            c['type'] for c in
+            inspect(self.metadata.bind).get_columns('t')
+        ]
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_numeric_reflection(self):
+        for typ in self._type_round_trip(
+            sql_types.Numeric(18, 5),
+        ):
+            assert isinstance(typ, sql_types.Numeric)
+            eq_(typ.precision, 18)
+            eq_(typ.scale, 5)
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_varchar_reflection(self):
+        typ = self._type_round_trip(sql_types.String(52))[0]
+        assert isinstance(typ, sql_types.String)
+        eq_(typ.length, 52)
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def test_nullable_reflection(self):
+        t = Table('t', self.metadata,
+                  Column('a', Integer, nullable=True),
+                  Column('b', Integer, nullable=False))
+        t.create()
+        eq_(
+            dict(
+                (col['name'], col['nullable'])
+                for col in inspect(self.metadata.bind).get_columns('t')
+            ),
+            {"a": True, "b": False}
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_columns_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_columns(schema='test_schema')
+
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    def test_get_view_columns(self):
+        self._test_get_columns(table_type='view')
+
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_view_columns_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_columns(schema='test_schema', table_type='view')
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_pk_constraint(self, schema=None):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users, addresses = self.tables.users, self.tables.email_addresses
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+
+        users_cons = insp.get_pk_constraint(users.name, schema=schema)
+        users_pkeys = users_cons['constrained_columns']
+        eq_(users_pkeys, ['user_id'])
+
+        addr_cons = insp.get_pk_constraint(addresses.name, schema=schema)
+        addr_pkeys = addr_cons['constrained_columns']
+        eq_(addr_pkeys, ['address_id'])
+
+        with testing.requires.reflects_pk_names.fail_if():
+            eq_(addr_cons['name'], 'email_ad_pk')
+
+    @testing.requires.primary_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_pk_constraint(self):
+        self._test_get_pk_constraint()
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.primary_key_constraint_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_pk_constraint_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_pk_constraint(schema='test_schema')
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def test_deprecated_get_primary_keys(self):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users = self.tables.users
+        insp = Inspector(meta.bind)
+        assert_raises_message(
+            sa_exc.SADeprecationWarning,
+            "Call to deprecated method get_primary_keys."
+            "  Use get_pk_constraint instead.",
+            insp.get_primary_keys, users.name
+        )
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_foreign_keys(self, schema=None):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users, addresses, dingalings = self.tables.users, \
+            self.tables.email_addresses, self.tables.dingalings
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+        expected_schema = schema
+        # users
+
+        if testing.requires.self_referential_foreign_keys.enabled:
+            users_fkeys = insp.get_foreign_keys(users.name,
+                                                schema=schema)
+            fkey1 = users_fkeys[0]
+
+            with testing.requires.named_constraints.fail_if():
+                self.assert_(fkey1['name'] is not None)
+
+            eq_(fkey1['referred_schema'], expected_schema)
+            eq_(fkey1['referred_table'], users.name)
+            eq_(fkey1['referred_columns'], ['user_id', ])
+            if testing.requires.self_referential_foreign_keys.enabled:
+                eq_(fkey1['constrained_columns'], ['parent_user_id'])
+
+        # addresses
+        addr_fkeys = insp.get_foreign_keys(addresses.name,
+                                           schema=schema)
+        fkey1 = addr_fkeys[0]
+
+        with testing.requires.named_constraints.fail_if():
+            self.assert_(fkey1['name'] is not None)
+
+        eq_(fkey1['referred_schema'], expected_schema)
+        eq_(fkey1['referred_table'], users.name)
+        eq_(fkey1['referred_columns'], ['user_id', ])
+        eq_(fkey1['constrained_columns'], ['remote_user_id'])
+
+    @testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_foreign_keys(self):
+        self._test_get_foreign_keys()
+
+    @testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_foreign_keys_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_foreign_keys(schema='test_schema')
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_indexes(self, schema=None):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users, addresses, dingalings = self.tables.users, \
+            self.tables.email_addresses, self.tables.dingalings
+        # The database may decide to create indexes for foreign keys, etc.
+        # so there may be more indexes than expected.
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+        indexes = insp.get_indexes('users', schema=schema)
+        expected_indexes = [
+            {'unique': False,
+             'column_names': ['test1', 'test2'],
+             'name': 'users_t_idx'},
+            {'unique': False,
+             'column_names': ['user_id', 'test2', 'test1'],
+             'name': 'users_all_idx'}
+        ]
+        index_names = [d['name'] for d in indexes]
+        for e_index in expected_indexes:
+            assert e_index['name'] in index_names
+            index = indexes[index_names.index(e_index['name'])]
+            for key in e_index:
+                eq_(e_index[key], index[key])
+
+    @testing.requires.index_reflection
+    def test_get_indexes(self):
+        self._test_get_indexes()
+
+    @testing.requires.index_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_indexes_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_indexes(schema='test_schema')
+
+    @testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_unique_constraints(self):
+        self._test_get_unique_constraints()
+
+    @testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_unique_constraints_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_unique_constraints(schema='test_schema')
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_unique_constraints(self, schema=None):
+        uniques = sorted(
+            [
+                {'name': 'unique_a', 'column_names': ['a']},
+                {'name': 'unique_a_b_c', 'column_names': ['a', 'b', 'c']},
+                {'name': 'unique_c_a_b', 'column_names': ['c', 'a', 'b']},
+                {'name': 'unique_asc_key', 'column_names': ['asc', 'key']},
+            ],
+            key=operator.itemgetter('name')
+        )
+        orig_meta = self.metadata
+        table = Table(
+            'testtbl', orig_meta,
+            Column('a', sa.String(20)),
+            Column('b', sa.String(30)),
+            Column('c', sa.Integer),
+            # reserved identifiers
+            Column('asc', sa.String(30)),
+            Column('key', sa.String(30)),
+            schema=schema
+        )
+        for uc in uniques:
+            table.append_constraint(
+                sa.UniqueConstraint(*uc['column_names'], name=uc['name'])
+            )
+        orig_meta.create_all()
+
+        inspector = inspect(orig_meta.bind)
+        reflected = sorted(
+            inspector.get_unique_constraints('testtbl', schema=schema),
+            key=operator.itemgetter('name')
+        )
+
+        for orig, refl in zip(uniques, reflected):
+            eq_(orig, refl)
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_view_definition(self, schema=None):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users, addresses, dingalings = self.tables.users, \
+            self.tables.email_addresses, self.tables.dingalings
+        view_name1 = 'users_v'
+        view_name2 = 'email_addresses_v'
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+        v1 = insp.get_view_definition(view_name1, schema=schema)
+        self.assert_(v1)
+        v2 = insp.get_view_definition(view_name2, schema=schema)
+        self.assert_(v2)
+
+    @testing.requires.view_reflection
+    def test_get_view_definition(self):
+        self._test_get_view_definition()
+
+    @testing.requires.view_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_view_definition_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_view_definition(schema='test_schema')
+
+    @testing.only_on("postgresql", "PG specific feature")
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_table_oid(self, table_name, schema=None):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users, addresses, dingalings = self.tables.users, \
+            self.tables.email_addresses, self.tables.dingalings
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+        oid = insp.get_table_oid(table_name, schema)
+        self.assert_(isinstance(oid, int))
+
+    def test_get_table_oid(self):
+        self._test_get_table_oid('users')
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_table_oid_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_table_oid('users', schema='test_schema')
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def test_autoincrement_col(self):
+        """test that 'autoincrement' is reflected according to sqla's policy.
+
+        Don't mark this test as unsupported for any backend !
+
+        (technically it fails with MySQL InnoDB since "id" comes before "id2")
+
+        A backend is better off not returning "autoincrement" at all,
+        instead of potentially returning "False" for an auto-incrementing
+        primary key column.
+
+        """
+
+        meta = self.metadata
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+
+        for tname, cname in [
+            ('users', 'user_id'),
+            ('email_addresses', 'address_id'),
+            ('dingalings', 'dingaling_id'),
+        ]:
+            cols = insp.get_columns(tname)
+            id_ = dict((c['name'], c) for c in cols)[cname]
+            assert id_.get('autoincrement', True)
+
+
+__all__ = ('ComponentReflectionTest', 'HasTableTest')
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_results.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_results.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ffaa6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_results.py
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+from .. import fixtures, config
+from ..config import requirements
+from .. import exclusions
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from .. import engines
+
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, select, util, sql, DateTime
+import datetime
+from ..schema import Table, Column
+
+
+class RowFetchTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('plain_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+        Table('has_dates', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+              Column('today', DateTime)
+              )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls):
+        config.db.execute(
+            cls.tables.plain_pk.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ]
+        )
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            cls.tables.has_dates.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "today": datetime.datetime(2006, 5, 12, 12, 0, 0)}
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def test_via_string(self):
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().
+            order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(
+            row['id'], 1
+        )
+        eq_(
+            row['data'], "d1"
+        )
+
+    def test_via_int(self):
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().
+            order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(
+            row[0], 1
+        )
+        eq_(
+            row[1], "d1"
+        )
+
+    def test_via_col_object(self):
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().
+            order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(
+            row[self.tables.plain_pk.c.id], 1
+        )
+        eq_(
+            row[self.tables.plain_pk.c.data], "d1"
+        )
+
+    @requirements.duplicate_names_in_cursor_description
+    def test_row_with_dupe_names(self):
+        result = config.db.execute(
+            select([self.tables.plain_pk.c.data,
+                    self.tables.plain_pk.c.data.label('data')]).
+            order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        )
+        row = result.first()
+        eq_(result.keys(), ['data', 'data'])
+        eq_(row, ('d1', 'd1'))
+
+    def test_row_w_scalar_select(self):
+        """test that a scalar select as a column is returned as such
+        and that type conversion works OK.
+
+        (this is half a SQLAlchemy Core test and half to catch database
+        backends that may have unusual behavior with scalar selects.)
+
+        """
+        datetable = self.tables.has_dates
+        s = select([datetable.alias('x').c.today]).as_scalar()
+        s2 = select([datetable.c.id, s.label('somelabel')])
+        row = config.db.execute(s2).first()
+
+        eq_(row['somelabel'], datetime.datetime(2006, 5, 12, 12, 0, 0))
+
+
+class PercentSchemaNamesTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """tests using percent signs, spaces in table and column names.
+
+    This is a very fringe use case, doesn't work for MySQL
+    or Postgresql.  the requirement, "percent_schema_names",
+    is marked "skip" by default.
+
+    """
+
+    __requires__ = ('percent_schema_names', )
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        cls.tables.percent_table = Table('percent%table', metadata,
+                                         Column("percent%", Integer),
+                                         Column(
+                                             "spaces % more spaces", Integer),
+                                         )
+        cls.tables.lightweight_percent_table = sql.table(
+            'percent%table', sql.column("percent%"),
+            sql.column("spaces % more spaces")
+        )
+
+    def test_single_roundtrip(self):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        for params in [
+            {'percent%': 5, 'spaces % more spaces': 12},
+            {'percent%': 7, 'spaces % more spaces': 11},
+            {'percent%': 9, 'spaces % more spaces': 10},
+            {'percent%': 11, 'spaces % more spaces': 9}
+        ]:
+            config.db.execute(percent_table.insert(), params)
+        self._assert_table()
+
+    def test_executemany_roundtrip(self):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        config.db.execute(
+            percent_table.insert(),
+            {'percent%': 5, 'spaces % more spaces': 12}
+        )
+        config.db.execute(
+            percent_table.insert(),
+            [{'percent%': 7, 'spaces % more spaces': 11},
+             {'percent%': 9, 'spaces % more spaces': 10},
+             {'percent%': 11, 'spaces % more spaces': 9}]
+        )
+        self._assert_table()
+
+    def _assert_table(self):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        lightweight_percent_table = self.tables.lightweight_percent_table
+
+        for table in (
+                percent_table,
+                percent_table.alias(),
+                lightweight_percent_table,
+                lightweight_percent_table.alias()):
+            eq_(
+                list(
+                    config.db.execute(
+                        table.select().order_by(table.c['percent%'])
+                    )
+                ),
+                [
+                    (5, 12),
+                    (7, 11),
+                    (9, 10),
+                    (11, 9)
+                ]
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                list(
+                    config.db.execute(
+                        table.select().
+                        where(table.c['spaces % more spaces'].in_([9, 10])).
+                        order_by(table.c['percent%']),
+                    )
+                ),
+                [
+                    (9, 10),
+                    (11, 9)
+                ]
+            )
+
+            row = config.db.execute(table.select().
+                                    order_by(table.c['percent%'])).first()
+            eq_(row['percent%'], 5)
+            eq_(row['spaces % more spaces'], 12)
+
+            eq_(row[table.c['percent%']], 5)
+            eq_(row[table.c['spaces % more spaces']], 12)
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            percent_table.update().values(
+                {percent_table.c['spaces % more spaces']: 15}
+            )
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            list(
+                config.db.execute(
+                    percent_table.
+                    select().
+                    order_by(percent_table.c['percent%'])
+                )
+            ),
+            [(5, 15), (7, 15), (9, 15), (11, 15)]
+        )
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_select.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_select.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2702f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_select.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+from .. import fixtures, config
+from ..assertions import eq_
+
+from sqlalchemy import util
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, select, func
+
+from ..schema import Table, Column
+
+
+class OrderByLabelTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+
+    """Test the dialect sends appropriate ORDER BY expressions when
+    labels are used.
+
+    This essentially exercises the "supports_simple_order_by_label"
+    setting.
+
+    """
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table("some_table", metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+              Column('x', Integer),
+              Column('y', Integer),
+              Column('q', String(50)),
+              Column('p', String(50))
+              )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls):
+        config.db.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2, "q": "q1", "p": "p3"},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3, "q": "q2", "p": "p2"},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4, "q": "q3", "p": "p1"},
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(self, select, result):
+        eq_(
+            config.db.execute(select).fetchall(),
+            result
+        )
+
+    def test_plain(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = table.c.x.label('lx')
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([lx]).order_by(lx),
+            [(1, ), (2, ), (3, )]
+        )
+
+    def test_composed_int(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label('lx')
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([lx]).order_by(lx),
+            [(3, ), (5, ), (7, )]
+        )
+
+    def test_composed_multiple(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label('lx')
+        ly = (func.lower(table.c.q) + table.c.p).label('ly')
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([lx, ly]).order_by(lx, ly.desc()),
+            [(3, util.u('q1p3')), (5, util.u('q2p2')), (7, util.u('q3p1'))]
+        )
+
+    def test_plain_desc(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = table.c.x.label('lx')
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([lx]).order_by(lx.desc()),
+            [(3, ), (2, ), (1, )]
+        )
+
+    def test_composed_int_desc(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label('lx')
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([lx]).order_by(lx.desc()),
+            [(7, ), (5, ), (3, )]
+        )
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_sequence.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_sequence.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbb4ba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_sequence.py
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+from .. import fixtures, config
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ... import testing
+
+from ... import Integer, String, Sequence, schema
+
+from ..schema import Table, Column
+
+
+class SequenceTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ('sequences',)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    run_create_tables = 'each'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('seq_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, Sequence('tab_id_seq'), primary_key=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+        Table('seq_opt_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, Sequence('tab_id_seq', optional=True),
+                     primary_key=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+    def test_insert_roundtrip(self):
+        config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.seq_pk, config.db)
+
+    def test_insert_lastrowid(self):
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        eq_(
+            r.inserted_primary_key,
+            [1]
+        )
+
+    def test_nextval_direct(self):
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_pk.c.id.default
+        )
+        eq_(
+            r, 1
+        )
+
+    @requirements.sequences_optional
+    def test_optional_seq(self):
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_opt_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        eq_(
+            r.inserted_primary_key,
+            [1]
+        )
+
+    def _assert_round_trip(self, table, conn):
+        row = conn.execute(table.select()).first()
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (1, "some data")
+        )
+
+
+class HasSequenceTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = 'sequences',
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_has_sequence(self):
+        s1 = Sequence('user_id_seq')
+        testing.db.execute(schema.CreateSequence(s1))
+        try:
+            eq_(testing.db.dialect.has_sequence(testing.db,
+                                                'user_id_seq'), True)
+        finally:
+            testing.db.execute(schema.DropSequence(s1))
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_schema(self):
+        s1 = Sequence('user_id_seq', schema="test_schema")
+        testing.db.execute(schema.CreateSequence(s1))
+        try:
+            eq_(testing.db.dialect.has_sequence(
+                testing.db, 'user_id_seq', schema="test_schema"), True)
+        finally:
+            testing.db.execute(schema.DropSequence(s1))
+
+    def test_has_sequence_neg(self):
+        eq_(testing.db.dialect.has_sequence(testing.db, 'user_id_seq'),
+            False)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_schemas_neg(self):
+        eq_(testing.db.dialect.has_sequence(testing.db, 'user_id_seq',
+                                            schema="test_schema"),
+            False)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_default_not_in_remote(self):
+        s1 = Sequence('user_id_seq')
+        testing.db.execute(schema.CreateSequence(s1))
+        try:
+            eq_(testing.db.dialect.has_sequence(testing.db, 'user_id_seq',
+                                                schema="test_schema"),
+                False)
+        finally:
+            testing.db.execute(schema.DropSequence(s1))
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_remote_not_in_default(self):
+        s1 = Sequence('user_id_seq', schema="test_schema")
+        testing.db.execute(schema.CreateSequence(s1))
+        try:
+            eq_(testing.db.dialect.has_sequence(testing.db, 'user_id_seq'),
+                False)
+        finally:
+            testing.db.execute(schema.DropSequence(s1))
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_types.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..230aeb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,594 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+from .. import fixtures, config
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..config import requirements
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, Unicode, UnicodeText, select
+from sqlalchemy import Date, DateTime, Time, MetaData, String, \
+    Text, Numeric, Float, literal, Boolean
+from ..schema import Table, Column
+from ... import testing
+import decimal
+import datetime
+from ...util import u
+from ... import util
+
+
+class _LiteralRoundTripFixture(object):
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _literal_round_trip(self, type_, input_, output, filter_=None):
+        """test literal rendering """
+
+        # for literal, we test the literal render in an INSERT
+        # into a typed column.  we can then SELECT it back as its
+        # official type; ideally we'd be able to use CAST here
+        # but MySQL in particular can't CAST fully
+        t = Table('t', self.metadata, Column('x', type_))
+        t.create()
+
+        for value in input_:
+            ins = t.insert().values(x=literal(value)).compile(
+                dialect=testing.db.dialect,
+                compile_kwargs=dict(literal_binds=True)
+            )
+            testing.db.execute(ins)
+
+        for row in t.select().execute():
+            value = row[0]
+            if filter_ is not None:
+                value = filter_(value)
+            assert value in output
+
+
+class _UnicodeFixture(_LiteralRoundTripFixture):
+    __requires__ = 'unicode_data',
+
+    data = u("Alors vous imaginez ma surprise, au lever du jour, "
+             "quand une drôle de petite voix m’a réveillé. Elle "
+             "disait: « S’il vous plaît… dessine-moi un mouton! »")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('unicode_table', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                     test_needs_autoincrement=True),
+              Column('unicode_data', cls.datatype),
+              )
+
+    def test_round_trip(self):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(),
+            {
+                'unicode_data': self.data,
+            }
+        )
+
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([
+                unicode_table.c.unicode_data,
+            ])
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (self.data, )
+        )
+        assert isinstance(row[0], util.text_type)
+
+    def test_round_trip_executemany(self):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {
+                    'unicode_data': self.data,
+                }
+                for i in range(3)
+            ]
+        )
+
+        rows = config.db.execute(
+            select([
+                unicode_table.c.unicode_data,
+            ])
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(
+            rows,
+            [(self.data, ) for i in range(3)]
+        )
+        for row in rows:
+            assert isinstance(row[0], util.text_type)
+
+    def _test_empty_strings(self):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(),
+            {"unicode_data": u('')}
+        )
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([unicode_table.c.unicode_data])
+        ).first()
+        eq_(row, (u(''),))
+
+    def test_literal(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(self.datatype, [self.data], [self.data])
+
+
+class UnicodeVarcharTest(_UnicodeFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'unicode_data',
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = Unicode(255)
+
+    @requirements.empty_strings_varchar
+    def test_empty_strings_varchar(self):
+        self._test_empty_strings()
+
+
+class UnicodeTextTest(_UnicodeFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'unicode_data', 'text_type'
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = UnicodeText()
+
+    @requirements.empty_strings_text
+    def test_empty_strings_text(self):
+        self._test_empty_strings()
+
+
+class TextTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'text_type',
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('text_table', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                     test_needs_autoincrement=True),
+              Column('text_data', Text),
+              )
+
+    def test_text_roundtrip(self):
+        text_table = self.tables.text_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            text_table.insert(),
+            {"text_data": 'some text'}
+        )
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([text_table.c.text_data])
+        ).first()
+        eq_(row, ('some text',))
+
+    def test_text_empty_strings(self):
+        text_table = self.tables.text_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            text_table.insert(),
+            {"text_data": ''}
+        )
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([text_table.c.text_data])
+        ).first()
+        eq_(row, ('',))
+
+    def test_literal(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(Text, ["some text"], ["some text"])
+
+    def test_literal_quoting(self):
+        data = '''some 'text' hey "hi there" that's text'''
+        self._literal_round_trip(Text, [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_backslashes(self):
+        data = r'backslash one \ backslash two \\ end'
+        self._literal_round_trip(Text, [data], [data])
+
+
+class StringTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @requirements.unbounded_varchar
+    def test_nolength_string(self):
+        metadata = MetaData()
+        foo = Table('foo', metadata,
+                    Column('one', String)
+                    )
+
+        foo.create(config.db)
+        foo.drop(config.db)
+
+    def test_literal(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(String(40), ["some text"], ["some text"])
+
+    def test_literal_quoting(self):
+        data = '''some 'text' hey "hi there" that's text'''
+        self._literal_round_trip(String(40), [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_backslashes(self):
+        data = r'backslash one \ backslash two \\ end'
+        self._literal_round_trip(String(40), [data], [data])
+
+
+class _DateFixture(_LiteralRoundTripFixture):
+    compare = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('date_table', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                     test_needs_autoincrement=True),
+              Column('date_data', cls.datatype),
+              )
+
+    def test_round_trip(self):
+        date_table = self.tables.date_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            date_table.insert(),
+            {'date_data': self.data}
+        )
+
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([
+                date_table.c.date_data,
+            ])
+        ).first()
+
+        compare = self.compare or self.data
+        eq_(row,
+            (compare, ))
+        assert isinstance(row[0], type(compare))
+
+    def test_null(self):
+        date_table = self.tables.date_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            date_table.insert(),
+            {'date_data': None}
+        )
+
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([
+                date_table.c.date_data,
+            ])
+        ).first()
+        eq_(row, (None,))
+
+    @testing.requires.datetime_literals
+    def test_literal(self):
+        compare = self.compare or self.data
+        self._literal_round_trip(self.datatype, [self.data], [compare])
+
+
+class DateTimeTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'datetime',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18)
+
+
+class DateTimeMicrosecondsTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'datetime_microseconds',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18, 396)
+
+
+class TimeTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'time',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Time
+    data = datetime.time(12, 57, 18)
+
+
+class TimeMicrosecondsTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'time_microseconds',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Time
+    data = datetime.time(12, 57, 18, 396)
+
+
+class DateTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'date',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Date
+    data = datetime.date(2012, 10, 15)
+
+
+class DateTimeCoercedToDateTimeTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'date', 'date_coerces_from_datetime'
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Date
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18)
+    compare = datetime.date(2012, 10, 15)
+
+
+class DateTimeHistoricTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'datetime_historic',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime
+    data = datetime.datetime(1850, 11, 10, 11, 52, 35)
+
+
+class DateHistoricTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'date_historic',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Date
+    data = datetime.date(1727, 4, 1)
+
+
+class IntegerTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_literal(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(Integer, [5], [5])
+
+
+class NumericTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.emits_warning(r".*does \*not\* support Decimal objects natively")
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _do_test(self, type_, input_, output,
+                 filter_=None, check_scale=False):
+        metadata = self.metadata
+        t = Table('t', metadata, Column('x', type_))
+        t.create()
+        t.insert().execute([{'x': x} for x in input_])
+
+        result = set([row[0] for row in t.select().execute()])
+        output = set(output)
+        if filter_:
+            result = set(filter_(x) for x in result)
+            output = set(filter_(x) for x in output)
+        eq_(result, output)
+        if check_scale:
+            eq_(
+                [str(x) for x in result],
+                [str(x) for x in output],
+            )
+
+    @testing.emits_warning(r".*does \*not\* support Decimal objects natively")
+    def test_render_literal_numeric(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+        )
+
+    @testing.emits_warning(r".*does \*not\* support Decimal objects natively")
+    def test_render_literal_numeric_asfloat(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4, asdecimal=False),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563],
+        )
+
+    def test_render_literal_float(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(
+            Float(4),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563, ],
+            filter_=lambda n: n is not None and round(n, 5) or None
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_generic_float_type
+    def test_float_custom_scale(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Float(None, decimal_return_scale=7, asdecimal=True),
+            [15.7563827, decimal.Decimal("15.7563827")],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563827"), ],
+            check_scale=True
+        )
+
+    def test_numeric_as_decimal(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+        )
+
+    def test_numeric_as_float(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4, asdecimal=False),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_null_from_numeric
+    def test_numeric_null_as_decimal(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4),
+            [None],
+            [None],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_null_from_numeric
+    def test_numeric_null_as_float(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4, asdecimal=False),
+            [None],
+            [None],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.floats_to_four_decimals
+    def test_float_as_decimal(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Float(precision=8, asdecimal=True),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563"), None],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563"), None],
+        )
+
+    def test_float_as_float(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Float(precision=8),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563],
+            filter_=lambda n: n is not None and round(n, 5) or None
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_general
+    def test_precision_decimal(self):
+        numbers = set([
+            decimal.Decimal("54.234246451650"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.004354"),
+            decimal.Decimal("900.0"),
+        ])
+
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=18, scale=12),
+            numbers,
+            numbers,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_enotation_large
+    def test_enotation_decimal(self):
+        """test exceedingly small decimals.
+
+        Decimal reports values with E notation when the exponent
+        is greater than 6.
+
+        """
+
+        numbers = set([
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-2'),
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-3'),
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-4'),
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-5'),
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-6'),
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-7'),
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-8'),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.01000005940696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.00000005940696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.00000000000696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.70000000000696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("696E-12"),
+        ])
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=18, scale=14),
+            numbers,
+            numbers
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_enotation_large
+    def test_enotation_decimal_large(self):
+        """test exceedingly large decimals.
+
+        """
+
+        numbers = set([
+            decimal.Decimal('4E+8'),
+            decimal.Decimal("5748E+15"),
+            decimal.Decimal('1.521E+15'),
+            decimal.Decimal('00000000000000.1E+12'),
+        ])
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=25, scale=2),
+            numbers,
+            numbers
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_many_significant_digits
+    def test_many_significant_digits(self):
+        numbers = set([
+            decimal.Decimal("31943874831932418390.01"),
+            decimal.Decimal("319438950232418390.273596"),
+            decimal.Decimal("87673.594069654243"),
+        ])
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=38, scale=12),
+            numbers,
+            numbers
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_retains_significant_digits
+    def test_numeric_no_decimal(self):
+        numbers = set([
+            decimal.Decimal("1.000")
+        ])
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=5, scale=3),
+            numbers,
+            numbers,
+            check_scale=True
+        )
+
+
+class BooleanTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('boolean_table', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+              Column('value', Boolean),
+              Column('unconstrained_value', Boolean(create_constraint=False)),
+              )
+
+    def test_render_literal_bool(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(
+            Boolean(),
+            [True, False],
+            [True, False]
+        )
+
+    def test_round_trip(self):
+        boolean_table = self.tables.boolean_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            boolean_table.insert(),
+            {
+                'id': 1,
+                'value': True,
+                'unconstrained_value': False
+            }
+        )
+
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([
+                boolean_table.c.value,
+                boolean_table.c.unconstrained_value
+            ])
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (True, False)
+        )
+        assert isinstance(row[0], bool)
+
+    def test_null(self):
+        boolean_table = self.tables.boolean_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            boolean_table.insert(),
+            {
+                'id': 1,
+                'value': None,
+                'unconstrained_value': None
+            }
+        )
+
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([
+                boolean_table.c.value,
+                boolean_table.c.unconstrained_value
+            ])
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (None, None)
+        )
+
+
+__all__ = ('UnicodeVarcharTest', 'UnicodeTextTest',
+           'DateTest', 'DateTimeTest', 'TextTest',
+           'NumericTest', 'IntegerTest',
+           'DateTimeHistoricTest', 'DateTimeCoercedToDateTimeTest',
+           'TimeMicrosecondsTest', 'TimeTest', 'DateTimeMicrosecondsTest',
+           'DateHistoricTest', 'StringTest', 'BooleanTest')
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_update_delete.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_update_delete.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4c61e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_update_delete.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+from .. import fixtures, config
+from ..assertions import eq_
+
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, String
+from ..schema import Table, Column
+
+
+class SimpleUpdateDeleteTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = 'each'
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('plain_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls):
+        config.db.execute(
+            cls.tables.plain_pk.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def test_update(self):
+        t = self.tables.plain_pk
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            t.update().where(t.c.id == 2),
+            data="d2_new"
+        )
+        assert not r.is_insert
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+
+        eq_(
+            config.db.execute(t.select().order_by(t.c.id)).fetchall(),
+            [
+                (1, "d1"),
+                (2, "d2_new"),
+                (3, "d3")
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def test_delete(self):
+        t = self.tables.plain_pk
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            t.delete().where(t.c.id == 2)
+        )
+        assert not r.is_insert
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+        eq_(
+            config.db.execute(t.select().order_by(t.c.id)).fetchall(),
+            [
+                (1, "d1"),
+                (3, "d3")
+            ]
+        )
+
+__all__ = ('SimpleUpdateDeleteTest', )
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/util.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc8390a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+# testing/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from ..util import jython, pypy, defaultdict, decorator, py2k
+import decimal
+import gc
+import time
+import random
+import sys
+import types
+
+if jython:
+    def jython_gc_collect(*args):
+        """aggressive gc.collect for tests."""
+        gc.collect()
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+        gc.collect()
+        gc.collect()
+        return 0
+
+    # "lazy" gc, for VM's that don't GC on refcount == 0
+    gc_collect = lazy_gc = jython_gc_collect
+elif pypy:
+    def pypy_gc_collect(*args):
+        gc.collect()
+        gc.collect()
+    gc_collect = lazy_gc = pypy_gc_collect
+else:
+    # assume CPython - straight gc.collect, lazy_gc() is a pass
+    gc_collect = gc.collect
+
+    def lazy_gc():
+        pass
+
+
+def picklers():
+    picklers = set()
+    if py2k:
+        try:
+            import cPickle
+            picklers.add(cPickle)
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+
+    import pickle
+    picklers.add(pickle)
+
+    # yes, this thing needs this much testing
+    for pickle_ in picklers:
+        for protocol in -1, 0, 1, 2:
+            yield pickle_.loads, lambda d: pickle_.dumps(d, protocol)
+
+
+def round_decimal(value, prec):
+    if isinstance(value, float):
+        return round(value, prec)
+
+    # can also use shift() here but that is 2.6 only
+    return (value * decimal.Decimal("1" + "0" * prec)
+            ).to_integral(decimal.ROUND_FLOOR) / \
+        pow(10, prec)
+
+
+class RandomSet(set):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        l = list(set.__iter__(self))
+        random.shuffle(l)
+        return iter(l)
+
+    def pop(self):
+        index = random.randint(0, len(self) - 1)
+        item = list(set.__iter__(self))[index]
+        self.remove(item)
+        return item
+
+    def union(self, other):
+        return RandomSet(set.union(self, other))
+
+    def difference(self, other):
+        return RandomSet(set.difference(self, other))
+
+    def intersection(self, other):
+        return RandomSet(set.intersection(self, other))
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return RandomSet(self)
+
+
+def conforms_partial_ordering(tuples, sorted_elements):
+    """True if the given sorting conforms to the given partial ordering."""
+
+    deps = defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        deps[parent].add(child)
+    for i, node in enumerate(sorted_elements):
+        for n in sorted_elements[i:]:
+            if node in deps[n]:
+                return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def all_partial_orderings(tuples, elements):
+    edges = defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        edges[child].add(parent)
+
+    def _all_orderings(elements):
+
+        if len(elements) == 1:
+            yield list(elements)
+        else:
+            for elem in elements:
+                subset = set(elements).difference([elem])
+                if not subset.intersection(edges[elem]):
+                    for sub_ordering in _all_orderings(subset):
+                        yield [elem] + sub_ordering
+
+    return iter(_all_orderings(elements))
+
+
+def function_named(fn, name):
+    """Return a function with a given __name__.
+
+    Will assign to __name__ and return the original function if possible on
+    the Python implementation, otherwise a new function will be constructed.
+
+    This function should be phased out as much as possible
+    in favor of @decorator.   Tests that "generate" many named tests
+    should be modernized.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        fn.__name__ = name
+    except TypeError:
+        fn = types.FunctionType(fn.__code__, fn.__globals__, name,
+                                fn.__defaults__, fn.__closure__)
+    return fn
+
+
+def run_as_contextmanager(ctx, fn, *arg, **kw):
+    """Run the given function under the given contextmanager,
+    simulating the behavior of 'with' to support older
+    Python versions.
+
+    """
+
+    obj = ctx.__enter__()
+    try:
+        result = fn(obj, *arg, **kw)
+        ctx.__exit__(None, None, None)
+        return result
+    except:
+        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+        raise_ = ctx.__exit__(*exc_info)
+        if raise_ is None:
+            raise
+        else:
+            return raise_
+
+
+def rowset(results):
+    """Converts the results of sql execution into a plain set of column tuples.
+
+    Useful for asserting the results of an unordered query.
+    """
+
+    return set([tuple(row) for row in results])
+
+
+def fail(msg):
+    assert False, msg
+
+
+@decorator
+def provide_metadata(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Provide bound MetaData for a single test, dropping afterwards."""
+
+    from . import config
+    from sqlalchemy import schema
+
+    metadata = schema.MetaData(config.db)
+    self = args[0]
+    prev_meta = getattr(self, 'metadata', None)
+    self.metadata = metadata
+    try:
+        return fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        metadata.drop_all()
+        self.metadata = prev_meta
+
+
+class adict(dict):
+    """Dict keys available as attributes.  Shadows."""
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return dict.__getattribute__(self, key)
+
+    def get_all(self, *keys):
+        return tuple([self[key] for key in keys])
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/warnings.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/warnings.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3314de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/warnings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# testing/warnings.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import warnings
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+import re
+
+
+def testing_warn(msg, stacklevel=3):
+    """Replaces sqlalchemy.util.warn during tests."""
+
+    filename = "sqlalchemy.testing.warnings"
+    lineno = 1
+    if isinstance(msg, util.string_types):
+        warnings.warn_explicit(msg, sa_exc.SAWarning, filename, lineno)
+    else:
+        warnings.warn_explicit(msg, filename, lineno)
+
+
+def resetwarnings():
+    """Reset warning behavior to testing defaults."""
+
+    util.warn = util.langhelpers.warn = testing_warn
+
+    warnings.filterwarnings('ignore',
+                            category=sa_exc.SAPendingDeprecationWarning)
+    warnings.filterwarnings('error', category=sa_exc.SADeprecationWarning)
+    warnings.filterwarnings('error', category=sa_exc.SAWarning)
+
+
+def assert_warnings(fn, warnings, regex=False):
+    """Assert that each of the given warnings are emitted by fn."""
+
+    from .assertions import eq_, emits_warning
+
+    canary = []
+    orig_warn = util.warn
+
+    def capture_warnings(*args, **kw):
+        orig_warn(*args, **kw)
+        popwarn = warnings.pop(0)
+        canary.append(popwarn)
+        if regex:
+            assert re.match(popwarn, args[0])
+        else:
+            eq_(args[0], popwarn)
+    util.warn = util.langhelpers.warn = capture_warnings
+
+    result = emits_warning()(fn)()
+    assert canary, "No warning was emitted"
+    return result
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/types.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b49e389
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Compatibility namespace for sqlalchemy.sql.types.
+
+"""
+
+__all__ = ['TypeEngine', 'TypeDecorator', 'UserDefinedType',
+           'INT', 'CHAR', 'VARCHAR', 'NCHAR', 'NVARCHAR', 'TEXT', 'Text',
+           'FLOAT', 'NUMERIC', 'REAL', 'DECIMAL', 'TIMESTAMP', 'DATETIME',
+           'CLOB', 'BLOB', 'BINARY', 'VARBINARY', 'BOOLEAN', 'BIGINT',
+           'SMALLINT', 'INTEGER', 'DATE', 'TIME', 'String', 'Integer',
+           'SmallInteger', 'BigInteger', 'Numeric', 'Float', 'DateTime',
+           'Date', 'Time', 'LargeBinary', 'Binary', 'Boolean', 'Unicode',
+           'Concatenable', 'UnicodeText', 'PickleType', 'Interval', 'Enum']
+
+from .sql.type_api import (
+    adapt_type,
+    TypeEngine,
+    TypeDecorator,
+    Variant,
+    to_instance,
+    UserDefinedType
+)
+from .sql.sqltypes import (
+    BIGINT,
+    BINARY,
+    BLOB,
+    BOOLEAN,
+    BigInteger,
+    Binary,
+    _Binary,
+    Boolean,
+    CHAR,
+    CLOB,
+    Concatenable,
+    DATE,
+    DATETIME,
+    DECIMAL,
+    Date,
+    DateTime,
+    Enum,
+    FLOAT,
+    Float,
+    INT,
+    INTEGER,
+    Integer,
+    Interval,
+    LargeBinary,
+    NCHAR,
+    NVARCHAR,
+    NullType,
+    NULLTYPE,
+    NUMERIC,
+    Numeric,
+    PickleType,
+    REAL,
+    SchemaType,
+    SMALLINT,
+    SmallInteger,
+    String,
+    STRINGTYPE,
+    TEXT,
+    TIME,
+    TIMESTAMP,
+    Text,
+    Time,
+    Unicode,
+    UnicodeText,
+    VARBINARY,
+    VARCHAR,
+    _type_map
+    )
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/__init__.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8b8232
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# util/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .compat import callable, cmp, reduce,  \
+    threading, py3k, py33, py2k, jython, pypy, cpython, win32, \
+    pickle, dottedgetter, parse_qsl, namedtuple, next, reraise, \
+    raise_from_cause, text_type, safe_kwarg, string_types, int_types, \
+    binary_type, \
+    quote_plus, with_metaclass, print_, itertools_filterfalse, u, ue, b,\
+    unquote_plus, unquote, b64decode, b64encode, byte_buffer, itertools_filter,\
+    iterbytes, StringIO, inspect_getargspec, zip_longest
+
+from ._collections import KeyedTuple, ImmutableContainer, immutabledict, \
+    Properties, OrderedProperties, ImmutableProperties, OrderedDict, \
+    OrderedSet, IdentitySet, OrderedIdentitySet, column_set, \
+    column_dict, ordered_column_set, populate_column_dict, unique_list, \
+    UniqueAppender, PopulateDict, EMPTY_SET, to_list, to_set, \
+    to_column_set, update_copy, flatten_iterator, \
+    LRUCache, ScopedRegistry, ThreadLocalRegistry, WeakSequence, \
+    coerce_generator_arg
+
+from .langhelpers import iterate_attributes, class_hierarchy, \
+    portable_instancemethod, unbound_method_to_callable, \
+    getargspec_init, format_argspec_init, format_argspec_plus, \
+    get_func_kwargs, get_cls_kwargs, decorator, as_interface, \
+    memoized_property, memoized_instancemethod, md5_hex, \
+    group_expirable_memoized_property, dependencies, decode_slice, \
+    monkeypatch_proxied_specials, asbool, bool_or_str, coerce_kw_type,\
+    duck_type_collection, assert_arg_type, symbol, dictlike_iteritems,\
+    classproperty, set_creation_order, warn_exception, warn, NoneType,\
+    constructor_copy, methods_equivalent, chop_traceback, asint,\
+    generic_repr, counter, PluginLoader, hybridmethod, safe_reraise,\
+    get_callable_argspec, only_once
+
+from .deprecations import warn_deprecated, warn_pending_deprecation, \
+    deprecated, pending_deprecation, inject_docstring_text
+
+# things that used to be not always available,
+# but are now as of current support Python versions
+from collections import defaultdict
+from functools import partial
+from functools import update_wrapper
+from contextlib import contextmanager
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_collections.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5236d01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_collections.py
@@ -0,0 +1,965 @@
+# util/_collections.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Collection classes and helpers."""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import weakref
+import operator
+from .compat import threading, itertools_filterfalse
+from . import py2k
+import types
+
+EMPTY_SET = frozenset()
+
+
+class KeyedTuple(tuple):
+    """``tuple`` subclass that adds labeled names.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        >>> k = KeyedTuple([1, 2, 3], labels=["one", "two", "three"])
+        >>> k.one
+        1
+        >>> k.two
+        2
+
+    Result rows returned by :class:`.Query` that contain multiple
+    ORM entities and/or column expressions make use of this
+    class to return rows.
+
+    The :class:`.KeyedTuple` exhibits similar behavior to the
+    ``collections.namedtuple()`` construct provided in the Python
+    standard library, however is architected very differently.
+    Unlike ``collections.namedtuple()``, :class:`.KeyedTuple` is
+    does not rely on creation of custom subtypes in order to represent
+    a new series of keys, instead each :class:`.KeyedTuple` instance
+    receives its list of keys in place.   The subtype approach
+    of ``collections.namedtuple()`` introduces significant complexity
+    and performance overhead, which is not necessary for the
+    :class:`.Query` object's use case.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+        Compatibility methods with ``collections.namedtuple()`` have been
+        added including :attr:`.KeyedTuple._fields` and
+        :meth:`.KeyedTuple._asdict`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`ormtutorial_querying`
+
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, vals, labels=None):
+        t = tuple.__new__(cls, vals)
+        t._labels = []
+        if labels:
+            t.__dict__.update(zip(labels, vals))
+            t._labels = labels
+        return t
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Return a list of string key names for this :class:`.KeyedTuple`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.KeyedTuple._fields`
+
+        """
+
+        return [l for l in self._labels if l is not None]
+
+    @property
+    def _fields(self):
+        """Return a tuple of string key names for this :class:`.KeyedTuple`.
+
+        This method provides compatibility with ``collections.namedtuple()``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.KeyedTuple.keys`
+
+        """
+        return tuple(self.keys())
+
+    def _asdict(self):
+        """Return the contents of this :class:`.KeyedTuple` as a dictionary.
+
+        This method provides compatibility with ``collections.namedtuple()``,
+        with the exception that the dictionary returned is **not** ordered.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        """
+        return dict((key, self.__dict__[key]) for key in self.keys())
+
+
+class ImmutableContainer(object):
+    def _immutable(self, *arg, **kw):
+        raise TypeError("%s object is immutable" % self.__class__.__name__)
+
+    __delitem__ = __setitem__ = __setattr__ = _immutable
+
+
+class immutabledict(ImmutableContainer, dict):
+
+    clear = pop = popitem = setdefault = \
+        update = ImmutableContainer._immutable
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args):
+        new = dict.__new__(cls)
+        dict.__init__(new, *args)
+        return new
+
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        pass
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return immutabledict, (dict(self), )
+
+    def union(self, d):
+        if not self:
+            return immutabledict(d)
+        else:
+            d2 = immutabledict(self)
+            dict.update(d2, d)
+            return d2
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "immutabledict(%s)" % dict.__repr__(self)
+
+
+class Properties(object):
+    """Provide a __getattr__/__setattr__ interface over a dict."""
+
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        self.__dict__['_data'] = data
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(list(self._data.values()))
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return list(self) + list(other)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, object):
+        self._data[key] = object
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._data[key]
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._data[key]
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key, object):
+        self._data[key] = object
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'_data': self.__dict__['_data']}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__dict__['_data'] = state['_data']
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return self._data[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError(key)
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def as_immutable(self):
+        """Return an immutable proxy for this :class:`.Properties`."""
+
+        return ImmutableProperties(self._data)
+
+    def update(self, value):
+        self._data.update(value)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        if key in self:
+            return self[key]
+        else:
+            return default
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return list(self._data)
+
+    def values(self):
+        return list(self._data.values())
+
+    def items(self):
+        return list(self._data.items())
+
+    def has_key(self, key):
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self._data.clear()
+
+
+class OrderedProperties(Properties):
+    """Provide a __getattr__/__setattr__ interface with an OrderedDict
+    as backing store."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        Properties.__init__(self, OrderedDict())
+
+
+class ImmutableProperties(ImmutableContainer, Properties):
+    """Provide immutable dict/object attribute to an underlying dictionary."""
+
+
+class OrderedDict(dict):
+    """A dict that returns keys/values/items in the order they were added."""
+
+    def __init__(self, ____sequence=None, **kwargs):
+        self._list = []
+        if ____sequence is None:
+            if kwargs:
+                self.update(**kwargs)
+        else:
+            self.update(____sequence, **kwargs)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self._list = []
+        dict.clear(self)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return self.__copy__()
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        return OrderedDict(self)
+
+    def sort(self, *arg, **kw):
+        self._list.sort(*arg, **kw)
+
+    def update(self, ____sequence=None, **kwargs):
+        if ____sequence is not None:
+            if hasattr(____sequence, 'keys'):
+                for key in ____sequence.keys():
+                    self.__setitem__(key, ____sequence[key])
+            else:
+                for key, value in ____sequence:
+                    self[key] = value
+        if kwargs:
+            self.update(kwargs)
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, value):
+        if key not in self:
+            self.__setitem__(key, value)
+            return value
+        else:
+            return self.__getitem__(key)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._list)
+
+    if py2k:
+        def values(self):
+            return [self[key] for key in self._list]
+
+        def keys(self):
+            return self._list
+
+        def itervalues(self):
+            return iter([self[key] for key in self._list])
+
+        def iterkeys(self):
+            return iter(self)
+
+        def iteritems(self):
+            return iter(self.items())
+
+        def items(self):
+            return [(key, self[key]) for key in self._list]
+    else:
+        def values(self):
+            # return (self[key] for key in self)
+            return (self[key] for key in self._list)
+
+        def keys(self):
+            # return iter(self)
+            return iter(self._list)
+
+        def items(self):
+            # return ((key, self[key]) for key in self)
+            return ((key, self[key]) for key in self._list)
+
+    _debug_iter = False
+    if _debug_iter:
+        # normally disabled to reduce function call
+        # overhead
+        def __iter__(self):
+            len_ = len(self._list)
+            for item in self._list:
+                yield item
+                assert len_ == len(self._list), \
+                    "Dictionary changed size during iteration"
+
+        def values(self):
+            return (self[key] for key in self)
+
+        def keys(self):
+            return iter(self)
+
+        def items(self):
+            return ((key, self[key]) for key in self)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, object):
+        if key not in self:
+            try:
+                self._list.append(key)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # work around Python pickle loads() with
+                # dict subclass (seems to ignore __setstate__?)
+                self._list = [key]
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, object)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        dict.__delitem__(self, key)
+        self._list.remove(key)
+
+    def pop(self, key, *default):
+        present = key in self
+        value = dict.pop(self, key, *default)
+        if present:
+            self._list.remove(key)
+        return value
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        item = dict.popitem(self)
+        self._list.remove(item[0])
+        return item
+
+
+class OrderedSet(set):
+    def __init__(self, d=None):
+        set.__init__(self)
+        self._list = []
+        if d is not None:
+            self.update(d)
+
+    def add(self, element):
+        if element not in self:
+            self._list.append(element)
+        set.add(self, element)
+
+    def remove(self, element):
+        set.remove(self, element)
+        self._list.remove(element)
+
+    def insert(self, pos, element):
+        if element not in self:
+            self._list.insert(pos, element)
+        set.add(self, element)
+
+    def discard(self, element):
+        if element in self:
+            self._list.remove(element)
+            set.remove(self, element)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        set.clear(self)
+        self._list = []
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._list[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._list)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self._list)
+
+    __str__ = __repr__
+
+    def update(self, iterable):
+        for e in iterable:
+            if e not in self:
+                self._list.append(e)
+                set.add(self, e)
+        return self
+
+    __ior__ = update
+
+    def union(self, other):
+        result = self.__class__(self)
+        result.update(other)
+        return result
+
+    __or__ = union
+
+    def intersection(self, other):
+        other = set(other)
+        return self.__class__(a for a in self if a in other)
+
+    __and__ = intersection
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, other):
+        other = set(other)
+        result = self.__class__(a for a in self if a not in other)
+        result.update(a for a in other if a not in self)
+        return result
+
+    __xor__ = symmetric_difference
+
+    def difference(self, other):
+        other = set(other)
+        return self.__class__(a for a in self if a not in other)
+
+    __sub__ = difference
+
+    def intersection_update(self, other):
+        other = set(other)
+        set.intersection_update(self, other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in other]
+        return self
+
+    __iand__ = intersection_update
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, other):
+        set.symmetric_difference_update(self, other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+        self._list += [a for a in other._list if a in self]
+        return self
+
+    __ixor__ = symmetric_difference_update
+
+    def difference_update(self, other):
+        set.difference_update(self, other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+        return self
+
+    __isub__ = difference_update
+
+
+class IdentitySet(object):
+    """A set that considers only object id() for uniqueness.
+
+    This strategy has edge cases for builtin types- it's possible to have
+    two 'foo' strings in one of these sets, for example.  Use sparingly.
+
+    """
+
+    _working_set = set
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable=None):
+        self._members = dict()
+        if iterable:
+            for o in iterable:
+                self.add(o)
+
+    def add(self, value):
+        self._members[id(value)] = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, value):
+        return id(value) in self._members
+
+    def remove(self, value):
+        del self._members[id(value)]
+
+    def discard(self, value):
+        try:
+            self.remove(value)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def pop(self):
+        try:
+            pair = self._members.popitem()
+            return pair[1]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise KeyError('pop from an empty set')
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self._members.clear()
+
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        raise TypeError('cannot compare sets using cmp()')
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return self._members == other._members
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return self._members != other._members
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def issubset(self, iterable):
+        other = type(self)(iterable)
+
+        if len(self) > len(other):
+            return False
+        for m in itertools_filterfalse(other._members.__contains__,
+                                       iter(self._members.keys())):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.issubset(other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return len(self) < len(other) and self.issubset(other)
+
+    def issuperset(self, iterable):
+        other = type(self)(iterable)
+
+        if len(self) < len(other):
+            return False
+
+        for m in itertools_filterfalse(self._members.__contains__,
+                                       iter(other._members.keys())):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.issuperset(other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return len(self) > len(other) and self.issuperset(other)
+
+    def union(self, iterable):
+        result = type(self)()
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+        members = self._member_id_tuples()
+        other = _iter_id(iterable)
+        result._members.update(self._working_set(members).union(other))
+        return result
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def update(self, iterable):
+        self._members = self.union(iterable)._members
+
+    def __ior__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def difference(self, iterable):
+        result = type(self)()
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+        members = self._member_id_tuples()
+        other = _iter_id(iterable)
+        result._members.update(self._working_set(members).difference(other))
+        return result
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.difference(other)
+
+    def difference_update(self, iterable):
+        self._members = self.difference(iterable)._members
+
+    def __isub__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def intersection(self, iterable):
+        result = type(self)()
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+        members = self._member_id_tuples()
+        other = _iter_id(iterable)
+        result._members.update(self._working_set(members).intersection(other))
+        return result
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.intersection(other)
+
+    def intersection_update(self, iterable):
+        self._members = self.intersection(iterable)._members
+
+    def __iand__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.intersection_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, iterable):
+        result = type(self)()
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+        members = self._member_id_tuples()
+        other = _iter_id(iterable)
+        result._members.update(
+            self._working_set(members).symmetric_difference(other))
+        return result
+
+    def _member_id_tuples(self):
+        return ((id(v), v) for v in self._members.values())
+
+    def __xor__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.symmetric_difference(other)
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, iterable):
+        self._members = self.symmetric_difference(iterable)._members
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.symmetric_difference(other)
+        return self
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return type(self)(iter(self._members.values()))
+
+    __copy__ = copy
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._members)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._members.values())
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        raise TypeError('set objects are unhashable')
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (type(self).__name__, list(self._members.values()))
+
+
+class WeakSequence(object):
+    def __init__(self, __elements=()):
+        self._storage = [
+            weakref.ref(element, self._remove) for element in __elements
+        ]
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        self._storage.append(weakref.ref(item, self._remove))
+
+    def _remove(self, ref):
+        self._storage.remove(ref)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._storage)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (obj for obj in
+                (ref() for ref in self._storage) if obj is not None)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        try:
+            obj = self._storage[index]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise IndexError("Index %s out of range" % index)
+        else:
+            return obj()
+
+
+class OrderedIdentitySet(IdentitySet):
+    class _working_set(OrderedSet):
+        # a testing pragma: exempt the OIDS working set from the test suite's
+        # "never call the user's __hash__" assertions.  this is a big hammer,
+        # but it's safe here: IDS operates on (id, instance) tuples in the
+        # working set.
+        __sa_hash_exempt__ = True
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable=None):
+        IdentitySet.__init__(self)
+        self._members = OrderedDict()
+        if iterable:
+            for o in iterable:
+                self.add(o)
+
+
+class PopulateDict(dict):
+    """A dict which populates missing values via a creation function.
+
+    Note the creation function takes a key, unlike
+    collections.defaultdict.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, creator):
+        self.creator = creator
+
+    def __missing__(self, key):
+        self[key] = val = self.creator(key)
+        return val
+
+# Define collections that are capable of storing
+# ColumnElement objects as hashable keys/elements.
+# At this point, these are mostly historical, things
+# used to be more complicated.
+column_set = set
+column_dict = dict
+ordered_column_set = OrderedSet
+populate_column_dict = PopulateDict
+
+
+def unique_list(seq, hashfunc=None):
+    seen = {}
+    if not hashfunc:
+        return [x for x in seq
+                if x not in seen
+                and not seen.__setitem__(x, True)]
+    else:
+        return [x for x in seq
+                if hashfunc(x) not in seen
+                and not seen.__setitem__(hashfunc(x), True)]
+
+
+class UniqueAppender(object):
+    """Appends items to a collection ensuring uniqueness.
+
+    Additional appends() of the same object are ignored.  Membership is
+    determined by identity (``is a``) not equality (``==``).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, data, via=None):
+        self.data = data
+        self._unique = {}
+        if via:
+            self._data_appender = getattr(data, via)
+        elif hasattr(data, 'append'):
+            self._data_appender = data.append
+        elif hasattr(data, 'add'):
+            self._data_appender = data.add
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        id_ = id(item)
+        if id_ not in self._unique:
+            self._data_appender(item)
+            self._unique[id_] = True
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.data)
+
+
+def coerce_generator_arg(arg):
+    if len(arg) == 1 and isinstance(arg[0], types.GeneratorType):
+        return list(arg[0])
+    else:
+        return arg
+
+
+def to_list(x, default=None):
+    if x is None:
+        return default
+    if not isinstance(x, (list, tuple)):
+        return [x]
+    else:
+        return x
+
+
+def to_set(x):
+    if x is None:
+        return set()
+    if not isinstance(x, set):
+        return set(to_list(x))
+    else:
+        return x
+
+
+def to_column_set(x):
+    if x is None:
+        return column_set()
+    if not isinstance(x, column_set):
+        return column_set(to_list(x))
+    else:
+        return x
+
+
+def update_copy(d, _new=None, **kw):
+    """Copy the given dict and update with the given values."""
+
+    d = d.copy()
+    if _new:
+        d.update(_new)
+    d.update(**kw)
+    return d
+
+
+def flatten_iterator(x):
+    """Given an iterator of which further sub-elements may also be
+    iterators, flatten the sub-elements into a single iterator.
+
+    """
+    for elem in x:
+        if not isinstance(elem, str) and hasattr(elem, '__iter__'):
+            for y in flatten_iterator(elem):
+                yield y
+        else:
+            yield elem
+
+
+class LRUCache(dict):
+    """Dictionary with 'squishy' removal of least
+    recently used items.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, capacity=100, threshold=.5):
+        self.capacity = capacity
+        self.threshold = threshold
+        self._counter = 0
+
+    def _inc_counter(self):
+        self._counter += 1
+        return self._counter
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        item = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+        item[2] = self._inc_counter()
+        return item[1]
+
+    def values(self):
+        return [i[1] for i in dict.values(self)]
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, value):
+        if key in self:
+            return self[key]
+        else:
+            self[key] = value
+            return value
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        item = dict.get(self, key)
+        if item is None:
+            item = [key, value, self._inc_counter()]
+            dict.__setitem__(self, key, item)
+        else:
+            item[1] = value
+        self._manage_size()
+
+    def _manage_size(self):
+        while len(self) > self.capacity + self.capacity * self.threshold:
+            by_counter = sorted(dict.values(self),
+                                key=operator.itemgetter(2),
+                                reverse=True)
+            for item in by_counter[self.capacity:]:
+                try:
+                    del self[item[0]]
+                except KeyError:
+                    # if we couldn't find a key, most
+                    # likely some other thread broke in
+                    # on us. loop around and try again
+                    break
+
+
+class ScopedRegistry(object):
+    """A Registry that can store one or multiple instances of a single
+    class on the basis of a "scope" function.
+
+    The object implements ``__call__`` as the "getter", so by
+    calling ``myregistry()`` the contained object is returned
+    for the current scope.
+
+    :param createfunc:
+      a callable that returns a new object to be placed in the registry
+
+    :param scopefunc:
+      a callable that will return a key to store/retrieve an object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, createfunc, scopefunc):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.ScopedRegistry`.
+
+        :param createfunc:  A creation function that will generate
+          a new value for the current scope, if none is present.
+
+        :param scopefunc:  A function that returns a hashable
+          token representing the current scope (such as, current
+          thread identifier).
+
+        """
+        self.createfunc = createfunc
+        self.scopefunc = scopefunc
+        self.registry = {}
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        key = self.scopefunc()
+        try:
+            return self.registry[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return self.registry.setdefault(key, self.createfunc())
+
+    def has(self):
+        """Return True if an object is present in the current scope."""
+
+        return self.scopefunc() in self.registry
+
+    def set(self, obj):
+        """Set the value for the current scope."""
+
+        self.registry[self.scopefunc()] = obj
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear the current scope, if any."""
+
+        try:
+            del self.registry[self.scopefunc()]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+
+class ThreadLocalRegistry(ScopedRegistry):
+    """A :class:`.ScopedRegistry` that uses a ``threading.local()``
+    variable for storage.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, createfunc):
+        self.createfunc = createfunc
+        self.registry = threading.local()
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        try:
+            return self.registry.value
+        except AttributeError:
+            val = self.registry.value = self.createfunc()
+            return val
+
+    def has(self):
+        return hasattr(self.registry, "value")
+
+    def set(self, obj):
+        self.registry.value = obj
+
+    def clear(self):
+        try:
+            del self.registry.value
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+
+def _iter_id(iterable):
+    """Generator: ((id(o), o) for o in iterable)."""
+
+    for item in iterable:
+        yield id(item), item
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f2238a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# util/compat.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Handle Python version/platform incompatibilities."""
+
+import sys
+
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+
+py33 = sys.version_info >= (3, 3)
+py32 = sys.version_info >= (3, 2)
+py3k = sys.version_info >= (3, 0)
+py2k = sys.version_info < (3, 0)
+py265 = sys.version_info >= (2, 6, 5)
+jython = sys.platform.startswith('java')
+pypy = hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info')
+win32 = sys.platform.startswith('win')
+cpython = not pypy and not jython  # TODO: something better for this ?
+
+import collections
+next = next
+
+if py3k:
+    import pickle
+else:
+    try:
+        import cPickle as pickle
+    except ImportError:
+        import pickle
+
+# work around http://bugs.python.org/issue2646
+if py265:
+    safe_kwarg = lambda arg: arg
+else:
+    safe_kwarg = str
+
+ArgSpec = collections.namedtuple("ArgSpec",
+                                 ["args", "varargs", "keywords", "defaults"])
+
+if py3k:
+    import builtins
+
+    from inspect import getfullargspec as inspect_getfullargspec
+    from urllib.parse import (quote_plus, unquote_plus,
+                              parse_qsl, quote, unquote)
+    import configparser
+    from io import StringIO
+
+    from io import BytesIO as byte_buffer
+
+    def inspect_getargspec(func):
+        return ArgSpec(
+            *inspect_getfullargspec(func)[0:4]
+        )
+
+    string_types = str,
+    binary_type = bytes
+    text_type = str
+    int_types = int,
+    iterbytes = iter
+
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+
+    def ue(s):
+        return s
+
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+
+    if py32:
+        callable = callable
+    else:
+        def callable(fn):
+            return hasattr(fn, '__call__')
+
+    def cmp(a, b):
+        return (a > b) - (a < b)
+
+    from functools import reduce
+
+    print_ = getattr(builtins, "print")
+
+    import_ = getattr(builtins, '__import__')
+
+    import itertools
+    itertools_filterfalse = itertools.filterfalse
+    itertools_filter = filter
+    itertools_imap = map
+    from itertools import zip_longest
+
+    import base64
+
+    def b64encode(x):
+        return base64.b64encode(x).decode('ascii')
+
+    def b64decode(x):
+        return base64.b64decode(x.encode('ascii'))
+
+else:
+    from inspect import getargspec as inspect_getfullargspec
+    inspect_getargspec = inspect_getfullargspec
+    from urllib import quote_plus, unquote_plus, quote, unquote
+    from urlparse import parse_qsl
+    import ConfigParser as configparser
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+    from cStringIO import StringIO as byte_buffer
+
+    string_types = basestring,
+    binary_type = str
+    text_type = unicode
+    int_types = int, long
+
+    def iterbytes(buf):
+        return (ord(byte) for byte in buf)
+
+    def u(s):
+        # this differs from what six does, which doesn't support non-ASCII
+        # strings - we only use u() with
+        # literal source strings, and all our source files with non-ascii
+        # in them (all are tests) are utf-8 encoded.
+        return unicode(s, "utf-8")
+
+    def ue(s):
+        return unicode(s, "unicode_escape")
+
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+
+    def import_(*args):
+        if len(args) == 4:
+            args = args[0:3] + ([str(arg) for arg in args[3]],)
+        return __import__(*args)
+
+    callable = callable
+    cmp = cmp
+    reduce = reduce
+
+    import base64
+    b64encode = base64.b64encode
+    b64decode = base64.b64decode
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+        for arg in enumerate(args):
+            if not isinstance(arg, basestring):
+                arg = str(arg)
+            fp.write(arg)
+
+    import itertools
+    itertools_filterfalse = itertools.ifilterfalse
+    itertools_filter = itertools.ifilter
+    itertools_imap = itertools.imap
+    from itertools import izip_longest as zip_longest
+
+
+import time
+if win32 or jython:
+    time_func = time.clock
+else:
+    time_func = time.time
+
+from collections import namedtuple
+from operator import attrgetter as dottedgetter
+
+
+if py3k:
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None, cause=None):
+        if cause is not None:
+            value.__cause__ = cause
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+    def raise_from_cause(exception, exc_info=None):
+        if exc_info is None:
+            exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+        exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb = exc_info
+        reraise(type(exception), exception, tb=exc_tb, cause=exc_value)
+else:
+    exec("def reraise(tp, value, tb=None, cause=None):\n"
+         "    raise tp, value, tb\n")
+
+    def raise_from_cause(exception, exc_info=None):
+        # not as nice as that of Py3K, but at least preserves
+        # the code line where the issue occurred
+        if exc_info is None:
+            exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+        exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb = exc_info
+        reraise(type(exception), exception, tb=exc_tb)
+
+if py3k:
+    exec_ = getattr(builtins, 'exec')
+else:
+    def exec_(func_text, globals_, lcl=None):
+        if lcl is None:
+            exec('exec func_text in globals_')
+        else:
+            exec('exec func_text in globals_, lcl')
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass.
+
+    Drops the middle class upon creation.
+
+    Source: http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2013/5/21/porting-to-python-3-redux/
+
+    """
+
+    class metaclass(meta):
+        __call__ = type.__call__
+        __init__ = type.__init__
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            if this_bases is None:
+                return type.__new__(cls, name, (), d)
+            return meta(name, bases, d)
+    return metaclass('temporary_class', None, {})
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d48efba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# util/deprecations.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Helpers related to deprecation of functions, methods, classes, other
+functionality."""
+
+from .. import exc
+import warnings
+import re
+from .langhelpers import decorator
+
+
+def warn_deprecated(msg, stacklevel=3):
+    warnings.warn(msg, exc.SADeprecationWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel)
+
+
+def warn_pending_deprecation(msg, stacklevel=3):
+    warnings.warn(msg, exc.SAPendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel)
+
+
+def deprecated(version, message=None, add_deprecation_to_docstring=True):
+    """Decorates a function and issues a deprecation warning on use.
+
+    :param message:
+      If provided, issue message in the warning.  A sensible default
+      is used if not provided.
+
+    :param add_deprecation_to_docstring:
+      Default True.  If False, the wrapped function's __doc__ is left
+      as-is.  If True, the 'message' is prepended to the docs if
+      provided, or sensible default if message is omitted.
+
+    """
+
+    if add_deprecation_to_docstring:
+        header = ".. deprecated:: %s %s" % \
+            (version, (message or ''))
+    else:
+        header = None
+
+    if message is None:
+        message = "Call to deprecated function %(func)s"
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        return _decorate_with_warning(
+            fn, exc.SADeprecationWarning,
+            message % dict(func=fn.__name__), header)
+    return decorate
+
+
+def pending_deprecation(version, message=None,
+                        add_deprecation_to_docstring=True):
+    """Decorates a function and issues a pending deprecation warning on use.
+
+    :param version:
+      An approximate future version at which point the pending deprecation
+      will become deprecated.  Not used in messaging.
+
+    :param message:
+      If provided, issue message in the warning.  A sensible default
+      is used if not provided.
+
+    :param add_deprecation_to_docstring:
+      Default True.  If False, the wrapped function's __doc__ is left
+      as-is.  If True, the 'message' is prepended to the docs if
+      provided, or sensible default if message is omitted.
+    """
+
+    if add_deprecation_to_docstring:
+        header = ".. deprecated:: %s (pending) %s" % \
+            (version, (message or ''))
+    else:
+        header = None
+
+    if message is None:
+        message = "Call to deprecated function %(func)s"
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        return _decorate_with_warning(
+            fn, exc.SAPendingDeprecationWarning,
+            message % dict(func=fn.__name__), header)
+    return decorate
+
+
+def _sanitize_restructured_text(text):
+    def repl(m):
+        type_, name = m.group(1, 2)
+        if type_ in ("func", "meth"):
+            name += "()"
+        return name
+    return re.sub(r'\:(\w+)\:`~?\.?(.+?)`', repl, text)
+
+
+def _decorate_with_warning(func, wtype, message, docstring_header=None):
+    """Wrap a function with a warnings.warn and augmented docstring."""
+
+    message = _sanitize_restructured_text(message)
+
+    @decorator
+    def warned(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+        warnings.warn(wtype(message), stacklevel=3)
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    doc = func.__doc__ is not None and func.__doc__ or ''
+    if docstring_header is not None:
+        docstring_header %= dict(func=func.__name__)
+
+        doc = inject_docstring_text(doc, docstring_header, 1)
+
+    decorated = warned(func)
+    decorated.__doc__ = doc
+    return decorated
+
+import textwrap
+
+
+def _dedent_docstring(text):
+    split_text = text.split("\n", 1)
+    if len(split_text) == 1:
+        return text
+    else:
+        firstline, remaining = split_text
+    if not firstline.startswith(" "):
+        return firstline + "\n" + textwrap.dedent(remaining)
+    else:
+        return textwrap.dedent(text)
+
+
+def inject_docstring_text(doctext, injecttext, pos):
+    doctext = _dedent_docstring(doctext or "")
+    lines = doctext.split('\n')
+    injectlines = textwrap.dedent(injecttext).split("\n")
+    if injectlines[0]:
+        injectlines.insert(0, "")
+
+    blanks = [num for num, line in enumerate(lines) if not line.strip()]
+    blanks.insert(0, 0)
+
+    inject_pos = blanks[min(pos, len(blanks) - 1)]
+
+    lines = lines[0:inject_pos] + injectlines + lines[inject_pos:]
+    return "\n".join(lines)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d6fe5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1249 @@
+# util/langhelpers.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Routines to help with the creation, loading and introspection of
+modules, classes, hierarchies, attributes, functions, and methods.
+
+"""
+import itertools
+import inspect
+import operator
+import re
+import sys
+import types
+import warnings
+from functools import update_wrapper
+from .. import exc
+import hashlib
+from . import compat
+from . import _collections
+
+
+def md5_hex(x):
+    if compat.py3k:
+        x = x.encode('utf-8')
+    m = hashlib.md5()
+    m.update(x)
+    return m.hexdigest()
+
+
+class safe_reraise(object):
+    """Reraise an exception after invoking some
+    handler code.
+
+    Stores the existing exception info before
+    invoking so that it is maintained across a potential
+    coroutine context switch.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        try:
+            sess.commit()
+        except:
+            with safe_reraise():
+                sess.rollback()
+
+    """
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self._exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_, value, traceback):
+        # see #2703 for notes
+        if type_ is None:
+            exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb = self._exc_info
+            self._exc_info = None   # remove potential circular references
+            compat.reraise(exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb)
+        else:
+            self._exc_info = None   # remove potential circular references
+            compat.reraise(type_, value, traceback)
+
+
+def decode_slice(slc):
+    """decode a slice object as sent to __getitem__.
+
+    takes into account the 2.5 __index__() method, basically.
+
+    """
+    ret = []
+    for x in slc.start, slc.stop, slc.step:
+        if hasattr(x, '__index__'):
+            x = x.__index__()
+        ret.append(x)
+    return tuple(ret)
+
+
+def _unique_symbols(used, *bases):
+    used = set(used)
+    for base in bases:
+        pool = itertools.chain((base,),
+                               compat.itertools_imap(lambda i: base + str(i),
+                                                     range(1000)))
+        for sym in pool:
+            if sym not in used:
+                used.add(sym)
+                yield sym
+                break
+        else:
+            raise NameError("exhausted namespace for symbol base %s" % base)
+
+
+def decorator(target):
+    """A signature-matching decorator factory."""
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        if not inspect.isfunction(fn):
+            raise Exception("not a decoratable function")
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+        names = tuple(spec[0]) + spec[1:3] + (fn.__name__,)
+        targ_name, fn_name = _unique_symbols(names, 'target', 'fn')
+
+        metadata = dict(target=targ_name, fn=fn_name)
+        metadata.update(format_argspec_plus(spec, grouped=False))
+        metadata['name'] = fn.__name__
+        code = """\
+def %(name)s(%(args)s):
+    return %(target)s(%(fn)s, %(apply_kw)s)
+""" % metadata
+        decorated = _exec_code_in_env(code,
+                                      {targ_name: target, fn_name: fn},
+                                      fn.__name__)
+        decorated.__defaults__ = getattr(fn, 'im_func', fn).__defaults__
+        decorated.__wrapped__ = fn
+        return update_wrapper(decorated, fn)
+    return update_wrapper(decorate, target)
+
+
+def _exec_code_in_env(code, env, fn_name):
+    exec(code, env)
+    return env[fn_name]
+
+
+def public_factory(target, location):
+    """Produce a wrapping function for the given cls or classmethod.
+
+    Rationale here is so that the __init__ method of the
+    class can serve as documentation for the function.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(target, type):
+        fn = target.__init__
+        callable_ = target
+        doc = "Construct a new :class:`.%s` object. \n\n"\
+            "This constructor is mirrored as a public API function; see :func:`~%s` "\
+            "for a full usage and argument description." % (
+                target.__name__, location, )
+    else:
+        fn = callable_ = target
+        doc = "This function is mirrored; see :func:`~%s` "\
+            "for a description of arguments." % location
+
+    location_name = location.split(".")[-1]
+    spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+    del spec[0][0]
+    metadata = format_argspec_plus(spec, grouped=False)
+    metadata['name'] = location_name
+    code = """\
+def %(name)s(%(args)s):
+    return cls(%(apply_kw)s)
+""" % metadata
+    env = {'cls': callable_, 'symbol': symbol}
+    exec(code, env)
+    decorated = env[location_name]
+    decorated.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+    if compat.py2k or hasattr(fn, '__func__'):
+        fn.__func__.__doc__ = doc
+    else:
+        fn.__doc__ = doc
+    return decorated
+
+
+class PluginLoader(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, group, auto_fn=None):
+        self.group = group
+        self.impls = {}
+        self.auto_fn = auto_fn
+
+    def load(self, name):
+        if name in self.impls:
+            return self.impls[name]()
+
+        if self.auto_fn:
+            loader = self.auto_fn(name)
+            if loader:
+                self.impls[name] = loader
+                return loader()
+
+        try:
+            import pkg_resources
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            for impl in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points(
+                    self.group, name):
+                self.impls[name] = impl.load
+                return impl.load()
+
+        raise exc.NoSuchModuleError(
+            "Can't load plugin: %s:%s" %
+            (self.group, name))
+
+    def register(self, name, modulepath, objname):
+        def load():
+            mod = compat.import_(modulepath)
+            for token in modulepath.split(".")[1:]:
+                mod = getattr(mod, token)
+            return getattr(mod, objname)
+        self.impls[name] = load
+
+
+def get_cls_kwargs(cls, _set=None):
+    """Return the full set of inherited kwargs for the given `cls`.
+
+    Probes a class's __init__ method, collecting all named arguments.  If the
+    __init__ defines a \**kwargs catch-all, then the constructor is presumed
+    to pass along unrecognized keywords to its base classes, and the
+    collection process is repeated recursively on each of the bases.
+
+    Uses a subset of inspect.getargspec() to cut down on method overhead.
+    No anonymous tuple arguments please !
+
+    """
+    toplevel = _set is None
+    if toplevel:
+        _set = set()
+
+    ctr = cls.__dict__.get('__init__', False)
+
+    has_init = ctr and isinstance(ctr, types.FunctionType) and \
+        isinstance(ctr.__code__, types.CodeType)
+
+    if has_init:
+        names, has_kw = inspect_func_args(ctr)
+        _set.update(names)
+
+        if not has_kw and not toplevel:
+            return None
+
+    if not has_init or has_kw:
+        for c in cls.__bases__:
+            if get_cls_kwargs(c, _set) is None:
+                break
+
+    _set.discard('self')
+    return _set
+
+
+try:
+    # TODO: who doesn't have this constant?
+    from inspect import CO_VARKEYWORDS
+
+    def inspect_func_args(fn):
+        co = fn.__code__
+        nargs = co.co_argcount
+        names = co.co_varnames
+        args = list(names[:nargs])
+        has_kw = bool(co.co_flags & CO_VARKEYWORDS)
+        return args, has_kw
+
+except ImportError:
+    def inspect_func_args(fn):
+        names, _, has_kw, _ = inspect.getargspec(fn)
+        return names, bool(has_kw)
+
+
+def get_func_kwargs(func):
+    """Return the set of legal kwargs for the given `func`.
+
+    Uses getargspec so is safe to call for methods, functions,
+    etc.
+
+    """
+
+    return compat.inspect_getargspec(func)[0]
+
+
+def get_callable_argspec(fn, no_self=False, _is_init=False):
+    """Return the argument signature for any callable.
+
+    All pure-Python callables are accepted, including
+    functions, methods, classes, objects with __call__;
+    builtins and other edge cases like functools.partial() objects
+    raise a TypeError.
+
+    """
+    if inspect.isbuiltin(fn):
+        raise TypeError("Can't inspect builtin: %s" % fn)
+    elif inspect.isfunction(fn):
+        if _is_init and no_self:
+            spec = compat.inspect_getargspec(fn)
+            return compat.ArgSpec(spec.args[1:], spec.varargs,
+                                  spec.keywords, spec.defaults)
+        else:
+            return compat.inspect_getargspec(fn)
+    elif inspect.ismethod(fn):
+        if no_self and (_is_init or fn.__self__):
+            spec = compat.inspect_getargspec(fn.__func__)
+            return compat.ArgSpec(spec.args[1:], spec.varargs,
+                                  spec.keywords, spec.defaults)
+        else:
+            return compat.inspect_getargspec(fn.__func__)
+    elif inspect.isclass(fn):
+        return get_callable_argspec(
+            fn.__init__, no_self=no_self, _is_init=True)
+    elif hasattr(fn, '__func__'):
+        return compat.inspect_getargspec(fn.__func__)
+    elif hasattr(fn, '__call__'):
+        if inspect.ismethod(fn.__call__):
+            return get_callable_argspec(fn.__call__, no_self=no_self)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Can't inspect callable: %s" % fn)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Can't inspect callable: %s" % fn)
+
+
+def format_argspec_plus(fn, grouped=True):
+    """Returns a dictionary of formatted, introspected function arguments.
+
+    A enhanced variant of inspect.formatargspec to support code generation.
+
+    fn
+       An inspectable callable or tuple of inspect getargspec() results.
+    grouped
+      Defaults to True; include (parens, around, argument) lists
+
+    Returns:
+
+    args
+      Full inspect.formatargspec for fn
+    self_arg
+      The name of the first positional argument, varargs[0], or None
+      if the function defines no positional arguments.
+    apply_pos
+      args, re-written in calling rather than receiving syntax.  Arguments are
+      passed positionally.
+    apply_kw
+      Like apply_pos, except keyword-ish args are passed as keywords.
+
+    Example::
+
+      >>> format_argspec_plus(lambda self, a, b, c=3, **d: 123)
+      {'args': '(self, a, b, c=3, **d)',
+       'self_arg': 'self',
+       'apply_kw': '(self, a, b, c=c, **d)',
+       'apply_pos': '(self, a, b, c, **d)'}
+
+    """
+    if compat.callable(fn):
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+    else:
+        # we accept an existing argspec...
+        spec = fn
+    args = inspect.formatargspec(*spec)
+    if spec[0]:
+        self_arg = spec[0][0]
+    elif spec[1]:
+        self_arg = '%s[0]' % spec[1]
+    else:
+        self_arg = None
+
+    if compat.py3k:
+        apply_pos = inspect.formatargspec(spec[0], spec[1],
+                                          spec[2], None, spec[4])
+        num_defaults = 0
+        if spec[3]:
+            num_defaults += len(spec[3])
+        if spec[4]:
+            num_defaults += len(spec[4])
+        name_args = spec[0] + spec[4]
+    else:
+        apply_pos = inspect.formatargspec(spec[0], spec[1], spec[2])
+        num_defaults = 0
+        if spec[3]:
+            num_defaults += len(spec[3])
+        name_args = spec[0]
+
+    if num_defaults:
+        defaulted_vals = name_args[0 - num_defaults:]
+    else:
+        defaulted_vals = ()
+
+    apply_kw = inspect.formatargspec(name_args, spec[1], spec[2],
+                                     defaulted_vals,
+                                     formatvalue=lambda x: '=' + x)
+    if grouped:
+        return dict(args=args, self_arg=self_arg,
+                    apply_pos=apply_pos, apply_kw=apply_kw)
+    else:
+        return dict(args=args[1:-1], self_arg=self_arg,
+                    apply_pos=apply_pos[1:-1], apply_kw=apply_kw[1:-1])
+
+
+def format_argspec_init(method, grouped=True):
+    """format_argspec_plus with considerations for typical __init__ methods
+
+    Wraps format_argspec_plus with error handling strategies for typical
+    __init__ cases::
+
+      object.__init__ -> (self)
+      other unreflectable (usually C) -> (self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    """
+    if method is object.__init__:
+        args = grouped and '(self)' or 'self'
+    else:
+        try:
+            return format_argspec_plus(method, grouped=grouped)
+        except TypeError:
+            args = (grouped and '(self, *args, **kwargs)'
+                    or 'self, *args, **kwargs')
+    return dict(self_arg='self', args=args, apply_pos=args, apply_kw=args)
+
+
+def getargspec_init(method):
+    """inspect.getargspec with considerations for typical __init__ methods
+
+    Wraps inspect.getargspec with error handling for typical __init__ cases::
+
+      object.__init__ -> (self)
+      other unreflectable (usually C) -> (self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return inspect.getargspec(method)
+    except TypeError:
+        if method is object.__init__:
+            return (['self'], None, None, None)
+        else:
+            return (['self'], 'args', 'kwargs', None)
+
+
+def unbound_method_to_callable(func_or_cls):
+    """Adjust the incoming callable such that a 'self' argument is not
+    required.
+
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(func_or_cls, types.MethodType) and not func_or_cls.__self__:
+        return func_or_cls.__func__
+    else:
+        return func_or_cls
+
+
+def generic_repr(obj, additional_kw=(), to_inspect=None):
+    """Produce a __repr__() based on direct association of the __init__()
+    specification vs. same-named attributes present.
+
+    """
+    if to_inspect is None:
+        to_inspect = [obj]
+    else:
+        to_inspect = _collections.to_list(to_inspect)
+
+    missing = object()
+
+    pos_args = []
+    kw_args = _collections.OrderedDict()
+    vargs = None
+    for i, insp in enumerate(to_inspect):
+        try:
+            (_args, _vargs, vkw, defaults) = \
+                inspect.getargspec(insp.__init__)
+        except TypeError:
+            continue
+        else:
+            default_len = defaults and len(defaults) or 0
+            if i == 0:
+                if _vargs:
+                    vargs = _vargs
+                if default_len:
+                    pos_args.extend(_args[1:-default_len])
+                else:
+                    pos_args.extend(_args[1:])
+            else:
+                kw_args.update([
+                    (arg, missing) for arg in _args[1:-default_len]
+                ])
+
+            if default_len:
+                kw_args.update([
+                    (arg, default)
+                    for arg, default
+                    in zip(_args[-default_len:], defaults)
+                ])
+    output = []
+
+    output.extend(repr(getattr(obj, arg, None)) for arg in pos_args)
+
+    if vargs is not None and hasattr(obj, vargs):
+        output.extend([repr(val) for val in getattr(obj, vargs)])
+
+    for arg, defval in kw_args.items():
+        try:
+            val = getattr(obj, arg, missing)
+            if val is not missing and val != defval:
+                output.append('%s=%r' % (arg, val))
+        except:
+            pass
+
+    if additional_kw:
+        for arg, defval in additional_kw:
+            try:
+                val = getattr(obj, arg, missing)
+                if val is not missing and val != defval:
+                    output.append('%s=%r' % (arg, val))
+            except:
+                pass
+
+    return "%s(%s)" % (obj.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(output))
+
+
+class portable_instancemethod(object):
+    """Turn an instancemethod into a (parent, name) pair
+    to produce a serializable callable.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, meth):
+        self.target = meth.__self__
+        self.name = meth.__name__
+
+    def __call__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        return getattr(self.target, self.name)(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+def class_hierarchy(cls):
+    """Return an unordered sequence of all classes related to cls.
+
+    Traverses diamond hierarchies.
+
+    Fibs slightly: subclasses of builtin types are not returned.  Thus
+    class_hierarchy(class A(object)) returns (A, object), not A plus every
+    class systemwide that derives from object.
+
+    Old-style classes are discarded and hierarchies rooted on them
+    will not be descended.
+
+    """
+    if compat.py2k:
+        if isinstance(cls, types.ClassType):
+            return list()
+
+    hier = set([cls])
+    process = list(cls.__mro__)
+    while process:
+        c = process.pop()
+        if compat.py2k:
+            if isinstance(c, types.ClassType):
+                continue
+            bases = (_ for _ in c.__bases__
+                     if _ not in hier and not isinstance(_, types.ClassType))
+        else:
+            bases = (_ for _ in c.__bases__ if _ not in hier)
+
+        for b in bases:
+            process.append(b)
+            hier.add(b)
+
+        if compat.py3k:
+            if c.__module__ == 'builtins' or not hasattr(c, '__subclasses__'):
+                continue
+        else:
+            if c.__module__ == '__builtin__' or not hasattr(
+                    c, '__subclasses__'):
+                continue
+
+        for s in [_ for _ in c.__subclasses__() if _ not in hier]:
+            process.append(s)
+            hier.add(s)
+    return list(hier)
+
+
+def iterate_attributes(cls):
+    """iterate all the keys and attributes associated
+       with a class, without using getattr().
+
+       Does not use getattr() so that class-sensitive
+       descriptors (i.e. property.__get__()) are not called.
+
+    """
+    keys = dir(cls)
+    for key in keys:
+        for c in cls.__mro__:
+            if key in c.__dict__:
+                yield (key, c.__dict__[key])
+                break
+
+
+def monkeypatch_proxied_specials(into_cls, from_cls, skip=None, only=None,
+                                 name='self.proxy', from_instance=None):
+    """Automates delegation of __specials__ for a proxying type."""
+
+    if only:
+        dunders = only
+    else:
+        if skip is None:
+            skip = ('__slots__', '__del__', '__getattribute__',
+                    '__metaclass__', '__getstate__', '__setstate__')
+        dunders = [m for m in dir(from_cls)
+                   if (m.startswith('__') and m.endswith('__') and
+                       not hasattr(into_cls, m) and m not in skip)]
+
+    for method in dunders:
+        try:
+            fn = getattr(from_cls, method)
+            if not hasattr(fn, '__call__'):
+                continue
+            fn = getattr(fn, 'im_func', fn)
+        except AttributeError:
+            continue
+        try:
+            spec = inspect.getargspec(fn)
+            fn_args = inspect.formatargspec(spec[0])
+            d_args = inspect.formatargspec(spec[0][1:])
+        except TypeError:
+            fn_args = '(self, *args, **kw)'
+            d_args = '(*args, **kw)'
+
+        py = ("def %(method)s%(fn_args)s: "
+              "return %(name)s.%(method)s%(d_args)s" % locals())
+
+        env = from_instance is not None and {name: from_instance} or {}
+        compat.exec_(py, env)
+        try:
+            env[method].__defaults__ = fn.__defaults__
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        setattr(into_cls, method, env[method])
+
+
+def methods_equivalent(meth1, meth2):
+    """Return True if the two methods are the same implementation."""
+
+    return getattr(meth1, '__func__', meth1) is getattr(
+        meth2, '__func__', meth2)
+
+
+def as_interface(obj, cls=None, methods=None, required=None):
+    """Ensure basic interface compliance for an instance or dict of callables.
+
+    Checks that ``obj`` implements public methods of ``cls`` or has members
+    listed in ``methods``. If ``required`` is not supplied, implementing at
+    least one interface method is sufficient. Methods present on ``obj`` that
+    are not in the interface are ignored.
+
+    If ``obj`` is a dict and ``dict`` does not meet the interface
+    requirements, the keys of the dictionary are inspected. Keys present in
+    ``obj`` that are not in the interface will raise TypeErrors.
+
+    Raises TypeError if ``obj`` does not meet the interface criteria.
+
+    In all passing cases, an object with callable members is returned.  In the
+    simple case, ``obj`` is returned as-is; if dict processing kicks in then
+    an anonymous class is returned.
+
+    obj
+      A type, instance, or dictionary of callables.
+    cls
+      Optional, a type.  All public methods of cls are considered the
+      interface.  An ``obj`` instance of cls will always pass, ignoring
+      ``required``..
+    methods
+      Optional, a sequence of method names to consider as the interface.
+    required
+      Optional, a sequence of mandatory implementations. If omitted, an
+      ``obj`` that provides at least one interface method is considered
+      sufficient.  As a convenience, required may be a type, in which case
+      all public methods of the type are required.
+
+    """
+    if not cls and not methods:
+        raise TypeError('a class or collection of method names are required')
+
+    if isinstance(cls, type) and isinstance(obj, cls):
+        return obj
+
+    interface = set(methods or [m for m in dir(cls) if not m.startswith('_')])
+    implemented = set(dir(obj))
+
+    complies = operator.ge
+    if isinstance(required, type):
+        required = interface
+    elif not required:
+        required = set()
+        complies = operator.gt
+    else:
+        required = set(required)
+
+    if complies(implemented.intersection(interface), required):
+        return obj
+
+    # No dict duck typing here.
+    if not isinstance(obj, dict):
+        qualifier = complies is operator.gt and 'any of' or 'all of'
+        raise TypeError("%r does not implement %s: %s" % (
+            obj, qualifier, ', '.join(interface)))
+
+    class AnonymousInterface(object):
+        """A callable-holding shell."""
+
+    if cls:
+        AnonymousInterface.__name__ = 'Anonymous' + cls.__name__
+    found = set()
+
+    for method, impl in dictlike_iteritems(obj):
+        if method not in interface:
+            raise TypeError("%r: unknown in this interface" % method)
+        if not compat.callable(impl):
+            raise TypeError("%r=%r is not callable" % (method, impl))
+        setattr(AnonymousInterface, method, staticmethod(impl))
+        found.add(method)
+
+    if complies(found, required):
+        return AnonymousInterface
+
+    raise TypeError("dictionary does not contain required keys %s" %
+                    ', '.join(required - found))
+
+
+class memoized_property(object):
+    """A read-only @property that is only evaluated once."""
+
+    def __init__(self, fget, doc=None):
+        self.fget = fget
+        self.__doc__ = doc or fget.__doc__
+        self.__name__ = fget.__name__
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = result = self.fget(obj)
+        return result
+
+    def _reset(self, obj):
+        memoized_property.reset(obj, self.__name__)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def reset(cls, obj, name):
+        obj.__dict__.pop(name, None)
+
+
+class memoized_instancemethod(object):
+    """Decorate a method memoize its return value.
+
+    Best applied to no-arg methods: memoization is not sensitive to
+    argument values, and will always return the same value even when
+    called with different arguments.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fget, doc=None):
+        self.fget = fget
+        self.__doc__ = doc or fget.__doc__
+        self.__name__ = fget.__name__
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+
+        def oneshot(*args, **kw):
+            result = self.fget(obj, *args, **kw)
+            memo = lambda *a, **kw: result
+            memo.__name__ = self.__name__
+            memo.__doc__ = self.__doc__
+            obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = memo
+            return result
+
+        oneshot.__name__ = self.__name__
+        oneshot.__doc__ = self.__doc__
+        return oneshot
+
+
+class group_expirable_memoized_property(object):
+    """A family of @memoized_properties that can be expired in tandem."""
+
+    def __init__(self, attributes=()):
+        self.attributes = []
+        if attributes:
+            self.attributes.extend(attributes)
+
+    def expire_instance(self, instance):
+        """Expire all memoized properties for *instance*."""
+        stash = instance.__dict__
+        for attribute in self.attributes:
+            stash.pop(attribute, None)
+
+    def __call__(self, fn):
+        self.attributes.append(fn.__name__)
+        return memoized_property(fn)
+
+    def method(self, fn):
+        self.attributes.append(fn.__name__)
+        return memoized_instancemethod(fn)
+
+
+def dependency_for(modulename):
+    def decorate(obj):
+        # TODO: would be nice to improve on this import silliness,
+        # unfortunately importlib doesn't work that great either
+        tokens = modulename.split(".")
+        mod = compat.import_(
+            ".".join(tokens[0:-1]), globals(), locals(), tokens[-1])
+        mod = getattr(mod, tokens[-1])
+        setattr(mod, obj.__name__, obj)
+        return obj
+    return decorate
+
+
+class dependencies(object):
+    """Apply imported dependencies as arguments to a function.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        @util.dependencies(
+            "sqlalchemy.sql.widget",
+            "sqlalchemy.engine.default"
+        );
+        def some_func(self, widget, default, arg1, arg2, **kw):
+            # ...
+
+    Rationale is so that the impact of a dependency cycle can be
+    associated directly with the few functions that cause the cycle,
+    and not pollute the module-level namespace.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *deps):
+        self.import_deps = []
+        for dep in deps:
+            tokens = dep.split(".")
+            self.import_deps.append(
+                dependencies._importlater(
+                    ".".join(tokens[0:-1]),
+                    tokens[-1]
+                )
+            )
+
+    def __call__(self, fn):
+        import_deps = self.import_deps
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+
+        spec_zero = list(spec[0])
+        hasself = spec_zero[0] in ('self', 'cls')
+
+        for i in range(len(import_deps)):
+            spec[0][i + (1 if hasself else 0)] = "import_deps[%r]" % i
+
+        inner_spec = format_argspec_plus(spec, grouped=False)
+
+        for impname in import_deps:
+            del spec_zero[1 if hasself else 0]
+        spec[0][:] = spec_zero
+
+        outer_spec = format_argspec_plus(spec, grouped=False)
+
+        code = 'lambda %(args)s: fn(%(apply_kw)s)' % {
+            "args": outer_spec['args'],
+            "apply_kw": inner_spec['apply_kw']
+        }
+
+        decorated = eval(code, locals())
+        decorated.__defaults__ = getattr(fn, 'im_func', fn).__defaults__
+        return update_wrapper(decorated, fn)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def resolve_all(cls, path):
+        for m in list(dependencies._unresolved):
+            if m._full_path.startswith(path):
+                m._resolve()
+
+    _unresolved = set()
+    _by_key = {}
+
+    class _importlater(object):
+        _unresolved = set()
+
+        _by_key = {}
+
+        def __new__(cls, path, addtl):
+            key = path + "." + addtl
+            if key in dependencies._by_key:
+                return dependencies._by_key[key]
+            else:
+                dependencies._by_key[key] = imp = object.__new__(cls)
+                return imp
+
+        def __init__(self, path, addtl):
+            self._il_path = path
+            self._il_addtl = addtl
+            dependencies._unresolved.add(self)
+
+        @property
+        def _full_path(self):
+            return self._il_path + "." + self._il_addtl
+
+        @memoized_property
+        def module(self):
+            if self in dependencies._unresolved:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "importlater.resolve_all() hasn't "
+                    "been called (this is %s %s)"
+                    % (self._il_path, self._il_addtl))
+
+            return getattr(self._initial_import, self._il_addtl)
+
+        def _resolve(self):
+            dependencies._unresolved.discard(self)
+            self._initial_import = compat.import_(
+                self._il_path, globals(), locals(),
+                [self._il_addtl])
+
+        def __getattr__(self, key):
+            if key == 'module':
+                raise ImportError("Could not resolve module %s"
+                                  % self._full_path)
+            try:
+                attr = getattr(self.module, key)
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    "Module %s has no attribute '%s'" %
+                    (self._full_path, key)
+                )
+            self.__dict__[key] = attr
+            return attr
+
+
+# from paste.deploy.converters
+def asbool(obj):
+    if isinstance(obj, compat.string_types):
+        obj = obj.strip().lower()
+        if obj in ['true', 'yes', 'on', 'y', 't', '1']:
+            return True
+        elif obj in ['false', 'no', 'off', 'n', 'f', '0']:
+            return False
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("String is not true/false: %r" % obj)
+    return bool(obj)
+
+
+def bool_or_str(*text):
+    """Return a callable that will evaulate a string as
+    boolean, or one of a set of "alternate" string values.
+
+    """
+    def bool_or_value(obj):
+        if obj in text:
+            return obj
+        else:
+            return asbool(obj)
+    return bool_or_value
+
+
+def asint(value):
+    """Coerce to integer."""
+
+    if value is None:
+        return value
+    return int(value)
+
+
+def coerce_kw_type(kw, key, type_, flexi_bool=True):
+    """If 'key' is present in dict 'kw', coerce its value to type 'type\_' if
+    necessary.  If 'flexi_bool' is True, the string '0' is considered false
+    when coercing to boolean.
+    """
+
+    if key in kw and not isinstance(kw[key], type_) and kw[key] is not None:
+        if type_ is bool and flexi_bool:
+            kw[key] = asbool(kw[key])
+        else:
+            kw[key] = type_(kw[key])
+
+
+def constructor_copy(obj, cls, **kw):
+    """Instantiate cls using the __dict__ of obj as constructor arguments.
+
+    Uses inspect to match the named arguments of ``cls``.
+
+    """
+
+    names = get_cls_kwargs(cls)
+    kw.update((k, obj.__dict__[k]) for k in names if k in obj.__dict__)
+    return cls(**kw)
+
+
+def counter():
+    """Return a threadsafe counter function."""
+
+    lock = compat.threading.Lock()
+    counter = itertools.count(1)
+
+    # avoid the 2to3 "next" transformation...
+    def _next():
+        lock.acquire()
+        try:
+            return next(counter)
+        finally:
+            lock.release()
+
+    return _next
+
+
+def duck_type_collection(specimen, default=None):
+    """Given an instance or class, guess if it is or is acting as one of
+    the basic collection types: list, set and dict.  If the __emulates__
+    property is present, return that preferentially.
+    """
+
+    if hasattr(specimen, '__emulates__'):
+        # canonicalize set vs sets.Set to a standard: the builtin set
+        if (specimen.__emulates__ is not None and
+                issubclass(specimen.__emulates__, set)):
+            return set
+        else:
+            return specimen.__emulates__
+
+    isa = isinstance(specimen, type) and issubclass or isinstance
+    if isa(specimen, list):
+        return list
+    elif isa(specimen, set):
+        return set
+    elif isa(specimen, dict):
+        return dict
+
+    if hasattr(specimen, 'append'):
+        return list
+    elif hasattr(specimen, 'add'):
+        return set
+    elif hasattr(specimen, 'set'):
+        return dict
+    else:
+        return default
+
+
+def assert_arg_type(arg, argtype, name):
+    if isinstance(arg, argtype):
+        return arg
+    else:
+        if isinstance(argtype, tuple):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Argument '%s' is expected to be one of type %s, got '%s'" %
+                (name, ' or '.join("'%s'" % a for a in argtype), type(arg)))
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Argument '%s' is expected to be of type '%s', got '%s'" %
+                (name, argtype, type(arg)))
+
+
+def dictlike_iteritems(dictlike):
+    """Return a (key, value) iterator for almost any dict-like object."""
+
+    if compat.py3k:
+        if hasattr(dictlike, 'items'):
+            return list(dictlike.items())
+    else:
+        if hasattr(dictlike, 'iteritems'):
+            return dictlike.iteritems()
+        elif hasattr(dictlike, 'items'):
+            return iter(dictlike.items())
+
+    getter = getattr(dictlike, '__getitem__', getattr(dictlike, 'get', None))
+    if getter is None:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Object '%r' is not dict-like" % dictlike)
+
+    if hasattr(dictlike, 'iterkeys'):
+        def iterator():
+            for key in dictlike.iterkeys():
+                yield key, getter(key)
+        return iterator()
+    elif hasattr(dictlike, 'keys'):
+        return iter((key, getter(key)) for key in dictlike.keys())
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Object '%r' is not dict-like" % dictlike)
+
+
+class classproperty(property):
+    """A decorator that behaves like @property except that operates
+    on classes rather than instances.
+
+    The decorator is currently special when using the declarative
+    module, but note that the
+    :class:`~.sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.declared_attr`
+    decorator should be used for this purpose with declarative.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fget, *arg, **kw):
+        super(classproperty, self).__init__(fget, *arg, **kw)
+        self.__doc__ = fget.__doc__
+
+    def __get__(desc, self, cls):
+        return desc.fget(cls)
+
+
+class hybridmethod(object):
+    """Decorate a function as cls- or instance- level."""
+
+    def __init__(self, func, expr=None):
+        self.func = func
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self.func.__get__(owner, owner.__class__)
+        else:
+            return self.func.__get__(instance, owner)
+
+
+class _symbol(int):
+    def __new__(self, name, doc=None, canonical=None):
+        """Construct a new named symbol."""
+        assert isinstance(name, compat.string_types)
+        if canonical is None:
+            canonical = hash(name)
+        v = int.__new__(_symbol, canonical)
+        v.name = name
+        if doc:
+            v.__doc__ = doc
+        return v
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return symbol, (self.name, "x", int(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return repr(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "symbol(%r)" % self.name
+
+_symbol.__name__ = 'symbol'
+
+
+class symbol(object):
+    """A constant symbol.
+
+    >>> symbol('foo') is symbol('foo')
+    True
+    >>> symbol('foo')
+    
+
+    A slight refinement of the MAGICCOOKIE=object() pattern.  The primary
+    advantage of symbol() is its repr().  They are also singletons.
+
+    Repeated calls of symbol('name') will all return the same instance.
+
+    The optional ``doc`` argument assigns to ``__doc__``.  This
+    is strictly so that Sphinx autoattr picks up the docstring we want
+    (it doesn't appear to pick up the in-module docstring if the datamember
+    is in a different module - autoattribute also blows up completely).
+    If Sphinx fixes/improves this then we would no longer need
+    ``doc`` here.
+
+    """
+    symbols = {}
+    _lock = compat.threading.Lock()
+
+    def __new__(cls, name, doc=None, canonical=None):
+        cls._lock.acquire()
+        try:
+            sym = cls.symbols.get(name)
+            if sym is None:
+                cls.symbols[name] = sym = _symbol(name, doc, canonical)
+            return sym
+        finally:
+            symbol._lock.release()
+
+
+_creation_order = 1
+
+
+def set_creation_order(instance):
+    """Assign a '_creation_order' sequence to the given instance.
+
+    This allows multiple instances to be sorted in order of creation
+    (typically within a single thread; the counter is not particularly
+    threadsafe).
+
+    """
+    global _creation_order
+    instance._creation_order = _creation_order
+    _creation_order += 1
+
+
+def warn_exception(func, *args, **kwargs):
+    """executes the given function, catches all exceptions and converts to
+    a warning.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return func(*args, **kwargs)
+    except:
+        warn("%s('%s') ignored" % sys.exc_info()[0:2])
+
+
+def warn(msg, stacklevel=3):
+    """Issue a warning.
+
+    If msg is a string, :class:`.exc.SAWarning` is used as
+    the category.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       This function is swapped out when the test suite
+       runs, with a compatible version that uses
+       warnings.warn_explicit, so that the warnings registry can
+       be controlled.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(msg, compat.string_types):
+        warnings.warn(msg, exc.SAWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel)
+    else:
+        warnings.warn(msg, stacklevel=stacklevel)
+
+
+def only_once(fn):
+    """Decorate the given function to be a no-op after it is called exactly
+    once."""
+
+    once = [fn]
+
+    def go(*arg, **kw):
+        if once:
+            once_fn = once.pop()
+            return once_fn(*arg, **kw)
+
+    return go
+
+
+_SQLA_RE = re.compile(r'sqlalchemy/([a-z_]+/){0,2}[a-z_]+\.py')
+_UNITTEST_RE = re.compile(r'unit(?:2|test2?/)')
+
+
+def chop_traceback(tb, exclude_prefix=_UNITTEST_RE, exclude_suffix=_SQLA_RE):
+    """Chop extraneous lines off beginning and end of a traceback.
+
+    :param tb:
+      a list of traceback lines as returned by ``traceback.format_stack()``
+
+    :param exclude_prefix:
+      a regular expression object matching lines to skip at beginning of
+      ``tb``
+
+    :param exclude_suffix:
+      a regular expression object matching lines to skip at end of ``tb``
+    """
+    start = 0
+    end = len(tb) - 1
+    while start <= end and exclude_prefix.search(tb[start]):
+        start += 1
+    while start <= end and exclude_suffix.search(tb[end]):
+        end -= 1
+    return tb[start:end + 1]
+
+NoneType = type(None)
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/queue.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/queue.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..796c6a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/queue.py
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# util/queue.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""An adaptation of Py2.3/2.4's Queue module which supports reentrant
+behavior, using RLock instead of Lock for its mutex object.  The
+Queue object is used exclusively by the sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool
+class.
+
+This is to support the connection pool's usage of weakref callbacks to return
+connections to the underlying Queue, which can in extremely
+rare cases be invoked within the ``get()`` method of the Queue itself,
+producing a ``put()`` inside the ``get()`` and therefore a reentrant
+condition.
+
+"""
+
+from collections import deque
+from time import time as _time
+from .compat import threading
+
+
+__all__ = ['Empty', 'Full', 'Queue']
+
+
+class Empty(Exception):
+    "Exception raised by Queue.get(block=0)/get_nowait()."
+
+    pass
+
+
+class Full(Exception):
+    "Exception raised by Queue.put(block=0)/put_nowait()."
+
+    pass
+
+
+class Queue:
+    def __init__(self, maxsize=0):
+        """Initialize a queue object with a given maximum size.
+
+        If `maxsize` is <= 0, the queue size is infinite.
+        """
+
+        self._init(maxsize)
+        # mutex must be held whenever the queue is mutating.  All methods
+        # that acquire mutex must release it before returning.  mutex
+        # is shared between the two conditions, so acquiring and
+        # releasing the conditions also acquires and releases mutex.
+        self.mutex = threading.RLock()
+        # Notify not_empty whenever an item is added to the queue; a
+        # thread waiting to get is notified then.
+        self.not_empty = threading.Condition(self.mutex)
+        # Notify not_full whenever an item is removed from the queue;
+        # a thread waiting to put is notified then.
+        self.not_full = threading.Condition(self.mutex)
+
+    def qsize(self):
+        """Return the approximate size of the queue (not reliable!)."""
+
+        self.mutex.acquire()
+        n = self._qsize()
+        self.mutex.release()
+        return n
+
+    def empty(self):
+        """Return True if the queue is empty, False otherwise (not
+        reliable!)."""
+
+        self.mutex.acquire()
+        n = self._empty()
+        self.mutex.release()
+        return n
+
+    def full(self):
+        """Return True if the queue is full, False otherwise (not
+        reliable!)."""
+
+        self.mutex.acquire()
+        n = self._full()
+        self.mutex.release()
+        return n
+
+    def put(self, item, block=True, timeout=None):
+        """Put an item into the queue.
+
+        If optional args `block` is True and `timeout` is None (the
+        default), block if necessary until a free slot is
+        available. If `timeout` is a positive number, it blocks at
+        most `timeout` seconds and raises the ``Full`` exception if no
+        free slot was available within that time.  Otherwise (`block`
+        is false), put an item on the queue if a free slot is
+        immediately available, else raise the ``Full`` exception
+        (`timeout` is ignored in that case).
+        """
+
+        self.not_full.acquire()
+        try:
+            if not block:
+                if self._full():
+                    raise Full
+            elif timeout is None:
+                while self._full():
+                    self.not_full.wait()
+            else:
+                if timeout < 0:
+                    raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a positive number")
+                endtime = _time() + timeout
+                while self._full():
+                    remaining = endtime - _time()
+                    if remaining <= 0.0:
+                        raise Full
+                    self.not_full.wait(remaining)
+            self._put(item)
+            self.not_empty.notify()
+        finally:
+            self.not_full.release()
+
+    def put_nowait(self, item):
+        """Put an item into the queue without blocking.
+
+        Only enqueue the item if a free slot is immediately available.
+        Otherwise raise the ``Full`` exception.
+        """
+        return self.put(item, False)
+
+    def get(self, block=True, timeout=None):
+        """Remove and return an item from the queue.
+
+        If optional args `block` is True and `timeout` is None (the
+        default), block if necessary until an item is available. If
+        `timeout` is a positive number, it blocks at most `timeout`
+        seconds and raises the ``Empty`` exception if no item was
+        available within that time.  Otherwise (`block` is false),
+        return an item if one is immediately available, else raise the
+        ``Empty`` exception (`timeout` is ignored in that case).
+        """
+        self.not_empty.acquire()
+        try:
+            if not block:
+                if self._empty():
+                    raise Empty
+            elif timeout is None:
+                while self._empty():
+                    self.not_empty.wait()
+            else:
+                if timeout < 0:
+                    raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a positive number")
+                endtime = _time() + timeout
+                while self._empty():
+                    remaining = endtime - _time()
+                    if remaining <= 0.0:
+                        raise Empty
+                    self.not_empty.wait(remaining)
+            item = self._get()
+            self.not_full.notify()
+            return item
+        finally:
+            self.not_empty.release()
+
+    def get_nowait(self):
+        """Remove and return an item from the queue without blocking.
+
+        Only get an item if one is immediately available. Otherwise
+        raise the ``Empty`` exception.
+        """
+
+        return self.get(False)
+
+    # Override these methods to implement other queue organizations
+    # (e.g. stack or priority queue).
+    # These will only be called with appropriate locks held
+
+    # Initialize the queue representation
+    def _init(self, maxsize):
+        self.maxsize = maxsize
+        self.queue = deque()
+
+    def _qsize(self):
+        return len(self.queue)
+
+    # Check whether the queue is empty
+    def _empty(self):
+        return not self.queue
+
+    # Check whether the queue is full
+    def _full(self):
+        return self.maxsize > 0 and len(self.queue) == self.maxsize
+
+    # Put a new item in the queue
+    def _put(self, item):
+        self.queue.append(item)
+
+    # Get an item from the queue
+    def _get(self):
+        return self.queue.popleft()
diff --git a/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/topological.py b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/topological.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bfcccc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/python3.4/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/topological.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# util/topological.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# 
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Topological sorting algorithms."""
+
+from ..exc import CircularDependencyError
+from .. import util
+
+__all__ = ['sort', 'sort_as_subsets', 'find_cycles']
+
+
+def sort_as_subsets(tuples, allitems):
+
+    edges = util.defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        edges[child].add(parent)
+
+    todo = set(allitems)
+
+    while todo:
+        output = set()
+        for node in list(todo):
+            if not todo.intersection(edges[node]):
+                output.add(node)
+
+        if not output:
+            raise CircularDependencyError(
+                "Circular dependency detected.",
+                find_cycles(tuples, allitems),
+                _gen_edges(edges)
+            )
+
+        todo.difference_update(output)
+        yield output
+
+
+def sort(tuples, allitems):
+    """sort the given list of items by dependency.
+
+    'tuples' is a list of tuples representing a partial ordering.
+    """
+
+    for set_ in sort_as_subsets(tuples, allitems):
+        for s in set_:
+            yield s
+
+
+def find_cycles(tuples, allitems):
+    # adapted from:
+    # http://neopythonic.blogspot.com/2009/01/detecting-cycles-in-directed-graph.html
+
+    edges = util.defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        edges[parent].add(child)
+    nodes_to_test = set(edges)
+
+    output = set()
+
+    # we'd like to find all nodes that are
+    # involved in cycles, so we do the full
+    # pass through the whole thing for each
+    # node in the original list.
+
+    # we can go just through parent edge nodes.
+    # if a node is only a child and never a parent,
+    # by definition it can't be part of a cycle.  same
+    # if it's not in the edges at all.
+    for node in nodes_to_test:
+        stack = [node]
+        todo = nodes_to_test.difference(stack)
+        while stack:
+            top = stack[-1]
+            for node in edges[top]:
+                if node in stack:
+                    cyc = stack[stack.index(node):]
+                    todo.difference_update(cyc)
+                    output.update(cyc)
+
+                if node in todo:
+                    stack.append(node)
+                    todo.remove(node)
+                    break
+            else:
+                node = stack.pop()
+    return output
+
+
+def _gen_edges(edges):
+    return set([
+        (right, left)
+        for left in edges
+        for right in edges[left]
+    ])
diff --git a/update.sh b/update.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..1dc64ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/update.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+HOME=`pwd`/home
+mkdir $HOME
+export PIP_DOWNLOAD_CACHE=$HOME/../../../pip_cache
+cat ../../openmedialibrary/requirements.txt \
+    | grep -v lxml \
+    | grep -v pyopenssl \
+    | grep -v pyCrypto \
+    | grep -v pillow \
+    | grep -v simplejson \
+    > requirements.txt
+echo setuptools >> requirements.txt
+echo six >> requirements.txt
+pip3 install -r requirements.txt -I --user
+mkdir old
+mv lib bin old
+mv home/.local/lib lib
+test -e home/.local/bin && mv home/.local/bin bin
+
+virtualenv -p /usr/bin/python3.5 p35
+p35/bin/pip3 install ed25519
+cp p35/lib/python3.5/site-packages/ed25519/_ed25519.cpython-35m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so lib/python3.4/site-packages/ed25519/_ed25519.cpython-35m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so
+
+rm -r home old requirements.txt p35
+#sed -i "s#bin/python#bin/env python#" bin/gunicorn