145 lines
4.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
145 lines
4.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)
|
|
=====================================================
|
|
|
|
A library to support the Internationalised Domain Names in Applications
|
|
(IDNA) protocol as specified in `RFC 5891 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891>`_.
|
|
This version of the protocol is often referred to as “IDNA2008” and can
|
|
produce different results from the earlier standard from 2003.
|
|
|
|
The library is also intended to act as a suitable drop-in replacement for
|
|
the “encodings.idna” module that comes with the Python standard library
|
|
but currently only supports the older 2003 specification.
|
|
|
|
Its basic functions are simply executed:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: pycon
|
|
|
|
>>> import idna
|
|
>>> idna.encode(u'ドメイン.テスト')
|
|
'xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'
|
|
>>> print idna.decode('xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah')
|
|
ドメイン.テスト
|
|
|
|
Packages
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
The latest tagged release version is published in the PyPI repository:
|
|
|
|
.. image:: https://badge.fury.io/py/idna.svg
|
|
:target: http://badge.fury.io/py/idna
|
|
|
|
|
|
Installation
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
To install this library, you can use PIP:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ pip install idna
|
|
|
|
Alternatively, you can install the package using the bundled setup script:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ python setup.py install
|
|
|
|
This library should work with Python 2.7, and Python 3.3 or later.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Usage
|
|
-----
|
|
|
|
For typical usage, the ``encode`` and ``decode`` functions will take a domain
|
|
name argument and perform a conversion to an A-label or U-label respectively.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: pycon
|
|
|
|
>>> import idna
|
|
>>> idna.encode(u'ドメイン.テスト')
|
|
'xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'
|
|
>>> print idna.decode('xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah')
|
|
ドメイン.テスト
|
|
|
|
You may use the codec encoding and decoding methods using the
|
|
``idna.codec`` module.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: pycon
|
|
|
|
>>> import idna.codec
|
|
>>> print u'домена.испытание'.encode('idna')
|
|
xn--80ahd1agd.xn--80akhbyknj4f
|
|
>>> print 'xn--80ahd1agd.xn--80akhbyknj4f'.decode('idna')
|
|
домена.испытание
|
|
|
|
Conversions can be applied at a per-label basis using the ``ulabel`` or ``alabel``
|
|
functions if necessary:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: pycon
|
|
|
|
>>> idna.alabel(u'测试')
|
|
'xn--0zwm56d'
|
|
|
|
Compatibility Mapping (UTS #46)
|
|
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
|
|
|
|
As described in RFC 5895, the IDNA specification no longer including mappings
|
|
from different forms of input that a user may enter, to the form that is provided
|
|
to the IDNA functions. This functionality is now a local user-interface issue
|
|
distinct from the IDNA functionality.
|
|
|
|
The Unicode Consortium has developed one such user-level mapping, known as
|
|
`Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing <http://unicode.org/reports/tr46/>`_.
|
|
It provides for both transitional mapping and non-transitional mapping described
|
|
in this document.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: pycon
|
|
|
|
>>> import idna
|
|
>>> idna.encode(u'Königsgäßchen')
|
|
...
|
|
idna.core.InvalidCodepoint: Codepoint U+004B at position 1 of u'K\xf6nigsg\xe4\xdfchen' not allowed
|
|
>>> idna.encode(u'Königsgäßchen', uts46=True)
|
|
'xn--knigsgchen-b4a3dun'
|
|
>>> idna.encode(u'Königsgäßchen', uts46=True, transitional=True)
|
|
'xn--knigsgsschen-lcb0w'
|
|
|
|
Note that implementors should use transitional processing with caution as the outputs
|
|
of the functions may differ from what is expected, as noted in the example.
|
|
|
|
``encodings.idna`` Compatibility
|
|
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
|
|
|
|
Function calls from the Python built-in ``encodings.idna`` module are
|
|
mapping to their IDNA 2008 equivalents using the ``idna.compat`` module.
|
|
Simply substitute the ``import`` clause in your code to refer to the
|
|
new module name.
|
|
|
|
Exceptions
|
|
----------
|
|
|
|
All errors raised during the conversion following the specification should
|
|
raise an exception derived from the ``idna.IDNAError`` base class.
|
|
|
|
More specific exceptions that may be generated as ``idna.IDNABidiError``
|
|
when the error reflects an illegal combination of left-to-right and right-to-left
|
|
characters in a label; ``idna.InvalidCodepoint`` when a specific codepoint is
|
|
an illegal character in an IDN label (i.e. INVALID); and ``idna.InvalidCodepointContext``
|
|
when the codepoint is illegal based on its positional context (i.e. it is CONTEXTO
|
|
or CONTEXTJ but the contextual requirements are not satisfied.)
|
|
|
|
Testing
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
The library has a test suite based on each rule of the IDNA specification, as
|
|
well as test that are provided as part of the Unicode Technical Standard 46,
|
|
`Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing <http://unicode.org/reports/tr46/>`_.
|
|
|
|
The tests are run automatically on each commit to the master branch of the
|
|
idna git repository at Travis CI:
|
|
|
|
.. image:: https://travis-ci.org/kjd/idna.svg?branch=master
|
|
:target: https://travis-ci.org/kjd/idna
|
|
|
|
|