#!/usr/bin/env python # # Copyright 2009 Facebook # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may # not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain # a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT # WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the # License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations # under the License. """HTTP utility code shared by clients and servers. This module also defines the `HTTPServerRequest` class which is exposed via `tornado.web.RequestHandler.request`. """ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, with_statement import calendar import collections import copy import datetime import email.utils import numbers import re import time from tornado.escape import native_str, parse_qs_bytes, utf8 from tornado.log import gen_log from tornado.util import ObjectDict, bytes_type try: import Cookie # py2 except ImportError: import http.cookies as Cookie # py3 try: from httplib import responses # py2 except ImportError: from http.client import responses # py3 # responses is unused in this file, but we re-export it to other files. # Reference it so pyflakes doesn't complain. responses try: from urllib import urlencode # py2 except ImportError: from urllib.parse import urlencode # py3 try: from ssl import SSLError except ImportError: # ssl is unavailable on app engine. class SSLError(Exception): pass class _NormalizedHeaderCache(dict): """Dynamic cached mapping of header names to Http-Header-Case. Implemented as a dict subclass so that cache hits are as fast as a normal dict lookup, without the overhead of a python function call. >>> normalized_headers = _NormalizedHeaderCache(10) >>> normalized_headers["coNtent-TYPE"] 'Content-Type' """ def __init__(self, size): super(_NormalizedHeaderCache, self).__init__() self.size = size self.queue = collections.deque() def __missing__(self, key): normalized = "-".join([w.capitalize() for w in key.split("-")]) self[key] = normalized self.queue.append(key) if len(self.queue) > self.size: # Limit the size of the cache. LRU would be better, but this # simpler approach should be fine. In Python 2.7+ we could # use OrderedDict (or in 3.2+, @functools.lru_cache). old_key = self.queue.popleft() del self[old_key] return normalized _normalized_headers = _NormalizedHeaderCache(1000) class HTTPHeaders(dict): """A dictionary that maintains ``Http-Header-Case`` for all keys. Supports multiple values per key via a pair of new methods, `add()` and `get_list()`. The regular dictionary interface returns a single value per key, with multiple values joined by a comma. >>> h = HTTPHeaders({"content-type": "text/html"}) >>> list(h.keys()) ['Content-Type'] >>> h["Content-Type"] 'text/html' >>> h.add("Set-Cookie", "A=B") >>> h.add("Set-Cookie", "C=D") >>> h["set-cookie"] 'A=B,C=D' >>> h.get_list("set-cookie") ['A=B', 'C=D'] >>> for (k,v) in sorted(h.get_all()): ... print('%s: %s' % (k,v)) ... Content-Type: text/html Set-Cookie: A=B Set-Cookie: C=D """ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # Don't pass args or kwargs to dict.__init__, as it will bypass # our __setitem__ dict.__init__(self) self._as_list = {} self._last_key = None if (len(args) == 1 and len(kwargs) == 0 and isinstance(args[0], HTTPHeaders)): # Copy constructor for k, v in args[0].get_all(): self.add(k, v) else: # Dict-style initialization self.update(*args, **kwargs) # new public methods def add(self, name, value): """Adds a new value for the given key.""" norm_name = _normalized_headers[name] self._last_key = norm_name if norm_name in self: # bypass our override of __setitem__ since it modifies _as_list dict.__setitem__(self, norm_name, native_str(self[norm_name]) + ',' + native_str(value)) self._as_list[norm_name].append(value) else: self[norm_name] = value def get_list(self, name): """Returns all values for the given header as a list.""" norm_name = _normalized_headers[name] return self._as_list.get(norm_name, []) def get_all(self): """Returns an iterable of all (name, value) pairs. If a header has multiple values, multiple pairs will be returned with the same name. """ for name, values in self._as_list.items(): for value in values: yield (name, value) def parse_line(self, line): """Updates the dictionary with a single header line. >>> h = HTTPHeaders() >>> h.parse_line("Content-Type: text/html") >>> h.get('content-type') 'text/html' """ if line[0].isspace(): # continuation of a multi-line header new_part = ' ' + line.lstrip() self._as_list[self._last_key][-1] += new_part dict.__setitem__(self, self._last_key, self[self._last_key] + new_part) else: name, value = line.split(":", 1) self.add(name, value.strip()) @classmethod def parse(cls, headers): """Returns a dictionary from HTTP header text. >>> h = HTTPHeaders.parse("Content-Type: text/html\\r\\nContent-Length: 42\\r\\n") >>> sorted(h.items()) [('Content-Length', '42'), ('Content-Type', 'text/html')] """ h = cls() for line in headers.splitlines(): if line: h.parse_line(line) return h # dict implementation overrides def __setitem__(self, name, value): norm_name = _normalized_headers[name] dict.__setitem__(self, norm_name, value) self._as_list[norm_name] = [value] def __getitem__(self, name): return dict.__getitem__(self, _normalized_headers[name]) def __delitem__(self, name): norm_name = _normalized_headers[name] dict.__delitem__(self, norm_name) del self._as_list[norm_name] def __contains__(self, name): norm_name = _normalized_headers[name] return dict.__contains__(self, norm_name) def get(self, name, default=None): return dict.get(self, _normalized_headers[name], default) def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # dict.update bypasses our __setitem__ for k, v in dict(*args, **kwargs).items(): self[k] = v def copy(self): # default implementation returns dict(self), not the subclass return HTTPHeaders(self) class HTTPServerRequest(object): """A single HTTP request. All attributes are type `str` unless otherwise noted. .. attribute:: method HTTP request method, e.g. "GET" or "POST" .. attribute:: uri The requested uri. .. attribute:: path The path portion of `uri` .. attribute:: query The query portion of `uri` .. attribute:: version HTTP version specified in request, e.g. "HTTP/1.1" .. attribute:: headers `.HTTPHeaders` dictionary-like object for request headers. Acts like a case-insensitive dictionary with additional methods for repeated headers. .. attribute:: body Request body, if present, as a byte string. .. attribute:: remote_ip Client's IP address as a string. If ``HTTPServer.xheaders`` is set, will pass along the real IP address provided by a load balancer in the ``X-Real-Ip`` or ``X-Forwarded-For`` header. .. versionchanged:: 3.1 The list format of ``X-Forwarded-For`` is now supported. .. attribute:: protocol The protocol used, either "http" or "https". If ``HTTPServer.xheaders`` is set, will pass along the protocol used by a load balancer if reported via an ``X-Scheme`` header. .. attribute:: host The requested hostname, usually taken from the ``Host`` header. .. attribute:: arguments GET/POST arguments are available in the arguments property, which maps arguments names to lists of values (to support multiple values for individual names). Names are of type `str`, while arguments are byte strings. Note that this is different from `.RequestHandler.get_argument`, which returns argument values as unicode strings. .. attribute:: query_arguments Same format as ``arguments``, but contains only arguments extracted from the query string. .. versionadded:: 3.2 .. attribute:: body_arguments Same format as ``arguments``, but contains only arguments extracted from the request body. .. versionadded:: 3.2 .. attribute:: files File uploads are available in the files property, which maps file names to lists of `.HTTPFile`. .. attribute:: connection An HTTP request is attached to a single HTTP connection, which can be accessed through the "connection" attribute. Since connections are typically kept open in HTTP/1.1, multiple requests can be handled sequentially on a single connection. .. versionchanged:: 4.0 Moved from ``tornado.httpserver.HTTPRequest``. """ def __init__(self, method=None, uri=None, version="HTTP/1.0", headers=None, body=None, host=None, files=None, connection=None, start_line=None): if start_line is not None: method, uri, version = start_line self.method = method self.uri = uri self.version = version self.headers = headers or HTTPHeaders() self.body = body or "" # set remote IP and protocol context = getattr(connection, 'context', None) self.remote_ip = getattr(context, 'remote_ip') self.protocol = getattr(context, 'protocol', "http") self.host = host or self.headers.get("Host") or "127.0.0.1" self.files = files or {} self.connection = connection self._start_time = time.time() self._finish_time = None self.path, sep, self.query = uri.partition('?') self.arguments = parse_qs_bytes(self.query, keep_blank_values=True) self.query_arguments = copy.deepcopy(self.arguments) self.body_arguments = {} def supports_http_1_1(self): """Returns True if this request supports HTTP/1.1 semantics. .. deprecated:: 4.0 Applications are less likely to need this information with the introduction of `.HTTPConnection`. If you still need it, access the ``version`` attribute directly. """ return self.version == "HTTP/1.1" @property def cookies(self): """A dictionary of Cookie.Morsel objects.""" if not hasattr(self, "_cookies"): self._cookies = Cookie.SimpleCookie() if "Cookie" in self.headers: try: self._cookies.load( native_str(self.headers["Cookie"])) except Exception: self._cookies = {} return self._cookies def write(self, chunk, callback=None): """Writes the given chunk to the response stream. .. deprecated:: 4.0 Use ``request.connection`` and the `.HTTPConnection` methods to write the response. """ assert isinstance(chunk, bytes_type) self.connection.write(chunk, callback=callback) def finish(self): """Finishes this HTTP request on the open connection. .. deprecated:: 4.0 Use ``request.connection`` and the `.HTTPConnection` methods to write the response. """ self.connection.finish() self._finish_time = time.time() def full_url(self): """Reconstructs the full URL for this request.""" return self.protocol + "://" + self.host + self.uri def request_time(self): """Returns the amount of time it took for this request to execute.""" if self._finish_time is None: return time.time() - self._start_time else: return self._finish_time - self._start_time def get_ssl_certificate(self, binary_form=False): """Returns the client's SSL certificate, if any. To use client certificates, the HTTPServer must have been constructed with cert_reqs set in ssl_options, e.g.:: server = HTTPServer(app, ssl_options=dict( certfile="foo.crt", keyfile="foo.key", cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED, ca_certs="cacert.crt")) By default, the return value is a dictionary (or None, if no client certificate is present). If ``binary_form`` is true, a DER-encoded form of the certificate is returned instead. See SSLSocket.getpeercert() in the standard library for more details. http://docs.python.org/library/ssl.html#sslsocket-objects """ try: return self.connection.stream.socket.getpeercert( binary_form=binary_form) except SSLError: return None def _parse_body(self): parse_body_arguments( self.headers.get("Content-Type", ""), self.body, self.body_arguments, self.files, self.headers) for k, v in self.body_arguments.items(): self.arguments.setdefault(k, []).extend(v) def __repr__(self): attrs = ("protocol", "host", "method", "uri", "version", "remote_ip") args = ", ".join(["%s=%r" % (n, getattr(self, n)) for n in attrs]) return "%s(%s, headers=%s)" % ( self.__class__.__name__, args, dict(self.headers)) class HTTPInputError(Exception): """Exception class for malformed HTTP requests or responses from remote sources. .. versionadded:: 4.0 """ pass class HTTPOutputError(Exception): """Exception class for errors in HTTP output. .. versionadded:: 4.0 """ pass class HTTPServerConnectionDelegate(object): """Implement this interface to handle requests from `.HTTPServer`. .. versionadded:: 4.0 """ def start_request(self, server_conn, request_conn): """This method is called by the server when a new request has started. :arg server_conn: is an opaque object representing the long-lived (e.g. tcp-level) connection. :arg request_conn: is a `.HTTPConnection` object for a single request/response exchange. This method should return a `.HTTPMessageDelegate`. """ raise NotImplementedError() def on_close(self, server_conn): """This method is called when a connection has been closed. :arg server_conn: is a server connection that has previously been passed to ``start_request``. """ pass class HTTPMessageDelegate(object): """Implement this interface to handle an HTTP request or response. .. versionadded:: 4.0 """ def headers_received(self, start_line, headers): """Called when the HTTP headers have been received and parsed. :arg start_line: a `.RequestStartLine` or `.ResponseStartLine` depending on whether this is a client or server message. :arg headers: a `.HTTPHeaders` instance. Some `.HTTPConnection` methods can only be called during ``headers_received``. May return a `.Future`; if it does the body will not be read until it is done. """ pass def data_received(self, chunk): """Called when a chunk of data has been received. May return a `.Future` for flow control. """ pass def finish(self): """Called after the last chunk of data has been received.""" pass def on_connection_close(self): """Called if the connection is closed without finishing the request. If ``headers_received`` is called, either ``finish`` or ``on_connection_close`` will be called, but not both. """ pass class HTTPConnection(object): """Applications use this interface to write their responses. .. versionadded:: 4.0 """ def write_headers(self, start_line, headers, chunk=None, callback=None): """Write an HTTP header block. :arg start_line: a `.RequestStartLine` or `.ResponseStartLine`. :arg headers: a `.HTTPHeaders` instance. :arg chunk: the first (optional) chunk of data. This is an optimization so that small responses can be written in the same call as their headers. :arg callback: a callback to be run when the write is complete. Returns a `.Future` if no callback is given. """ raise NotImplementedError() def write(self, chunk, callback=None): """Writes a chunk of body data. The callback will be run when the write is complete. If no callback is given, returns a Future. """ raise NotImplementedError() def finish(self): """Indicates that the last body data has been written. """ raise NotImplementedError() def url_concat(url, args): """Concatenate url and argument dictionary regardless of whether url has existing query parameters. >>> url_concat("http://example.com/foo?a=b", dict(c="d")) 'http://example.com/foo?a=b&c=d' """ if not args: return url if url[-1] not in ('?', '&'): url += '&' if ('?' in url) else '?' return url + urlencode(args) class HTTPFile(ObjectDict): """Represents a file uploaded via a form. For backwards compatibility, its instance attributes are also accessible as dictionary keys. * ``filename`` * ``body`` * ``content_type`` """ pass def _parse_request_range(range_header): """Parses a Range header. Returns either ``None`` or tuple ``(start, end)``. Note that while the HTTP headers use inclusive byte positions, this method returns indexes suitable for use in slices. >>> start, end = _parse_request_range("bytes=1-2") >>> start, end (1, 3) >>> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4][start:end] [1, 2] >>> _parse_request_range("bytes=6-") (6, None) >>> _parse_request_range("bytes=-6") (-6, None) >>> _parse_request_range("bytes=-0") (None, 0) >>> _parse_request_range("bytes=") (None, None) >>> _parse_request_range("foo=42") >>> _parse_request_range("bytes=1-2,6-10") Note: only supports one range (ex, ``bytes=1-2,6-10`` is not allowed). See [0] for the details of the range header. [0]: http://greenbytes.de/tech/webdav/draft-ietf-httpbis-p5-range-latest.html#byte.ranges """ unit, _, value = range_header.partition("=") unit, value = unit.strip(), value.strip() if unit != "bytes": return None start_b, _, end_b = value.partition("-") try: start = _int_or_none(start_b) end = _int_or_none(end_b) except ValueError: return None if end is not None: if start is None: if end != 0: start = -end end = None else: end += 1 return (start, end) def _get_content_range(start, end, total): """Returns a suitable Content-Range header: >>> print(_get_content_range(None, 1, 4)) bytes 0-0/4 >>> print(_get_content_range(1, 3, 4)) bytes 1-2/4 >>> print(_get_content_range(None, None, 4)) bytes 0-3/4 """ start = start or 0 end = (end or total) - 1 return "bytes %s-%s/%s" % (start, end, total) def _int_or_none(val): val = val.strip() if val == "": return None return int(val) def parse_body_arguments(content_type, body, arguments, files, headers=None): """Parses a form request body. Supports ``application/x-www-form-urlencoded`` and ``multipart/form-data``. The ``content_type`` parameter should be a string and ``body`` should be a byte string. The ``arguments`` and ``files`` parameters are dictionaries that will be updated with the parsed contents. """ if headers and 'Content-Encoding' in headers: gen_log.warning("Unsupported Content-Encoding: %s", headers['Content-Encoding']) return if content_type.startswith("application/x-www-form-urlencoded"): try: uri_arguments = parse_qs_bytes(native_str(body), keep_blank_values=True) except Exception as e: gen_log.warning('Invalid x-www-form-urlencoded body: %s', e) uri_arguments = {} for name, values in uri_arguments.items(): if values: arguments.setdefault(name, []).extend(values) elif content_type.startswith("multipart/form-data"): fields = content_type.split(";") for field in fields: k, sep, v = field.strip().partition("=") if k == "boundary" and v: parse_multipart_form_data(utf8(v), body, arguments, files) break else: gen_log.warning("Invalid multipart/form-data") def parse_multipart_form_data(boundary, data, arguments, files): """Parses a ``multipart/form-data`` body. The ``boundary`` and ``data`` parameters are both byte strings. The dictionaries given in the arguments and files parameters will be updated with the contents of the body. """ # The standard allows for the boundary to be quoted in the header, # although it's rare (it happens at least for google app engine # xmpp). I think we're also supposed to handle backslash-escapes # here but I'll save that until we see a client that uses them # in the wild. if boundary.startswith(b'"') and boundary.endswith(b'"'): boundary = boundary[1:-1] final_boundary_index = data.rfind(b"--" + boundary + b"--") if final_boundary_index == -1: gen_log.warning("Invalid multipart/form-data: no final boundary") return parts = data[:final_boundary_index].split(b"--" + boundary + b"\r\n") for part in parts: if not part: continue eoh = part.find(b"\r\n\r\n") if eoh == -1: gen_log.warning("multipart/form-data missing headers") continue headers = HTTPHeaders.parse(part[:eoh].decode("utf-8")) disp_header = headers.get("Content-Disposition", "") disposition, disp_params = _parse_header(disp_header) if disposition != "form-data" or not part.endswith(b"\r\n"): gen_log.warning("Invalid multipart/form-data") continue value = part[eoh + 4:-2] if not disp_params.get("name"): gen_log.warning("multipart/form-data value missing name") continue name = disp_params["name"] if disp_params.get("filename"): ctype = headers.get("Content-Type", "application/unknown") files.setdefault(name, []).append(HTTPFile( filename=disp_params["filename"], body=value, content_type=ctype)) else: arguments.setdefault(name, []).append(value) def format_timestamp(ts): """Formats a timestamp in the format used by HTTP. The argument may be a numeric timestamp as returned by `time.time`, a time tuple as returned by `time.gmtime`, or a `datetime.datetime` object. >>> format_timestamp(1359312200) 'Sun, 27 Jan 2013 18:43:20 GMT' """ if isinstance(ts, numbers.Real): pass elif isinstance(ts, (tuple, time.struct_time)): ts = calendar.timegm(ts) elif isinstance(ts, datetime.datetime): ts = calendar.timegm(ts.utctimetuple()) else: raise TypeError("unknown timestamp type: %r" % ts) return email.utils.formatdate(ts, usegmt=True) RequestStartLine = collections.namedtuple( 'RequestStartLine', ['method', 'path', 'version']) def parse_request_start_line(line): """Returns a (method, path, version) tuple for an HTTP 1.x request line. The response is a `collections.namedtuple`. >>> parse_request_start_line("GET /foo HTTP/1.1") RequestStartLine(method='GET', path='/foo', version='HTTP/1.1') """ try: method, path, version = line.split(" ") except ValueError: raise HTTPInputError("Malformed HTTP request line") if not version.startswith("HTTP/"): raise HTTPInputError( "Malformed HTTP version in HTTP Request-Line: %r" % version) return RequestStartLine(method, path, version) ResponseStartLine = collections.namedtuple( 'ResponseStartLine', ['version', 'code', 'reason']) def parse_response_start_line(line): """Returns a (version, code, reason) tuple for an HTTP 1.x response line. The response is a `collections.namedtuple`. >>> parse_response_start_line("HTTP/1.1 200 OK") ResponseStartLine(version='HTTP/1.1', code=200, reason='OK') """ line = native_str(line) match = re.match("(HTTP/1.[01]) ([0-9]+) ([^\r]*)", line) if not match: raise HTTPInputError("Error parsing response start line") return ResponseStartLine(match.group(1), int(match.group(2)), match.group(3)) # _parseparam and _parse_header are copied and modified from python2.7's cgi.py # The original 2.7 version of this code did not correctly support some # combinations of semicolons and double quotes. def _parseparam(s): while s[:1] == ';': s = s[1:] end = s.find(';') while end > 0 and (s.count('"', 0, end) - s.count('\\"', 0, end)) % 2: end = s.find(';', end + 1) if end < 0: end = len(s) f = s[:end] yield f.strip() s = s[end:] def _parse_header(line): """Parse a Content-type like header. Return the main content-type and a dictionary of options. """ parts = _parseparam(';' + line) key = next(parts) pdict = {} for p in parts: i = p.find('=') if i >= 0: name = p[:i].strip().lower() value = p[i + 1:].strip() if len(value) >= 2 and value[0] == value[-1] == '"': value = value[1:-1] value = value.replace('\\\\', '\\').replace('\\"', '"') pdict[name] = value return key, pdict def doctests(): import doctest return doctest.DocTestSuite()