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# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.
"""
Twisted Persisted: utilities for managing persistence.
"""

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# -*- test-case-name: twisted.test.test_persisted -*-
# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.
"""
AOT: Abstract Object Trees
The source-code-marshallin'est abstract-object-serializin'est persister
this side of Marmalade!
"""
import types, copy_reg, tokenize, re
from twisted.python import reflect, log
from twisted.persisted import crefutil
###########################
# Abstract Object Classes #
###########################
#"\0" in a getSource means "insert variable-width indention here".
#see `indentify'.
class Named:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
class Class(Named):
def getSource(self):
return "Class(%r)" % self.name
class Function(Named):
def getSource(self):
return "Function(%r)" % self.name
class Module(Named):
def getSource(self):
return "Module(%r)" % self.name
class InstanceMethod:
def __init__(self, name, klass, inst):
if not (isinstance(inst, Ref) or isinstance(inst, Instance) or isinstance(inst, Deref)):
raise TypeError("%s isn't an Instance, Ref, or Deref!" % inst)
self.name = name
self.klass = klass
self.instance = inst
def getSource(self):
return "InstanceMethod(%r, %r, \n\0%s)" % (self.name, self.klass, prettify(self.instance))
class _NoStateObj:
pass
NoStateObj = _NoStateObj()
_SIMPLE_BUILTINS = [
types.StringType, types.UnicodeType, types.IntType, types.FloatType,
types.ComplexType, types.LongType, types.NoneType, types.SliceType,
types.EllipsisType]
try:
_SIMPLE_BUILTINS.append(types.BooleanType)
except AttributeError:
pass
class Instance:
def __init__(self, className, __stateObj__=NoStateObj, **state):
if not isinstance(className, types.StringType):
raise TypeError("%s isn't a string!" % className)
self.klass = className
if __stateObj__ is not NoStateObj:
self.state = __stateObj__
self.stateIsDict = 0
else:
self.state = state
self.stateIsDict = 1
def getSource(self):
#XXX make state be foo=bar instead of a dict.
if self.stateIsDict:
stateDict = self.state
elif isinstance(self.state, Ref) and isinstance(self.state.obj, types.DictType):
stateDict = self.state.obj
else:
stateDict = None
if stateDict is not None:
try:
return "Instance(%r, %s)" % (self.klass, dictToKW(stateDict))
except NonFormattableDict:
return "Instance(%r, %s)" % (self.klass, prettify(stateDict))
return "Instance(%r, %s)" % (self.klass, prettify(self.state))
class Ref:
def __init__(self, *args):
#blargh, lame.
if len(args) == 2:
self.refnum = args[0]
self.obj = args[1]
elif not args:
self.refnum = None
self.obj = None
def setRef(self, num):
if self.refnum:
raise ValueError("Error setting id %s, I already have %s" % (num, self.refnum))
self.refnum = num
def setObj(self, obj):
if self.obj:
raise ValueError("Error setting obj %s, I already have %s" % (obj, self.obj))
self.obj = obj
def getSource(self):
if self.obj is None:
raise RuntimeError("Don't try to display me before setting an object on me!")
if self.refnum:
return "Ref(%d, \n\0%s)" % (self.refnum, prettify(self.obj))
return prettify(self.obj)
class Deref:
def __init__(self, num):
self.refnum = num
def getSource(self):
return "Deref(%d)" % self.refnum
__repr__ = getSource
class Copyreg:
def __init__(self, loadfunc, state):
self.loadfunc = loadfunc
self.state = state
def getSource(self):
return "Copyreg(%r, %s)" % (self.loadfunc, prettify(self.state))
###############
# Marshalling #
###############
def getSource(ao):
"""Pass me an AO, I'll return a nicely-formatted source representation."""
return indentify("app = " + prettify(ao))
class NonFormattableDict(Exception):
"""A dictionary was not formattable.
"""
r = re.compile('[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$')
def dictToKW(d):
out = []
items = d.items()
items.sort()
for k,v in items:
if not isinstance(k, types.StringType):
raise NonFormattableDict("%r ain't a string" % k)
if not r.match(k):
raise NonFormattableDict("%r ain't an identifier" % k)
out.append(
"\n\0%s=%s," % (k, prettify(v))
)
return ''.join(out)
def prettify(obj):
if hasattr(obj, 'getSource'):
return obj.getSource()
else:
#basic type
t = type(obj)
if t in _SIMPLE_BUILTINS:
return repr(obj)
elif t is types.DictType:
out = ['{']
for k,v in obj.items():
out.append('\n\0%s: %s,' % (prettify(k), prettify(v)))
out.append(len(obj) and '\n\0}' or '}')
return ''.join(out)
elif t is types.ListType:
out = ["["]
for x in obj:
out.append('\n\0%s,' % prettify(x))
out.append(len(obj) and '\n\0]' or ']')
return ''.join(out)
elif t is types.TupleType:
out = ["("]
for x in obj:
out.append('\n\0%s,' % prettify(x))
out.append(len(obj) and '\n\0)' or ')')
return ''.join(out)
else:
raise TypeError("Unsupported type %s when trying to prettify %s." % (t, obj))
def indentify(s):
out = []
stack = []
def eater(type, val, r, c, l, out=out, stack=stack):
#import sys
#sys.stdout.write(val)
if val in ['[', '(', '{']:
stack.append(val)
elif val in [']', ')', '}']:
stack.pop()
if val == '\0':
out.append(' '*len(stack))
else:
out.append(val)
l = ['', s]
tokenize.tokenize(l.pop, eater)
return ''.join(out)
###########
# Unjelly #
###########
def unjellyFromAOT(aot):
"""
Pass me an Abstract Object Tree, and I'll unjelly it for you.
"""
return AOTUnjellier().unjelly(aot)
def unjellyFromSource(stringOrFile):
"""
Pass me a string of code or a filename that defines an 'app' variable (in
terms of Abstract Objects!), and I'll execute it and unjelly the resulting
AOT for you, returning a newly unpersisted Application object!
"""
ns = {"Instance": Instance,
"InstanceMethod": InstanceMethod,
"Class": Class,
"Function": Function,
"Module": Module,
"Ref": Ref,
"Deref": Deref,
"Copyreg": Copyreg,
}
if hasattr(stringOrFile, "read"):
exec stringOrFile.read() in ns
else:
exec stringOrFile in ns
if 'app' in ns:
return unjellyFromAOT(ns['app'])
else:
raise ValueError("%s needs to define an 'app', it didn't!" % stringOrFile)
class AOTUnjellier:
"""I handle the unjellying of an Abstract Object Tree.
See AOTUnjellier.unjellyAO
"""
def __init__(self):
self.references = {}
self.stack = []
self.afterUnjelly = []
##
# unjelly helpers (copied pretty much directly from (now deleted) marmalade)
##
def unjellyLater(self, node):
"""Unjelly a node, later.
"""
d = crefutil._Defer()
self.unjellyInto(d, 0, node)
return d
def unjellyInto(self, obj, loc, ao):
"""Utility method for unjellying one object into another.
This automates the handling of backreferences.
"""
o = self.unjellyAO(ao)
obj[loc] = o
if isinstance(o, crefutil.NotKnown):
o.addDependant(obj, loc)
return o
def callAfter(self, callable, result):
if isinstance(result, crefutil.NotKnown):
l = [None]
result.addDependant(l, 1)
else:
l = [result]
self.afterUnjelly.append((callable, l))
def unjellyAttribute(self, instance, attrName, ao):
#XXX this is unused????
"""Utility method for unjellying into instances of attributes.
Use this rather than unjellyAO unless you like surprising bugs!
Alternatively, you can use unjellyInto on your instance's __dict__.
"""
self.unjellyInto(instance.__dict__, attrName, ao)
def unjellyAO(self, ao):
"""Unjelly an Abstract Object and everything it contains.
I return the real object.
"""
self.stack.append(ao)
t = type(ao)
if t is types.InstanceType:
#Abstract Objects
c = ao.__class__
if c is Module:
return reflect.namedModule(ao.name)
elif c in [Class, Function] or issubclass(c, type):
return reflect.namedObject(ao.name)
elif c is InstanceMethod:
im_name = ao.name
im_class = reflect.namedObject(ao.klass)
im_self = self.unjellyAO(ao.instance)
if im_name in im_class.__dict__:
if im_self is None:
return getattr(im_class, im_name)
elif isinstance(im_self, crefutil.NotKnown):
return crefutil._InstanceMethod(im_name, im_self, im_class)
else:
return types.MethodType(im_class.__dict__[im_name],
im_self,
im_class)
else:
raise TypeError("instance method changed")
elif c is Instance:
klass = reflect.namedObject(ao.klass)
state = self.unjellyAO(ao.state)
if hasattr(klass, "__setstate__"):
inst = types.InstanceType(klass, {})
self.callAfter(inst.__setstate__, state)
else:
inst = types.InstanceType(klass, state)
return inst
elif c is Ref:
o = self.unjellyAO(ao.obj) #THIS IS CHANGING THE REF OMG
refkey = ao.refnum
ref = self.references.get(refkey)
if ref is None:
self.references[refkey] = o
elif isinstance(ref, crefutil.NotKnown):
ref.resolveDependants(o)
self.references[refkey] = o
elif refkey is None:
# This happens when you're unjellying from an AOT not read from source
pass
else:
raise ValueError("Multiple references with the same ID: %s, %s, %s!" % (ref, refkey, ao))
return o
elif c is Deref:
num = ao.refnum
ref = self.references.get(num)
if ref is None:
der = crefutil._Dereference(num)
self.references[num] = der
return der
return ref
elif c is Copyreg:
loadfunc = reflect.namedObject(ao.loadfunc)
d = self.unjellyLater(ao.state).addCallback(
lambda result, _l: _l(*result), loadfunc)
return d
#Types
elif t in _SIMPLE_BUILTINS:
return ao
elif t is types.ListType:
l = []
for x in ao:
l.append(None)
self.unjellyInto(l, len(l)-1, x)
return l
elif t is types.TupleType:
l = []
tuple_ = tuple
for x in ao:
l.append(None)
if isinstance(self.unjellyInto(l, len(l)-1, x), crefutil.NotKnown):
tuple_ = crefutil._Tuple
return tuple_(l)
elif t is types.DictType:
d = {}
for k,v in ao.items():
kvd = crefutil._DictKeyAndValue(d)
self.unjellyInto(kvd, 0, k)
self.unjellyInto(kvd, 1, v)
return d
else:
raise TypeError("Unsupported AOT type: %s" % t)
del self.stack[-1]
def unjelly(self, ao):
try:
l = [None]
self.unjellyInto(l, 0, ao)
for func, v in self.afterUnjelly:
func(v[0])
return l[0]
except:
log.msg("Error jellying object! Stacktrace follows::")
log.msg("\n".join(map(repr, self.stack)))
raise
#########
# Jelly #
#########
def jellyToAOT(obj):
"""Convert an object to an Abstract Object Tree."""
return AOTJellier().jelly(obj)
def jellyToSource(obj, file=None):
"""
Pass me an object and, optionally, a file object.
I'll convert the object to an AOT either return it (if no file was
specified) or write it to the file.
"""
aot = jellyToAOT(obj)
if file:
file.write(getSource(aot))
else:
return getSource(aot)
class AOTJellier:
def __init__(self):
# dict of {id(obj): (obj, node)}
self.prepared = {}
self._ref_id = 0
self.stack = []
def prepareForRef(self, aoref, object):
"""I prepare an object for later referencing, by storing its id()
and its _AORef in a cache."""
self.prepared[id(object)] = aoref
def jellyToAO(self, obj):
"""I turn an object into an AOT and return it."""
objType = type(obj)
self.stack.append(repr(obj))
#immutable: We don't care if these have multiple refs!
if objType in _SIMPLE_BUILTINS:
retval = obj
elif objType is types.MethodType:
# TODO: make methods 'prefer' not to jelly the object internally,
# so that the object will show up where it's referenced first NOT
# by a method.
retval = InstanceMethod(obj.im_func.__name__, reflect.qual(obj.im_class),
self.jellyToAO(obj.im_self))
elif objType is types.ModuleType:
retval = Module(obj.__name__)
elif objType is types.ClassType:
retval = Class(reflect.qual(obj))
elif issubclass(objType, type):
retval = Class(reflect.qual(obj))
elif objType is types.FunctionType:
retval = Function(reflect.fullFuncName(obj))
else: #mutable! gotta watch for refs.
#Marmalade had the nicety of being able to just stick a 'reference' attribute
#on any Node object that was referenced, but in AOT, the referenced object
#is *inside* of a Ref call (Ref(num, obj) instead of
#<objtype ... reference="1">). The problem is, especially for built-in types,
#I can't just assign some attribute to them to give them a refnum. So, I have
#to "wrap" a Ref(..) around them later -- that's why I put *everything* that's
#mutable inside one. The Ref() class will only print the "Ref(..)" around an
#object if it has a Reference explicitly attached.
if id(obj) in self.prepared:
oldRef = self.prepared[id(obj)]
if oldRef.refnum:
# it's been referenced already
key = oldRef.refnum
else:
# it hasn't been referenced yet
self._ref_id = self._ref_id + 1
key = self._ref_id
oldRef.setRef(key)
return Deref(key)
retval = Ref()
self.prepareForRef(retval, obj)
if objType is types.ListType:
retval.setObj(map(self.jellyToAO, obj)) #hah!
elif objType is types.TupleType:
retval.setObj(tuple(map(self.jellyToAO, obj)))
elif objType is types.DictionaryType:
d = {}
for k,v in obj.items():
d[self.jellyToAO(k)] = self.jellyToAO(v)
retval.setObj(d)
elif objType is types.InstanceType:
if hasattr(obj, "__getstate__"):
state = self.jellyToAO(obj.__getstate__())
else:
state = self.jellyToAO(obj.__dict__)
retval.setObj(Instance(reflect.qual(obj.__class__), state))
elif objType in copy_reg.dispatch_table:
unpickleFunc, state = copy_reg.dispatch_table[objType](obj)
retval.setObj(Copyreg( reflect.fullFuncName(unpickleFunc),
self.jellyToAO(state)))
else:
raise TypeError("Unsupported type: %s" % objType.__name__)
del self.stack[-1]
return retval
def jelly(self, obj):
try:
ao = self.jellyToAO(obj)
return ao
except:
log.msg("Error jellying object! Stacktrace follows::")
log.msg('\n'.join(self.stack))
raise

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# -*- test-case-name: twisted.test.test_persisted -*-
# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.
"""
Utility classes for dealing with circular references.
"""
import types
from twisted.python import log, reflect
class NotKnown:
def __init__(self):
self.dependants = []
self.resolved = 0
def addDependant(self, mutableObject, key):
assert not self.resolved
self.dependants.append( (mutableObject, key) )
resolvedObject = None
def resolveDependants(self, newObject):
self.resolved = 1
self.resolvedObject = newObject
for mut, key in self.dependants:
mut[key] = newObject
if isinstance(newObject, NotKnown):
newObject.addDependant(mut, key)
def __hash__(self):
assert 0, "I am not to be used as a dictionary key."
class _Container(NotKnown):
"""
Helper class to resolve circular references on container objects.
"""
def __init__(self, l, containerType):
"""
@param l: The list of object which may contain some not yet referenced
objects.
@param containerType: A type of container objects (e.g., C{tuple} or
C{set}).
"""
NotKnown.__init__(self)
self.containerType = containerType
self.l = l
self.locs = range(len(l))
for idx in xrange(len(l)):
if not isinstance(l[idx], NotKnown):
self.locs.remove(idx)
else:
l[idx].addDependant(self, idx)
if not self.locs:
self.resolveDependants(self.containerType(self.l))
def __setitem__(self, n, obj):
"""
Change the value of one contained objects, and resolve references if
all objects have been referenced.
"""
self.l[n] = obj
if not isinstance(obj, NotKnown):
self.locs.remove(n)
if not self.locs:
self.resolveDependants(self.containerType(self.l))
class _Tuple(_Container):
"""
Manage tuple containing circular references. Deprecated: use C{_Container}
instead.
"""
def __init__(self, l):
"""
@param l: The list of object which may contain some not yet referenced
objects.
"""
_Container.__init__(self, l, tuple)
class _InstanceMethod(NotKnown):
def __init__(self, im_name, im_self, im_class):
NotKnown.__init__(self)
self.my_class = im_class
self.name = im_name
# im_self _must_ be a
im_self.addDependant(self, 0)
def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
import traceback
log.msg('instance method %s.%s' % (reflect.qual(self.my_class), self.name))
log.msg('being called with %r %r' % (args, kw))
traceback.print_stack(file=log.logfile)
assert 0
def __setitem__(self, n, obj):
assert n == 0, "only zero index allowed"
if not isinstance(obj, NotKnown):
method = types.MethodType(self.my_class.__dict__[self.name],
obj, self.my_class)
self.resolveDependants(method)
class _DictKeyAndValue:
def __init__(self, dict):
self.dict = dict
def __setitem__(self, n, obj):
if n not in (1, 0):
raise RuntimeError("DictKeyAndValue should only ever be called with 0 or 1")
if n: # value
self.value = obj
else:
self.key = obj
if hasattr(self, "key") and hasattr(self, "value"):
self.dict[self.key] = self.value
class _Dereference(NotKnown):
def __init__(self, id):
NotKnown.__init__(self)
self.id = id
from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred
class _Catcher:
def catch(self, value):
self.value = value
class _Defer(Deferred, NotKnown):
def __init__(self):
Deferred.__init__(self)
NotKnown.__init__(self)
self.pause()
wasset = 0
def __setitem__(self, n, obj):
if self.wasset:
raise RuntimeError('setitem should only be called once, setting %r to %r' % (n, obj))
else:
self.wasset = 1
self.callback(obj)
def addDependant(self, dep, key):
# by the time I'm adding a dependant, I'm *not* adding any more
# callbacks
NotKnown.addDependant(self, dep, key)
self.unpause()
resovd = self.result
self.resolveDependants(resovd)

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# -*- test-case-name: twisted.test.test_dirdbm -*-
#
# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.
"""
DBM-style interface to a directory.
Each key is stored as a single file. This is not expected to be very fast or
efficient, but it's good for easy debugging.
DirDBMs are *not* thread-safe, they should only be accessed by one thread at
a time.
No files should be placed in the working directory of a DirDBM save those
created by the DirDBM itself!
Maintainer: Itamar Shtull-Trauring
"""
import os
import types
import base64
import glob
try:
import cPickle as pickle
except ImportError:
import pickle
try:
_open
except NameError:
_open = open
class DirDBM:
"""A directory with a DBM interface.
This class presents a hash-like interface to a directory of small,
flat files. It can only use strings as keys or values.
"""
def __init__(self, name):
"""
@type name: str
@param name: Base path to use for the directory storage.
"""
self.dname = os.path.abspath(name)
if not os.path.isdir(self.dname):
os.mkdir(self.dname)
else:
# Run recovery, in case we crashed. we delete all files ending
# with ".new". Then we find all files who end with ".rpl". If a
# corresponding file exists without ".rpl", we assume the write
# failed and delete the ".rpl" file. If only a ".rpl" exist we
# assume the program crashed right after deleting the old entry
# but before renaming the replacement entry.
#
# NOTE: '.' is NOT in the base64 alphabet!
for f in glob.glob(os.path.join(self.dname, "*.new")):
os.remove(f)
replacements = glob.glob(os.path.join(self.dname, "*.rpl"))
for f in replacements:
old = f[:-4]
if os.path.exists(old):
os.remove(f)
else:
os.rename(f, old)
def _encode(self, k):
"""Encode a key so it can be used as a filename.
"""
# NOTE: '_' is NOT in the base64 alphabet!
return base64.encodestring(k).replace('\n', '_').replace("/", "-")
def _decode(self, k):
"""Decode a filename to get the key.
"""
return base64.decodestring(k.replace('_', '\n').replace("-", "/"))
def _readFile(self, path):
"""Read in the contents of a file.
Override in subclasses to e.g. provide transparently encrypted dirdbm.
"""
f = _open(path, "rb")
s = f.read()
f.close()
return s
def _writeFile(self, path, data):
"""Write data to a file.
Override in subclasses to e.g. provide transparently encrypted dirdbm.
"""
f = _open(path, "wb")
f.write(data)
f.flush()
f.close()
def __len__(self):
"""
@return: The number of key/value pairs in this Shelf
"""
return len(os.listdir(self.dname))
def __setitem__(self, k, v):
"""
C{dirdbm[k] = v}
Create or modify a textfile in this directory
@type k: str
@param k: key to set
@type v: str
@param v: value to associate with C{k}
"""
assert type(k) == types.StringType, "DirDBM key must be a string"
assert type(v) == types.StringType, "DirDBM value must be a string"
k = self._encode(k)
# we create a new file with extension .new, write the data to it, and
# if the write succeeds delete the old file and rename the new one.
old = os.path.join(self.dname, k)
if os.path.exists(old):
new = old + ".rpl" # replacement entry
else:
new = old + ".new" # new entry
try:
self._writeFile(new, v)
except:
os.remove(new)
raise
else:
if os.path.exists(old): os.remove(old)
os.rename(new, old)
def __getitem__(self, k):
"""
C{dirdbm[k]}
Get the contents of a file in this directory as a string.
@type k: str
@param k: key to lookup
@return: The value associated with C{k}
@raise KeyError: Raised when there is no such key
"""
assert type(k) == types.StringType, "DirDBM key must be a string"
path = os.path.join(self.dname, self._encode(k))
try:
return self._readFile(path)
except:
raise KeyError, k
def __delitem__(self, k):
"""
C{del dirdbm[foo]}
Delete a file in this directory.
@type k: str
@param k: key to delete
@raise KeyError: Raised when there is no such key
"""
assert type(k) == types.StringType, "DirDBM key must be a string"
k = self._encode(k)
try: os.remove(os.path.join(self.dname, k))
except (OSError, IOError): raise KeyError(self._decode(k))
def keys(self):
"""
@return: a C{list} of filenames (keys).
"""
return map(self._decode, os.listdir(self.dname))
def values(self):
"""
@return: a C{list} of file-contents (values).
"""
vals = []
keys = self.keys()
for key in keys:
vals.append(self[key])
return vals
def items(self):
"""
@return: a C{list} of 2-tuples containing key/value pairs.
"""
items = []
keys = self.keys()
for key in keys:
items.append((key, self[key]))
return items
def has_key(self, key):
"""
@type key: str
@param key: The key to test
@return: A true value if this dirdbm has the specified key, a faluse
value otherwise.
"""
assert type(key) == types.StringType, "DirDBM key must be a string"
key = self._encode(key)
return os.path.isfile(os.path.join(self.dname, key))
def setdefault(self, key, value):
"""
@type key: str
@param key: The key to lookup
@param value: The value to associate with key if key is not already
associated with a value.
"""
if not self.has_key(key):
self[key] = value
return value
return self[key]
def get(self, key, default = None):
"""
@type key: str
@param key: The key to lookup
@param default: The value to return if the given key does not exist
@return: The value associated with C{key} or C{default} if not
C{self.has_key(key)}
"""
if self.has_key(key):
return self[key]
else:
return default
def __contains__(self, key):
"""
C{key in dirdbm}
@type key: str
@param key: The key to test
@return: A true value if C{self.has_key(key)}, a false value otherwise.
"""
assert type(key) == types.StringType, "DirDBM key must be a string"
key = self._encode(key)
return os.path.isfile(os.path.join(self.dname, key))
def update(self, dict):
"""
Add all the key/value pairs in C{dict} to this dirdbm. Any conflicting
keys will be overwritten with the values from C{dict}.
@type dict: mapping
@param dict: A mapping of key/value pairs to add to this dirdbm.
"""
for key, val in dict.items():
self[key]=val
def copyTo(self, path):
"""
Copy the contents of this dirdbm to the dirdbm at C{path}.
@type path: C{str}
@param path: The path of the dirdbm to copy to. If a dirdbm
exists at the destination path, it is cleared first.
@rtype: C{DirDBM}
@return: The dirdbm this dirdbm was copied to.
"""
path = os.path.abspath(path)
assert path != self.dname
d = self.__class__(path)
d.clear()
for k in self.keys():
d[k] = self[k]
return d
def clear(self):
"""
Delete all key/value pairs in this dirdbm.
"""
for k in self.keys():
del self[k]
def close(self):
"""
Close this dbm: no-op, for dbm-style interface compliance.
"""
def getModificationTime(self, key):
"""
Returns modification time of an entry.
@return: Last modification date (seconds since epoch) of entry C{key}
@raise KeyError: Raised when there is no such key
"""
assert type(key) == types.StringType, "DirDBM key must be a string"
path = os.path.join(self.dname, self._encode(key))
if os.path.isfile(path):
return os.path.getmtime(path)
else:
raise KeyError, key
class Shelf(DirDBM):
"""A directory with a DBM shelf interface.
This class presents a hash-like interface to a directory of small,
flat files. Keys must be strings, but values can be any given object.
"""
def __setitem__(self, k, v):
"""
C{shelf[foo] = bar}
Create or modify a textfile in this directory.
@type k: str
@param k: The key to set
@param v: The value to associate with C{key}
"""
v = pickle.dumps(v)
DirDBM.__setitem__(self, k, v)
def __getitem__(self, k):
"""
C{dirdbm[foo]}
Get and unpickle the contents of a file in this directory.
@type k: str
@param k: The key to lookup
@return: The value associated with the given key
@raise KeyError: Raised if the given key does not exist
"""
return pickle.loads(DirDBM.__getitem__(self, k))
def open(file, flag = None, mode = None):
"""
This is for 'anydbm' compatibility.
@param file: The parameter to pass to the DirDBM constructor.
@param flag: ignored
@param mode: ignored
"""
return DirDBM(file)
__all__ = ["open", "DirDBM", "Shelf"]

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# -*- test-case-name: twisted.test.test_sob -*-
# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.
#
"""
Save and load Small OBjects to and from files, using various formats.
Maintainer: Moshe Zadka
"""
import os, sys
try:
import cPickle as pickle
except ImportError:
import pickle
try:
import cStringIO as StringIO
except ImportError:
import StringIO
from hashlib import md5
from twisted.python import log, runtime
from twisted.persisted import styles
from zope.interface import implements, Interface
# Note:
# These encrypt/decrypt functions only work for data formats
# which are immune to having spaces tucked at the end.
# All data formats which persist saves hold that condition.
def _encrypt(passphrase, data):
from Crypto.Cipher import AES as cipher
leftover = len(data) % cipher.block_size
if leftover:
data += ' '*(cipher.block_size - leftover)
return cipher.new(md5(passphrase).digest()[:16]).encrypt(data)
def _decrypt(passphrase, data):
from Crypto.Cipher import AES
return AES.new(md5(passphrase).digest()[:16]).decrypt(data)
class IPersistable(Interface):
"""An object which can be saved in several formats to a file"""
def setStyle(style):
"""Set desired format.
@type style: string (one of 'pickle' or 'source')
"""
def save(tag=None, filename=None, passphrase=None):
"""Save object to file.
@type tag: string
@type filename: string
@type passphrase: string
"""
class Persistent:
implements(IPersistable)
style = "pickle"
def __init__(self, original, name):
self.original = original
self.name = name
def setStyle(self, style):
"""Set desired format.
@type style: string (one of 'pickle' or 'source')
"""
self.style = style
def _getFilename(self, filename, ext, tag):
if filename:
finalname = filename
filename = finalname + "-2"
elif tag:
filename = "%s-%s-2.%s" % (self.name, tag, ext)
finalname = "%s-%s.%s" % (self.name, tag, ext)
else:
filename = "%s-2.%s" % (self.name, ext)
finalname = "%s.%s" % (self.name, ext)
return finalname, filename
def _saveTemp(self, filename, passphrase, dumpFunc):
f = open(filename, 'wb')
if passphrase is None:
dumpFunc(self.original, f)
else:
s = StringIO.StringIO()
dumpFunc(self.original, s)
f.write(_encrypt(passphrase, s.getvalue()))
f.close()
def _getStyle(self):
if self.style == "source":
from twisted.persisted.aot import jellyToSource as dumpFunc
ext = "tas"
else:
def dumpFunc(obj, file):
pickle.dump(obj, file, 2)
ext = "tap"
return ext, dumpFunc
def save(self, tag=None, filename=None, passphrase=None):
"""Save object to file.
@type tag: string
@type filename: string
@type passphrase: string
"""
ext, dumpFunc = self._getStyle()
if passphrase:
ext = 'e' + ext
finalname, filename = self._getFilename(filename, ext, tag)
log.msg("Saving "+self.name+" application to "+finalname+"...")
self._saveTemp(filename, passphrase, dumpFunc)
if runtime.platformType == "win32" and os.path.isfile(finalname):
os.remove(finalname)
os.rename(filename, finalname)
log.msg("Saved.")
# "Persistant" has been present since 1.0.7, so retain it for compatibility
Persistant = Persistent
class _EverythingEphemeral(styles.Ephemeral):
initRun = 0
def __init__(self, mainMod):
"""
@param mainMod: The '__main__' module that this class will proxy.
"""
self.mainMod = mainMod
def __getattr__(self, key):
try:
return getattr(self.mainMod, key)
except AttributeError:
if self.initRun:
raise
else:
log.msg("Warning! Loading from __main__: %s" % key)
return styles.Ephemeral()
def load(filename, style, passphrase=None):
"""Load an object from a file.
Deserialize an object from a file. The file can be encrypted.
@param filename: string
@param style: string (one of 'pickle' or 'source')
@param passphrase: string
"""
mode = 'r'
if style=='source':
from twisted.persisted.aot import unjellyFromSource as _load
else:
_load, mode = pickle.load, 'rb'
if passphrase:
fp = StringIO.StringIO(_decrypt(passphrase,
open(filename, 'rb').read()))
else:
fp = open(filename, mode)
ee = _EverythingEphemeral(sys.modules['__main__'])
sys.modules['__main__'] = ee
ee.initRun = 1
try:
value = _load(fp)
finally:
# restore __main__ if an exception is raised.
sys.modules['__main__'] = ee.mainMod
styles.doUpgrade()
ee.initRun = 0
persistable = IPersistable(value, None)
if persistable is not None:
persistable.setStyle(style)
return value
def loadValueFromFile(filename, variable, passphrase=None):
"""Load the value of a variable in a Python file.
Run the contents of the file, after decrypting if C{passphrase} is
given, in a namespace and return the result of the variable
named C{variable}.
@param filename: string
@param variable: string
@param passphrase: string
"""
if passphrase:
mode = 'rb'
else:
mode = 'r'
fileObj = open(filename, mode)
d = {'__file__': filename}
if passphrase:
data = fileObj.read()
data = _decrypt(passphrase, data)
exec data in d, d
else:
exec fileObj in d, d
value = d[variable]
return value
def guessType(filename):
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1]
return {
'.tac': 'python',
'.etac': 'python',
'.py': 'python',
'.tap': 'pickle',
'.etap': 'pickle',
'.tas': 'source',
'.etas': 'source',
}[ext]
__all__ = ['loadValueFromFile', 'load', 'Persistent', 'Persistant',
'IPersistable', 'guessType']

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# -*- test-case-name: twisted.test.test_persisted -*-
# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.
"""
Different styles of persisted objects.
"""
# System Imports
import types
import copy_reg
import copy
import inspect
import sys
try:
import cStringIO as StringIO
except ImportError:
import StringIO
# Twisted Imports
from twisted.python import log
from twisted.python import reflect
oldModules = {}
## First, let's register support for some stuff that really ought to
## be registerable...
def pickleMethod(method):
'support function for copy_reg to pickle method refs'
return unpickleMethod, (method.im_func.__name__,
method.im_self,
method.im_class)
def unpickleMethod(im_name,
im_self,
im_class):
'support function for copy_reg to unpickle method refs'
try:
unbound = getattr(im_class,im_name)
if im_self is None:
return unbound
bound = types.MethodType(unbound.im_func, im_self, im_class)
return bound
except AttributeError:
log.msg("Method",im_name,"not on class",im_class)
assert im_self is not None,"No recourse: no instance to guess from."
# Attempt a common fix before bailing -- if classes have
# changed around since we pickled this method, we may still be
# able to get it by looking on the instance's current class.
unbound = getattr(im_self.__class__,im_name)
log.msg("Attempting fixup with",unbound)
if im_self is None:
return unbound
bound = types.MethodType(unbound.im_func, im_self, im_self.__class__)
return bound
copy_reg.pickle(types.MethodType,
pickleMethod,
unpickleMethod)
def pickleModule(module):
'support function for copy_reg to pickle module refs'
return unpickleModule, (module.__name__,)
def unpickleModule(name):
'support function for copy_reg to unpickle module refs'
if name in oldModules:
log.msg("Module has moved: %s" % name)
name = oldModules[name]
log.msg(name)
return __import__(name,{},{},'x')
copy_reg.pickle(types.ModuleType,
pickleModule,
unpickleModule)
def pickleStringO(stringo):
'support function for copy_reg to pickle StringIO.OutputTypes'
return unpickleStringO, (stringo.getvalue(), stringo.tell())
def unpickleStringO(val, sek):
x = StringIO.StringIO()
x.write(val)
x.seek(sek)
return x
if hasattr(StringIO, 'OutputType'):
copy_reg.pickle(StringIO.OutputType,
pickleStringO,
unpickleStringO)
def pickleStringI(stringi):
return unpickleStringI, (stringi.getvalue(), stringi.tell())
def unpickleStringI(val, sek):
x = StringIO.StringIO(val)
x.seek(sek)
return x
if hasattr(StringIO, 'InputType'):
copy_reg.pickle(StringIO.InputType,
pickleStringI,
unpickleStringI)
class Ephemeral:
"""
This type of object is never persisted; if possible, even references to it
are eliminated.
"""
def __getstate__(self):
log.msg( "WARNING: serializing ephemeral %s" % self )
import gc
if '__pypy__' not in sys.builtin_module_names:
if getattr(gc, 'get_referrers', None):
for r in gc.get_referrers(self):
log.msg( " referred to by %s" % (r,))
return None
def __setstate__(self, state):
log.msg( "WARNING: unserializing ephemeral %s" % self.__class__ )
self.__class__ = Ephemeral
versionedsToUpgrade = {}
upgraded = {}
def doUpgrade():
global versionedsToUpgrade, upgraded
for versioned in versionedsToUpgrade.values():
requireUpgrade(versioned)
versionedsToUpgrade = {}
upgraded = {}
def requireUpgrade(obj):
"""Require that a Versioned instance be upgraded completely first.
"""
objID = id(obj)
if objID in versionedsToUpgrade and objID not in upgraded:
upgraded[objID] = 1
obj.versionUpgrade()
return obj
def _aybabtu(c):
"""
Get all of the parent classes of C{c}, not including C{c} itself, which are
strict subclasses of L{Versioned}.
The name comes from "all your base are belong to us", from the deprecated
L{twisted.python.reflect.allYourBase} function.
@param c: a class
@returns: list of classes
"""
# begin with two classes that should *not* be included in the
# final result
l = [c, Versioned]
for b in inspect.getmro(c):
if b not in l and issubclass(b, Versioned):
l.append(b)
# return all except the unwanted classes
return l[2:]
class Versioned:
"""
This type of object is persisted with versioning information.
I have a single class attribute, the int persistenceVersion. After I am
unserialized (and styles.doUpgrade() is called), self.upgradeToVersionX()
will be called for each version upgrade I must undergo.
For example, if I serialize an instance of a Foo(Versioned) at version 4
and then unserialize it when the code is at version 9, the calls::
self.upgradeToVersion5()
self.upgradeToVersion6()
self.upgradeToVersion7()
self.upgradeToVersion8()
self.upgradeToVersion9()
will be made. If any of these methods are undefined, a warning message
will be printed.
"""
persistenceVersion = 0
persistenceForgets = ()
def __setstate__(self, state):
versionedsToUpgrade[id(self)] = self
self.__dict__ = state
def __getstate__(self, dict=None):
"""Get state, adding a version number to it on its way out.
"""
dct = copy.copy(dict or self.__dict__)
bases = _aybabtu(self.__class__)
bases.reverse()
bases.append(self.__class__) # don't forget me!!
for base in bases:
if 'persistenceForgets' in base.__dict__:
for slot in base.persistenceForgets:
if slot in dct:
del dct[slot]
if 'persistenceVersion' in base.__dict__:
dct['%s.persistenceVersion' % reflect.qual(base)] = base.persistenceVersion
return dct
def versionUpgrade(self):
"""(internal) Do a version upgrade.
"""
bases = _aybabtu(self.__class__)
# put the bases in order so superclasses' persistenceVersion methods
# will be called first.
bases.reverse()
bases.append(self.__class__) # don't forget me!!
# first let's look for old-skool versioned's
if "persistenceVersion" in self.__dict__:
# Hacky heuristic: if more than one class subclasses Versioned,
# we'll assume that the higher version number wins for the older
# class, so we'll consider the attribute the version of the older
# class. There are obviously possibly times when this will
# eventually be an incorrect assumption, but hopefully old-school
# persistenceVersion stuff won't make it that far into multiple
# classes inheriting from Versioned.
pver = self.__dict__['persistenceVersion']
del self.__dict__['persistenceVersion']
highestVersion = 0
highestBase = None
for base in bases:
if not base.__dict__.has_key('persistenceVersion'):
continue
if base.persistenceVersion > highestVersion:
highestBase = base
highestVersion = base.persistenceVersion
if highestBase:
self.__dict__['%s.persistenceVersion' % reflect.qual(highestBase)] = pver
for base in bases:
# ugly hack, but it's what the user expects, really
if (Versioned not in base.__bases__ and
'persistenceVersion' not in base.__dict__):
continue
currentVers = base.persistenceVersion
pverName = '%s.persistenceVersion' % reflect.qual(base)
persistVers = (self.__dict__.get(pverName) or 0)
if persistVers:
del self.__dict__[pverName]
assert persistVers <= currentVers, "Sorry, can't go backwards in time."
while persistVers < currentVers:
persistVers = persistVers + 1
method = base.__dict__.get('upgradeToVersion%s' % persistVers, None)
if method:
log.msg( "Upgrading %s (of %s @ %s) to version %s" % (reflect.qual(base), reflect.qual(self.__class__), id(self), persistVers) )
method(self)
else:
log.msg( 'Warning: cannot upgrade %s to version %s' % (base, persistVers) )

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# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.
"""
Tests for L{twisted.persisted}.
"""

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# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.
"""
Tests for L{twisted.persisted.styles}.
"""
from twisted.trial import unittest
from twisted.persisted.styles import unpickleMethod
class Foo:
"""
Helper class.
"""
def method(self):
"""
Helper method.
"""
class Bar:
"""
Helper class.
"""
class UnpickleMethodTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
"""
Tests for the unpickleMethod function.
"""
def test_instanceBuildingNamePresent(self):
"""
L{unpickleMethod} returns an instance method bound to the
instance passed to it.
"""
foo = Foo()
m = unpickleMethod('method', foo, Foo)
self.assertEqual(m, foo.method)
self.assertNotIdentical(m, foo.method)
def test_instanceBuildingNameNotPresent(self):
"""
If the named method is not present in the class,
L{unpickleMethod} finds a method on the class of the instance
and returns a bound method from there.
"""
foo = Foo()
m = unpickleMethod('method', foo, Bar)
self.assertEqual(m, foo.method)
self.assertNotIdentical(m, foo.method)